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297:(820 ft/pixel). The other eleven images have resolutions that are worse than 550 m/pixel (1800 ft/pixel) and are of limited use for studying surface features. Of the seven good images, the lighting and time at which two pairs of images were taken are so close as to reduce the number to five distinct images. The
322:
face. When the image was originally acquired, Viking chief scientist Gerry Soffen dismissed the "Face on Mars" in image 035A72 as a "trick of light and shadow". A second image, 070A13, also shows the "face", and was acquired 35 Viking orbits later at a different sun-angle from the 035A72 image. This
1121:
Head III, J.W.; Kreslavsky, M.; Hiesinger, H.; Ivanov, M.; Pratt, Stephen; Seibert, N.; Smith, D.E.; Zuber, M.T. (December 15, 1998). "Oceans in the past history of Mars: Tests for their presence using Mars
Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data".
672:
331:. DiPietro and Molenaar discovered the two misfiled images, Viking frames 035A72 and 070A13, while searching through NASA archives. The resolution of these images was of about 50 m/pixel.
458:
stated that "a detailed analysis of multiple images of this feature reveals a natural looking
Martian hill whose illusory face-like appearance depends on the viewing angle and angle of
617:
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1307:
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1285:
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619:
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probe (2003–). In contrast to the relatively low resolution of the Viking images of
Cydonia, these new platforms afford much improved resolution. For instance, the
1786:"Skeptoid #97: The Face on Mars Revealed – New high resolution imagery has proven that this hill on Mars doesn't look quite so much like a carved face after all"
553:
series. In 1998 a news article about the "Space Face" quoted a scientist talking about deciphering "intelligent design" in nature. A cutting of this was used by
265:
Cropped version of the original batch-processed image (#035A72) of the "Face on Mars". The black dots that give the image a speckled appearance are data errors (
1374:
815:
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CD-ROM set image numbers for these are: 035A72 (VO-1010), 070A13 (VO-1011), 561A25 (VO-1021), 673B54 & 673B56 (VO-1063), and 753A33 & 753A34 (VO-1028).
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images were taken, a succession of spacecraft visited Mars and made new observations of the
Cydonia region. These spacecraft have included NASA's
1170:; Edgett, Kenneth S. (October 1, 1999). "Oceans or seas in the Martian northern lowlands: High resolution imaging tests of proposed coastlines".
696:
over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features, and click to link to them. Coloring of the base map indicates relative
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orbiters. Eighteen images of the
Cydonia region were taken by the orbiters, of which seven have resolutions better than 250 m/
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criticized much of the speculation concerning it in the chapter "The Man in the Moon and the Face on Mars" in his 1995 book
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576:. They point out that there are other faces on Mars but these do not elicit the same level of study. One example is the
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magazine's "Skeptical Eye" column ridiculed
Hoagland's claims, asking if he believed the aliens were fans of
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latter discovery was made independently by
Vincent DiPietro and Gregory Molenaar, two computer engineers at
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images are at a resolution of 14 m/pixel (46 ft/pixel) or better. By combining data from the
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408:
camera of the "Face on Mars" (2007). Viking
Orbiter image inset in bottom right corner (1976).
261:
224:
140:
1249:
310:
on July 25, 1976, a two-kilometre-long (1.2 mi) Cydonian mesa, situated at 40.75° north
131:
that has attracted both scientific and popular interest. The name originally referred to the
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Cydonia lies in the planet's northern hemisphere in a transitional zone between the heavily
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585:
554:
511:
1732:
Quantum Leaps in the Wrong
Direction: Where Real Science Ends... and Pseudoscience begins
1472:
514:, and the images were published in this context in 1977. Some commentators, most notably
385:
it has been possible to create a three-dimensional representation of the "Face on Mars".
1183:
1137:
1099:
872:
436:
One of many formations in
Cydonia, this one is sometimes called the "D & M pyramid".
393:
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3158:
2480:
2435:
859:
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as an overhead visual for a lecture at Princeton, in his first public use of the term "
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132:
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Since it was originally first imaged, the face has been accepted by scientists as an
246:
Picture of the Cydonia region taken in 2006 by The European Space Agency's satellite
216:
2249:
1223:
1209:
812: – Highland terrain on Mars up-lifted by a giant impact, home to another "face"
3351:
3320:
3227:
3222:
3163:
3095:
3075:
2739:
2495:
2440:
2380:
2263:"Exposing PseudoAstronomy Vodcast: Episode 1 – The Cydonia Region of Mars Explored"
2187:
2113:
1911:
1845:
Planetary Mysteries: Megaliths, Glaciers, the Face on Mars and Aboriginal Dreamtime
1153:
809:
506:
The Cydonia facial pareidolia inspired individuals and organizations interested in
491:
375:
361:
248:
144:
32:
1939:
The Case for the Face: Scientists Examine The Evidence for Alien Artifacts on Mars
936:
2275:
2237:
2156:
2150:
1937:
1843:
199:. Cydonia contains the "Face on Mars", located about halfway between the craters
2972:
2967:
2430:
2197:
147:. The region includes the named features Cydonia Mensae, an area of flat-topped
3080:
3065:
2400:
2330:
2262:
1968:
1901:
534:
445:
17:
3380:
3367:
2023:"The Face Behind the 'Face' on Mars: A Skeptical Look at Richard C. Hoagland"
1404:
1375:"The Empire Strikes Back: Europe's First Trip to Mars Brings Home 'The Gold'"
1359:
898:
3232:
3168:
2802:
2665:
2276:"Exposing PseudoAstronomy Podcast: Episode 111 – The Cydonia Region of Mars"
979:
782:
735:
697:
685:
573:
315:
159:; and Cydonia Labyrinthus, a complex of intersecting valleys. As with other
136:
2245:
The Face Behind the "Face" on Mars: A Skeptical Look at Richard C. Hoagland
1561:
906:
1250:"Mission to Mars: Viking Orbiter Images of Mars (Experiment Data Records)"
432:
3242:
2954:
2935:
2807:
2226:
1201:
1145:
941:
890:
731:
533:
While accepting the "face" as a subject for scientific study, astronomer
459:
319:
311:
306:
289:
283:
156:
38:
2022:
1270:
Raw data in the IMQ (ImageQ) format can be downloaded from these links:
1084:
MacDonald, T. L. (October 1971). "The origins of Martian nomenclature".
2764:
2445:
1994:
Where Darwin Meets the Bible: Creationists and Evolutionists in America
1973:
569:
523:
475:
169:
547:
work by Mark J. Carlotto was used by Sagan in a chapter of his famous
414:
2490:
2244:
1827:
Smukler, H. (1977). "Dramatic Photos of Mars: the Home of the Gods".
1785:
1565:
946:
803:
581:
522:
along with other features they believe are present, such as apparent
405:
228:
2138:
1712:
A Short Course in Intellectual Self Defense: Find Your Inner Chomsky
3315:
277:
Second Viking 1 image of the Cydonia region on Mars. Labeled 070A13
608:
527:
463:
431:
294:
273:
272:
260:
241:
232:
220:
196:
191:
2210:
785: – Tendency to perceive connections between unrelated things
2313:
2144:
1227:
680:
455:
324:
152:
148:
128:
43:
2286:
135:(distinctively coloured area) that was visible from earthbound
2107:
1257:
973:
852:"Digital Imagery Analysis of Unusual Martian Surface Features"
462:". Similar optical illusions can be found in the geology of
797: – Delineation and characterization of Martian regions
518:, believe the "Face on Mars" to be evidence of a long-lost
119:
116:
110:
101:
84:
81:
75:
2240:, a discussion of the science and pseudoscience of Cydonia
1465:"Pixel Inversion – NASA's Misinformation on the Mars Face"
831:, 2000 film in which the feature plays a role in the plot
66:
1907:
The Demon-Haunted World: Science As a Candle in the Dark
379:
probe and the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) on board NASA's
2282:
806: – Camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
799:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1411:(Press release). Pasadena, CA: NASA/JPL. July 31, 1976
3292:
710:. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations (
113:
98:
78:
63:
1935:
McDaniel, Stanley; Paxson, Monica Rix, eds. (1998).
1878:
The Monuments of Mars: A City on the Edge of Forever
1436:
The Monuments of Mars: A City on the Edge of Forever
227:
believe that the northern plains may once have been
107:
72:
3181:
3132:
3114:
3058:
3049:
3029:
3013:
2934:
2886:
2839:
2830:
2788:
2576:
2469:
2371:
2338:
2329:
104:
69:
1936:
1659:"Alien archaeology on Mars?: The 'D&M Pyramid"
151:-like features; Cydonia Colles, a region of small
791: – Region on the Moon which resembles a face
722:; greens and blues are lower elevations (down to
588:or other celebrities. On this latter similarity,
444:, an example of the psychological phenomenon of
2217:The exact position of the Face on Mars on Geody
2157:Astronomy Picture of the Day: 2006 September 26
2151:Astronomy Picture of the Day: 2006 September 25
1657:Fitzpatrick-Matthews, Keith (August 17, 2007).
612:
36:Small part of the Cydonia region, taken by the
1848:. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. p. 11.
1352:Mission to Mars: Viking Orbiter Images of Mars
1350:JPL; NASA; Viking Mars Program (U.S.) (1990).
823: – Pattern observed on the Moon's surface
425:image (MOC camera) of the same feature (2001).
299:Mission to Mars: Viking Orbiter Images of Mars
2298:
2153:, "Mars Express Close-Up of the Face on Mars"
1665:. Keith Fitzpatrick-Matthews and James Doeser
1499:"The Great Stone Face and Other Nonmysteries"
1224:"PIA01141: Geologic 'Face on Mars' Formation"
816:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
8:
2078:Golden, Fred (April 1985). "Skeptical Eye".
1492:
1490:
1421:Caption of JPL Viking Press Release P-17384.
219:regions to the south and relatively smooth
3055:
2836:
2335:
2305:
2291:
2283:
2021:Posner, Gary P. (November–December 2000).
1610:"Cydonia's 'Face on Mars' in 3D animation"
448:. After analysis of the higher resolution
281:Cydonia was first imaged in detail by the
252:. "Face on Mars" is just below the center.
2110:'s overview of features in Cydonia region
1880:(5 ed.). North Atlantic Books, U.S.
1463:Paranormal News Staff (August 25, 1999).
1191:
880:
2176:– Mars Express orbiter data (orbit 3253)
1686:"Scientist attacks alien claims on Mars"
998:
996:
967:Britt, Robert Roy (September 22, 2006).
568:The "face" is also a common topic among
231:, and that Cydonia may once have been a
31:
3299:
2269:from the original on November 17, 2021.
1981:from the original on November 17, 2021.
842:
2257:from the original on November 6, 2023.
1806:"Badlands Guardian Geological Feature"
1714:, p. 177 (Seven Stories Press, 2007).
2037:from the original on November 6, 2023
7:
2265:. Exposing PseudoAstronomy Vodcast.
2180:Discussion of MOC and "Face on Mars"
1730:Charles M. Wynn, Arthur W. Wiggins,
1684:Britt, Robert Roy (March 18, 2004).
1562:"Popular Landform in Cydonia Region"
1497:Gardner, Martin (Winter 1985–1986).
1065:. USGS Astrogeology Research Program
572:groups, who use it as an example of
2278:. Exposing PseudoAstronomy Podcast.
2238:Hoagland debunking at Bad Astronomy
2159:, "Mars Express: Return to Cydonia"
1996:. Oxford University Press. p.
1063:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
1034:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
2243:Posner, Gary P. (November 2000). "
1038:USGS Astrogeology Research Program
935:Whitehouse, David (May 25, 2001).
850:Carlotto, Mark J. (May 15, 1988).
25:
2170:High-resolution images of Cydonia
1969:"Carl Sagan and The Face on Mars"
1842:Grossinger, Richard, ed. (1986).
526:, which they argue are part of a
139:. The area borders the plains of
3350:
3338:
3326:
3314:
3302:
3275:
3264:
3263:
2274:Robbins, Stuart (May 31, 2014).
2261:Robbins, Stuart (May 31, 2014).
1059:"Planetary Names: Feature Types"
679:
413:
392:
94:
59:
1373:Rayl, A.J.S. (March 16, 2007).
714:); followed by pinks and reds (
304:In one of the images taken by
195:(city state) on the island of
165:drawn from classical antiquity
1:
2203:Interactive 3D "Face on Mars"
1471:. Jeff Behnke. Archived from
1354:(CD-ROM). Pasadena, CA: JPL.
508:extraterrestrial intelligence
371:High Resolution Stereo Camera
339:More than 20 years after the
2720:Recurring slope lineae (RSL)
1734:(Joseph Henry Press, 2001).
1588:"Cydonia – the face on Mars"
1172:Geophysical Research Letters
1125:Geophysical Research Letters
1108:10.1016/0019-1035(71)90077-7
1004:"Cydonia – the face on Mars"
969:"Face on Mars gets makeover"
702:Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter
580:, which takes the form of a
127:) is a region on the planet
3154:Inspiration Mars Foundation
2184:Malin Space Science Systems
1636:Malin Space Science Systems
1549:Line Resolution 0.048049 km
401:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
352:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
329:Goddard Space Flight Center
3426:
3189:Artificial objects on Mars
2125:February 28, 2021, at the
2114:Viking Project Information
2104:Cydonia – the face on Mars
1876:Hoagland, Richard (2002).
1632:"Cydonia: Two Years Later"
1438:(4th ed.). Berkeley:
318:, had the appearance of a
178:
3410:Mare Acidalium quadrangle
3258:
3206:List of films set on Mars
3021:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
2818:Classical albedo features
2320:
1945:Adventure Unlimited Press
1590:. ESA. September 21, 2006
700:, based on data from the
690:global topography of Mars
237:Mare Acidalium quadrangle
3124:List of missions to Mars
2174:Freie Universität Berlin
1756:Image of the Day Gallery
937:"Nasa: No face – honest"
584:, while others resemble
42:orbiter and released by
3405:Albedo features on Mars
3282:Solar System portal
1612:. ESA. October 23, 2006
1336:August 1, 2013, at the
1321:August 1, 2013, at the
1310:August 1, 2013, at the
1299:August 1, 2013, at the
1288:August 1, 2013, at the
1277:August 1, 2013, at the
1030:"Planetary Names: Mars"
789:Face on Moon South Pole
540:The Demon-Haunted World
468:Old Man of the Mountain
466:; examples include the
163:, the name Cydonia was
161:albedo features on Mars
2896:Solar eclipses on Mars
2755:"Swiss cheese" feature
2611:Concentric crater fill
2057:"More 'Faces' on Mars"
1992:Witham, Larry (2005).
1758:. NASA. Archived from
768:
561:" as a substitute for
437:
278:
270:
253:
186:
51:
2120:Past Missions: Viking
1710:Normand Baillargeon,
1405:"Viking 1–61 (35A72)"
1379:The Planetary Society
686:Interactive image map
677:
435:
357:European Space Agency
276:
267:salt-and-pepper noise
264:
245:
143:and the highlands of
35:
3096:Permanent settlement
2232:Skeptic's Dictionary
2145:Mars Global Surveyor
2059:. Tampa Bay Skeptics
1432:Hoagland, Richard C.
1202:10.1029/1999GL002342
1146:10.1029/1998GL900116
1010:. September 21, 2006
891:10.1364/AO.27.001926
707:Mars Global Surveyor
604:Interactive Mars map
520:Martian civilization
512:visitations to Earth
451:Mars Global Surveyor
422:Mars Global Surveyor
382:Mars Global Surveyor
346:Mars Global Surveyor
167:, in this case from
3377: /
3238:Timekeeping on Mars
2915:Planetary transits
2900:Satellite transits
2813:Observation history
2661:Lobate debris apron
2219:, provides link to
1538:Mars Image Explorer
1184:1999GeoRL..26.3049M
1138:1998GeoRL..25.4401H
1100:1971Icar...15..233M
873:1988ApOpt..27.1926C
516:Richard C. Hoagland
235:zone. It is in the
223:to the north. Some
2250:Skeptical Inquirer
2194:"The Face on Mars"
2188:The "Face on Mars"
2139:Mars Express: Home
2027:Skeptical Inquirer
1829:Ancient Astronauts
1784:(April 22, 2008).
1752:"The Face on Mars"
1507:Skeptical Inquirer
1409:Viking News Center
769:
559:intelligent design
545:shape-from-shading
438:
279:
271:
254:
52:
3290:
3289:
3243:Sol (day on Mars)
3211:Martian scientist
3194:Memorials on Mars
3177:
3176:
3148:The Case for Mars
3045:
3044:
2826:
2825:
2760:Terrain softening
2725:Ring mold craters
2693:North Polar Basin
2616:Dark slope streak
2461:Vastitas Borealis
2358:Dust devil tracks
2007:978-0-19-518281-1
1954:978-0-932813-59-6
1921:978-0-394-53512-8
1887:978-1-58394-054-9
1855:978-0-938190-90-5
1720:978-1-58322-765-7
1449:978-1-883319-30-4
1178:(19): 3049–3052.
1168:Malin, Michael C.
1132:(24): 4401–4404.
867:(10): 1926–1933.
795:Geography of Mars
754:Mars Memorial map
712:+12 to +8 km
496:Badlands Guardian
355:(2006–), and the
141:Acidalia Planitia
16:(Redirected from
3417:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3355:
3354:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3319:
3318:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3267:
3266:
3141:The Mars Project
3056:
3004:
2994:
2984:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2837:
2698:Ocean hypothesis
2548:Outflow channels
2336:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2284:
2279:
2270:
2211:MarsQuest Online
2207:Shockwave Player
2164:Non-Space Agency
2086:
2085:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1943:(1st ed.).
1942:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1762:on July 19, 2013
1748:
1742:
1728:
1722:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1534:"Viking: 035A72"
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1475:on June 12, 2008
1460:
1454:
1453:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1385:on March 4, 2012
1381:. Archived from
1370:
1364:
1363:
1347:
1341:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1254:PDS Imaging Node
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1195:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1000:
991:
990:
988:
986:
964:
958:
957:
955:
953:
932:
926:
925:
923:
921:
915:
909:. Archived from
884:
856:
847:
800:
766:
725:
721:
717:
716:+8 to +3 km
713:
695:
684:
683:
682:
611:
563:creation science
442:optical illusion
417:
396:
349:(1997–2006) and
180:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
50:on July 25, 1976
21:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3395:
3394:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3313:
3303:
3301:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3254:
3248:Darian calendar
3173:
3128:
3110:
3041:
3025:
3009:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2930:
2882:
2876:Voltaire crater
2854:Stickney crater
2822:
2784:
2626:Fretted terrain
2572:
2472:
2465:
2426:Sinus Meridiani
2411:Planum Australe
2386:Cerberus (Mars)
2367:
2325:
2323:Outline of Mars
2316:
2311:
2273:
2260:
2229:, entry in the
2221:NASA World Wind
2127:Wayback Machine
2095:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2008:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1729:
1725:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1663:Bad Archaeology
1656:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1638:. April 5, 2000
1630:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1542:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1469:Paranormal News
1462:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1414:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1338:Wayback Machine
1323:Wayback Machine
1312:Wayback Machine
1301:Wayback Machine
1290:Wayback Machine
1279:Wayback Machine
1263:
1261:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1230:. April 2, 1998
1222:
1221:
1217:
1193:10.1.1.601.7485
1166:
1165:
1161:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1002:
1001:
994:
984:
982:
966:
965:
961:
951:
949:
934:
933:
929:
919:
917:
916:on May 16, 2013
913:
882:10.1.1.331.2704
854:
849:
848:
844:
839:
834:
828:Mission to Mars
821:Man in the Moon
798:
778:
772:
770:
767:
748:Mars Rovers map
744:
723:
719:
715:
711:
693:
678:
676:
609:
606:
586:Kermit the Frog
555:Charles Thaxton
504:
470:, the Romanian
430:
429:
428:
427:
426:
418:
410:
409:
397:
337:
314:and 9.46° west
259:
213:
97:
93:
62:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3423:
3421:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3397:
3396:
3381:40.74°N 9.46°W
3360:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3323:
3311:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3271:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3159:Mars Institute
3156:
3151:
3144:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2845:
2843:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2735:Seasonal flows
2732:
2730:Rootless cones
2727:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2558:Valley network
2555:
2550:
2545:
2543:Observed rocks
2540:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2477:
2475:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2456:Ultimi Scopuli
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2436:Terra Cimmeria
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2271:
2258:
2241:
2235:
2224:
2223:, among others
2214:
2200:
2191:
2177:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2117:
2111:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2093:External links
2091:
2088:
2087:
2070:
2048:
2013:
2006:
1984:
1960:
1953:
1927:
1920:
1893:
1886:
1868:
1854:
1834:
1831:(January): 26.
1819:
1797:
1782:Dunning, Brian
1773:
1743:
1723:
1703:
1676:
1649:
1623:
1601:
1579:
1553:
1525:
1486:
1455:
1448:
1423:
1396:
1365:
1342:
1241:
1215:
1159:
1113:
1094:(2): 233–240.
1076:
1050:
1021:
992:
959:
927:
860:Applied Optics
841:
840:
838:
835:
833:
832:
824:
818:
813:
807:
801:
792:
786:
779:
777:
774:
743:
607:
605:
602:
503:
500:
484:Old Man of Hoy
480:Pedra da Gávea
419:
412:
411:
398:
391:
390:
389:
388:
387:
373:(HRSC) on the
336:
333:
258:
257:"Face on Mars"
255:
225:planetologists
212:
209:
189:), a historic
133:albedo feature
26:
24:
18:Cydonia Mensae
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3422:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3393:
3390:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3300:
3296:
3283:
3272:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:Human mission
3089:
3087:
3086:Sample return
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3003:
2996:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:Mars-crossers
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:Tharsis bulge
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:Ore resources
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:Chaos terrain
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:Brain terrain
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:Chaos terrain
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Planum Boreum
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:Olympia Undae
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:Eridania Lake
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2071:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1808:. Google Maps
1807:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1740:0-309-17135-0
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1664:
1660:
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1637:
1633:
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1563:
1557:
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1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1442:. p. 5.
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
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1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1298:
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1291:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1245:
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1229:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
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1160:
1155:
1151:
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1127:
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1009:
1005:
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944:
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931:
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896:
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796:
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790:
787:
784:
781:
780:
775:
773:
764:
760:
756:
755:
750:
749:
741:
740:Polar regions
737:
733:
729:
718:); yellow is
709:
708:
703:
699:
691:
687:
603:
601:
599:
598:
597:Sesame Street
593:
592:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
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3386:40.74; -9.46
3362:
3228:Life on Mars
3223:Flag of Mars
3164:Mars Society
3146:
3139:
3106:Terraforming
3101:Colonization
2871:Swift crater
2713:polar wander
2441:Terra Sabaea
2390:
2381:Arabia Terra
2248:
2230:
2227:Face on Mars
2133:Mars Express
2079:
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2051:
2039:. Retrieved
2033:(6): 20–26.
2030:
2026:
2016:
1993:
1987:
1972:
1963:
1938:
1930:
1912:Random House
1910:. New York:
1906:
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1800:
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1760:the original
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1473:the original
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1383:the original
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1234:February 12,
1232:. Retrieved
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911:the original
864:
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826:
810:Libya Montes
771:
752:
746:
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590:
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492:Sleeping Ute
460:illumination
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27:Area of Mars
3384: /
3345:Outer space
3333:Spaceflight
3051:Exploration
2973:5261 Eureka
2641:Groundwater
2606:Composition
2431:Tempe Terra
2421:Quadrangles
2348:Circulation
2198:Google Mars
2098:NASA or ESA
1902:Sagan, Carl
1696:October 12,
1692:. SPACE.com
1669:December 1,
1642:December 1,
985:November 9,
952:November 9,
745:(See also:
742:are noted.
528:ruined city
502:Speculation
3399:Categories
2708:Polar caps
2688:Mud cracks
2671:Meteorites
2656:Lava tubes
2591:Carbonates
2526:Labyrinthi
2401:Iani Chaos
2340:Atmosphere
1861:August 12,
1514:(2): 14–18
837:References
724:−8 km
704:on NASA's
698:elevations
694:your mouse
535:Carl Sagan
494:, and the
446:pareidolia
229:ocean beds
137:telescopes
3309:Astronomy
3233:Sub-Earth
3216:Mythology
3169:Mars race
2936:Asteroids
2832:Astronomy
2803:Hesperian
2798:Amazonian
2770:Volcanism
2745:Spherules
2666:Marsquake
2621:Dichotomy
2536:by height
2531:Mountains
2331:Geography
2063:April 20,
2041:April 28,
1812:April 26,
1766:April 26,
1616:April 26,
1594:April 26,
1572:April 22,
1518:April 22,
1440:Frog, Ltd
1415:April 19,
1389:April 19,
1360:232381148
1264:April 19,
1188:CiteSeerX
1069:April 19,
1043:April 19,
1014:April 19,
980:SPACE.com
920:April 19,
899:0003-6935
877:CiteSeerX
783:Apophenia
736:longitude
720:0 km
574:credulity
316:longitude
3269:Category
3133:Advocacy
3116:Missions
3059:Concepts
2888:Transits
2859:Monolith
2808:Noachian
2780:Yardangs
2676:on Earth
2636:Glaciers
2481:"Canals"
2473:features
2471:Physical
2267:Archived
2255:Archived
2123:Archived
2081:Discover
2035:Archived
1979:Archived
1904:(1995).
1791:Skeptoid
1434:(1996).
1334:Archived
1319:Archived
1308:Archived
1297:Archived
1286:Archived
1275:Archived
1210:53411196
942:BBC News
907:20531684
776:See also
732:latitude
692:. Hover
591:Discover
570:skeptics
524:pyramids
341:Viking 1
320:humanoid
312:latitude
307:Viking 1
290:Viking 2
284:Viking 1
217:cratered
211:Location
39:Viking 1
3369:40°44′N
3357:Science
3295:Portals
3201:Fiction
3182:Related
3076:Landing
3071:Orbiter
3030:General
2999:2007 NS
2989:1999 UJ
2979:1998 VF
2968:Trojans
2955:2007 WD
2944:Impacts
2924:Mercury
2790:History
2750:Surface
2681:on Mars
2646:Gullies
2631:Geysers
2578:Geology
2568:Gravity
2563:Valleys
2516:Gullies
2506:Craters
2496:Catenae
2491:Canyons
2446:Tharsis
2391:Cydonia
2373:Regions
2363:Methane
2353:Climate
2186:(also,
1974:YouTube
1568:website
1543:July 3,
1479:May 29,
1256:. NASA/
1180:Bibcode
1154:9137761
1134:Bibcode
1096:Bibcode
869:Bibcode
763:discuss
688:of the
476:Giewont
233:coastal
205:Bamberg
201:Arandas
187:Cydonia
179:Κυδωνία
170:Kydonia
55:Cydonia
3372:9°28′W
3273:
3262:
3014:Comets
2909:Deimos
2904:Phobos
2866:Deimos
2849:Phobos
2553:Plains
2521:Mensae
2511:Fossae
2147:, NASA
2141:, NASA
2129:, NASA
2116:, NASA
2004:
1951:
1918:
1884:
1852:
1738:
1718:
1566:HiRISE
1446:
1358:
1331:753A34
1327:753A33
1316:673B56
1305:673B54
1294:561A25
1283:070A13
1272:035A72
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1087:Icarus
947:London
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897:
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804:HiRISE
582:smiley
550:Cosmos
543:. The
482:, the
478:, the
472:Sphinx
406:HiRISE
221:plains
3321:Stars
3081:Rover
3066:Flyby
3037:Orbit
2919:Earth
2841:Moons
2775:Water
2651:Lakes
2601:Color
2451:Undae
2135:, ESA
1502:(PDF)
1260:/USGS
1206:S2CID
1150:S2CID
914:(PDF)
855:(PDF)
464:Earth
454:data
295:pixel
197:Crete
192:polis
183:Latin
157:knobs
153:hills
2740:Soil
2485:list
2314:Mars
2065:2013
2043:2013
2002:ISBN
1949:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1863:2008
1850:ISBN
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1768:2007
1736:ISBN
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1596:2007
1574:2021
1545:2019
1520:2021
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1444:ISBN
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1391:2013
1356:OCLC
1266:2013
1236:2011
1228:NASA
1071:2013
1045:2013
1016:2013
987:2007
976:.com
954:2007
922:2013
903:PMID
895:ISSN
759:view
751:and
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730:are
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2209:at
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