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be her husband's. The main duty of a girl's parents was, and is, regarded to arrange her marriage. After marriage, a woman is seen as a guest when visiting her natal home, and no longer a member of that family. In
Hinduism, the main duty of a woman is serving her husband and family, and several Hindu festivals reflect this, by reinforcing the tradition of a woman fasting, or performing other rituals, to pray for her husband's long life. Dowry, the practice of the bride's family gifting property or money to her husband, is still prevalent despite the enactment of the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961. Historically, if the amount of dowry was seen as insufficient, the groom's family would take it as an insult, and harass the new bride to ask her family for more dowry.
377:
59:
760:
39:
27:
47:
1429:... Gandharva marriage, which is also part of the orthodox system ... Dushyanta. This king's Gandharva marriage with Cakuntala, which is well-known especially through Kalidasa's drama, is a celebrated example ... only for warrior nobility according likewise to Manu ... Narada states without hesitation that this kind of marriage belongs to all castes alike ... 'survival from the time of promiscuity'; might well be understood from an "inter-ethnic" standpoint ...
190:). Marriage is considered to be necessary to fulfil these goals. The three goals of marriage include allowing a husband and a wife to fulfil their dharma, bearing progeny (praja), and experiencing pleasure (rati). Sexual intercourse between a husband and wife is regarded to be important in order to produce children, but is the least desirable purpose of marriage in traditional Hindu schools of thought.
401:
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secular concept of marriage. Unmarried cohabitation in Sri Lanka became a punishable offence from the Dutch colonial period in 1580. Andi Fein argued that prohibitions against homosexual marriage in
Chinese Buddhism stem from Confucianism, and that studies of Buddhism and Hinduism in India and Sri Lanka show no such prohibitions existed there.
298:
choose. If the astrological chart of the two individuals (male and female) achieve the required threshold in points, then further talks are considered for a prospective marriage. The man and woman are given a chance to talk, and understand each other. If both parties consent, an auspicious time is chosen for the wedding to take place.
540:
refers to a form of marriage where a man is married to more than one woman during the same period of time. While polygyny was not the norm of mainstream Hindu society, having more than one wife was a social custom that was believed to increase the prestige of a man. Members of royalty and aristocracy
363:
The
Arshavivaha is a righteous form of marriage. It is a form of marriage where a man gifts his daughter as a bride, after receiving one pair of cattle, a cow and a bull, or two pairs from a groom, the exchange being perceived as a matter of the law, rather than the sale of the former's daughter. The
668:
For most of Indian history, women were seen as subservient to the will of her father, and it was thought that unmarried women could not be kept at home ā this belief is still held by some. It was ā and in some places, still is ā thought that one's daughter is only temporary, and that she is meant to
520:
is a type of marriage mentioned in Hindu mythology where a woman chose a man as her husband from a group of suitors. The bride wishing to marry would select an auspicious time and venue and then broadcast her intentions. Kings typically sent messengers to outside lands, while commoners simply spread
354:
is a righteous form of marriage. It is a form of marriage unique to the ancient
Brahmins, where a man gifts his richly bedecked daughter's hand in marriage to a priest who officiates at the former's sacrifice ceremony, in lieu of paying the latter a nominal sacrificial fee. This form of a marriage,
297:
is believed to be a benefic planet, and influential in terms of marriage. The maximum points for any match can be 36, and the minimum points for matching is 18. Any match with points under 18 is not considered as an auspicious match for a harmonious relationship, but they may still marry if they so
145:
The ideal conception of marriage that was laid down by the ancient
Indians is one in which it is a ceremonial gift of a bride (Vadhū) by her father, or another appropriate family member, to a bride-groom (Vara), so that they may fulfil the purposes of human existence together. In such a conception,
775:
though it is argued that this is not of a homosexual nature but rather of a fraternal nature. The
Sinhalese generally did not take marriage seriously, and cohabitation was widespread with marriage being considered a by-product of successful cohabitation, which is in-line with Buddhist views of the
482:
The
Rakshasavivaha is a non-righteous form of marriage. It is the marriage performed after a non-consenting maiden is seized by force or abducted by a man. When such a maiden is abducted, she is described to weep as her relatives are assaulted and slain, and their house is wrecked. The marriage is
681:
has gained popularity as well, especially in urban areas. Love marriage differs from arranged marriage in that the couple, rather than the parents, choose their own partner, and that the consent of their parents is not asked for before marrying. The concept of a love marriage is not a novelty in
521:
the news within the local community. On the appointed day, suitors would gather at the venue and declare their qualifications. The bride would place a garland on the man of her choice and a wedding ceremony was held immediately. However, this type of marriage is not attested in any DharmaÅÄstra.
742:
community who started the socio-political
Shuddhi Movement that was derived from this ancient rite. The non-Hindu partner is converted to Hinduism through this purification rite before marrying, or else the marriage is regarded to be void, or not legally binding. The Hindu wedding ceremony that
712:
and
International Center for Research on Women, 11.7% of men and 8.5% of women in India surveyed claimed that they chose their partners, and married with, or without, the consent of their families. The boundaries between the two types of marriage are believed to have started to blur. The term
342:. Brahma marriage holds the supreme position of the eight types of Hindu matrimony. When the parents of a boy seek a suitable bride, they consider her family background, and the girl's father would ensure that his daughter's prospective groom is a scholar, one who is well-versed in the Vedas.
747:, the ritual of circling the sacred fire seven times; the completion of the seventh round binds the marriage. This is accepted as a complete, valid marriage in all states of India, and needs no registration with the exception of Goa, that is governed by a single code called
384:
The
Prajapatyavivaha is a righteous form of marriage. It is a form of marriage where a girl's father gives her hand in marriage to a bridegroom, treating him with respect, and addressing them with the following words: 'May both of you perform together your religious duties'
337:
is a righteous form of marriage. It refers to the marriage of one's daughter to a man of good conduct, learned in the Vedas, and invited by oneself. Brahma marriage is where a boy is able to get married once he has completed his education in the first stage of life, the
507:
James Lochtefeld comments that these last two forms were forbidden, but the marriages themselves were still recognised in ancient Hindu societies, not to allow these acts, but rather to provide the woman and any resulting children with legal protection in the society.
733:
and for the Hindu marriage to be valid, both partners must be Hindu amongst other conditions that also need to be fulfilled, and the non-Hindu partner must convert to Hinduism. A specific kind of ancient ritual is performed before the Hindu marriage called
461:
is a non-righteous form of marriage. It is a form of marriage where a bridegroom receives a maiden, after having given of his own free will as much wealth as he can afford, to the bride, and her kinsmen. As a form of marriage performed by paying a
682:
India, as it is regarded to be the equivalent of the gandharva marriage, which is still perceived as not righteous today. Hindu literature does indicate that love marriages were recognised and accepted in ancient times, for example, the legend of
705:, 74% of the respondents said that they preferred an arranged marriage. While the vast majority of Hindus continue to have arranged marriages, the prospective spouses usually have more agency in the match today than they did historically.
210:, a maiden may wait for three years, after which she may marry. Girls are usually considered to have achieved puberty when they are 12 years old, and are allowed to choose their own husbands if a suitable groom is not procured for them.
770:
In some Buddhist-Hindu cultures, marriage was considered to be a secular issue not sanctioned by religion. There is widespread evidence of same-sex cohabitation in the Kandyan kingdom (15th century to 19th century) due to tolerance of
495:
is a non-righteous form of marriage. When a man stealthily rapes a woman who is asleep, intoxicated, or mentally challenged, it is regarded to be a marriage, though only to preserve the honour of the woman. This is condemned in the
421:
that arises out of the mutual love shared between a youth and a maiden, where the primary purpose is sexual intercourse. No consultation of one's family members or the performance of ritual ceremonies take place. The marriage of
226:
One should not choose (the bride) from the same gotra or born in the line of same sage. (One may choose) from (descendants of) more than seven (generations) on the paternal side and more than five (generations) on the maternal
483:
then celebrated in the absence of the father of the bride by the family of her abductor. It is a reprehensible form of a marriage that is condemned by the Manusmriti, and is punished by law in society in the present-day.
292:
believe that the position of these celestial objects at the time of their birth, and their benefic or malefic influence, influence the auspicious compatibility between a bride and groom. For instance, the planet
2064:"Hindu Marriage Law FAQ - What is a proper or valid Hindu marriage? - Should marriages be registered? How is it done? - If a Hindu wishes to marry a person who is not a Hindu, under what law can they do so?"
545:(twice-born) varnas: Brahmins were allowed to have up to four wives, Kshatriyas could have three wives, and the Vaishyas could have two wives; the Shudras, however, were permitted to have only one wife. The
549:
allows a man to take a new wife after ten years if his present wife was judged to be barren, and could marry after thirteen or fourteen years if his wife only produced daughters, and he desired a son. The
617:, and a few communities of northern India are also cited to have been polyandrous. Polyandry is viewed with contempt in India today, a practice little removed from promiscuity on the part of a woman.
277:, who holds astrological data of those individuals looking to get married. Some communities, like the Brahmins in Mithila, use genealogical records ("Panjikas") maintained by the specialists.
767:
According to the Pew Research Centre, though some modern Hindus condemn same-sex marriage, others cite ancient Hindu texts, such as the Kama Sutra, that seem to condone homosexual behavior.
569:
refers to a marriage where a woman is married to more than one man during the same period of time. This form of marriage was exceedingly rare among Hindu society in Indian history, and the
355:
ranked as the second most meritorious, is regarded to redeem the sins of seven ascendants and descendants. It is called such because it is believed to be worthy of the devas themselves.
261:(natal and astrological chart at the time of birth) of one's son or daughter to arrange a marriage with the help of a priest is common, but not universal. Parents also take advice from
541:
were often polygynous, and they were among the few who could afford to support more than one wife in their households. Polygyny was sanctioned by the Manusmriti among members of the
2001:
325:
While all of these marriages are recognised, not all have religious sanction; four of them are declared to be righteous, and the other four are stated to be non-righteous.
2915:
150:, which originally meant the wedding ceremony, but has to acquire the definition of marriage as a whole, is meant for procreation, and the establishment of a family (
112:
Variously defined, it is generally described to be a social institution for the establishment and regulation of a proper relationship between the sexes, as stated by
3336:
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While most Hindus of the Indian subcontinent predominantly practise monogamy today, polygamous marriages have also characterised Hindu society for millennia.
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397:. In a Prajapatya marriage, the bride's father goes in search of a groom, rather than the other way around, which makes it inferior to a Brahma marriage.
2027:
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640:, with the belief that a man is only capable of physically, psychologically, and spiritually pleasing one woman at a time. Hindu texts that permit
1223:
1977:
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694:. Somewhere in the course of time, arranged marriages became predominant, and love marriages became unacceptable or at least frowned upon.
721:
and a love marriage. Love marriages are sometimes seen as imposition of the younger generation's will over the older generation's wishes.
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While Hindu texts prescribe marrying within one's own community, they prohibit individuals from marrying those who belong to their own
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and polygyny recommend the monogamous marriage as the most appropriate form of the concept. It is exemplified in Hindu texts such as
318:
III.20-34, identify eight forms of marriage. They are traditionally presented, as here, in order of their religious appropriateness (
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1856:
430:
was a historically celebrated example of this class of marriage. It is generally considered to be permissible to the members of the
2254:(2). Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Gadjah Mada: Center for Religious and Cross-cultural Studies (CRCS): 73ā82 – via Phil.
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Despite the rise in the count of Hindus marrying for love, arranged marriages still remain the norm: In a 2012 survey conducted by
1884:
3105:
3308:
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632:, monogamy has been the dominant form of conjugal relationship and form of marriage in India. Monogamy is counselled to men by
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chart is drawn based on the placement of the stars and planets at the time of one's birth. Those individuals who subscribe to
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texts, though it has grown increasingly common in the present-day due to the practice of dating among the newer generations.
120:, rather than a form of social contract, since they believe that all men and women are created to be parents, and practise
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2028:"The Shuddhi Movement, involving the conversion of non-Hindus to Hinduism, was started by - Solution(By Examveda Team)"
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2244:"BUDDHISM AND CONFUCIANISM ON HOMOSEXUALITY: THE ACCEPTANCE AND REJECTION BASED ON THE ARGUMENTS OF RELIGIOUS TEXTS"
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Many people believe that arranged marriage is the traditional form of marriage in India; however, the concept of
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2046:"Legal Precautions to take before marrying in a temple - Legal Requirements under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955"
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refers to a marriage where a man is married to only one woman during a given period of time. Ever since the
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brothers is the most cited example of this custom. The Mahabharata, however, does state that it is a great
3621:
3558:
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751:, where the registration of marriage is made compulsory as it is accepted as the only proof of marriage.
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prohibits a woman from having two husbands. The practice of polyandry has historically existed among the
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states a husband may take another wife if his wife engages in extramarital sex. Until the passage of the
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There have been reports of Hindu gurus performing same-sex marriages in India since at least the 1980s.
759:
551:
546:
466:, it is generally stated to be forbidden, though it is sometimes cited to be allowed for members of the
38:
26:
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1471:"Gandharvavivaha, GÄndharvavivÄha, Gandharva-vivaha, GandharvavivÄha, Gamdharvavivaha: 7 definitions"
1227:
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2171:"Contested conjugality? Sinhalese marriage practices in eighteenth-century Dutch colonial Sri Lanka"
46:
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state that a man is only said to be "complete" after marrying a woman, and acquiring progeny.
75:
2128:"Polyandry (Eka Gei Kama): The Content-Context and Practice in the old days of Sinhalese.pdf"
1967:
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1969:
Domestic Goddesses: Maternity, Globalization and Middle-class Identity in Contemporary India
1901:
Domestic Goddesses: Maternity, Globalization and Middle-class Identity in Contemporary India
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states a daughter should be given away for once and all, as soon as her menses appear. The
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is used to describe a new emerging form of marriage, which contains elements of both an
404:
An eloping couple exchange garlands under a tree. Illustration from Sougandhika Parinaya
400:
3482:
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3303:
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3151:
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2337:
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2006:
1470:
987:
748:
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351:
266:
1107:"36 points need to be acquired for an auspicious Gunn Milan method and happy marriage"
1079:
773:"eating together" (i.e. living together in the same house and sharing the same means),
154:). After one's wedding, one is believed to have entered the second stage of life, the
3605:
3275:
3235:
2801:
2796:
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prescribes offering one's maiden daughter as a bride in exchange for a pair of cows.
20:
155:
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2581:
2045:
1512:
809:
735:
629:
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339:
1709:. Robarts - University of Toronto. Calcutta : Manmath Nath Dutt. p. 787.
1413:
Sexual life in ancient India: a study in the comparative history of Indian culture
1379:
Sexual life in ancient India: a study in the comparative history of Indian culture
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staff article. (September 2011). Eight forms of Hindu Marriage and its custom.
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856:
739:
687:
637:
517:
497:
427:
314:
203:
2204:
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660:, and forbidding himself from engaging in sexual relations with other women.
656:, literally meaning the, 'vow of one wife', the act of fidelity to one wife,
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2765:
2750:
2745:
2705:
2689:
2436:
2426:
794:
744:
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501:
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1706:[Samhitas] : original text with a literal English translation
3240:
2893:
2841:
2755:
2720:
2421:
2243:
2186:
645:
625:
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574:
558:, every Hindu in India was theoretically allowed to have multiple wives.
386:
207:
167:
129:
31:
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582:
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467:
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262:
42:
A North Indian couple wearing traditional attire during a ring ceremony
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1354:"Prajapatyavivaha, PrÄjÄpatyavivÄha, Prajapatya-vivaha: 2 definitions"
2821:
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1084:. Internet Archive. Twin Lakes, Wis. : Lotus Press. p. 96.
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594:
471:
446:
442:
294:
187:
175:
121:
117:
63:
51:
1935:
Love, Marriage and Intimacy Among Gujarati Indians: A Suitable Match
1885:"Masculinity, Intimate Partner Violence and Son Preference in India"
417:
is a form of marriage classified as non-righteous in general. It is
1267:
1249:
3313:
2826:
2811:
2791:
2725:
992:. --, ---, Mraudula Borase. Trubner & Co.- London. p. 83.
758:
698:
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500:
as a sinful act. In modern times, this is classified as a form of
399:
274:
219:
179:
125:
57:
45:
37:
25:
2679:
2169:
Bulten, Luc; Kok, Jan; Lyna, Dries; Rupesinghe, Nadeera (2018).
1861:
1846:, vol. 55, Suppl 2 (2013): S243-9. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.105544.
702:
657:
649:
590:
183:
2897:
2456:
2289:
1857:"NDTV mid-term poll: Does India still want arranged marriages?"
1842:
Sharma, Indira et al. āHinduism, marriage and mental illness.ā
2617:
1132:
Hindu Saį¹skÄras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments
601:, though its practice is very rare in the modern period. The
54:
Hindu couple making an offering during their wedding ceremony
2083:"Religious Groups' Official Positions on Same-Sex Marriage"
322:). They also differ very widely in social acceptability.
2146:"What Buddhism Teaches About Romantic Love and Marriage"
1572:"Definition and Types of Marriage [Part 2.1-2]"
1513:"Asuravivaha, ÄsuravivÄha, Asura-vivaha: 2 definitions"
1329:"Definition and Types of Marriage [Part 2.1-2]"
1287:"Definition and Types of Marriage [Part 2.1-2]"
909:"Definition and Types of Marriage [Part 2.1-2]"
729:
In India, when a Hindu and a non-Hindu marry under the
380:
M.V. Dhurandharās depiction of a Hindu wedding ceremony
89:
962:
Marriage and Family: In Diverse and Changing Scenario
935:
Marriage and Family: In Diverse and Changing Scenario
101:'Marriage') is the most important of all the
1381:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1989, p. 90,
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3481:
3428:
3365:
3327:
3294:
3221:
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2636:
2600:
2539:
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2387:
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1055:"Rules of Marriage (vivÄha) [Chapter 154]"
989:Naradiya Dharmasastra of the Institutes of Narada
224:
2909:
2468:
2301:
2002:"Arranged marriages losing respect in India?"
1887:. International Center for Research on Women.
1175:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: AāM
8:
1972:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 80, 86.
1904:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 80, 86.
1793:"Ekapatnivrata, ÄkapatnÄ«vrata: 1 definition"
116:. Marriage is regarded to be a sacrament by
1169:
1167:
1134:, see Chapter VIII, pp. 153ā233.
965:. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 6.
938:. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 6.
585:for a woman to have multiple husbands. The
2916:
2902:
2894:
2475:
2461:
2453:
2308:
2294:
2286:
738:which is also practised by members of the
158:, performing the duties of a householder.
66:Hindu couple during their wedding ceremony
34:Hindu couple during their wedding ceremony
2194:
1160:. Sacred Books of the East. Vol. 25.
886:. S. Chand Publishing. pp. 102ā103.
3513:Social impact of Indian television drama
1416:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1989,
636:, a philosopher and an authority of the
375:
105:, the rites of passage described in the
1822:. Jaico Publishing House. p. 157.
847:
222:, or lineage from the same Vedic sage:
2108:
2098:
1966:Mr Henrike Donner (28 December 2012).
1932:Katherine Twamley (12 February 2014).
1898:Mr Henrike Donner (28 December 2012).
1750:The Hindu Law of Marriage and Stridhan
1612:The Hindu Law of Marriage and Stridhan
1556:The Hindu Law of Marriage and Stridhan
1539:The Hindu Law of Marriage and Stridhan
1497:The Hindu Law of Marriage and Stridhan
1313:The Hindu Law of Marriage and Stridhan
16:Concept of marriage in Hindu tradition
7:
1770:. S. Chand Publishing. p. 103.
1726:. S. Chand Publishing. p. 107.
1682:. S. Chand Publishing. p. 106.
504:, and is a crime in most countries.
391:HyÄ kanyÄÅÄ«į¹ dharmÄcÄį¹ Äcaraį¹a kara,
174:) are regarded to be righteousness (
1938:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 68.
1764:Rao, CN Shankar (September 2004).
1720:Rao, CN Shankar (September 2004).
1676:Rao, CN Shankar (September 2004).
880:Rao, CN Shankar (September 2004).
743:follows includes the vows and the
708:In a 2014 survey conducted by the
14:
2175:Annales de dƩmographie historique
1747:Banerjee, Sir Gooroodass (1879).
1609:Banerjee, Sir Gooroodass (1879).
1559:. Thacker, Spink. pp. 86ā87.
1553:Banerjee, Sir Gooroodass (1879).
1542:. Thacker, Spink. pp. 83ā84.
1536:Banerjee, Sir Gooroodass (1879).
1494:Banerjee, Sir Gooroodass (1879).
1316:. Thacker, Spink. pp. 81ā82.
1310:Banerjee, Sir Gooroodass (1879).
265:astrologers called 'Jothidar' in
2547:Arunachal Pradesh (Panchai baja)
2377:
1791:www.wisdomlib.org (2021-09-19).
1651:www.wisdomlib.org (2016-10-28).
1626:www.wisdomlib.org (2019-01-28).
1570:www.wisdomlib.org (2021-07-12).
1511:www.wisdomlib.org (2016-09-03).
1469:www.wisdomlib.org (2016-09-03).
1448:. Deep & Deep. p. 165.
1445:Ancient Judicial System of India
1352:www.wisdomlib.org (2016-09-03).
1327:www.wisdomlib.org (2021-07-12).
1285:www.wisdomlib.org (2021-07-12).
1053:www.wisdomlib.org (2021-11-14).
1028:www.wisdomlib.org (2016-12-18).
1003:www.wisdomlib.org (2016-12-18).
907:www.wisdomlib.org (2021-07-12).
857:"Vivaha, VivÄha: 32 definitions"
855:www.wisdomlib.org (2014-08-03).
3337:Proposed states and territories
2126:Silva, Dhanushka (2019-01-01).
1222:Sushma Gupta (6 October 2010).
1081:Fundamentals of Vedic astrology
2242:Fian, Andi (2 December 2022).
2000:Bansal, Pallavi (2015-09-22).
710:United Nations Population Fund
652:is believed to have taken the
1:
1753:. Thacker, Spink. p. 26.
1615:. Thacker, Spink. p. 87.
1500:. Thacker, Spink. p. 86.
269:, 'Panthulu or Siddanthi' in
124:together, as ordained by the
2248:Journal of Religious Studies
1844:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
1816:Vilas, Shubha (2018-02-21).
1703:Dutt, Manmatha Nath (1908).
1250:"Marriages in Ancient India"
395:PrajÅtpÄdanÄrtha kanyÄrpaį¹a)
3101:Water supply and sanitation
2266:"Homoeroticism in Hinduism"
1767:Sociology of Indian Society
1723:Sociology of Indian Society
1679:Sociology of Indian Society
1410:Johann Jakob Meyer (1971),
1377:Johann Jakob Meyer (1971),
986:JOLLY, JULIUS Tran (1876).
883:Sociology of Indian Society
830:Christian views on marriage
90:
3638:
2988:Public distribution system
959:Ratra, Amiteshwar (2006).
932:Ratra, Amiteshwar (2006).
556:Hindu Marriage Act of 1955
244:
170:, the four goals of life (
18:
3503:Films about social issues
2374:
2081:Author, No (2012-12-07).
1819:Ramayana Pack (4 Volumes)
1442:Sharma, Gokulesh (2008).
1173:Lochtefeld, J.G. (2001).
800:Buddhist view of marriage
79:
1209:Manusmriti 3.24 & 26
825:Jewish views on marriage
573:polyandrous marriage of
306:Hindu texts such as the
2971:National Pension System
2567:Kerala (Kettu Kalyanam)
1653:"Manusmriti Verse 3.12"
1158:The Perspective of Manu
1152:BĆ¼hler, George (1886).
1030:"Manusmriti Verse 9.91"
1005:"Manusmriti Verse 9.90"
273:, and Kundali Milan in
3309:Caste-related violence
3025:Universal basic income
2925:Social issues in India
2219:"Sexuality and gender"
1078:Behari, Bepin (2003).
764:
715:love-arranged marriage
405:
381:
238:
206:states that following
67:
55:
43:
35:
3508:Freedom of expression
763:Gandharva in Thailand
762:
547:Apastamba Dharmasutra
403:
379:
61:
49:
41:
29:
3612:Marriage in Hinduism
3357:Separatist movements
2731:Gaye holud (Bengali)
2711:Balle Mallarada Puje
2628:Sri Lanka (Buddhist)
2540:By region or culture
2397:Balle Mallarada Puje
2317:Marriage in Hinduism
2187:10.3917/adh.135.0051
1268:"Vedic Hindu Vivaah"
552:Vasishtha Dharmsutra
445:varnas according to
19:For other uses, see
3395:Illegal immigration
3040:Widening income gap
2483:South Asian wedding
2132:Socio-Legal History
2087:Pew Research Center
1628:"Story of BrÄhmaį¹a"
1224:"Vivaah (Marriage)"
1130:Pandey, R. (1969).
820:Interfaith marriage
701:for the TV channel
673:Contemporary period
372:Prajapatya marriage
186:), and liberation (
3347:Religious violence
3208:Female infanticide
3193:Child prostitution
3010:Standard of living
2111:has generic name (
1865:. 5 September 2012
1596:Manusmriti 3.27-34
1400:NÄradasmį¹ti xii.44
815:Shuddhi (Hinduism)
765:
731:Hindu Marriage Act
487:Paishacha marriage
409:Gandharva marriage
406:
382:
302:Types of marriages
68:
56:
44:
36:
3599:
3598:
3385:Human trafficking
3198:Child trafficking
3127:Domestic violence
3096:Natural disasters
3091:Manual scavenging
2951:Farmers' suicides
2891:
2890:
2450:
2449:
2052:. 5 October 2018.
1979:978-1-4094-9145-3
1945:978-1-137-29430-2
1911:978-1-4094-9145-3
1829:978-93-86867-65-0
1797:www.wisdomlib.org
1777:978-81-219-2403-0
1733:978-81-219-2403-0
1689:978-81-219-2403-0
1657:www.wisdomlib.org
1632:www.wisdomlib.org
1576:www.wisdomlib.org
1517:www.wisdomlib.org
1475:www.wisdomlib.org
1455:978-81-8450-049-3
1423:978-81-208-0638-2
1388:978-81-208-0638-2
1358:www.wisdomlib.org
1333:www.wisdomlib.org
1291:www.wisdomlib.org
1272:www.godmandir.com
1105:Kapoor, Abhinav.
1091:978-0-940985-52-0
1059:www.wisdomlib.org
1034:www.wisdomlib.org
1009:www.wisdomlib.org
972:978-81-7629-758-5
945:978-81-7629-758-5
913:www.wisdomlib.org
893:978-81-219-2403-0
861:www.wisdomlib.org
835:Marriage in Islam
805:Weddings in India
755:Same-sex marriage
719:arranged marriage
587:Aitareya Brahmana
478:Rakshasa marriage
156:grihastha ashrama
100:
88:
3629:
3591:Police brutality
3380:Groom kidnapping
3342:Ethnic relations
3203:Female foeticide
2918:
2911:
2904:
2895:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2454:
2381:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2287:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2223:academic.oup.com
2215:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1853:
1847:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1673:
1667:
1666:
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1663:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1226:. Archived from
1219:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1199:
1192:
1186:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1149:
1143:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1000:
994:
993:
983:
977:
976:
956:
950:
949:
929:
923:
922:
920:
919:
904:
898:
897:
877:
871:
870:
868:
867:
852:
236:
95:
93:
83:
81:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3522:
3477:
3424:
3405:Organised crime
3390:Illegal housing
3361:
3323:
3290:
3266:Menstrual taboo
3217:
3213:Street children
3166:
3137:Family planning
3110:
3067:
3044:
2927:
2922:
2892:
2887:
2856:
2847:Wedding mandapa
2770:
2761:Shakunamanojaya
2741:Mangala Ashtaka
2736:Kankana Dharane
2694:
2658:
2632:
2596:
2552:Bengal (Muslim)
2535:
2484:
2481:
2451:
2446:
2442:Shakunamanojaya
2407:Kankana Dharane
2383:
2382:
2372:
2319:
2314:
2284:
2283:
2274:
2272:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2227:
2225:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2150:Learn Religions
2144:
2143:
2139:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2107:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2010:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1634:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1424:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1335:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1230:on 16 July 2011
1221:
1220:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1189:
1177:, p. 427.
1172:
1165:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1011:
1002:
1001:
997:
985:
984:
980:
973:
958:
957:
953:
946:
931:
930:
926:
917:
915:
906:
905:
901:
894:
879:
878:
874:
865:
863:
854:
853:
849:
844:
839:
785:
757:
727:
675:
666:
623:
564:
535:
527:
514:
493:Paishachavivaha
489:
480:
455:
437:, and only the
415:Gandharvavivaha
411:
374:
361:
348:
331:
329:Brahma marriage
304:
290:Hindu astrology
249:
247:Hindu astrology
243:
237:
231:
216:
196:
164:
143:
138:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3635:
3633:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3604:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3400:Illegal mining
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3304:Caste politics
3300:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3256:Women's health
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3188:Child marriage
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3152:Nuclear family
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3106:Water disputes
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3086:Climate change
3083:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3015:Street vendors
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2941:Communications
2937:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2716:Vadhu Pravesha
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2690:Stealing shoes
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2582:Sikkim (Limbu)
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2557:Bengal (Hindu)
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2412:Mangal Ashtaka
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2281:
2257:
2234:
2210:
2161:
2137:
2118:
2073:
2055:
2037:
2019:
2007:Times of India
1992:
1978:
1958:
1944:
1924:
1910:
1890:
1876:
1848:
1835:
1828:
1808:
1783:
1776:
1756:
1739:
1732:
1712:
1695:
1688:
1668:
1643:
1618:
1601:
1587:
1562:
1545:
1528:
1503:
1486:
1461:
1454:
1434:
1422:
1402:
1393:
1387:
1369:
1344:
1319:
1302:
1277:
1259:
1241:
1214:
1200:
1187:
1183:978-0823931798
1163:
1144:
1140:978-8120803961
1123:
1097:
1090:
1070:
1045:
1020:
995:
978:
971:
951:
944:
924:
899:
892:
872:
846:
845:
843:
840:
838:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
786:
784:
781:
756:
753:
749:Goa civil code
726:
723:
674:
671:
665:
662:
622:
619:
563:
560:
534:
531:
526:
525:Conjugal forms
523:
513:
510:
488:
485:
479:
476:
454:
453:Asura marriage
451:
410:
407:
373:
370:
360:
359:Arsha marriage
357:
347:
346:Daiva marriage
344:
330:
327:
303:
300:
242:
239:
229:
215:
212:
195:
192:
163:
160:
142:
139:
137:
134:
72:Hindu marriage
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3634:
3623:
3622:Vedic customs
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:Superstitions
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:Homosexuality
3557:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
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3571:Human rights
3527:Other issues
3473:Tuberculosis
3458:Malnutrition
3296:Caste system
3271:Prostitution
3183:Child labour
3142:Joint family
3132:Dowry system
3122:Cohabitation
3081:Conservation
3035:Unemployment
3030:Urbanisation
2966:Debt bondage
2961:Land reforms
2852:Wedding sari
2680:Mahr (dower)
2587:Tamil (Iyer)
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860:
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810:Shuddhikaran
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714:
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630:Vedic period
624:
577:to the five
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419:cohabitation
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340:Brahmacharya
335:Brahmavivaha
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258:janmakundali
256:
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200:Naradasmirti
197:
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3576:Prohibition
3415:Vigilantism
3329:Communalism
3319:Reservation
3251:Eve teasing
3246:Dowry death
3231:Acid attack
3147:Infertility
3073:Environment
2993:Remittances
2873:Photography
2649:Inter-caste
2618:Nepal (Ihi)
2531:Zoroastrian
2489:By religion
2196:2066/196492
2109:|last=
2068:Latest Laws
1869:14 February
1254:vivaaha.org
692:Mahabharata
464:bride price
459:Asuravivaha
366:Yajnavalkya
352:Daivavivaha
309:Atharvaveda
251:The use of
233:Agni Purana
178:), wealth (
172:Purusarthas
3606:Categories
3586:Disability
3491:Censorship
3420:Cybercrime
3375:Corruption
3352:Secularism
2663:Traditions
2608:Bangladesh
2601:By country
2432:Saat phere
2353:Prajapatya
2275:2023-12-22
2228:2024-01-24
2155:2024-01-24
2092:2024-06-18
2013:2022-06-06
1985:31 January
1951:31 January
1917:31 January
1802:2022-10-29
1662:2022-10-29
1637:2022-10-29
1581:2022-10-29
1522:2022-10-29
1480:2022-10-29
1363:2022-10-29
1338:2022-10-29
1296:2022-10-29
1064:2022-10-29
1039:2022-10-29
1014:2022-10-29
918:2022-10-29
866:2022-10-29
842:References
740:Arya Samaj
688:Shakuntala
638:Kama Sutra
634:Vatsyayana
518:Svayamvara
512:Svayamvara
498:Manusmriti
428:Shakuntala
315:Manusmriti
245:See also:
204:Manusmriti
141:Conception
3549:Sexuality
3539:Feudalism
3534:Colourism
3518:Fake news
3443:Epidemics
3410:Terrorism
3157:Polyandry
3050:Education
3020:Transport
3003:Clearance
2837:Upanayana
2802:Nose ring
2766:Upanayana
2751:Saptapadi
2746:Parikrama
2721:Bou Bhaat
2706:Kanyadana
2506:Christian
2437:Saptapadi
2427:Parikrama
2368:Paishacha
2358:Gandharva
2205:0066-2062
2050:iPleaders
795:Pativrata
745:saptapadi
684:Dushyanta
599:Sambandam
597:, called
567:Polyandry
562:Polyandry
502:date rape
432:Kshatriya
424:Dushyanta
320:prashasta
241:Horoscope
130:Brahmanas
103:samskaras
85:romanized
3544:Gambling
3496:Internet
3448:HIV/AIDS
3438:Diabetes
3261:Feminism
3241:Devadasi
3178:Abortion
3171:Children
3162:Polygyny
3058:Literacy
2883:Websites
2842:Varamala
2756:Satphere
2644:Arranged
2623:Pakistan
2501:Buddhist
2422:Nishekam
2363:Rakshasa
2101:cite web
2032:Examveda
783:See also
648:, where
646:Ramayana
626:Monogamy
621:Monogamy
615:Dehradun
607:Nilgiris
575:Draupadi
538:Polygyny
533:Polygyny
474:varnas.
441:and the
387:Sanskrit
312:and the
230:ā
208:menarche
168:Hinduism
76:Sanskrit
3468:Suicide
3463:Obesity
3453:Leprosy
3063:Ragging
2976:Poverty
2933:Economy
2787:Bangles
2699:Rituals
2577:Punjabi
2516:Islamic
2389:Rituals
2325:Wedding
690:in the
664:History
605:of the
583:adharma
579:Pandava
468:Vaishya
439:Vaishya
286:kundali
282:jatakam
263:Brahmin
253:jatakam
152:kutumba
136:Aspects
109:texts.
99:
87::
32:Bengali
3617:Family
3430:Health
3286:Sexism
3115:Family
2956:Labour
2946:Famine
2822:Sindur
2670:Baraat
2592:Telugu
2562:Hajong
2521:Jewish
2496:BahĆ”'Ć
2417:Mehndi
2402:Harana
2343:Brahma
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642:bigamy
609:, the
595:Kerala
472:Shudra
447:Smriti
443:Shudra
271:Telugu
188:moksha
176:dharma
148:vivaha
128:. The
122:dharma
118:Hindus
91:VivÄha
52:Rajput
3564:Hijra
3483:Media
3367:Crime
3314:Dalit
3223:Women
2998:Slums
2878:Songs
2861:Other
2832:Topor
2827:Tiara
2817:Sehra
2812:Pheta
2807:Palki
2792:Henna
2775:Items
2726:Gauna
2685:Nikah
2637:Types
2511:Hindu
2348:Daiva
2338:Asura
2333:Arsha
1234:8 May
1116:5 May
699:Ipsos
611:Khasa
603:Todas
543:dvija
435:varna
364:sage
295:Venus
275:Hindi
267:Tamil
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214:Gotra
180:artha
162:Goals
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3276:Rape
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2113:help
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1974:ISBN
1953:2015
1940:ISBN
1919:2015
1906:ISBN
1871:2015
1862:NDTV
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650:Rama
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