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its office in New York City, NCRY identified hundreds of programs in schools and community centers throughout the country in which young people had significant roles. It developed and guided a network of skilled observers to document these programs. Drawing from what it learned, NCRY developed a model for what a youth participation program should include: youth should identify genuine needs in a community or school, develop projects to address these needs, work as partners with adults, make decisions, and reflect on the work.
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often from poor families, could teach others was compelling and led to YTY's wide adoption. NCRY encouraged the development of a variety of funding sources in the federal departments of
Education, Labor and Health, Education and Welfare, as well as local and private sources. In New York City Schools alone, there were more than 100 projects serving 4500 tutees with 1500 tutors.
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she wrote while working for the Tweed
Commission, she states her views about improving the experience for incarcerated youth: "... experience has shown that harsh sentences are not necessarily a deterrent to crime and that a large number of young people who come before the courts cannot and do not profit from such handling. Nor does the public profit from it." In 1963,
236:, California and then in New York. Initially She focused on those who were caught up in the courts. Later, she addressed the needs of all American youth. She founded the National Commission on Resources for Youth and worked as an advisor to many different commissions, foundations and units of government.
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Through her speeches and writing, Conway Kohler advocated constructive pathways from adolescence to adulthood, both in schools and programs outside of school. She is described speaking to teachers in a school in St. Paul, Minnesota: "Judge Kohler mesmerized people. She told stories, ... she appealed
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With NCRY's training and materials support, YTY demonstrations were conducted in 1967 and 1968 in
Philadelphia and Newark for 14 and 15 year olds in after-school and summer projects. Following an encouraging assessment, they were expanded to 15 additional cities. The demonstration that young people,
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Kennedy engaged leaders in business and government to serve on the committee and Conway Kohler was appointed chair of the executive committee. Kennedy’s proposals resulted in funding for 55,000 youth to serve in the new Youth
Conservation Corps and for other youth to be paid to work in organizations
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NCRY seeded youth participation programs throughout the country. To support this effort it created publications, training manuals and protocols, films, and offered onsite assistance. Kohler and members of her board reached out to state and national policy makers, business people and private funders
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One of the most thorough evaluations was conducted in the
Ontario-Montclair, California School District in 1969–1970. The district compared participating students in middle and elementary school with those who did not participate in its YTY program. It determined that there were increases in
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NCRY designed and promoted what it called "youth participation", an approach to youth programs and education in which young people address genuine challenges in communities and schools. Its work was an early effort to place youth development programming throughout school and non-school hours. From
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The New York State
Temporary Commission on the Courts, known as the Tweed Commission (1953-1959), had been established to develop plans for the reorganization of the New York Court System and the new Family Court for New York State. Kohler was hired as a consultant to the Commission. In an article
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After graduation, Conway Kohler went on to become an
Officer in the Juvenile Court in San Francisco. Later,she was promoted to Chief Probation Officer (1931–1932) before becoming a Juvenile Court Judge in 1932, a position she held until 1948.
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SSC-MS-00282, Sophia Smith
Collection, Mary Conway Kohler, Smith College, Northampton, MA: See full Biographical Note. Mary Conway Kohler was a juvenile court judge and recognized expert and author in the field of juvenile justice.retrieved
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encouraging them to support youth participation. Additionally, NCRY developed two models of its own: Youth
Tutoring Youth (YTY) and the Day Care Youth Helper Program. YTY was more fully developed and is described in the book,
284:. These compared youth employment and delinquency in the US and abroad. They attributed numerous factors to the differences, such as the provision of work experience and often better support services for youth in Europe.
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proposed significant new resources in a speech to
Congress: "My Committee on Youth Employment ... has reported to me that the immediate need for additional youth employment opportunities is critical."
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program that still provides paid work experience for thousands of adolescents from economically disadvantaged families. In 1963, Mayor Robert Wagner appointed her to the NYC Board of Education.
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Papers of John F. Kennedy. Presidential Papers. White House Staff Files of Lee C. White. General File, 1954-1964. Legislation: Youth Conservation Corps, 1 April 1961-23, March 1962 and undated.
326:(NCRY) which she directed until her retirement in 1982. NCRY sought to address the increasing difficulty young people faced in making the transition from adolescence to constructive adulthood.
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The Ford Foundation hired Conway Kohler to examine why in Europe there was less delinquency than in the US. As a result of her research, she and a collaborator wrote a series of articles for
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National Commission on Resources for Youth (1969). Youth Tutoring Youth, Final Report DOL-42—7-001-34 (Report). Washington, DC: Manpower Administration, US Department of Labor.
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to the very best in each of us, and the response was incredible. She helped understand their own importance and the value in helping youngsters feel productive and capable."
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reading scores as well as in self-concept. Other promising areas were in discipline and attendance. While the improvements were small, they were consistent among age groups.
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Starting in 1966, Conway Kohler brought together a group of prominent educators, social scientists and business leaders who were to establish and become the board of the
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McClosky, Mildred, Youth Into Adult: "Nine Selected Youth Participation Programs," The National Commission on Resources for Youth, 1974.
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Kohler, her board members and other allies influenced people in leadership roles in government, business and education. Her book,
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cited her influence on the Commission: "Her recommendations led directly to the recent creation of Family Court reforms ..."
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In February 1963, addressing the growing national concern about delinquency and the lack of jobs for young people, President
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She earned her A.B. from Stanford University and was among the first women to graduate from Stanford Law School in 1928.
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232:(1903–1986) was an American lawyer and juvenile court judge She was an advocate for young people. She worked in
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describes her efforts to provide opportunities for caring and meaningful contributions by young people.
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In 1961, Kohler was appointed the first director in New York City of the Neighborhood Youth Corps, a
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The articles were displayed prominently in the magazine and read widely. Around the same time, The
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Conway Kohler, Mary; Fontaine, Andre (1961). "We Waste a Million Kids a Year (Three articles)".
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that served in what the President called, "hard hit slums or rural poverty areas."
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Young People Learning to Care: Making a Difference through Youth Participation
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appointed Kohler to chair its Committee on Juvenile Laws and Procedure.
462:"Mary Conway Kohler, Kappa Kappa Gamma, #NotableSororityWomen, #WHM2021"
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National Commission on Resources for Youth (1974). "Acknowledgements".
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National Commission on Resources for Youth (1974). "Acknowledgements".
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Conway Kohler, Mary (April 1956). "The Courts for Handling Youth".
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Jaffe, Natalie (November 3, 1963). "Woman Named to School Board".
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Gartner, Alan; Conway Kohler, Mary; Riessman, Frank (1971).
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Conway Kohler died in 1986 of cancer at the age of 82.
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584:", May 6, 1986, Section B, Page 8. New York City. "
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Op.Cit. Papers of Mary Conway Kohler, Smith College
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447:Ibid: Papers of Mary Conway Kohler, Smith College
642:Children Teach Children: Learning by Teaching
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392:For a list of the initial board members see:
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618:New Roles for Youth in School and Community
396:New Roles for Youth in School and Community
688:Gartner, Conway Kohler & Riessman 1971
676:Gartner, Conway Kohler & Riessman 1971
644:(1 ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
324:National Commission on Resources for Youth
318:National Commission on Resources for Youth
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:American juvenile court judge (1903–1986)
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571:Op.Cit. Papers of Mary Conway Kohler
47:adding citations to reliable sources
732:20th-century American women lawyers
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296:United States Department of Labor
747:Lawyers from Oakland, California
588:" article search, August 1, 2024
208:Advisory to the Tweed Commission
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34:needs additional citations for
620:. Citation Press. p. vii.
606:Ibid Papers of John F. Kennedy
580:Mary Conway Kohler Obituary. "
460:Becque, Fran (22 March 2021).
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466:Fraternity History & More
359:Young People Learning to Care
302:Committee on Youth Employment
222:Young People Learning to Care
704:. Winston Press. p. 98.
423:Conway Kohler, Mary (1983).
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527:10.1177/001112875600200205
503:Op Cit:Fraternity History"
485:Ibid: Fraternity History"
137:Mary Conway Kohler in 1925
281:The Saturday Evening Post
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336:Children Teach Children.
289:American Bar Association
244:Mary Conway was born in
240:Early life and education
205:Child welfare advocacy
737:American women judges
559:Saturday Evening Post
700:Nathan, Joe (1984).
58:"Mary Conway Kohler"
43:improve this article
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349:Advocacy and legacy
246:Oakland, California
161:Oakland, California
582:The New York Times
272:The New York Times
230:Mary Conway Kohler
125:Mary Conway Kohler
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727:1986 deaths
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179:Occupations
172:May 3, 1986
147:Mary Conway
99:August 2024
716:Categories
407:References
69:newspapers
471:28 August
438:6-19-2024
380:Footnotes
368:See also
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