33:
130:
203:, known for being one of the earliest animals to be studied for its regenerative capabilities. Marine worms will also sexually reproduce, internally and externally, with some releasing spawn into the ocean currents. This is in opposition to the much more internal and invasive method displayed by flat-worms called
292:
will colonize at whale falls in many different oceans, using a symbiont that can digest the bones within the carcasses (Jones et al,2007) This earned them the common name of “boneworms,” and they are speculated to be a keystone species of these types of environments due to lack of organisms in whale
249:
This quality is also observed in deeper oceans, where tube worms that use respiratory plumes with tentacles perform gas exchange of hydrogen sulfide and methane around hydrothermal vents. These types of circulatory systems differ from marine worms previously mentioned that can perform gas exchange
245:
Many of these worms have specialized tentacles used for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide which also may be used for reproduction. These specialized tentacles allow for gas exchange, further decreasing oxygen content in dead zones and in shallow water, which encourages plant and algae growth.
216:
Polynoid scale worms are estimated to have arrived in deep sea ecosystems around sixty million years ago. Through the comparison of 120 genes, researchers came to the conclusion that genes related to DNA repair, recombination, and integration were only present in the deep sea polynoidae, which
241:
Marine worms have a variety of circulation and respiration processes. For example, in platyhelminths this is achieved through diffusion of oxygen (as well as other nutrients) across a moist epithelial layer, whereas annelids have a closed circulatory system with blood vessels lining the body.
207:
where hermaphroditic organisms will flight to try and impregnate their opponent while avoiding becoming impregnated. This method is driven by the biological disadvantages (such as resource need and energy expenditure) behind carrying offspring instead of the more prolific gene passage through
273:
and can withstand temperatures up to 90 °C (194 °F). They share this space with fellow polychaetas known as “pompeii worms” that can resist 105 °C waters coming out of vents for short periods of time, making them one of the most heat resistant animals ever recorded (Islam and
300:
In recent years, marine worms (especially those found in the ocean) have been observed ingesting microplastic particles found in the oceans. This trend is concerning many scientists, as marine worms act as an important food source for many fish and wading birds. Marine worms are often
553:
198:
Marine worms exhibit numerous types of reproduction, both sexually and asexually. Asexually many are able to reproduce via budding or regeneration. This regeneration is most notably studied in
Plathelminths or
229:
have developed a relationship with symbiotic bacteria within their gut that often perform chemosynthesis from which the worm benefits. These bacteria reside in a specialized organ called the
225:
Marine worms can be herbivores, carnivores, parasites, detritivores, or filter feeders, but many strange examples of feeding are seen in this diverse type of animal. The group of
305:
in an ecosystem, and the introduction of plastic in the oceans not only diminishes the growth rates of the marine worms, but also affects the food chain of that ecosystem.
381:"Mating behavior, spawning, parental care, and embryonic development of some marine pseudocerotid flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Rhabditophora: Polycladida) in Singapore"
573:"A new species of hermit crab, Diogenes heteropsammicola (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae), replaces a mutualistic sipunculan in a walking coral symbiosis"
250:
through their entire bodies. This synapomorphy of gas exchange causes even related terrestrial annelids to be restricted to moist environments.
428:"Adaptation and evolution of deep-sea scale worms (Annelida: Polynoidae): insights from transcriptome comparison with a shallow-water species"
485:"Microanatomy of the trophosome region of Paracatenula cf. polyhymnia (Catenulida, Platyhelminthes) and its intracellular symbionts"
116:
258:
Marine worms are known to inhabit many different environments, having been found in both fresh and saltwater habitats globally.
740:
54:
483:
Leisch, Nikolaus; Dirks, Ulrich; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald R.; Schmid, Markus; Sterrer, Wolfgang; Ott, Jörg A. (2011-12-01).
97:
69:
50:
76:
297:
worms. These whale falls remain undigested for many more years than those observed with marine worm cultivations.
43:
187:
151:
233:. Some worms have an extendable pharynx or a proboscis for consuming prey, while others have developed jaws.
83:
735:
217:
correlates with the idea that they have to adapt to deal with potential hypoxia in deep sea environments.
135:
262:
65:
439:
282:
408:
693:
675:
612:
594:
522:
504:
465:
400:
361:
343:
683:
667:
602:
584:
512:
496:
455:
447:
392:
351:
335:
302:
159:
266:
163:
90:
654:
Jones, William J; Johnson, Shannon B; Rouse, Greg W; Vrijenhoek, Robert C (2008-02-22).
443:
688:
655:
607:
572:
517:
460:
427:
356:
278:
729:
711:
412:
204:
226:
179:
175:
589:
426:
Zhang Y, Sun J, Chen C, Watanabe HK, Feng D, Zhang Y, et al. (April 2017).
32:
630:
500:
339:
230:
679:
598:
508:
404:
347:
484:
323:
270:
183:
129:
17:
697:
671:
616:
526:
469:
365:
171:
167:
380:
200:
451:
396:
186:. For a list of marine animals that have been called "sea worms", see
322:
Egger, Bernhard; Gschwentner, Robert; Rieger, Reinhard (2006-12-05).
571:
Igawa, Momoko; Kato, Makoto (2017-09-20). Thuesen, Erik V. (ed.).
148:
128:
144:
716:
The
Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography
26:
324:"Free-living flatworms under the knife: past and present"
660:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
554:"Worms: Phyla Platyhelmintes, Nematoda, and Annelida"
379:
Tong, Samantha Jia Wen; Ong, Rene S.L. (June 2020).
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
656:"Marine worms (genus Osedax ) colonize cow bones"
560:. University of Hawaii at Manoa. Oct 24, 2023.
8:
288:Marine deep sea polychaetes under the genus
158:Marine worms are found in several different
687:
606:
588:
516:
459:
355:
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
314:
281:, such as in the Pacific Ocean off the
277:Some worms can live in extremely deep
139:lives at depths of up to 4,000 metres.
539:Collins, James J. "Platyhelminthes."
7:
55:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
133:An example of a marine worm, the
269:lives in waters near underwater
31:
328:Development Genes and Evolution
42:needs additional citations for
1:
712:"Limnology and Oceanography"
590:10.1371/journal.pone.0184311
757:
558:Exploring Our Fluid Earth
501:10.1007/s00435-011-0135-y
340:10.1007/s00427-006-0120-5
631:"Giant tubeworm • MBARI"
208:multiple impregnations.
543:27.7 (2017): R252-R256.
293:falls without observed
741:Worms (obsolete taxon)
672:10.1098/rspb.2007.1437
274:Schulze-Makuch,2007).
261:Some marine worms are
140:
136:Parborlasia corrugatus
212:Genetics and taxonomy
132:
385:Invertebrate Biology
254:Environmental niches
51:improve this article
444:2017NatSR...746205Z
174:(segmented worms),
432:Scientific Reports
141:
666:(1633): 387–391.
452:10.1038/srep46205
397:10.1111/ivb.12293
283:Galápagos Islands
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
748:
720:
719:
708:
702:
701:
691:
651:
645:
644:
642:
641:
627:
621:
620:
610:
592:
568:
562:
561:
550:
544:
537:
531:
530:
520:
480:
474:
473:
463:
423:
417:
416:
376:
370:
369:
359:
319:
303:keystone species
279:oceanic trenches
162:, including the
154:is considered a
147:that lives in a
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
756:
755:
751:
750:
749:
747:
746:
745:
726:
725:
724:
723:
710:
709:
705:
653:
652:
648:
639:
637:
629:
628:
624:
583:(9): e0184311.
570:
569:
565:
552:
551:
547:
541:Current Biology
538:
534:
482:
481:
477:
425:
424:
420:
378:
377:
373:
321:
320:
316:
311:
267:giant tube worm
265:, of which the
256:
239:
223:
221:Feeding methods
214:
196:
164:Platyhelminthes
123:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
754:
752:
744:
743:
738:
736:Marine animals
728:
727:
722:
721:
703:
646:
622:
563:
545:
532:
495:(4): 261–271.
475:
418:
371:
313:
312:
310:
307:
255:
252:
238:
235:
222:
219:
213:
210:
195:
192:
125:
124:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
753:
742:
739:
737:
734:
733:
731:
717:
713:
707:
704:
699:
695:
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
647:
636:
632:
626:
623:
618:
614:
609:
604:
600:
596:
591:
586:
582:
578:
574:
567:
564:
559:
555:
549:
546:
542:
536:
533:
528:
524:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:Zoomorphology
486:
479:
476:
471:
467:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
422:
419:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
375:
372:
367:
363:
358:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:(2): 89–104.
333:
329:
325:
318:
315:
308:
306:
304:
298:
296:
291:
286:
284:
280:
275:
272:
268:
264:
259:
253:
251:
247:
243:
236:
234:
232:
228:
220:
218:
211:
209:
206:
205:Penis fencing
202:
193:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
138:
137:
131:
121:
118:
110:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68: –
67:
66:"Marine worm"
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
715:
706:
663:
659:
649:
638:. Retrieved
634:
625:
580:
576:
566:
557:
548:
540:
535:
492:
488:
478:
438:(1): 46205.
435:
431:
421:
388:
384:
374:
331:
327:
317:
299:
294:
289:
287:
276:
260:
257:
248:
244:
240:
227:Siboglinidae
224:
215:
197:
194:Reproduction
180:Hemichordata
176:Chaetognatha
155:
142:
134:
113:
107:October 2022
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
18:Marine worms
237:Circulation
156:water worm.
152:environment
730:Categories
640:2023-11-06
309:References
263:tube worms
231:Trophosome
77:newspapers
680:0962-8452
599:1932-6203
509:1432-234X
413:225782903
405:1077-8306
348:1432-041X
271:volcanoes
184:Phoronida
698:18077256
617:28931020
577:PLOS ONE
527:22131640
470:28397791
366:17146688
188:sea worm
172:Annelida
168:Nematoda
689:2596828
608:5606932
518:3213344
461:5387418
440:Bibcode
357:1784541
201:Triclad
91:scholar
696:
686:
678:
615:
605:
597:
525:
515:
507:
468:
458:
411:
403:
364:
354:
346:
295:Osedax
290:Osedax
182:, and
149:marine
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
635:MBARI
409:S2CID
391:(2).
160:phyla
98:JSTOR
84:books
694:PMID
676:ISSN
613:PMID
595:ISSN
523:PMID
505:ISSN
466:PMID
401:ISSN
362:PMID
344:ISSN
145:worm
143:Any
70:news
684:PMC
668:doi
664:275
603:PMC
585:doi
513:PMC
497:doi
493:130
456:PMC
448:doi
393:doi
389:139
352:PMC
336:doi
332:217
53:by
732::
714:.
692:.
682:.
674:.
662:.
658:.
633:.
611:.
601:.
593:.
581:12
579:.
575:.
556:.
521:.
511:.
503:.
491:.
487:.
464:.
454:.
446:.
434:.
430:.
407:.
399:.
387:.
383:.
360:.
350:.
342:.
330:.
326:.
285:.
190:.
178:,
170:,
166:,
718:.
700:.
670::
643:.
619:.
587::
529:.
499::
472:.
450::
442::
436:7
415:.
395::
368:.
338::
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.