36:
22:
254:, in 1874 and 1879. She applied for a number of academic posts throughout the period, including a vacant professorship of natural history at Vassar, but owing to her lack of formal education beyond the high school level and a pervasive sexism in academia she was unable to land a college-level teaching position. Lewis instead returned to lower level teaching, working at the Foster School for Girls of
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In 1871 Lewis sold family land and used the proceeds to finance her further research. She envisioned a set of illustrative charts demonstrating the relationship of the plant and animal kingdoms, but she was unable to keep pace with the rapid influx of new information and was unwilling to publish her
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Lewis' father died when she was only three years old, leaving her mother to raise her alone. Her mother had been a school teacher prior to marriage and was instrumental in developing a keen affection for science learning in
Graceanna. Esther Fussell Lewis made astronomy and weather observations as
234:
Held back by her theistic determinism and lack of higher education, Lewis was forced to limit herself to popular lectures on the naturalism to work as a freelance scientific illustrator, by which she made her living. With such an income stream unstable at best, in 1870 Lewis accepted a teaching
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theory of evolution for much of her life, instead positing that God was responsible for an intricate and well ordered universe. Only in the 1890s did Lewis come to accept some evolutionary ideas, still seeing the process as part and parcel of a grand theist system. Lewis particularly rejected
209:
From the middle of the 1860s Lewis began to give private lectures on the field of ornithology in
Philadelphia. Her area of interest and expertise gradually spread throughout her life to include the broad spectrum of natural history, including plants, animals, and minerals.
221:
Lewis's grand plans were also hampered by the fact that her ideas were seen by publishers as too complicated for a lay audience but not advanced enough for the scientific community. As a product of a devout religious upbringing, Lewis was critical of the
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Following the completion of her studies in 1842, she entered the teaching profession, which was one of the few career fields open to educated women in the day, taking a position as a teacher of botany and chemistry at a boarding school in
235:
position at the
Philadelphia Friends School, where she would remain until the next year. On May 31, 1870 Lewis was elected to the Academy of Natural Sciences, after having garnered the support of two renowned local scientists:
217:
the first of an anticipated multi-part magnum opus. Unfortunately for Lewis, her patron Cassin died in 1869 and she was unable to obtain a teaching position in the field which would enable her to further advance her work.
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of the
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, in 1862 and studied ornithology at an advanced level under his tutorship for the next half decade. In 1867 Cassin honored his protege with the naming of
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Lewis was also active in the movement for the granting of the right to vote to women. She presented a paper on "Science for Women" at the Third
Congress of Women in Syracuse, New York in October 1875.
937:
Marcia Bonta, "Graceanna Lewis: Quaker
Naturalist.", Women in the Field: America's Pioneering Women Naturalists. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 1991, pp. 18–29.
135:. Following her mother's death, Lewis made her own home available for this purpose, secretly providing overnight accommodation for as many as 11 runaways slaves at one time.
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817:
1019:
821:
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27:
320:, Lewis was active in several other social movements of her day. In accordance with her Quaker religious beliefs, Lewis remained throughout her life a dedicated
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374:. Included in this archival holding are Lewis's papers and drawings relating to the natural sciences, as well as an unpublished manuscript of a memoir of the
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An Appeal to Those
Members of the Society of Friends Who Knowing the Principles of the Abolitionists Stand Aloof from the Anti-Slavery Enterprise.
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273:. Lewis's work was regarded as a success, having won her a medal and a diploma, and the set of paintings was publicly displayed again at the
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100:
648:
793:
1054:
325:
927:
Karen Anna Vogel, "Christmas Union: Quaker
Abolitionists of Chester County, PA," Murray Pura's Cry of Freedom Series, Volume 5.
360:
316:
as part of the secret network which aided escaped
African-American slaves in their flight to freedom in the years prior to the
266:
549:
1039:
725:"A Field Guide to American Ornithology in the Delaware Valley 1699–1900: Graceanna Lewis (1821–1912) in the Delaware Valley,"
127:
well as plant flowering times. She also serving as a role model in social activism by housing fugitive slaves as part of the
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425:
The
Development of the Animal Kingdom: A Paper Read at the Fourth Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Woman.
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179:
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80:
231:, arguing instead that evolution was a divinely directed process for the perfection of supernaturally created species.
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1044:
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679:
581:
Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives from Ancient Times to the Mid-Twentieth Century: L-Z.
190:, where she worked closely with a small circle of Quakers who were active in the natural sciences. These included
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886:
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186:. Mary had written a book on insects and Lewis expressed a wish to emulate her. During the 1850s Lewis moved to
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farmer named John Lewis and his wife, the former Esther Fussell. Graceanna's ancestors included a friend of
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and as that organization's superintendent of scientific temperance instruction for Delaware County.
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In 1893 Lewis received a commission from the Pennsylvania Forestry Commission to paint a set of 50
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Swarthmore College Friends Historical Library, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, collection RG 5/087.
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79:, Lewis is remembered as a pioneer female American scientist as well as an activist in the
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788:(1st ed.). College Station: Texas A & M University Press. pp. 18–29.
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Much of Graceanna Lewis' papers have been digitized and are available at the
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69:
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Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia: Volume 9: Laa to Lyud.
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Lewis's papers are part of the Lewis-Fussell Family Papers collection at
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and Vincent Bernard. She met one of America's leading ornithologists,
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355:. She died there on February 25, 1912, at the age of 90, following a
158:. Lewis also showed great aptitude as a painter of natural subjects.
147:
132:
108:
930:
Marcia Bonta, "Graceanna Lewis: Portrait of a Quaker Naturalist,"
601:""At What do you Think the Ladies will Stop?" Women at the Academy"
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illustrations of representative leaves of trees for display at the
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Darwin's idea that random variation was part of the process behind
138:
Lewis attended Kimberton Boarding School for Girls in neighboring
52:
34:
20:
942:
The Botanizers: Amateur Scientists in Nineteenth-Century America.
785:
Women in the field : America's pioneering women naturalists
556:
Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, 1999. (Subscription required).
247:
charts in an incomplete form, so the projects went unrealized.
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Another women who influenced and inspired Lewis was her friend
868:
Lamb's Biographical Dictionary of the United States: Volume 5.
837:"Graceanna Lewis and the Delaware County Institute of Science"
606:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
75:, illustrator, and social reformer. An expert in the field of
912:"An Inventory of the Lewis-Fussell Family Papers, 1698–1978."
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Lewis spent the final decades of her life in her hometown of
763:
Early American Nature Writers: A Biographical Encyclopedia.
454:
A Chart of Geology, with Special Reference to Paleontology.
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Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1992.
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Studies in Forestry, Illustrated by Watercolor Paintings.
871:
Boston: Federal Book Company of Boston, 1903; pp. 52-53.
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New York: James T. White and Company, 1899; pp. 447-448.
649:"Who was Graceanna Lewis, Naturalist and Abolitionist?"
506:
National Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Volume 9.
951:
Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979.
243:, along with the Academy librarian Edward J. Nolan.
890:. Media, Pennsylvania. February 26, 1912. p. 6
324:. She was also an activist in the movement for the
743:Of a Feather: A Brief History of American Birding.
680:"Graceanna Lewis: Portrait of a Quaker Naturalist"
599:
399:Natural History of Birds: Lectures on Ornithology.
974:Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College
745:Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2007; pg. 91.
99:Lewis was born on August 3, 1821,on a farm near
727:Delaware Valley Ornithology Club, www.dvoc.org/
28:The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography
934:vol. 74, no. 1 (Spring 1985), pp. 27–40.
765:Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2007; pg. 256.
8:
949:Graceanna Lewis: Scientist and Humanitarian.
865:John Howard Brown (ed.), "Graceanna Lewis,"
816:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
414:vol. 4, no. 6 (Aug. 1870), pp. 321–331.
405:The Position of Birds in the Animal Kingdom.
107:. She was the second of four daughters of a
68:(August 3, 1821 – February 25, 1912) was an
428:Nantucket, MA: Hussey & Robinson, 1877.
326:prohibition of alcohol in the United States
820:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
420:Philadelphia: McCalla & Stavely, 1871.
907:
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737:
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469:Lower Forms of Animal and Vegetable Life.
206:the White-edged Oriole in Lewis's honor.
1095:People from Chester County, Pennsylvania
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859:
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418:Symmetrical Figures in Birds' Feathers.
1020:20th-century African-American painters
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479:Water Color Paintings of Wild Flowers.
459:Microscopic Studies of Frost Crystals.
1115:American women civil rights activists
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598:Stroud, Patricia Tyson (March 2013).
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882:"Death Claims Aged Woman Naturalist"
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298:Delaware County Institute of Science
1035:20th-century American women artists
1025:20th-century African-American women
1015:19th-century American women writers
1010:19th-century American women artists
16:American naturalist and illustrator
1090:American women non-fiction writers
841:Historical Society of Pennsylvania
401:Philadelphia: J.A. Bancroft, 1868.
330:Woman's Christian Temperance Union
283:1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition
14:
213:In 1868 Lewis published the book
647:Rushing, Erin (March 23, 2021).
57:Lewis' home on Gayley Street in
1060:American ornithological writers
444:Chart of the Vegetable Kingdom.
361:Providence Friends Meetinghouse
1030:20th-century American painters
1005:19th-century American painters
449:A Chart of the Class of Birds.
39:The white-edged oriole named '
1:
1080:American temperance activists
1075:Suffragists from Pennsylvania
782:Bonta, Marcia, 1940- (1991).
215:The Natural History of Birds,
115:who had emigrated to the new
439:Chart of the Animal Kingdom.
328:serving as Secretary of the
275:1901 Pan-American Exposition
267:World's Columbian Exposition
105:Chester County, Pennsylvania
1125:19th-century women painters
1110:Underground Railroad people
1085:American women illustrators
970:Lewis-Fussell Family Papers
898:– via Newspapers.com.
294:Academy of Natural Sciences
25:Illustration of Lewis from
1141:
363:Burying Grounds in Media.
359:, and was interred at the
887:The Philadelphia Inquirer
835:Caust-Ellenbogen, Celia.
256:Clifton Springs, New York
95:Early years and education
980:In Her Own Right project
761:Daniel Patterson (ed.),
579:, "Graceanna Lewis," in
372:Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
351:with her nephew, artist
296:in Philadelphia and the
292:She was a member of the
250:Lewis twice lectured at
117:Province of Pennsylvania
1055:American ornithologists
241:George Washington Tryon
140:Kimberton, Pennsylvania
62:
50:
32:
1040:American bird artists
947:Deborah Jean Warner,
940:Elizabeth B. Keeney,
696:10.1353/qkh.1985.0018
353:Charles Lewis Fussell
258:, from 1883 to 1885.
101:West Vincent Township
56:
38:
24:
1120:Women ornithologists
1100:Quaker abolitionists
1050:American naturalists
968:An Inventory of the
618:10.1635/053.162.0116
412:American Naturalist,
376:Underground Railroad
129:Underground Railroad
49:in Graceanna's honor
504:"Graceanna Lewis,"
349:Media, Pennsylvania
334:Media, Pennsylvania
308:In addition to her
173:Bartholomew Fussell
171:, run by her uncle
59:Media, Pennsylvania
1065:American pacifists
1045:American feminists
741:Scott Weidensaul,
550:"Graceanna Lewis,"
395:n.c., n.p., n.d. .
368:Swarthmore College
318:American Civil War
202:Icterus graceannae
184:John Kirk Townsend
169:York, Pennsylvania
63:
51:
45:Icterus graceannae
33:
956:Woman's Progress,
464:Plumage of Birds.
410:"The Lyre Bird,"
281:, as well as the
279:Buffalo, New York
229:natural selection
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1105:Quaker feminists
1070:American Quakers
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583:Routledge, 2000.
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548:Barbara Morgan,
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433:Unpublished work
343:Death and legacy
224:Charles Darwin's
182:, the sister of
89:women's suffrage
61:in December 2010
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684:Quaker History
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252:Vassar College
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188:Philadelphia
177:
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113:William Penn
98:
81:anti-slavery
65:
64:
43:
26:
18:
1000:1912 deaths
995:1821 births
958:April 1894.
954:Article in
654:Smithsonian
196:John Cassin
121:South Wales
91:movements.
77:ornithology
989:Categories
577:Joy Harvey
485:References
263:watercolor
85:temperance
73:naturalist
846:March 20,
812:cite book
712:161890067
704:1934-1504
660:April 15,
634:191701294
626:0097-3157
287:St. Louis
152:chemistry
144:astronomy
123:in 1682.
804:22623848
678:(1985).
322:pacifist
312:against
70:American
314:slavery
271:Chicago
156:zoology
31:in 1899
894:May 5,
802:
792:
710:
702:
632:
624:
357:stroke
162:Career
154:, and
148:botany
133:Canada
109:Quaker
87:, and
708:S2CID
630:S2CID
407:1869.
382:Works
119:from
896:2022
848:2016
822:link
818:link
800:OCLC
790:ISBN
700:ISSN
662:2021
622:ISSN
575:and
239:and
692:doi
614:doi
610:162
552:in
370:in
332:of
285:in
277:in
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
