228:
294:, by teaching their friends and avoiding purchases of goods that promoted the slave trade. The book was written in a way to encourage the development of political consciousness and a basic understanding of human rights. In the book, each letter of the alphabet was demonstrated by a word related to slavery, so for example "A" stood for "abolitionist", whereas "B" represented "brothers", indicating that slaves were part of humankind. It was reprinted in 1847 and distributed at anti-slavery fairs as a fundraising publication.
255:, locusts, mosquitos, silkworms, spiders, termites, and wasps with descriptions of their appearance and behavior. Written in twenty chapters, the material gave details about the social organization of ants, the life cycles of butterflies, and the use of other insects as food, among other descriptions. These discussions were accompanied by illustrations, which confirmed that she was familiar with the use of microscopes. It is also clear from the texts that in addition to observation, she read materials prepared by other
263:
137:, which was published in 1846. Aimed at a juvenile audience, the work taught children the alphabet, using words that would help them develop both a political consciousness and an understanding of human rights. It was sold at anti-slavery fairs to raise money for the abolition movement. Between 1847 and 1851, Townsend worked on a history of England for children, told in rhymes. The work was not published prior to her death in 1851.
40:
314:, where Hannah would also be buried. Townsend's book on insects was influential, not only upon Lewis' choice of career, but also was praised by Swedish writer, Bremer, who noted that the book was written in such a way that it created a "biographic and poetic manner" likely to encourage girls to take up the study of insects. Her accomplishments were mostly forgotten until
192:, they did not object to their children's involvement in reform movements. In 1833, the family would be among the founders of the Spruce Street Friends Meeting. The couple had twelve children, although five died in infancy. The seven surviving children were: Elisha (1804–1858), Edward (1806–1896), Charles (1807–1866),
120:. From childhood, Townsend had an interest in insects. She conducted various studies and experiments, examining specimens under a microscope and evaluating their habits. Because illness and the loss of her sight kept her confined to her bed, Townsend taught herself how to write with a
246:
that
Townsend was the author and had inspired her to undertake similar studies about nature. Lewis said that she wanted to write "a little work as a companion to that of my friend". The book presented common insects, such as ants, bees, beetles, butterflies, crickets,
301:
discusses the writing of this book during her 1847 to 1851 journey to
America, and says that she had visited Townsend. Bremer noted that although Townsend was unable to read or write because of her progressive eye problems, she was able to dictate her work.
169:. Charles had also attended Westtown School, as did the couple's children. He was a druggist and watchmaker in Philadelphia and the couple were members of the Green Street Friends Meeting, for which Priscilla served as a minister. The family lived at 105
326:. The Townsend family papers remain privately owned; however, a descendant of the family, Dana Dunbar Howe, has published multiple volumes of their works. The third volume, published in 2018, contains some of Mary's papers in parts two and four,
1036:"Book Reviews: A Collection of Townsend Family Letters, Diaries, and Documents, 1776–1957: Volume 2. Transcribed and edited by Jennifer Gross and Dana Dunbar Howe. Richmond, Va.: Howe About Books, 2015"
1380:
1389:
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1556:
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310:
Townsend died on July 8, 1851, in
Philadelphia, five months after her brother John died and ten days prior to her sister Hannah's death. She was buried in the
1659:
1709:
1091:"Book Reviews: The Diary of Priscilla Kirk Townsend in Fourteen Small Books, 1848–1861. Compiled by Dana Dunbar Howe. Richmond, Va.: Privately Published"
1639:
370:
277:
184:
In 1823, the family moved to 138 South Tenth Street. They were well-off, but not wealthy, influential in the community, and well-educated. When the
1565:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Philadelphia City Archives and Historical Society of Pennsylvania. July 18, 1851. microfilm roll 004009864, image 257
1664:
1537:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Philadelphia City Archives and Historical Society of Pennsylvania. July 8, 1851. microfilm roll 004009864, image 253
211:), even if her eyes were bandaged. From an early age, she was interested in the behavior of insects. Additionally, influenced by members such as
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215:, who attended the Green Street Friends Meeting, the Townsend daughters became anti-slavery activists. Townsend became an intimate friend of
1317:
1699:
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1479:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Philadelphia City Archives and Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 1851. microfilm roll 004009864, image 245
297:
Near the end of her life, Townsend was writing with a "younger sister" a children's book giving a rhymed account of
England's history.
1684:
1629:
1644:
291:
109:
259:, and conducted experiments with various insects, as Townsend noted how she studied their eating habits and sounds they produced.
207:, which caused recurring problems. She also eventually lost her sight, and taught herself how to write using an "indented card" (
199:
Townsend was prone to illness and often was confined to her bed. According to
Barbara and Richard Mearns, naturalists who wrote
1694:
189:
1603:
The
Committee published an Anti-Slavery alphabet, written and presented to the Fair by Hannah and Mary Townsend, of this city.
1674:
170:
20:
280:'s fair that year. It was first published anonymously, but the author's were disclosed in the January 29, 1847, edition of
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272:
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133:
227:
1496:"'Life in the Insect World, or Conversations upon Insects, between an Aunt and her Nieces, 12mo', Philadelphia"
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185:
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128:, which became popular and influential, particularly in influencing other women to pursue science.
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193:
154:
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322:
to recover the history of twenty-two
American women who had published scientific papers in the
262:
1471:"Interments in the Woodlands Cemetery Burial Ground for the week ending Friday August 1, 1851"
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39:
1593:. Vol. XVII, no. 5. Boston, Massachusetts. January 29, 1847. p. 1, column 6
908:
298:
216:
188:
occurred in 1827, the family sided with the new sect. Although
Charles and Priscilla were
158:
117:
347:
Life in the Insect World: or, Conversations upon
Insects, between an Aunt and Her Nieces
126:
Life in the Insect World: or, Conversations upon
Insects, between an Aunt and Her Nieces
1520:
1462:
1285:
204:
174:
384:
1613:
1557:"Philadelphia City Death Certificates August 2 to September 6, 1851: Hannah Townsend"
1429:
1130:
1067:
212:
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1533:
1529:"Philadelphia City Death Certificates August 2 to September 6, 1851: Mary Townsend"
1475:
1143:
1080:
406:
History of England, in Verse, from the Invasion of Julius Cæsar to the Present Time
290:. The book was aimed at teaching children that they could also be activists in the
256:
146:
63:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1238:
937:
Liberty, a Better Husband: Single Women in America — The Generations of 1780–1840
1220:. Vol. 2: L-W. New York, New York: Lewis Publishing Company. p. 1537.
918:
1421:
1293:
1166:
1122:
926:
196:(1809–1851), Hannah (1812–1851), Mary (1814–1851), and Elizabeth (1824–1869).
1405:
1114:
1059:
378:
1334:
987:
Into the Mouths of Babes: An Anthology of Children's Abolitionist Literature
248:
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355:
1106:
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1051:
1035:
149:, Pennsylvania to Priscilla (née Kirk) and Charles Townsend. Priscilla, a
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252:
1413:
1375:
208:
150:
121:
108:(May 14, 1814 – July 8, 1851) was an early American science writer and
1046:(1). Haverford, Pennsylvania: Friends Historical Association: 68–69.
113:
1240:
John Kirk Townsend: Collector of Audubon's Western Birds and Mammals
404:
Hannah, Townsend's older sister, was credited as the sole author of
201:
John Kirk Townsend: Collector of Audubon's Western Birds and Mammals
1376:"'At what do you think the ladies will stop?' Women at the Academy"
914:
The Homes of the New World: Impressions of America in Three Volumes
1101:(1). Haverford, Pennsylvania: Friends Historical Association: 34.
261:
226:
238:
During one of the periods when Townsend was confined, she wrote
116:
family, she, her parents, and her siblings were educated at the
242:
in 1844. Although it was published anonymously, Lewis wrote to
1381:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
1197:. Vol. 3: Part IV. Richmond, Virginia: Howe About Books.
1178:. Vol. 3, Part II. Richmond, Virginia: Howe About Books.
1176:
Hannah, Mary, and Elizabeth: Poems and Letters circa 1840–1851
656:
654:
652:
328:
Hannah, Mary, and Elizabeth: Poems and Letters circa 1840–1851
219:
and the women exchanged letters indicating their close bond.
792:
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491:
489:
487:
485:
231:"Mosquitoes", drawing by Townsend from page 134 of her book
725:
723:
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750:
270:
Along with her older sister, Hannah, Townsend published
431:
429:
350:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lindsay & Blakiston.
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583:
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579:
577:
575:
1278:
Journal of the Sierra College Natural History Museum
962:
Slavery in American Children's Literature, 1790-2010
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95:
87:
71:
49:
30:
1504:. Alexandria, Virginia. July 11, 1845. p. 2,
601:
616:
1453:. Louisville, Kentucky. June 10, 1852. p. 4
1390:Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University
1352:Women and Science: Social Impact and Interaction
1272:Medeiros, Joe; Skillen, Jennifer, eds. (2015).
660:
1319:American Women in Science before the Civil War
1158:Daughters of America; or, Women of the Century
843:
819:
807:
320:American Women in Science before the Civil War
1195:Mary Townsend: Life in the Insect World, 1844
687:
332:Mary Townsend: Life in the Insect World, 1844
8:
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768:
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165:. In 1803, she married Charles Townsend, of
16:American entomologist and author (1814–1851)
408:, which was published posthumously in 1852.
145:Mary Townsend was born on May 14, 1814, in
1547:…of exhaustion induced by acute dysentery…
1263:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1235:"2. Townsend's Early Life in Philadelphia"
38:
27:
19:For other people named Mary Townsend, see
1233:Mearns, Barbara; Mearns, Richard (2007).
921:. London: Arthur Hall, Virtue, & Co.
855:
363:Townsend, Hannah; Townsend, Mary (1846).
286:, an anti-slavery newspaper published by
934:Chambers-Schiller, Lee Virginia (1984).
729:
631:
371:Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society
278:Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society
714:
702:
435:
425:
397:
173:until 1822. Their home was adjacent to
131:With her sister Hannah, she also wrote
1256:
1243:. Dumfries, Scotland. pp. 13–24.
1161:. Augusta, Maine: True & Company.
756:
741:
643:
507:
1635:19th-century American women educators
1374:Stroud, Patricia Tyson (March 2013).
891:
879:
112:. Born into a prominent Philadelphia
7:
867:
672:
589:
554:
539:
464:
1660:19th-century American women writers
124:-like card. In 1844, she published
1710:American writers with disabilities
1349:Sheffield, Suzanne Le-May (2004).
1012:Swedish Women's Writing, 1850-1995
266:Anti-Slavery Alphabet 1846, page 4
14:
1388:(1). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:
1218:Colonial Families of Philadelphia
1640:19th-century American educators
1089:Hamm, Thomas D. (Spring 2012).
1034:Hamm, Thomas D. (Spring 2016).
1665:American women science writers
1445:"History of England, in Verse"
369:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:
21:Mary Townsend (disambiguation)
1:
1355:. Santa Barbara, California:
1274:"Mary Townsend (1814-c.1851)"
1009:Forsås-Scott, Helena (1997).
917:. Vol. 2. Translated by
1705:American women entomologists
1655:Blind scholars and academics
1450:The Louisville Daily Courier
984:De Rosa, Deborah C. (2005).
794:The Louisville Daily Courier
167:Chester County, Pennsylvania
1700:Activists from Philadelphia
1670:Educators from Philadelphia
1212:Jordan, John Woolf (1911).
1193:Howe, Dana Dunbar (2018b).
1174:Howe, Dana Dunbar (2018a).
959:Connolly, Paula T. (2013).
661:Medeiros & Skillen 2015
1726:
1325:. Minneapolis, Minnesota:
1284:(1). Rocklin, California:
940:. New Haven, Connecticut:
82:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
44:Townsend, date unspecified
18:
1685:Quakers from Pennsylvania
1680:Quaker children's writers
1630:Writers from Philadelphia
1316:(1992). "Mary Townsend".
990:. Westport, Connecticut:
366:The Anti-Slavery Alphabet
273:The Anti-Slavery Alphabet
134:The Anti-Slavery Alphabet
37:
1645:American science writers
967:University of Iowa Press
832:Mearns & Mearns 2007
781:Mearns & Mearns 2007
567:Mearns & Mearns 2007
525:Mearns & Mearns 2007
496:Mearns & Mearns 2007
477:Mearns & Mearns 2007
240:Life in the Insect World
233:Life in the Insect World
141:Early life and education
1579:(subscription required)
1551:(subscription required)
1490:(subscription required)
1327:University of Minnesota
1147:(subscription required)
1084:(subscription required)
344:Townsend, Mary (1844).
1695:American abolitionists
1314:Reed, Elizabeth Wagner
1142: – via
1079: – via
693:, p. 1, column 6.
617:Chambers-Schiller 1984
607:, p. 2, column 3.
288:William Lloyd Garrison
267:
235:
1675:American blind people
1107:10.1353/qkh.2012.0000
1052:10.1353/qkh.2016.0002
942:Yale University Press
316:Elizabeth Wagner Reed
265:
230:
1690:Quaker abolitionists
1398:10.1635/053.162.0116
1329:. pp. 172–174.
205:tumors in her uterus
181:in his later years.
1585:"Philadelphia Fair"
1300:on January 25, 2021
965:. Iowa City, Iowa:
870:, pp. 172–174.
844:Burial Records 1851
834:, pp. 16, 314.
820:Death Records 1851b
808:Death Records 1851a
186:Hicksite Separation
1501:Alexandria Gazette
1214:"Charles Townsend"
1153:Hanaford, Phebe A.
992:Praeger Publishing
603:Alexandria Gazette
292:abolition movement
268:
236:
155:York, Pennsylvania
153:, originally from
1366:978-0-8135-3737-5
1250:978-0-9556739-0-0
1204:978-1-944004-03-3
1185:978-1-944004-01-9
1026:978-1-84714-197-2
1017:The Athlone Press
1001:978-0-275-97951-5
976:978-1-60938-177-6
951:978-0-300-03164-5
858:, pp. 88–89.
769:Forsås-Scott 1997
705:, pp. 71–72.
619:, pp. 42–43.
479:, pp. 16–17.
324:Antebellum Period
179:Benjamin Franklin
103:
102:
96:Years active
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1344:on July 8, 2016.
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1337:. Archived from
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1296:. Archived from
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276:in 1846 for the
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217:Graceanna Lewis
171:Chestnut Street
159:Westtown School
143:
118:Westtown School
83:
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1521:Newspapers.com
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1286:Sierra College
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1095:Quaker History
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1040:Quaker History
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338:Selected works
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244:Phebe Hanaford
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177:, the home of
175:Franklin Court
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79:(aged 37)
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1562:FamilySearch
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1534:FamilySearch
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1519:– via
1513:. Retrieved
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1461:– via
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1298:the original
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1071:. Retrieved
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77:(1851-07-08)
75:July 8, 1851
64:Philadelphia
60:May 14, 1814
25:
1625:1851 deaths
1620:1814 births
1392:: 195–206.
757:Bremer 1853
742:Bremer 1853
644:Stroud 2013
508:Jordan 1911
157:, attended
1614:Categories
1422:6877946030
1294:1229308803
1167:1327759393
1123:5964465593
1015:. London:
927:1244009143
892:Howe 2018b
880:Howe 2018a
416:References
203:, she had
88:Occupation
56:1814-05-14
1597:August 1,
1569:August 2,
1541:August 1,
1515:August 2,
1483:August 2,
1457:August 2,
1435:August 2,
1430:191701294
1406:0097-3157
1304:August 2,
1259:cite book
1136:August 1,
1131:162271154
1115:0033-5053
1073:August 3,
1068:163491426
1060:0033-5053
868:Reed 1992
673:Reed 1992
590:Reed 1992
555:Hamm 2016
540:Hamm 2016
465:Hamm 2012
421:Citations
379:912785864
312:Woodlands
251:, fleas,
249:fireflies
194:John Kirk
190:quietists
99:1844-1851
1510:column 3
1506:column 2
1414:42751957
1357:ABC-CLIO
1335:28126164
1155:(1883).
911:(1853).
253:katydids
1226:2946507
387:, 1847)
385:revised
356:6503099
209:braille
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151:Quaker
114:Quaker
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1426:S2CID
1410:JSTOR
1342:(PDF)
1323:(PDF)
1127:S2CID
1064:S2CID
392:Notes
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1571:2022
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1418:OCLC
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1265:link
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605:1845
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330:and
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