98:
31:
627:. Of about 500 known English exiles, there were 40 merchants, 32 artisans, 7 printers, 3 lawyers, 3 physicians, 3 yeomen, 13 servants, and 19 men with no profession. Of the artisans 12–17 were weavers who settled in Aarau. Strype names London merchant and exile Thomas Heton (or Heyton, Eaton) as the host-general of all the exiles. Financial backers for the exiles included London merchants Richard Springham and John Abel. Support also came from the
571:. The exiles did not plan to remain on the continent any longer than was necessary; there was considerable controversy and anxiety among them and those who remained in England over the legitimacy of fleeing, rather than facing, religious persecution. This concern contributed to the attention and authority given to those who remained in England and were
582:
During their continental sojourn, few of the exiles became well integrated economically or politically into their new communities. With the exception of the exile community in Aarau, the majority of exiles were clergy (67) or theological students (119). The next largest group was composed of gentry
923:
Led mainly by Knox, the largest, most politically and theologically radical concentration of
English exiles was at Geneva, reaching a peak of 233 people or about 140 households. (This was approximately 2% of the city's population.) Names, dates of arrival, and other information is preserved in the
888:
All records of the group were destroyed in World War II with the
Frankfurt city archives, and only partial transcripts from prior scholarship remain. These records disclose that native Frankfurters distrusted the English and suspected they were being used by members of the nobility to diminish the
833:
Following this continental reformed precedent, the
English exiles in Frankfurt offered themselves as the model church for all the English in exile and put out a call for ministers from the other congregations. However, they had gone further than many of their countrymen would follow, particularly
964:
during the winter of 1557–58. Published in Geneva in the spring 1558, it denounced all female rulers in the most strident language. This was opposed by many other
English exiles, especially those seeking favor with Elizabeth I, such as John Aylmer, who published a retort to Knox called
770:. Others there included Cheke, Morison, Cook, Carew, Wroth, James Haddon, John Huntington, John Geoffrey, John Pedder, Michael Renniger, Augustin Bradbridge, Thomas Steward, Humphrey Alcockson, Thomas Lakin, Thomas Crafton, Guido and Thomas Eton,
973:, for which Whittingham wrote the preface. Laurence Humphrey, working out of Strasbourg, claimed to be clarifying what Knox, Ponet, and Goodman really meant when he defended passive resistance only and supported the legitimacy of female rule in
932:), a folio manuscript kept at the Hotel de Ville of Geneva. New members admitted to the church numbered 48 in 1555, 50 in 1556, 67 in 1557, ten in 1558, and two in 1559. Seven marriages, four baptisms, and 18 deaths are recorded.
1261:
809:
At the request of local authorities in this
Lutheran city, the English church order had been made to conform to the newly established French reformed church in Frankfurt. The French church included a number of
935:
This was the first
English congregation to adopt the wholly Presbyterian form of discipline and worship that was resisted in Frankfurt. These forms and standards were printed in 1556 as the
794:
arrived on 27 June 1554. With the help of a local magistrate, they secured the use of a vacant church building. They held their first service on 29 July using a reformed liturgy drawn up by
475:
572:
200:
137:
907:
The organizational and liturgical differences between the
English churches in exile soon led to protracted conflicts concentrated in Frankfurt. A particular clash between
893:. The English were also accused of unfair commercial practices and of competing with local artisans—accusations which led to detailed censuses of the immigrants.
468:
714:. The conflicts that broke out between the exiles over church organization, discipline, and forms of worship presaged the religious politics of the reign of
353:
956:'s production, which was to be the most popular English version of the era and the most notorious for its annotations that supported Reformed theology and
295:
1277:
The
Liturgical Portions of the Genevan Service Book used by John Knox While a Minister of the English Congregation of Marian Exiles at Geneva, 1556–1559
461:
250:
81:
624:
838:. For that reason the English Church at Frankfurt became preoccupied with disputes over the use of the prayer book and church order in general.
939:
which went through several editions after 1556 in Geneva and was in official use in the Church of
Scotland from 1564 to 1645. Sometimes titled
441:
666:
The Marian exiles included many important or soon-to-be important
English Protestant leaders. Former and future bishops among them included
815:
338:
826:'s successor as minister of the French congregation in Strasbourg. In England, Poullain's congregation had as much autonomy as the London
290:
132:
69:. They settled chiefly in Protestant countries such as the Netherlands, Switzerland and Germany, and also in France, Italy and Poland.
1210:
1190:
1139:
866:
600:
446:
373:
1106:
971:
How superior powers ought to be obeyd of their subjects & wherein they may lawfully by Gods Worde be disobeyed & resisted
592:
219:
89:
983:
proposed that the English exiles should hold their own services in the building where he delivered lectures, later known as the
1330:
164:
159:
616:
1325:
388:
310:
227:
187:
174:
127:
995:
870:
842:
612:
1335:
929:
739:
1007:
759:
707:
691:
265:
38:
862:
436:
305:
122:
1256:
636:
1320:
1111:
1019:
854:
775:
632:
270:
97:
1101:
902:
874:
846:
835:
421:
255:
245:
945:
915:
came in time to stand for the general struggle between the Church of England and Presbyterian views.
908:
858:
763:
751:
683:
667:
378:
235:
34:
1068:(1555–1556), Christopher Seburne (1555), Francis Withers (1556–1557), William Beauvoir (1556–1558),
873:, Robert Wisdome. An informal university established by the congregation had Horne teaching Hebrew,
1054:
1039:
795:
426:
240:
151:
1076:(1557), William Fuller (1557), Francis Willias (1558), Peter Willis (1558), and Whittingham (1558)
504:, and joined with Reformed Churches there or formed their own congregations. A few exiles went to
1296:
Ronald J. Vander Molen, "Anglican Against Puritan: Ideological Origins during the Marian Exile,"
988:
882:
695:
640:
318:
300:
195:
182:
66:
54:
778:, Christopher Goodman, Richard Hilles, Richard Chambers, and one or both of the Hales brothers.
1206:
1186:
1150:
1135:
957:
827:
819:
584:
30:
771:
620:
401:
383:
343:
1058:
984:
799:
779:
723:
671:
628:
431:
58:
1203:
Pilgrimage to Puritanism: History and Theology of the Marian Exiles at Geneva, 1555-1560
1027:
1015:
877:(who came from Zurich after Knox left) teaching Greek, and Traheron teaching theology.
834:
those in Strasbourg and Zürich who wanted to retain use of the second (1552) Edwardian
755:
711:
687:
660:
652:
644:
564:
396:
260:
169:
1314:
1155:, 2nd series, Vol.2, p.201, Putnam's, New York and London (Digitized by Google Books)
1096:
1069:
1065:
1043:
1023:
1003:
999:
878:
608:
493:
50:
1289:
Brett Usher, "The Deanery of Bocking and the Demise of the Vestiarian Controversy,"
1073:
1031:
953:
588:
62:
987:. This worship in English continues in the building to the present day, under the
1303:
Jonathan Wright, "Marian Exiles and the Legitimacy of Flight From Persecution,"
1246:
1091:
980:
890:
850:
823:
715:
596:
513:
501:
489:
1011:
830:
and, like them, based their church order on the models of Zwingli and Calvin.
747:
743:
735:
703:
679:
675:
648:
604:
552:
348:
742:. Its leaders and membership included at times the former and future bishops
1236:
1047:
998:, Sir John Burtwick, John Bodley and the eldest of his five sons (Laurence,
912:
791:
767:
699:
576:
540:
106:
17:
1057:(1555–1556), Gilby (1556–1558), William Fuller (1556), Thomas Wood (1557),
568:
1262:
A Narrative of the Pursuit of English Refugees in Germany Under Queen Mary
1241:
Of the Proceedings of the English Congregation at Frankfurt, in March 1555
841:
The chief members of the Frankfurt congregation during its existence were
962:
First Blast of the Trumpet Blowen Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women
811:
656:
532:
505:
1086:
719:
528:
509:
497:
803:
587:(who would be identified on the frontispiece as the publisher of the
556:
544:
969:
in 1559. Christopher Goodman took a more circumspect approach in a
1282:
Frederick A. Norwood, "The Marian Exiles—Denizens or Sojourners?"
560:
548:
536:
524:
520:
29:
1231:
A Briefe Discourse of the Troubles begun at Frankeford in Germany
1183:
Archbishop Grindal, 1519-1583: the struggle for a reformed Church
492:, more than 800 Protestants fled to the continent, mainly to the
519:
Notable English exile communities were located in the cities of
37:, Duchess of Suffolk, fleeing Catholic England with her husband
1170:
Marian Exiles: A Study in the Origins of Elizabethan Puritanism
782:
apparently made several visits to the Strasbourg community.
639:, and many continental leaders of the reformed movement:
1205:, (Studies in Church History, 9.) New York: Peter Lang
952:
The English church in Geneva was also the scene of the
575:, as in the writings of one of the most famous exiles,
818:. Since then they had been under the supervision of
1132:
Church and State in Early Modern England, 1509-1640
994:Members of the English church in Geneva included
1153:Papers of the American Society of Church History
975:De religionis conservatione et reformatione vera
881:came from Strasbourg to Frankfurt; he taught at
849:, Whittingham, Knox, Aylmer, Bentham, Sampson,
583:(166) who, with others back in England such as
1151:George Edwin Horr (1910) "The Marian Exiles",
738:organised its services in conformity with the
690:(future archbishop of York, then Canterbury),
469:
8:
591:), financed the exiles. This group included
354:History of the Puritans under King Charles I
814:weavers who had been brought to England by
476:
462:
296:History of the Puritans under King James I
96:
76:
1164:
1162:
251:History of the Puritans under Elizabeth I
967:Harborowe for Faithful and True Subjects
631:, the Prince Palatine of the Rhine, the
1123:
857:and Christopher Hales, Richard Hilles,
593:Elizabeth Berkeley (Countess of Ormond)
88:
1053:Elders: William Williams (1555–1558),
1034:, Perceval Wiburne, and Robert Fills.
41:, her daughter Susan and a wet nurse.
7:
960:. At Geneva Knox wrote his infamous
339:Arminianism in the Church of England
1279:. (London: The Faith Press, 1965.)
1168:Christina Hallowell Garrett (1938)
1061:(1558), and John Bodley (1557–1558)
853:, Chambers, Isaac, both Knollyses,
133:Convocations of Canterbury and York
1185:, University of California Press,
798:. The congregation adopted a semi-
57:during the 1553–1558 reign of the
25:
1305:Journal of Ecclesiastical History
1291:Journal of Ecclesiastical History
943:, it is the basis for the modern
790:The first English exile group in
447:History of the Anglican Communion
374:History of the Puritans from 1649
1107:Elizabethan Religious Settlement
90:History of the Church of England
1134:, Oxford University Press, USA
949:used by Presbyterian churches.
488:According to English historian
845:, Sandys, Nowell, Foxe, Bale,
220:Elizabethan Church (1558–1603)
165:Dissolution of the Monasteries
1:
1172:, Cambridge University Press
734:The English congregation in
291:James I and religious issues
128:Religion in Medieval England
332:Caroline period (1625–1649)
284:Jacobean period (1603–1625)
1352:
1307:52.2 (April 2001): 220–43.
1293:52.3 (July 2001): 434–455.
1286:13:2 (June 1944): 100–110.
1112:The Protestant Reformation
930:Alexander Ferrier Mitchell
900:
740:1552 Book of Common Prayer
1300:42.1 (March 1973): 45–57.
1251:Annals of the Reformation
1181:Patrick Collinson (1979)
1006:who was later knighted),
806:were expected to preach.
27:English Protestant exiles
941:Book of Our Common Order
437:Disestablishmentarianism
306:Hampton Court Conference
123:Anglo-Saxon Christianity
152:Reformation (1509–1559)
138:Development of dioceses
1331:Elizabethan Puritanism
928:(facsimile edition by
271:Marprelate Controversy
266:Foxe's Book of Martyrs
160:Reformation Parliament
116:Middle Ages (597–1500)
42:
1201:Dan G. Danner (1999)
1102:Vestments controversy
903:Troubles at Frankfurt
901:Further information:
897:Troubles at Frankfurt
836:Book of Common Prayer
718:and the emergence of
621:Dame Dorothy Stafford
422:Bangorian Controversy
390:Book of Common Prayer
312:Book of Common Prayer
256:Vestments controversy
246:The Books of Homilies
229:Book of Common Prayer
189:Book of Common Prayer
176:Book of Common Prayer
33:
1275:William D. Maxwell,
996:Sir William Stafford
946:Book of Common Order
859:Bartholomew Traheron
617:Sir Richard Morrison
379:Westminster Assembly
236:Thirty-nine Articles
35:Catherine Willoughby
1326:English Reformation
1130:Leo F. Solt (1990)
1055:William Whittingham
1040:Christopher Goodman
796:William Whittingham
633:Duke of Württemberg
613:Sir Francis Knollys
427:Evangelical Revival
241:Convocation of 1563
989:Church of Scotland
889:privileges of the
885:around 1556–1559.
883:Marburg University
816:Protector Somerset
696:archbishop of York
641:Heinrich Bullinger
442:Prayer Book Crisis
319:King James Version
301:Millenary Petition
196:Forty-two Articles
183:Edwardine Ordinals
55:continental Europe
43:
1336:Mary I of England
1030:, Anthony Gilby,
958:resistance theory
926:Livre des Anglais
828:Stranger churches
820:Valerand Poullain
609:Sir Anthony Cooke
486:
485:
103:Westminster Abbey
73:Exile communities
16:(Redirected from
1343:
1213:
1199:
1193:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1142:
1128:
1008:James Pilkington
774:, Arthur Saule,
772:Alexander Nowell
708:James Pilkington
625:Sir Thomas Wroth
585:Sir Rowland Hill
478:
471:
464:
402:Nonjuring schism
384:Savoy Conference
344:Caroline Divines
100:
77:
21:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1311:
1310:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1200:
1196:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1160:
1149:
1145:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1083:
1059:Miles Coverdale
985:Calvin Auditory
921:
905:
899:
843:David Whitehead
788:
780:Myles Coverdale
732:
724:Presbyterianism
672:Miles Coverdale
629:King of Denmark
597:Sir Peter Carew
482:
453:
452:
451:
432:Oxford Movement
416:
408:
407:
406:
368:
360:
359:
358:
333:
325:
324:
323:
285:
277:
276:
275:
222:
212:
211:
210:
154:
144:
143:
142:
117:
109:
75:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1298:Church History
1294:
1287:
1284:Church History
1280:
1267:
1266:
1254:
1244:
1234:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1194:
1174:
1158:
1143:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1062:
1051:
1028:Thomas Sampson
1016:Thomas Bentham
937:Book of Geneva
920:
917:
898:
895:
871:William Turner
863:Robert Crowley
787:
784:
756:Edmund Grindal
731:
728:
712:Thomas Bentham
688:Edmund Grindal
661:Ludwig Lavater
653:Josias Simmler
645:Konrad Pelikan
637:Duke of Bipont
605:Sir John Cheke
484:
483:
481:
480:
473:
466:
458:
455:
454:
450:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
418:
417:
414:
413:
410:
409:
405:
404:
399:
397:Great Ejection
394:
386:
381:
376:
370:
369:
366:
365:
362:
361:
357:
356:
351:
346:
341:
335:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
322:
321:
316:
308:
303:
298:
293:
287:
286:
283:
282:
279:
278:
274:
273:
268:
263:
261:Richard Hooker
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
224:
223:
218:
217:
214:
213:
209:
208:
203:
198:
193:
185:
180:
172:
170:Thomas Cranmer
167:
162:
156:
155:
150:
149:
146:
145:
141:
140:
135:
130:
125:
119:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:
101:
93:
92:
86:
85:
74:
71:
39:Richard Bertie
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1348:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:Marian exiles
1319:
1318:
1316:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1211:0-8204-3884-7
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:0-520-03831-2
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:0-19-505979-4
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1097:Protestantism
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1070:John Staunton
1067:
1066:John Staunton
1063:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1044:Anthony Gilby
1042:(1555–1558),
1041:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:William Kethe
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
976:
972:
968:
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
947:
942:
938:
933:
931:
927:
918:
916:
914:
910:
904:
896:
894:
892:
886:
884:
880:
879:Thomas Beccon
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
807:
805:
802:system where
801:
797:
793:
785:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
729:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:William Cecil
598:
594:
590:
586:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:Low Countries
491:
479:
474:
472:
467:
465:
460:
459:
457:
456:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
412:
411:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
391:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
364:
363:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
329:
328:
320:
317:
315:
313:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
281:
280:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
230:
226:
225:
221:
216:
215:
207:
206:Marian exiles
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
190:
186:
184:
181:
179:
177:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
153:
148:
147:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
113:
112:
108:
104:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
78:
72:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:were English
48:
47:Marian exiles
40:
36:
32:
19:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1250:
1240:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1202:
1197:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1152:
1146:
1131:
1126:
1074:John Pullein
1046:(1555), and
1032:John Pullein
1020:William Cole
993:
979:
974:
970:
966:
961:
954:Geneva Bible
951:
944:
940:
936:
934:
925:
922:
906:
887:
875:John Mullins
840:
832:
808:
800:Presbyterian
789:
776:William Cole
760:Edwin Sandys
733:
692:Edwin Sandys
665:
589:Geneva Bible
581:
518:
514:Scandinavian
512:, and other
487:
389:
311:
228:
205:
188:
175:
102:
63:Queen Mary I
53:who fled to
46:
44:
18:Marian exile
1247:John Strype
1092:Anglicanism
1050:(1556–1558)
1038:Ministers:
981:John Calvin
909:Richard Cox
867:Thomas Cole
851:Roger Kelke
824:John Calvin
822:, formerly
764:John Aylmer
752:Richard Cox
716:Elizabeth I
684:Richard Cox
668:John Aylmer
516:countries.
502:Switzerland
490:John Strype
67:King Philip
51:Protestants
1315:Categories
1257:John Brett
1118:References
1087:Puritanism
1012:John Scory
748:John Scory
744:John Ponet
736:Strasbourg
730:Strasbourg
720:Puritanism
704:John Jewel
680:John Scory
676:John Ponet
649:Bibliander
553:Strasbourg
349:Laudianism
105:(1749) by
1270:Secondary
1237:John Knox
1064:Deacons:
1048:John Knox
913:John Knox
792:Frankfurt
786:Frankfurt
768:John Bale
700:John Bale
577:John Foxe
541:Frankfurt
415:1700–1950
367:1649–1688
107:Canaletto
61:monarchs
1081:See also
1072:(1556),
977:(1559).
891:burghers
694:(future
657:Wolphius
573:martyred
533:Duisburg
506:Scotland
82:a series
80:Part of
59:Catholic
1225:Primary
1220:Sources
812:Walloon
804:deacons
529:Cologne
510:Denmark
500:, and
498:Germany
201:Martyrs
1233:(1575)
1209:
1189:
1138:
1004:Josias
1002:, and
1000:Thomas
919:Geneva
766:, and
710:, and
659:, and
635:, the
623:, and
569:Zürich
567:, and
557:Venice
545:Geneva
392:(1662)
314:(1604)
231:(1559)
191:(1552)
178:(1549)
84:on the
847:Horne
565:Worms
561:Wesel
549:Padua
537:Emden
525:Basel
521:Aarau
1207:ISBN
1187:ISBN
1136:ISBN
911:and
855:John
722:and
65:and
45:The
698:),
563:,
1317::
1259:,
1249:,
1239:,
1161:^
1026:,
1022:,
1018:,
1014:,
1010:,
991:.
869:,
865:,
861:,
762:,
758:,
754:,
750:,
746:,
726:.
706:,
702:,
686:,
682:,
678:,
674:,
670:,
663:.
655:,
651:,
647:,
643:,
619:,
615:,
611:,
607:,
603:,
599:,
595:,
579:.
559:,
555:,
551:,
547:,
543:,
539:,
535:,
531:,
527:,
523:,
508:,
496:,
1265:.
1253:.
1243:.
477:e
470:t
463:v
20:)
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