923:
909:
802:
38:
332:
finally recognised the formal
Byzantine control over the city along with Istria, at least its western coast. After this, it falls into obscurity, but perhaps the Byzantines never succeeded in re-establishing their government in the returned territories, if they were actually handed over. The
875:
541:), which it administered from its Carniolan duchy. The Habsburg rulers nevertheless added the title of a "Margrave of Istria" to their other titles, persisting until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1918.
1356:
494:
By mid-century most of the
Istrian coast had been conquered by Venice. The patriarchs had ceased appointing margraves and had given the remaining interior of the peninsula into the direct control of their
897:
1078:
1361:
1321:
1336:
1316:
1351:
487:. Aquileia regained Istria in 1209, when the Andechs margraves were banned due to alleged entanglement in the assassination of the German king, Frederick Barbarossa's son
1250:
890:
1071:
1035:
459:). The Carniolan margraves gradually acquired the northeastern territories of the peninsula, while the western and southern coast was gradually occupied by the
1010:
883:
1306:
1064:
1366:
1030:
1282:
1331:
787:
779:
955:
577:
525:
After the secular territory of the patriarchs of
Aquileia had been completely conquered by Venice in 1420, most of Istria belonged to
732:
1134:
950:
468:
274:
965:
1242:
677:
476:
709:
703:
317:, nominally according to its ancient Byzantine customs, but in fact as a Frankish vassal. The region then had nine cities,
1159:
1040:
940:
656:
646:
624:
565:
448:
345:
1341:
1311:
763:
753:
722:
683:
464:
1346:
1219:
662:
425:
278:
251:
149:
1326:
1274:
433:
397:
561:
421:
30:
This article is about the
Istrian march in the early and high Middle Ages. For the later Habsburg crownland, see
1224:
409:
198:, King of the Lombards from 749, attacked the remaining Byzantine territories in Italy and even threatened the
452:
436:
who was also given suzerainty over the southeastern
Bavarian marches, including Verona, Istria, Carniola and
769:
333:
remaining parts of Istria were probably eventually just re-integrated into the
Carolingian duchy of Friuli.
250:
Charlemagne at first attached the
Istrian peninsula to the Lombard Duchy of Friuli, part of the Carolingian
173:
1167:
1020:
838:
587:
After the partition of the
Illyrian kingdom in 1849, the Margravate of Istria became a subdivision of the
553:
231:
576:
in 1809. In 1815, after
Napoleon had been defeated, the territory was returned to Austria as part of the
513:
in 1374, who since 1335 had held the
Carniolan march. In 1382 they also gained control over the City of
472:
786:
The title was held afterwards by the Habsburg monarch and the "Margrave of Istria" was included in the
1266:
1193:
1145:
1104:
975:
747:
629:
510:
401:
314:
782:(1234–1248), also Margrave of Carniola, Duke of Merania and Count Palatine of Burgundy (as Otto III)
1129:
970:
945:
594:. It received considerable autonomy as a crown land in its own right with the establishment of the
569:
381:
219:
471:, the margravial title and the Istrian territories were however retained by Carniola. In 1173 the
1214:
1119:
1109:
985:
960:
935:
843:"The Barrier Boundary of the Mediterranean Basin and Its Northern Breaches as Factors in History"
825:
773:
726:
581:
573:
460:
447:
was separated from the Carinthian duchy in 1040, when both were bestowed on the Thuringian Count
429:
413:
361:
325:
239:
867:
772:(1228–1234), brother, also Margrave of Carniola, Duke of Merania since 1204, Count Palatine of
1229:
1172:
1139:
1124:
1114:
1045:
1000:
990:
980:
820:
740:
670:
650:
588:
545:
530:
506:
444:
417:
377:
337:
113:
97:
1177:
1005:
862:
854:
757:
488:
484:
480:
373:
199:
177:
153:
63:
456:
1187:
1182:
1088:
1025:
995:
922:
917:
908:
603:
549:
437:
405:
385:
353:
341:
302:
294:
215:
169:
121:
117:
262:
was a march with a merely titular ducal dignity, from 776 ruled by Frankish appointees.
234:. In 755, Pepin invaded Italy and forced Aistulf under Frankish suzerainty. Pepin's son
45:) of the Holy Roman Empire about 1000 AD, alongside the marches of Verona and Carniola (
1206:
807:
595:
369:
349:
270:
266:
255:
211:
109:
1300:
443:
There appear counts of Istria late in the 10th century, but Istria together with the
329:
290:
1096:
502:
313:
successively. In the first decade of the 9th century, Istria was ruled by one Duke
207:
137:
17:
1056:
696:
365:
286:
235:
181:
105:
93:
37:
913:
858:
797:
591:
298:
620:
185:
599:
557:
357:
189:
157:
145:
265:
An Istrian margraviate itself first emerged following the death of Duke
514:
318:
310:
223:
195:
815:
692:
638:
161:
133:
101:
842:
725:(1107–1124), son of Engelbert I, also Margrave of Carniola, Duke of
533:
only held a small territory in the interior of the peninsula around
328:
on the Adriatic coast, his father Emperor Charlemagne under the 812
534:
306:
497:
420:
marches. After the deposition of Henry's son and successor Duke
227:
203:
1060:
879:
659:(1060–1070), son of Margrave Poppo I, also Margrave of Carniola
400:
had campaigned northern Italy under Berengar's grandson King
238:
in 773/774 finally incorporated the Italian kingdom into the
706:(1096–1098), son of Ulric I, Margrave of Carniola since 1070
432:
from the Bavaria as a duchy in its own right, ruled by Duke
84:
81:
352:
divided his vast duchy into four marches. Istria with the
69:
451:, heir by marriage to the last known Friulian margrave
112:
in 789. After 1364, it was the Istrian province of the
1357:
Disestablishments in the Empire of Austria (1867–1918)
324:
After King Pepin had made several attempts to conquer
756:(1188–1204), son, also Margrave of Carniola, Duke of
297:. It was one of three marches, along with Friuli and
140:
in 178 BC and was incorporated into the northeastern
72:
505:. The Görz territories were finally acquired by the
336:
When after the deposition of the last Friulian duke
285:. The original Carolingian march stretched from the
78:
75:
1241:
1205:
1095:
380:'s Italian kingdom in 855. The Unruoching margrave
66:
637:Margraviate re-established (held by the Counts of
847:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
712:(1098–1107), brother, also Margrave of Carniola
1322:States and territories established in the 790s
467:nominally assigned the remaining march to the
1072:
1036:Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar
891:
277:. Istria was enfeoffed to the Frankish count
8:
766:(1204–1228), son, also Margrave of Carniola
1362:Lands of the Empire of Austria (1867–1918)
1337:1849 establishments in the Austrian Empire
1317:Lists of nobility of the Holy Roman Empire
1079:
1065:
1057:
898:
884:
876:
1352:1918 disestablishments in Austria-Hungary
1152:
1015:
866:
735:1124–1173, son, also Margrave of Carniola
31:
404:, in 952 he merged Friuli into the vast
36:
1031:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
408:, which he granted to his brother Duke
176:. The Istrian peninsula remained under
104:and surrounding territory conquered by
750:(1173–1188), also Margrave of Carniola
412:, who already controlled the adjacent
788:grand title of the Emperor of Austria
49:), Croatia and the Republic of Venice
7:
568:. It was then incorporated into the
258:. Though officially a duchy, Friuli
132:The settlement area of the ancient
27:Historical Carolingian border march
1011:Grand Principality of Transylvania
552:after 1804) according to the 1797
25:
192:) settled in the east and north.
180:(Eastern Roman) influence, while
136:tribes had been conquered by the
1307:Marches of the Holy Roman Empire
1178:Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia
1135:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
1006:Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia
951:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
921:
907:
800:
62:
556:but was subsequently seized by
483:, who attached Istria to their
368:descendants. It became part of
281:, who also bore the title of a
1367:Habsburg Margraviate of Istria
649:(1012–1044), also Margrave of
376:, and was allotted to Emperor
1:
1041:Imperial Free City of Trieste
868:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t2c825k1f
479:enfeoffed the Bavarian noble
214:, he forged an alliance with
168:, where they established the
1332:Medieval history of Slovenia
544:Venetian Istria fell to the
273:on the Frankish border with
1220:Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
966:Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
760:(as Berthold IV) since 1183
615:Carolingian March of Istria
164:from 568 onwards conquered
150:Decline of the Roman Empire
1383:
1283:Concession zone in Tianjin
1225:Fiume and its surroundings
301:, guarding Italy from the
29:
931:
859:10.1080/00045601509357037
388:as King of Italy in 888.
330:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
230:, whom he legitimized as
1026:Princely County of Tyrol
469:Patriarchate of Aquileia
839:Semple, Ellen Churchill
776:since 1211 (as Otto II)
1251:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1168:Margraviate of Moravia
1021:Margraviate of Moravia
564:, forming part of the
554:Treaty of Campo Formio
396:After the German king
210:expected no help from
50:
1016:Margraviate of Istria
321:foremost among them.
226:kingdom north of the
144:region under Emperor
59:Margraviate of Istria
40:
32:Margraviate of Istria
1270:(de facto 1878–1908)
1267:Sanjak of Novi Pazar
1194:County of Vorarlberg
1146:Gorizia and Gradisca
1105:Archduchy of Austria
976:Archduchy of Austria
521:Habsburg Margraviate
477:Frederick Barbarossa
1342:Carolingian marches
1312:Margraves of Istria
1130:Kingdom of Dalmatia
971:Kingdom of Slavonia
946:Kingdom of Dalmatia
220:Mayor of the Palace
92:) was originally a
41:The Istrian march (
18:Margraves of Istria
1347:799 establishments
1215:Kingdom of Hungary
1120:Duchy of Carinthia
1110:Kingdom of Bohemia
986:Duchy of Carinthia
961:Kingdom of Illyria
956:Kingdom of Hungary
941:Kingdom of Croatia
936:Kingdom of Bohemia
826:History of Croatia
582:Congress of Vienna
578:Kingdom of Illyria
574:Illyrian Provinces
562:Peace of Pressburg
463:. The German king
461:Republic of Venice
422:Henry the Wrangler
410:Henry I of Bavaria
382:Berengar of Friuli
240:Carolingian Empire
232:King of the Franks
142:Venetia et Histria
51:
1327:History of Istria
1294:
1293:
1275:Carpathian passes
1230:Military Frontier
1173:Duchy of Salzburg
1140:Austrian Littoral
1125:Duchy of Carniola
1115:Duchy of Bukovina
1054:
1053:
1046:Military Frontier
1001:Duchy of Salzburg
991:Duchy of Carniola
981:Duchy of Bukovina
821:History of Istria
717:House of Sponheim
671:House of Sponheim
589:Austrian Littoral
546:Habsburg monarchy
531:House of Habsburg
457:Werigand (Friaul)
445:March of Carniola
434:Henry the Younger
246:Carolingian march
114:Habsburg monarchy
102:Istrian peninsula
16:(Redirected from
1374:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1234:
1196:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1087:Subdivisions of
1081:
1074:
1067:
1058:
926:
925:
912:
911:
900:
893:
886:
877:
872:
870:
810:
805:
804:
803:
741:House of Andechs
566:Kingdom of Italy
489:Philip of Swabia
485:Duchy of Merania
481:House of Andechs
424:in 976, Emperor
374:Treaty of Verdun
275:Littoral Croatia
252:Kingdom of Italy
200:Byzantine Papacy
174:Kingdom of Italy
172:, part of their
154:Migration Period
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
21:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1253:
1237:
1232:
1201:
1192:
1188:County of Tyrol
1183:Duchy of Styria
1158:
1151:
1144:
1091:
1089:Austria-Hungary
1085:
1055:
1050:
996:Duchy of Styria
927:
920:
918:Austrian Empire
906:
904:
837:
834:
806:
801:
799:
796:
744:
719:
700:
674:
643:
623:(c. 799), also
617:
612:
604:February Patent
572:as part of the
550:Austrian Empire
529:. The Austrian
523:
501:officials, the
449:Poppo of Weimar
406:March of Verona
394:
386:Charles the Fat
384:even succeeded
356:was ruled from
354:March of Friuli
342:Louis the Pious
295:Gulf of Kvarner
283:dux Foroiulanus
248:
218:, the powerful
216:Pepin the Short
170:Duchy of Friuli
130:
122:Austria-Hungary
118:Austrian Empire
65:
61:
55:March of Istria
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1380:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1247:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1207:Transleithania
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
932:
929:
928:
905:
903:
902:
895:
888:
880:
874:
873:
833:
830:
829:
828:
823:
818:
812:
811:
808:Croatia portal
795:
792:
784:
783:
777:
767:
761:
751:
743:
738:
737:
736:
730:
718:
715:
714:
713:
707:
699:
689:
688:
687:
681:
673:
668:
667:
666:
660:
654:
642:
635:
634:
633:
632:(c. 804), Duke
627:
625:Duke of Friuli
616:
613:
611:
608:
596:Diet of Istria
527:La Serenissima
522:
519:
503:Counts of Görz
393:
392:Imperial march
390:
372:after the 843
370:Middle Francia
271:Siege of Trsat
267:Eric of Friuli
254:under his son
247:
244:
212:Constantinople
129:
126:
110:Pepin of Italy
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1379:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1150:
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1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
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1077:
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1062:
1059:
1047:
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1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
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979:
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964:
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952:
949:
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939:
937:
934:
933:
930:
924:
919:
915:
910:
901:
896:
894:
889:
887:
882:
881:
878:
869:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
835:
831:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
809:
798:
793:
791:
789:
781:
778:
775:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
755:
752:
749:
746:
745:
742:
739:
734:
733:Engelbert III
731:
728:
724:
721:
720:
716:
711:
708:
705:
702:
701:
698:
694:
690:
685:
682:
679:
676:
675:
672:
669:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
648:
645:
644:
640:
636:
631:
628:
626:
622:
619:
618:
614:
609:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:French Empire
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
520:
518:
516:
512:
509:archdukes of
508:
504:
500:
499:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
391:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:Karst Plateau
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
245:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
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191:
187:
183:
179:
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171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
127:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:covering the
99:
95:
89:
60:
56:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
1259:
1255:
1243:Condominiums
1097:Cisleithania
850:
846:
785:
723:Engelbert II
602:by the 1861
586:
580:by the 1815
560:in the 1805
543:
538:
526:
524:
496:
493:
473:Hohenstaufen
442:
395:
360:by Margrave
335:
323:
293:down to the
282:
264:
259:
249:
208:Pope Zachary
194:
182:South Slavic
165:
141:
138:Roman Empire
131:
58:
54:
52:
46:
43:Mark Istrien
42:
1286:(1901–1917)
1258:1908–1918;
1233:(1867–1882)
914:Crown lands
754:Berthold II
686:(1093–1096)
680:(1090–1093)
678:Engelbert I
665:(1077–1090)
402:Berengar II
344:at the 829
287:Julian Alps
269:in the 799
236:Charlemagne
160:under King
148:. Upon the
106:Charlemagne
94:Carolingian
1301:Categories
1262:1878–1918)
748:Berthold I
691:Counts of
592:crown land
539:Mitterburg
428:separated
414:Carinthian
366:Unruoching
340:, Emperor
299:Carantania
853:: 27–59.
729:from 1124
727:Carinthia
697:Orlamünde
653:from 1040
610:Margraves
430:Carinthia
418:Carniolan
346:Reichstag
186:Croatians
178:Byzantine
96:frontier
1260:de facto
841:(1915).
794:See also
774:Burgundy
764:Henry II
710:Ulric II
704:Poppo II
684:Burchard
651:Carniola
558:Napoleon
507:Habsburg
475:Emperor
465:Henry IV
378:Louis II
364:and his
362:Eberhard
358:Aquileia
289:and the
260:de facto
224:Frankish
190:Slovenes
184:tribes (
158:Lombards
152:and the
146:Augustus
1256:de jure
1160:Trieste
916:of the
832:Sources
780:Otto II
758:Merania
663:Henry I
657:Ulric I
647:Poppo I
621:Hunfrid
600:Parenzo
515:Trieste
511:Austria
453:Weriand
426:Otto II
338:Baldric
319:Trieste
311:Magyars
279:Hunfrid
222:of the
196:Aistulf
166:Venetia
128:History
108:'s son
1278:(1918)
1153:Istria
816:Istria
770:Otto I
693:Weimar
639:Weimar
438:Styria
398:Otto I
326:Venice
309:, and
162:Alboin
156:, the
134:Histri
116:, the
548:(the
535:Pazin
350:Worms
307:Slavs
303:Avars
256:Pepin
206:. As
98:march
47:Krain
630:John
498:Vogt
416:and
315:John
228:Alps
204:Rome
188:and
120:and
57:(or
53:The
863:hdl
855:doi
598:at
348:in
202:in
1303::
861:.
849:.
845:.
790:.
606:.
584:.
517:.
491:.
440:.
305:,
242:.
124:.
1254:(
1080:e
1073:t
1066:v
899:e
892:t
885:v
871:.
865::
857::
851:5
695:-
641:)
537:(
455:(
88:/
85:ə
82:i
79:r
76:t
73:s
70:ɪ
67:ˈ
64:/
34:.
20:)
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