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37:(i.e. when the treatment is not randomly assigned). The goal of matching is to reduce bias for the estimated treatment effect in an observational-data study, by finding, for every treated unit, one (or more) non-treated unit(s) with similar observable characteristics against which the covariates are balanced out (similar to the
53:, but has been shown to increase model dependence, bias, inefficiency, and power and is no longer recommended compared to other matching methods. A simple, easy-to-understand, and statistically powerful method of matching known as Coarsened Exact Matching or CEM.
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is matching for an apparent mediator that actually is a result of the exposure. If the mediator itself is stratified, an obscured relation of the exposure to the disease would highly be likely to be induced. Overmatching thus causes
587:
Arceneaux, Kevin; Gerber, Alan S.; Green, Donald P. (2010). "A Cautionary Note on the Use of
Matching to Estimate Causal Effects: An Empirical Example Comparing Matching Estimates to an Experimental Benchmark".
41:). By matching treated units to similar non-treated units, matching enables a comparison of outcomes among treated and non-treated units to estimate the effect of the treatment reducing bias due to
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Kupper, Lawrence L.; Karon, John M.; Kleinbaum, David G.; Morgenstern, Hal; Lewis, Donald K. (1981). "Matching in
Epidemiologic Studies: Validity and Efficiency Considerations".
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Arceneaux, Kevin; Gerber, Alan S.; Green, Donald P. (2006). "Comparing
Experimental and Matching Methods Using a Large-Scale Field Experiment on Voter Mobilization".
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Gissler, M.; Hemminki, E. (1996). "The danger of overmatching in studies of the perinatal mortality and birthweight of infants born after assisted conception".
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as it handles strata of arbitrary size and continuous or binary treatments (predictors) and can control for covariates. In particular cases, simpler tests like
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is a statistical technique that evaluates the effect of a treatment by comparing the treated and the non-treated units in an
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84:(1999) reevaluated LaLonde's critique and showed that matching is a good solution. Similar critiques have been raised in
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of a study, because the controls become more similar to the cases in regard to exposure than the general population.
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LaLonde, Robert J. (1986). "Evaluating the
Econometric Evaluations of Training Programs with Experimental Data".
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Anderson, Dallas W.; Kish, Leslie; Cornell, Richard G. (1980). "On
Stratification, Grouping and Matching".
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629:"Matching as Nonparametric Preprocessing for Reducing Model Dependence in Parametric Causal Inference"
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Matching can also be used to "pre-process" a sample before analysis via another technique, such as
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When the outcome of interest is binary, the most general tool for the analysis of matched data is
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526:"Causal Effects in Nonexperimental Studies: Reevaluating the Evaluation of Training Programs"
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to comparable estimates produced with matching methods and showed that matching methods are
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354:"The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects"
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For example, matching the control group by gestation length and/or the number of
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Angrist, Joshua D.; Pischke, Jörn-Steffen (2009). "Regression Meets
Matching".
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Rubin, Donald B. (1973). "Matching to Remove Bias in
Observational Studies".
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440:"Multivariate Matching Methods That Are Monotonic Imbalance Bounding"
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662:"Detecting Model Dependence in Statistical Inference: A Response"
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When the outcome of interest is continuous, estimation of the
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68:(1986), who compared estimates of treatment effects from an
49:, an early matching technique, was developed as part of the
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Mostly
Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion
438:
Iacus, Stefano M.; King, Gary; Porro, Giuseppe (2011).
389:"Why Propensity Scores Should Not Be Used for Matching"
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Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
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534:Journal of the American Statistical Association
444:Journal of the American Statistical Association
815:. Princeton University Press. pp. 69â80.
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387:King, Gary; Nielsen, Richard (October 2019).
352:Rosenbaum, Paul R.; Rubin, Donald B. (1983).
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2826:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
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2421:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
590:Sociological Methods & Research
60:. It was prominently criticized in
2516:CochranâMantelâHaenszel statistics
1142:Pearson product-moment correlation
660:King, Gary; Zeng, Langche (2007).
524:Dehejia, R. H.; Wahba, S. (1999).
271:Scandinavian Journal of Statistics
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775:Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol
678:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2007.00449.x
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2775:Least-squares spectral analysis
666:International Studies Quarterly
102:conditional logistic regression
1756:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
547:10.1080/01621459.1999.10473858
56:Matching has been promoted by
1:
3069:Geographic information system
2285:Simultaneous equations models
39:K-nearest neighbors algorithm
2252:Coefficient of determination
1863:Uniformly most powerful test
787:10.1016/0301-2115(95)02517-0
114:CochranâMantelâHaenszel test
2821:Proportional hazards models
2765:Spectral density estimation
2747:Vector autoregression (VAR)
2181:Maximum posterior estimator
1413:Randomized controlled trial
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1001:Average absolute deviation
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1320:Sample size determination
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456:10.1198/jasa.2011.tm09599
216:Propensity score matching
47:Propensity score matching
3064:Environmental statistics
2586:Elliptical distributions
2379:Generalized linear model
2308:Simple linear regression
2078:HodgesâLehmann estimator
1535:Probability distribution
1444:Stochastic approximation
1006:Coefficient of variation
742:10.1136/bmj.325.7359.327
602:10.1177/0049124110378098
498:American Economic Review
168:It may be regarded as a
121:average treatment effect
2724:Cross-correlation (XCF)
2332:Non-standard predictors
1766:LehmannâScheffĂ© theorem
1439:Adaptive clinical trial
729:British Medical Journal
3120:Mathematics portal
2941:Engineering statistics
2849:NelsonâAalen estimator
2426:Analysis of covariance
2313:Ordinary least squares
2237:Pearson product-moment
1641:Statistical functional
1552:Empirical distribution
1385:Controlled experiments
1114:Frequency distribution
892:Descriptive statistics
373:10.1093/biomet/70.1.41
163:in vitro fertilization
161:and birthweight after
106:paired difference test
3171:Design of experiments
3036:Population statistics
2978:System identification
2712:Autocorrelation (ACF)
2640:Exponential smoothing
2554:Discriminant analysis
2549:Canonical correlation
2413:Partition of variance
2275:Regression validation
2119:(JonckheereâTerpstra)
2018:Likelihood-ratio test
1707:Frequentist inference
1619:Locationâscale family
1540:Sampling distribution
1505:Statistical inference
1472:Cross-sectional study
1459:Observational studies
1418:Randomized experiment
1247:Stem-and-leaf display
1049:Central limit theorem
2959:Probabilistic design
2544:Principal components
2387:Exponential families
2339:Nonlinear regression
2318:General linear model
2280:Mixed effects models
2270:Errors and residuals
2247:Confounding variable
2149:Bayesian probability
2127:Van der Waerden test
2117:Ordered alternative
1882:Multiple comparisons
1761:RaoâBlackwellization
1724:Estimating equations
1680:Statistical distance
1398:Factorial experiment
931:Arithmetic-Geometric
722:; Binks, K. (2002).
625:Stuart, Elizabeth A.
143:post-treatment bias,
19:For other uses, see
3186:Sampling techniques
3181:Observational study
3031:Official statistics
2954:Methods engineering
2635:Seasonal adjustment
2403:Poisson regressions
2323:Bayesian regression
2262:Regression analysis
2242:Partial correlation
2214:Regression analysis
1813:Prediction interval
1808:Likelihood interval
1798:Confidence interval
1790:Interval estimation
1751:Unbiased estimators
1569:Model specification
1449:Up-and-down designs
1137:Partial correlation
1093:Index of dispersion
1011:Interquartile range
406:10.1017/pan.2019.11
159:perinatal mortality
128:regression analysis
31:observational study
3176:Medical statistics
3051:Spatial statistics
2931:Medical statistics
2831:First hitting time
2785:Whittle likelihood
2436:Degrees of freedom
2431:Multivariate ANOVA
2364:Heteroscedasticity
2176:Bayesian estimator
2141:Bayesian inference
1990:KolmogorovâSmirnov
1875:Randomization test
1845:Testing hypotheses
1818:Tolerance interval
1729:Maximum likelihood
1624:Exponential family
1557:Density estimation
1517:Statistical theory
1477:Natural experiment
1423:Scientific control
1340:Survey methodology
1026:Standard deviation
646:10.1093/pan/mpl013
633:Political Analysis
574:10.1093/pan/mpj001
562:Political Analysis
541:(448): 1053â1062.
393:Political Analysis
194:Mathematics portal
172:in decreasing the
51:Rubin causal model
16:Statistical method
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2996:Actuarial science
2988:Social statistics
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2496:Contingency table
2471:Survival analysis
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1734:Method of moments
1603:Parametric family
1564:Statistical model
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1408:Random assignment
1330:Statistical power
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1109:Contingency table
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946:Generalized/power
822:978-0-691-12034-8
736:(7359): 327â330.
174:external validity
86:political science
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2506:Log-linear model
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2028:Cross validation
2013:
1995:AndersonâDarling
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1900:Likelihood-ratio
1892:Parametric tests
1870:Permutation test
1853:1- & 2-tails
1744:Minimum distance
1716:Point estimation
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1663:Optimal decision
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1432:Adaptive designs
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2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2349:Semiparametric
2346:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2090:
2087:(MannâWhitney)
2082:
2081:
2080:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2020:
2015:
2012:(ShapiroâWilk)
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1944:
1932:
1926:
1924:Specific tests
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1720:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1375:Standard error
1372:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1344:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1305:Optimal design
1302:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1102:Summary tables
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
997:
995:
989:
988:
986:
985:
980:
975:
974:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
936:Contraharmonic
933:
928:
917:
915:
906:
896:
895:
890:
883:
882:
880:
879:
874:
868:
865:
864:
859:
857:
856:
849:
842:
834:
828:
827:
821:
806:
803:
801:
800:
765:
718:Marsh, J. L.;
707:
672:(1): 231â241.
652:
639:(3): 199â236.
615:
596:(2): 256â282.
579:
552:
516:
505:(4): 604â620.
487:
430:
399:(4): 435â454.
379:
341:
304:(2): 271â291.
288:
261:
242:(1): 159â183.
225:
223:
220:
219:
218:
212:
211:
197:
181:
178:
135:
132:
123:is performed.
97:
94:
78:Rajeev Dehejia
66:Robert LaLonde
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3198:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3146:
3145:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:Geostatistics
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3041:Psychometrics
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2904:Biostatistics
2901:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2866:
2865:Log-rank test
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2736:(BoxâJenkins)
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:DurbinâWatson
2687:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:DickeyâFuller
2669:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2645:Cointegration
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2620:Decomposition
2618:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:Cohen's kappa
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2344:Nonparametric
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:Nonparametric
2091:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2063:Sample median
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1668:loss function
1666:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1370:Questionnaire
1368:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:Control chart
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
996:
994:
990:
984:
981:
979:
976:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
922:
919:
918:
916:
914:
910:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
888:
884:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
866:
862:
855:
850:
848:
843:
841:
836:
835:
832:
824:
818:
814:
809:
808:
804:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
766:
761:
757:
752:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:
725:
721:
720:Hutton, J. L.
714:
712:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
656:
653:
647:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
619:
616:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
583:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
556:
553:
548:
544:
540:
536:
535:
527:
520:
517:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:
491:
488:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
434:
431:
426:
422:
417:
416:1721.1/128459
412:
407:
402:
398:
394:
390:
383:
380:
374:
369:
365:
361:
360:
355:
348:
346:
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
307:
303:
299:
292:
289:
284:
280:
276:
272:
265:
262:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
230:
227:
221:
217:
214:
213:
209:
198:
195:
189:
184:
179:
177:
175:
171:
170:sampling bias
166:
164:
160:
156:
151:
149:
144:
140:
139:Overmatching,
133:
131:
129:
124:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
95:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
3142:
3130:
3111:
3104:
3016:Econometrics
2966: /
2949:Chemometrics
2926:Epidemiology
2919: /
2892:Applications
2734:ARIMA model
2681:Q-statistic
2630:Stationarity
2526:Multivariate
2469: /
2465: /
2463:Multivariate
2461: /
2401: /
2397: /
2171:Bayes factor
2070:Signed rank
1982:
1956:
1948:
1936:
1631:Completeness
1467:Cohort study
1365:Opinion poll
1300:Missing data
1287:Study design
1242:Scatter plot
1164:Scatter plot
1157:Spearman's Ï
1119:Grouped data
812:
781:(2): 73â75.
778:
774:
768:
733:
727:
669:
665:
655:
636:
632:
618:
593:
589:
582:
568:(1): 37â62.
565:
561:
555:
538:
532:
519:
502:
496:
490:
447:
443:
433:
396:
392:
382:
366:(1): 41â55.
363:
357:
301:
297:
291:
277:(2): 61â66.
274:
270:
264:
239:
235:
229:
167:
152:
142:
138:
137:
134:Overmatching
125:
118:
110:McNemar test
99:
58:Donald Rubin
55:
26:
25:
3144:WikiProject
3059:Cartography
3021:Jurimetrics
2973:Reliability
2704:Time domain
2683:(LjungâBox)
2605:Time-series
2483:Categorical
2467:Time-series
2459:Categorical
2394:(Bernoulli)
2229:Correlation
2209:Correlation
2005:JarqueâBera
1977:Chi-squared
1739:M-estimator
1692:Asymptotics
1636:Sufficiency
1403:Interaction
1315:Replication
1295:Effect size
1252:Violin plot
1232:Radar chart
1212:Forest plot
1202:Correlogram
1152:Kendall's Ï
465:2434/151476
82:Sadek Wahba
43:confounding
3160:Categories
3011:Demography
2729:ARMA model
2534:Regression
2111:(Friedman)
2072:(Wilcoxon)
2010:Normality
2000:Lilliefors
1947:Student's
1823:Resampling
1697:Robustness
1685:divergence
1675:Efficiency
1613:(monotone)
1608:Likelihood
1525:Population
1358:Stratified
1310:Population
1129:Dependence
1085:Count data
1016:Percentile
993:Dispersion
926:Arithmetic
861:Statistics
359:Biometrika
298:Biometrics
236:Biometrics
222:References
92:journals.
70:experiment
2392:Logistic
2159:posterior
2085:Rank sum
1833:Jackknife
1828:Bootstrap
1646:Bootstrap
1581:Parameter
1530:Statistic
1325:Statistic
1237:Run chart
1222:Pie chart
1217:Histogram
1207:Fan chart
1182:Bar chart
1064:L-moments
951:Geometric
686:0020-8833
474:0162-1459
425:1047-1987
306:CiteSeerX
90:sociology
62:economics
3106:Category
2799:Survival
2676:Johansen
2399:Binomial
2354:Isotonic
1941:(normal)
1586:location
1393:Blocking
1348:Sampling
1227:QâQ plot
1192:Box plot
1174:Graphics
1069:Skewness
1059:Kurtosis
1031:Variance
961:Heronian
956:Harmonic
760:12169512
702:12669035
627:(2007).
610:37012563
482:14790456
180:See also
96:Analysis
27:Matching
21:Matching
3132:Commons
3079:Kriging
2964:Process
2921:studies
2780:Wavelet
2613:General
1780:Plug-in
1574:L space
1353:Cluster
1054:Moments
872:Outline
795:8902436
751:1123834
694:4621711
511:1806062
336:7272415
328:2530417
283:4615774
256:2529684
3001:Census
2591:Normal
2539:Manova
2359:Robust
2109:2-way
2101:1-way
1939:-test
1610:
1187:Biplot
978:Median
971:Lehmer
913:Center
819:
793:
758:
748:
700:
692:
684:
608:
509:
480:
472:
423:
334:
326:
308:
281:
254:
74:biased
2625:Trend
2154:prior
2096:anova
1985:-test
1959:-test
1951:-test
1858:Power
1803:Pivot
1596:shape
1591:scale
1041:Shape
1021:Range
966:Heinz
941:Cubic
877:Index
698:S2CID
690:JSTOR
606:S2CID
529:(PDF)
507:JSTOR
478:S2CID
324:JSTOR
279:JSTOR
252:JSTOR
3166:Bias
2858:Test
2058:Sign
1910:Wald
983:Mode
921:Mean
817:ISBN
791:PMID
756:PMID
682:ISSN
470:ISSN
421:ISSN
332:PMID
112:and
88:and
80:and
2038:BIC
2033:AIC
783:doi
746:PMC
738:doi
734:325
674:doi
641:doi
598:doi
570:doi
543:doi
460:hdl
452:doi
448:106
411:hdl
401:doi
368:doi
316:doi
244:doi
141:or
64:by
33:or
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