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433:, to offer their suggestions on what could be done to improve life for African Americans. Shadd, then 25 years of age, wrote to him to say, "We should do more and talk less." She expressed her frustration with the many conventions that had been held to that date, such as those attended by her father, where speeches were made and resolutions passed about the evils of slavery and the need for justice for African Americans. Yet little tangible improvement had resulted. Douglass published her letter in his paper.
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when Shadd Cary returned to the United States. After the discovery, the material was loaned to the
Archives of Ontario in 1986 for microfilming. The records were also cleaned and treated to repair damage. The original records were returned to the Robbins family and remained in their custody until 2022 when they were donated to the archives. This material is available on self-serve microfilm MS 483.
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836:(now Ontario) between 1851 and 1863. The fonds consists of letters received by and written by Mary Ann Shadd Cary during her time living in present-day Ontario. It also includes business records and lecture notes, as well as copies of articles written by Shadd Cary on topics such as supporting integrated schools, fighting segregation, and the political stance taken by
852:
The records were acquired from Ed and Maxine
Robbins. In 1974, they discovered the records following the demolition of an old building on their property that had once served as Shadd Cary's home in Chatham, Ontario. The materials were saved from the resulting rubble. The records were left in the home
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The Mary Ann Shadd Cary fonds (F 1409) at the
Archives of Ontario is one of the few surviving collections created by Mary Ann Shadd Cary that is held by an archival institution. It is the most comprehensive set of records available. It provides a unique and substantive viewpoint of Shadd Cary's work
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Black newspapers often modeled their newspapers on mainstream white publications. According to research conducted by
William David Sloan in his various historical textbooks, the first newspapers were about four pages and had one blank page to provide a place for people to write their own information
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The impact of
African-American newspapers from 1850 to 1860 was significant in the abolitionist movement. However, it was challenging to sustain publication. Publishers like Shadd undertook their work because of a commitment to education and advocacy and used their newspapers as a means to influence
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holds the Mary Ann Shadd Cary collection. The archival reference number is R4182-0-X-E, former archival reference number MG24-K22. The collection covers the date range 1852 to 1889. It comprises 1.6 centimetres of textual records, which consists of personal and professional correspondence, various
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These records were transcribed on
February 14, 2023, as part of Douglass Day. Initiated by the Colored Conventions Project, Douglass Day is an annual celebration that commemorates Frederick Douglass' birthday and Black History Month with a transcribe-a-thon. Douglass Day 2023 was launched with the
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Carol B. Conaway writes in "Racial Uplift: The
Nineteenth Century Thought of Black Newspaper Publisher Mary Ann Shadd Cary" that these newspapers shifted the focus from whites to blacks in an empowering way. She writes that whites read these newspapers to monitor the level of dissatisfaction among
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In 1985 Mary Shadd Public School was opened in
Scarborough Ontario Canada, in the town of Malvern, and was later enlarged in 1992. The school motto "Free to be...the best of me" and school anthem "We're on the right track...Mary Shadd" are tributes to Shadd, after whom the school was named.
611:'s Paper, although she gave a speech at the Convention advocating for emigration, she was so well-received that the delegates voted to give her ten more minutes to speak. However, her presence at the convention was largely elided from the minutes, likely because she was a woman.
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Shadd traveled widely in Canada and the United States to increase subscription to the paper, and to publicly solicit aid for runaway slaves. Because of the
Fugitive Slave Act, these trips included significant risk to Shadd's safety; free blacks could be captured by
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notes about her life, and copies of her works as an abolitionist. The collection also includes Shadd Cary's original passport and
Naturalization Certificate as well as a black and white portrait photograph of her, the only known one of Shadd Cary that exists.
44:
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Conaway, Carol B., "Racial Uplift: The Nineteenth Century Thought of Black Newspaper Publisher Mary Ann Shadd Cary." Paper presented at the National Communications Association's Annual Convention, Chicago, Ill., November 15–17,
755:, with a plaque from the National Historic Sites and Monuments Board placed in Chatham, Ontario. There, at BME Freedom Park, Ontario provincial plaques also honor her and her newspaper, The Provincial Freeman. In Toronto, a
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editorial staff. Included is correspondence between members of Shadd Cary's family, including her husband Thomas Cary and her brother Isaac Shadd, as well as correspondence with prominent African-American abolitionists
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to feature her own name, rather than those of McArthur and Ward. She also hired her sister to help edit the paper. There was intense criticism of the change, and Shadd was forced to resign the following year.
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A Plea for Emigration; or Notes of Canada West, in Its Moral, Social and Political Aspect: with Suggestions respecting Mexico, West Indies and Vancouver's Island for the Information of Colored Emigrants.
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and general literature." It was published weekly and the first issue was published in Toronto, Ontario, on March 24, 1853. It ran for four years before financial challenges ended its publication.
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to help her publish it. She also enlisted the help of Rev. Alexander McArthur, a white clergyman. Their names were featured on the masthead, but Shadd was involved in all aspects of the paper.
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women, a mother and daughter, both named Elizabeth Jackson. The Hessian soldier and the daughter were married in January 1756 and their first son was born six months later.
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in Ontario, Canada unveiled a bronze statue of Mary Ann Shadd Cary created by local artist Donna Mayne. Members of the Shadd family and descendants attended the unveiling.
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before passing it along to friends and relatives. He also discussed how the newspapers during these early days were the center of information for society and culture.
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Archives of Ontario as a primary partner. The focus of Douglas Day 2023 was the transcription and enrichment of newly-digitized collections from Mary Ann Shadd Cary.
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463:. Public education in Ontario was not open to black students at the time. Shadd offered daytime classes for children and youth, and evening classes for adults.
368:; however, when it became illegal to educate African-American children in the state of Delaware, the Shadd family moved to Pennsylvania, where Mary attended a
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Shadd was aware that her female name would repel some readers, because of the gender expectations of 19th-century society. Therefore, she persuaded
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managed the daily business affairs of the newspaper. Isaac was also a committed abolitionist, and would later host gatherings to plan the raid on
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403:. In 1858, he became one of the first black men to be elected to political office in Canada, when he was elected to the position of Counsellor of
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through education and self-reliance. In her speeches, she advised all blacks to insist on fair treatment, and to take legal action if necessary.
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Sloan, Wm. David. "The Revolutionary Press 1765–1783." In The Media In America A History, 149–51. Northport, AL: Vision Press, 2011.
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that sought to prevent former slaves from being returned to the United States and brought back into slavery, such as in the case of
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Plaque to Shadd (Cary) in Chatham, Ontario, from the national Historic Sites and Monuments Board. Photo: OntarioPlaques.com
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Conaway, Carol B., "Racially Integrated Education: The Antebellum Thought of Mary Ann Shadd Cary and Frederick Douglass."
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1982:
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The Mary Ann Shadd Cary Post Office, named that in 2021, is at 500 Delaware Avenue, Suite 1, in Wilmington, Delaware.
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and graduated at the age of 60 in 1883, becoming the second black woman in the United States to earn a law degree.
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1447:. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada: Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management, Nova Scotia Board of Statistics, 1851
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Rhodes, Jane. "Race, Money, Politics and the Antebellum Black Press," Journalism History 20 no. 3/4: 21–43. 1994.
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376:). In 1840, Shadd returned to East Chester and established a school for black children. She also later taught in
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1732:"Mary Ann Shadd, abolitionist and first Black female newspaper publisher, included in 2024 Canada Post stamps"
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1685:"Wilmington Post Office Named After Mary Ann Shadd Cary, First Black Woman Publisher, Anti-Slavery Activist"
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Between 1855 and 1856, Shadd traveled in the United States as an anti-slavery speaker, advocating for full
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The pamphlet discussed the benefits of emigration, as well as the opportunities for blacks in the area.
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opinion. They had to overcome financial, political, and social challenges to keep their papers afloat.
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After her husband died in 1860, Shadd Cary and her children returned to the United States. During the
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made her a controversial figure and she was only admitted by a slim margin of 15 votes. According to
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on the international anti-slavery movement. The materials offer insight into the years she lived in
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plaque marks where she published the Provincial Freeman while living in the city from 1854 to 1855.
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After the Civil War, she taught in black schools in Wilmington. She then returned to
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In 1856, she married Thomas F. Cary, a Toronto barber who was also involved with the
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1993:
Abolitionist Newspapers of Ontario: The Provincial Freeman and Voice of the Fugitive
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Lechner, Zachary J., "Black Abolitionist Response to the Kansas Crisis, 1854–1856."
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A. D. Shadd was the son of Jeremiah Shadd, John's younger son, who was a Wilmington
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activist, journalist, publisher, teacher, and lawyer. She was the first black woman
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Shadd Cary is featured in Canada's citizenship test study guide, released in 2009.
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African Americans and to measure their tolerance for continued slavery in America.
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1997:
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Goddu, Teresa A., "Early African American Print Culture in Theory and Practice."
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229:, assisting those fleeing slavery in the United States. After the passage of the
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452:, where Shadd's efforts to create free black settlements in Canada first began.
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into bondage, Shadd and her brother Isaac Shadd moved to Canada, and settled in
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269:. Abraham D. Shadd was a grandson of Hans Schad, alias John Shadd, a native of
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American-Canadian anti-slavery activist, journalist, publisher, teacher, lawyer
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1809:"Finding aid to Mary Ann Shadd Cary collection at Library and Archives Canada"
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Sloan, Wm. David. "The Antebellum Press 1827–1860." In Andrew, Thomas (ed.),
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1833:"Mary Ann Shadd Cary collection description at Library and Archives Canada"
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in the United States threatened to return free Northern blacks and escaped
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Mary Ann Shadd Cary: The Black Press and Protest in the Nineteenth Century
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Mary Ann Shadd Cary: The Black Press and Protest in the Nineteenth Century
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An advocate for emigration, in 1852, Shadd published a pamphlet entitled
1707:"Legacy of pioneering Black advocate, publisher honoured with sculpture"
640:, she served as a recruiting officer to enlist black volunteers for the
1992:
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Polyphony: The Bulletin of the Multicultural History Society of Ontario
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from the site of Professor Scott Williams of the University of Buffalo
1131:"Overlooked No More: How One Woman Shook Up the Abolitionist Movement"
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Rhode, Jane, "Race, money, politics and the Antebellum Black Press,"
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and in other civil rights activities, being an active member of the
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1407:, Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991, pp. 152–71. .
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1603:"Discover Canada: The Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship"
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on October 9, 2020, appearing across Canada, the United States,
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Growing up, her family's home frequently served as a refuge for
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Women in History: Mary Ann Shadd Cary (Lakewood Public Library)
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Mary Ann Shadd: Publisher, Editor, Teacher, Lawyer, Suffragette
1160:"Aboard the Underground Railroad – Mary Ann Shadd Cary House"
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and had a shop in Wilmington and later in the nearby town of
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Anti-slavery activist, journalist, publisher, teacher, lawyer
1241:"Aboard the Underground Railroad--Mary Ann Shadd Cary House"
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played an important role by giving voice to the opinions of
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in the United States. Mary Shadd established the newspaper
618:. They had a daughter named Sarah and a son named Linton.
1919:
Black women abolitionists: A study in activism, 1828-1860
655:, with her daughter, and taught for fifteen years in the
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In 1853, Shadd founded an anti-slavery newspaper, called
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Washington, D.C.: Preservation Press, 1994, p. 136.
1513:"Cary, Mary Ann Shadd – National Women's Hall of Fame"
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The Elevator, "The National Colored Convention," 1869.
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Shadd is featured on a Canadian postal stamp in 2024.
1624:"Mary Shadd Public School > About Us > History"
1458:"Chatham Vigilance Committee and the Demarest Rescue"
300:. In both places he was active as a conductor on the
281:. Hans Schad was wounded and left in the care of two
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She died in Washington, D.C., on June 5, 1893, from
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19th-century Canadian newspaper publishers (people)
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19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
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Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives
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973:"Mary Ann Shadd Cary (U.S. National Park Service)"
222:for black people in Canada and the United States.
265:(1801–1882) and Harriet Burton Parnell, who were
1272:"Mary Ann Shadd Cary and The Provincial Freeman"
492:The paper's slogan was "Devoted to antislavery,
237:). She returned to the United States during the
200:. She was also the second black woman to attend
5660:American emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
1951:. Library and Archives Canada. February 6, 2018
1551:"Honorees: 2010 National Women's History Month"
849:, and Rev. Samuel Ringgold Ward, among others.
273:who had entered the United States serving as a
1261:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998.
5830:National Woman Suffrage Association activists
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2013:
1971:Breaking The Ice, the Story of Mary Ann Shadd
1489:. Library and Archives Canada. Archived from
8:
1860:Shadd: The Life and Times of Mary Shadd Cary
744:. In 1998, Shadd Cary was inducted into the
5800:19th-century African-American women writers
5710:Canadian people of African-American descent
1783:"Reflections on "Mary Ann Shadd Revisited""
1213:"The Provincial Freeman | Encyclopedia.com"
778:Shadd's 197th birthday was observed with a
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2020:
2006:
1998:
1405:Perspectives on Mass Communication History
42:
31:
1857:Bearden, Jim; Butler, Linda Jean (1977).
5585:19th-century American newspaper founders
1300:"Mary Ann Shadd Cary | Encyclopedia.com"
753:Person of National Historic Significance
181:(October 9, 1823 – June 5, 1893) was an
5835:Expatriates in Pre-Confederation Canada
5580:19th-century American women journalists
1939:Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
1235:
1233:
946:
241:, where she recruited soldiers for the
210:in 1853, which was published weekly in
130: 1856; died 1860)
5725:Howard University School of Law alumni
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1019:Hill, Daniel G. (Spring–Summer 1982).
915:List of African-American abolitionists
775:published a belated obituary for her.
736:in 1976. In 1987 she was designated a
395:, A. D. Shadd moved his family to the
372:Boarding School (despite being raised
5815:19th-century African-American lawyers
5795:19th-century African-American writers
5705:Burials at Columbian Harmony Cemetery
5655:19th-century American women educators
1480:
1478:
1294:
1292:
1207:
1205:
1058:. The Mill Creek Hundred History Blog
957:. Archives of Ontario. Archived from
680:Colored Women's Progressive Franchise
391:Three years after the passage of the
7:
5635:African-American publishers (people)
5605:19th-century American businesspeople
1648:Mary Ann Shadd Cary's 197th Birthday
1536:Savage, Beth L. and Shull, Carol D.
1153:
1151:
1124:
1122:
1120:
636:, at the behest of the abolitionist
601:1855 Philadelphia Colored Convention
5680:19th-century American women lawyers
5600:19th-century American businesswomen
1945:"Mary Ann Shadd Cary, abolitionist"
1487:"Mary Ann Shadd Cary: Abolitionist"
724:In the United States, Shadd Cary's
687:National Woman Suffrage Association
621:In 1858, Shadd was a member of the
599:Shadd sought to participate in the
5685:American women non-fiction writers
1921:(Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1992).
1111:"Shadd, Abraham Doras (1801–1882)"
732:of Washington, DC, was declared a
225:Mary's family was involved in the
25:
5760:Writers from Wilmington, Delaware
5735:Journalists from Washington, D.C.
5715:Canadian people of German descent
5670:American people of German descent
5615:African-American company founders
5575:19th-century American journalists
3657:Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias
1538:African American Historic Places.
1419:"Archived- under a Northern star"
577:Civil War and postbellum activism
292:. Abraham Shadd was trained as a
277:with the British Army during the
196:and the first woman publisher in
5625:African-American women educators
1989: (archived January 24, 2013)
1979: (archived February 3, 2009)
1559:National Women's History Project
920:List of African American writers
889:
875:
751:In Canada, she was designated a
742:National Women's History Project
455:While in Windsor, she founded a
427:asked readers in his newspaper,
5765:Canadian women company founders
5755:Women in the American Civil War
5750:American women company founders
5650:19th-century American educators
4727:Harriet Williams Russell Strong
1129:Special, Megan (June 7, 2018).
1109:Ito, Gail (February 24, 2009).
661:Howard University School of Law
461:American Missionary Association
459:school with the support of the
127:
5610:African-American abolitionists
4406:Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose
3364:Marianne Blackburn “Mimi” Drew
2029:Hall of Fame of Delaware Women
1:
5805:19th-century American writers
5785:Canadian civil rights lawyers
5770:19th-century American lawyers
5740:Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
3507:National Women's Hall of Fame
3333:Margaret Burton White Houston
3328:Mary Seward Phillips Eskridge
1589:National Women's Hall of Fame
1517:National Women's Hall of Fame
1000:. A&E Networks Television
746:National Women's Hall of Fame
678:, and in 1880, organized the
666:She wrote for the newspapers
306:American Anti-Slavery Society
179:Mary Ann Camberton Shadd Cary
5775:Women civil rights activists
5695:Black Canadian women writers
5675:American publishers (people)
5640:African-American suffragists
4753:Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis
2895:Christine Margaret McDermott
2684:Sister Ann Marguerite Gildea
1884:. Indiana University Press.
356:Resources in other libraries
332:Resources in other libraries
247:Howard University Law School
245:. Self-taught, Mary went to
4936:Martha Coffin Pelham Wright
4340:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
1758:"Mary Ann Shadd Cary fonds"
1445:Census of Nova Scotia, 1851
935:Black women in American law
910:African American literature
862:Library and Archives Canada
623:Chatham Vigilance Committee
568:In 1854, Shadd changed the
399:(Canada West), settling in
257:Mary Ann Shadd was born in
5856:
5820:African-American Catholics
5810:Black Canadian journalists
5720:Colored Conventions people
5630:African-American feminists
5620:African-American educators
4492:Katharine Dexter McCormick
3790:Mary "Mother" Harris Jones
1899:Sadlier, Rosemary (1995).
1089:Historical Marker Database
734:National Historic Landmark
714:Columbian Harmony Cemetery
438:Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
393:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
298:West Chester, Pennsylvania
231:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
87:Columbian Harmony Cemetery
5825:Suffragists from Delaware
5730:Journalists from Delaware
5645:American company founders
5382:
5371:
5054:
5043:
4559:
4548:
4350:Hannah Greenebaum Solomon
3884:
3873:
3715:
3704:
3524:
3513:
3316:
3305:
2953:
2942:
2900:Evelyn Dickenson Swensson
2627:Alice Marie Smith Coleman
2610:
2599:
2297:
2286:
2046:
2035:
1650:, Google, October 9, 2020
1348:Early American Literature
1054:Scott P. (July 1, 2010).
586:Mary Ann Shadd Cary House
448:, across the border from
405:Raleigh Township, Ontario
351:Resources in your library
327:Resources in your library
214:. it advocated equality,
41:
5840:Black Canadian Catholics
5780:Roman Catholic activists
5690:Black Canadian activists
4581:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
4391:Wilhelmina Cole Holladay
4164:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
3451:Leslie Newman (Delaware)
3026:Moonyeen L. Klopfenstein
2965:Sister Ascension Banegas
2875:Elizabeth Empson Battell
2521:Harriet N. Smith Windsor
2407:Mae D. Hightower-Vandamm
2402:Frances D. Swift Tatnall
2330:Madaline Elliot Buchanan
955:"The Provincial Freeman"
905:African American history
701:, testifying before the
553:anti-slavery activists.
538:seeking escaped slaves.
5071:Dorothy Harrison Eustis
4961:Catherine Filene Shouse
4814:Patricia Roberts Harris
4452:Mary Steichen Calderone
4320:Lillian Moller Gilbreth
4189:Frances Wisebart Jacobs
3993:Martha Wright Griffiths
3446:Paulette Sullivan Moore
3284:Blanche Williams Stubbs
3243:Reba Ross Hollingsworth
3109:Catherine Devaney McKay
2849:Liane McDowell Sorenson
2213:Marguerite Hill Burnett
2094:Mabel L. Fisher Ridgely
1363:20, no. 3/4 (1994): 95.
1031:(1): 43. Archived from
5790:Black Canadian lawyers
5700:Black Canadian writers
5017:Rebecca Talbot Perkins
4512:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
4376:Frances Xavier Cabrini
4290:Elizabeth Hanford Dole
4068:Ellen Swallow Richards
4038:Constance Baker Motley
3688:Elizabeth Bayley Seton
3621:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
3279:Maria Matos (Delaware)
3119:Latricia Odette Wright
2985:Beverly Louise Stewart
2552:Beatrice "Bea" Simonds
2314:Mary Ann Sorden Stuart
2218:Florence Bayard Hilles
1585:"Cary, Mary Ann Shadd"
1561:. 2010. Archived from
1350:45, no. 3 (2010): 733.
712:. She was interred at
695:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
685:Shadd Cary joined the
589:
547:The Provincial Freeman
541:As was typical in the
508:
505:The Provincial Freeman
475:The Provincial Freeman
420:
267:free African Americans
153:Harriet Burton Parnell
5531:Anna Wessels Williams
5218:Carlotta Walls LaNier
4951:Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
4809:Martha Matilda Harper
4773:Mary Engle Pennington
4611:Frances Oldham Kelsey
4396:Anne Morrow Lindbergh
4149:Jane Cunningham Croly
4078:Katherine Siva Saubel
3973:Marian Wright Edelman
3896:Margaret Bourke-White
3821:Harriet Beecher Stowe
3436:Patricia Dailey Lewis
2916:Theresa L.I. del Tufo
2720:Sister Jeanne Cashman
2689:Gloria Wernicki Homer
2658:Anna Janney De Armond
2433:Harriet Ruth Williams
2361:Lozelle Jenkins DeLuz
2340:Nancy Churchman Sawin
2244:Margaret Irving Handy
2063:Pearl Herlihy Daniels
1878:Rhodes, Jane (1999).
1555:Women's History Month
1376:31, no. 1 (2008): 14.
1327:27, no. 2 (2010): 86.
1185:"Mary Ann Shadd Cary"
1158:Pope, Sarah Dillard.
1085:"Mary Ann Shadd Cary"
1056:"Abraham Doras Shadd"
1035:on September 24, 2015
998:"Mary Ann Shadd Cary"
818:University of Windsor
816:On May 12, 2022, the
738:Women's History Month
675:The People's Advocate
584:
502:
457:"racially" integrated
418:
401:North Buxton, Ontario
279:French and Indian War
5228:Mary Harriman Rumsey
5066:St. Katharine Drexel
4910:Mary Burnett Talbert
4905:Blanche Stuart Scott
4890:Mother Marianne Cope
4870:Ruth Fulton Benedict
4829:Mildred Robbins Leet
4527:Angelina Grimké Weld
4401:Maria Goeppert Mayer
4371:Charlotte Anne Bunch
3948:Antoinette Blackwell
3927:Gertrude Belle Elion
3857:Ida B. Wells-Barnett
3626:Helen Brooke Taussig
3616:Margaret Chase Smith
3238:Lisa Blunt Rochester
3021:Audrey K. Doberstein
2975:Kathryn Young Hazeur
2880:Renee Palmore Beaman
2839:Sujata Kumari Bhatia
2542:Henrietta R. Johnson
2335:Katherine L. Esterly
2309:Winifred J. Robinson
2166:Mary Jornlin Theisen
2130:Edith Jackson Newton
2120:Esther Schauer Frear
1628:TDSB School Websites
1304:www.encyclopedia.com
1276:www.math.buffalo.edu
1217:www.encyclopedia.com
1189:www.math.buffalo.edu
961:on January 26, 2012.
883:United States portal
689:, working alongside
659:. She then attended
513:Samuel Ringgold Ward
507:, September 2, 1854.
302:Underground Railroad
259:Wilmington, Delaware
227:Underground Railroad
59:Wilmington, Delaware
5445:Rebecca S. Halstead
5419:Mary Church Terrell
5106:Barbara A. Mikulski
4834:Patsy Takemoto Mink
4819:Stephanie L. Kwolek
4758:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
4732:Emily Howell Warner
4677:Dorothy H. Andersen
4651:Annie Dodge Wauneka
4646:Mary Edwards Walker
4571:Faye Glenn Abdellah
4502:Edith Nourse Rogers
4482:Shirley Ann Jackson
4457:Mary Ann Shadd Cary
4335:Sandra Day O'Connor
4315:Matilda Joslyn Gage
3911:Florence B. Seibert
3748:Carrie Chapman Catt
3678:Juliette Gordon Low
3561:Elizabeth Blackwell
3556:Mary McLeod Bethune
3456:Lynn Snyder-Mackler
3395:Alice Dunbar Nelson
3114:Patricia H. Purcell
3011:Imogene F. Chandler
2990:Judith Gedney Tobin
2787:Valerie A. Woodruff
2777:Patricia W. Griffin
2741:Patricia M. Blevins
2725:Margaret Rose Henry
2506:Mary Ann Shadd Cary
2366:Margaret R. Manning
2356:Claire La Mar Carey
2182:Roxana Cannon Arsht
2125:Sallie Topkis Ginns
2099:Emalea Pusey Warner
2089:Vera Gilbride Davis
1762:Archives of Ontario
1661:"Bill Announcement"
588:in Washington, D.C.
263:Abraham Doras Shadd
36:Mary Ann Shadd Cary
18:Mary Ann Shadd Cary
5665:American feminists
5404:Barbara Rose Johns
5355:Flossie Wong-Staal
5330:Nicole Malachowski
5259:Lorraine Hansberry
5203:Marcia Greenberger
5157:Mary Joseph Rogers
5096:Coretta Scott King
5081:Abby Kelley Foster
4997:Susan Kelly-Dreiss
4885:Rita Rossi Colwell
4661:Frances E. Willard
4497:Rozanne L. Ridgway
4447:Lydia Moss Bradley
4432:Madeleine Albright
4325:Nannerl O. Keohane
4295:Anne Dallas Dudley
4224:Betty Bone Schiess
4194:Susette La Flesche
4179:Zora Neale Hurston
4174:Helen LaKelly Hunt
4098:Madam C. J. Walker
4013:Mary Putnam Jacobi
3963:Jacqueline Cochran
3943:Ethel Percy Andrus
3811:Barbara McClintock
3088:Jane Richards Roth
3016:Susan C. Del Pesco
2854:Shirley M. Tarrant
2668:Lucile Petry Leone
2583:Barbara Chase Herr
2511:Sherry L. Freebery
2475:Cynthia M. Boehmer
2387:Carol E. Hoffecker
2223:Gertrude M. Lowell
2135:Cecile Long Steele
2068:Ruth Mitchell Laws
1973:, documentary film
1903:. Umbrella Press.
1361:Journalism History
1135:The New York Times
838:Provincial Freeman
634:American Civil War
616:Provincial Freeman
609:Frederick Douglass
594:racial integration
590:
517:Impartial Citizen,
509:
503:The front page of
486:Provincial Freeman
425:Frederick Douglass
421:
239:American Civil War
207:Provincial Freeman
5552:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5506:Kimberlé Crenshaw
5501:Elouise P. Cobell
5465:Katherine Johnson
5435:Octavia E. Butler
5367:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5274:Clare Boothe Luce
5086:Helen Murray Free
5039:
5038:
5035:
5034:
4900:Patricia A. Locke
4865:Florence E. Allen
4849:Sheila E. Widnall
4794:Linda G. Alvarado
4778:Mercy Otis Warren
4737:Victoria Woodhull
4722:Barbara Holdridge
4717:Beatrice A. Hicks
4692:Lydia Maria Child
4606:Leontine T. Kelly
4544:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4366:Louisa May Alcott
4280:Mary Breckinridge
4159:Geraldine Ferraro
4144:Annie Jump Cannon
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3606:Eleanor Roosevelt
3505:Inductees to the
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3400:Carolyn Fredricks
3374:Valerie Longhurst
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3269:Drewry N. Fennell
3217:Kendall M. Wilson
3052:Vivian Rapposelli
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2885:Grace Pierce Beck
2844:Carolyn S. Burger
2808:Felicia A. Dorman
2622:Martha G. Bachman
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2568:Grace Ruth Batten
2516:Karen E. Peterson
2459:Ruth Oates-Graham
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2270:Genevieve W. Gore
2228:Elizabeth H. Ryan
2161:Mary Askew Mather
2156:Norma B. Handloff
2058:Annie Jump Cannon
1910:978-1-895642-16-2
1891:978-0-253-21350-1
1870:978-0-919600-74-4
1738:. January 4, 2024
1687:. August 30, 2021
1671:National Archives
1485:Shadd, Adrienne.
1417:Shadd, Adrienne.
1325:Women's Education
1021:"The Black Press"
730:U Street Corridor
627:Sylvanus Demarest
340:By Mary Ann Shadd
313:Library resources
183:American-Canadian
176:
175:
170:Garrison W. Shadd
105:Howard University
16:(Redirected from
5847:
5384:
5373:
5340:Louise Slaughter
5264:Victoria Jackson
5223:Philippa Marrack
5208:Barbara Iglewski
5116:Kathrine Switzer
5111:Donna E. Shalala
5056:
5045:
5002:Allie B. Latimer
4982:Louise Bourgeois
4956:Judith L. Pipher
4763:Katharine Graham
4707:Marian de Forest
4626:Anna Howard Shaw
4576:Emma Smith DeVoe
4561:
4550:
4462:Joan Ganz Cooney
4386:Oveta Culp Hobby
4381:Mary A. Hallaren
4244:Sarah Winnemucca
4113:Gloria Yerkovich
4108:Rosalyn S. Yalow
4063:Jeannette Rankin
4043:Georgia O'Keeffe
3998:Fannie Lou Hamer
3958:Shirley Chisholm
3906:Billie Jean King
3886:
3875:
3837:Gwendolyn Brooks
3717:
3706:
3546:Susan B. Anthony
3526:
3515:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3476:
3354:Stephanie Bolden
3349:Fayetta M. Blake
3318:
3307:
3104:Stephanie Kwolek
3078:Patricia Maichle
2955:
2944:
2926:Lynn W. Williams
2921:Sally V. Hawkins
2823:Loretta F. Walsh
2772:Muriel E. Gilman
2756:Edith P. Vincent
2751:Carol A. Timmons
2694:Jeanne D. Nutter
2663:Marian L. Harris
2612:
2601:
2573:Evelyn P. Burkle
2547:Renee G. O'Leary
2449:Mae Riedy Carter
2371:Jane T. Mitchell
2299:
2288:
2249:Jane E. Mitchell
2151:Louise T. Conner
2104:Pauline A. Young
2048:
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757:Heritage Toronto
726:former residence
699:women's suffrage
697:to advocate for
691:Susan B. Anthony
653:Washington, D.C.
644:in the state of
446:Windsor, Ontario
283:African-American
212:southern Ontario
150:Abraham D. Shadd
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76:Washington, D.C.
72:
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5399:Barbara Hillary
5394:Aretha Franklin
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5345:Sonia Sotomayor
5298:
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5188:Tenley Albright
5176:
5162:Bernice Sandler
5120:
5101:Lilly Ledbetter
5076:Loretta C. Ford
5050:
5031:
4970:
4966:Henrietta Szold
4926:Eleanor K. Baum
4914:
4880:Hillary Clinton
4853:
4804:Gertrude Ederle
4799:Donna de Varona
4782:
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4687:Rosalynn Carter
4665:
4641:Wilma L. Vaught
4596:Crystal Eastman
4591:Sylvia A. Earle
4555:
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4532:Chien-Shiung Wu
4507:Felice Schwartz
4477:Julia Ward Howe
4420:
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4354:
4310:Margaret Fuller
4305:Ella Fitzgerald
4300:Mary Baker Eddy
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4209:Antonia Novello
4184:Anne Hutchinson
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4058:Esther Peterson
4033:Wilma Mankiller
3953:Emily Blackwell
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3732:Sojourner Truth
3727:Margaret Sanger
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3581:Emily Dickinson
3541:Marian Anderson
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2480:Julie K. Boozer
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2423:Helen S. Balick
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1977:Wayback Machine
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5521:Loretta Ross
5496:Ruby Bridges
5440:Judy Chicago
5335:Rose O'Neill
5315:Angela Davis
5294:Alice Waters
5289:Janet Rowley
5284:Carol Mutter
5172:Emma Willard
5152:Nancy Pelosi
5147:Kate Millett
5012:Ruth Patrick
5007:Emma Lazarus
4992:Karen DeCrow
4987:Mildred Cohn
4682:Lucille Ball
4656:Eudora Welty
4631:Sophia Smith
4616:Kate Mullany
4472:Sarah Grimké
4456:
4437:Maya Angelou
4270:Ann Bancroft
4249:Fanny Wright
4169:Grace Hopper
4093:Lillian Wald
4048:Annie Oakley
4028:Mary Mahoney
3852:Mary Risteau
3842:Willa Cather
3795:Bessie Smith
3673:Dorothea Dix
3601:Helen Keller
3576:Mary Cassatt
3551:Clara Barton
3415:Karyl Rattay
3212:Janice Nevin
3171:Annie Norman
3155:Ileana Smith
3135:Kim L. Allen
3083:Wilma Mishoe
3057:Frances West
2890:Uma Chowdhry
2782:Teresa Haman
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1970:
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186:anti-slavery
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69:June 5, 1893
29:
5570:1893 deaths
5565:1823 births
5526:Sandy Stone
5470:Indra Nooyi
5142:Julie Krone
4941:Swanee Hunt
4931:Julia Child
4895:Maya Y. Lin
4768:Bertha Holt
4702:Dorothy Day
4636:Ida Tarbell
4601:Jeanne Holm
4330:Maggie Kuhn
4129:Bella Abzug
4018:Mae Jemison
3988:Ella Grasso
3978:Alice Evans
3968:Ruth Colvin
3596:Helen Hayes
3536:Jane Addams
3042:Vicky Cooke
2818:Betsy Rawls
2192:Hilda Davis
1711:windsorstar
1245:www.nps.gov
1164:www.nps.gov
977:www.nps.gov
930:Isaac Shadd
834:Canada West
543:black press
524:Isaac Shadd
216:integration
168:(brother),
166:Isaac Shadd
5559:Categories
5325:Jane Fonda
5320:Sarah Deer
5132:Betty Ford
4621:Janet Reno
4467:Gerty Cori
4442:Nellie Bly
4134:Ella Baker
4053:Rosa Parks
3847:Sally Ride
3816:Lucy Stone
3683:Alice Paul
3390:Anne Canby
3233:Jill Biden
3145:Sandra Ben
1955:October 9,
1767:January 4,
1742:January 4,
941:References
642:Union Army
605:emigration
494:temperance
378:Norristown
253:Early life
202:law school
164:(sister),
93:Occupation
5455:Joy Harjo
5377:2020–2029
5049:2010–2019
4839:Sacagawea
4586:Mary Dyer
4554:2000–2009
4023:Mary Lyon
3879:1990–1999
3710:1980–1989
3519:1970–1979
3369:Ann Jaffe
1964:Biography
1935:Biography
1793:April 24,
1497:April 11,
1467:April 11,
1062:April 26,
1039:August 2,
1004:March 15,
436:When the
423:In 1848,
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190:publisher
172:(brother)
158:Relatives
5450:Mia Hamm
1838:July 31,
1817:July 31,
1522:April 4,
1169:April 4,
869:See also
827:Archives
804:Tanzania
570:masthead
374:Catholic
138:Children
1985:at the
1975:at the
1937:at the
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1140:June 8,
796:Nigeria
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728:in the
646:Indiana
450:Detroit
290:butcher
146:Parents
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1923:online
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1867:
806:, and
784:Latvia
720:Legacy
442:slaves
384:, and
370:Quaker
315:about
218:, and
198:Canada
112:Spouse
78:, U.S.
61:, U.S.
3311:2020s
2948:2010s
2605:2000s
2292:1990s
2041:1980s
1812:(PDF)
1337:2007.
800:Kenya
792:Ghana
243:Union
126:(
122:
5484:2024
5428:2022
5387:2020
5303:2019
5242:2017
5181:2015
5125:2013
5059:2011
4975:2009
4919:2007
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3429:2023
3383:2022
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3257:2019
3226:2018
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1957:2020
1905:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1840:2020
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1769:2024
1744:2024
1718:2022
1693:2021
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1571:2011
1524:2018
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1462:Clio
1311:2020
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