1078:
cells can mate with each other. The second reason is that haploid cells of one mating type, upon cell division, often produce cells of the opposite mating type with which they can mate (see section "Mating type switching", above). The relative rarity in nature of meiotic events that result from out-crossing appears to be inconsistent with the idea that production of genetic variation is the primary selective force maintaining mating capability in this organism. However this finding is consistent with the alternative idea that the primary selective force maintaining mating capability is enhanced recombinational repair of DNA damage during meiosis, since this benefit is realized during each meiosis subsequent to a mating, whether or not out-crossing occurs.
676:
855:
632:
177:
22:
123:
patterns regulated by the MAT locus, are crucial for the mating process. Additionally, the decision to mate involves a highly sensitive and complex signaling pathway that includes pheromone detection and response mechanisms. In nature, yeast mating often occurs between closely related cells, although
1077:
come into contact. Ruderfer et al. pointed out that such contacts are frequent between closely related yeast cells for two reasons. The first is that cells of opposite mating type are present together in the same ascus, the sac that contains the cells directly produced by a single meiosis, and these
597:
Presence of α-factor induces recruitment of Ptc1 to Ste5 via a 4 amino acid motif located within the Ste5 phosphosites. Ptc1 then dephosphorylates Ste5, ultimately resulting in the dissociation of the Fus3-Ste5 complex. Fus3 dissociates in a switch-like manner, dependent on the phosphorylation state
604:
In yeast, mating as well as the production of shmoos occur via an all-or-none, switch-like mechanism. This switch-like mechanism allows yeast cells to avoid making an unwise commitment to a highly demanding procedure. However, not only does the mating decision need to be conservative (in order to
1100:
to hydrogen peroxide, an agent that causes oxidative stress leading to oxidative DNA damage, strongly induces mating, meiosis, and formation of meiotic spores. This finding suggests that meiosis, and particularly meiotic recombination, may be an adaptation for repairing DNA damage. The overall
651:
and α mating types to be present in the population. Combined with the strong drive for haploid cells to mate with cells of the opposite mating type and form diploids, mating type switching and consequent mating will cause the majority of cells in a colony to be diploid, regardless of whether a
1052:
binds to the RE and promotes recombination of the HML region. In α cells, the α2 factor binds at the RE and establishes a repressive domain over RE such that recombination is unlikely to occur. An innate bias means that the default behaviour is repair from HMR. The exact mechanisms of these
622:
a and α yeast share the same mating response pathway, with the only difference being the type of receptor each mating type possesses. Thus the above description, given for a-type yeast stimulated with α-factor, works equally well for α-type yeast stimulated with a-factor.
1065:
strains and concluded that matings involving out-crossing occur only about once every 50,000 cell divisions. Thus it appears that, in nature, mating is most often between closely related yeast cells. Mating occurs when haploid cells of opposite mating type
1129:
causes life-threatening meningoencephalitis in immune compromised patients. It undergoes a filamentous transition during the sexual cycle to produce spores, the suspected infectious agent. The vast majority of environmental and clinical isolates of
598:
of the 4 phosphosites. All 4 phosphosites must be dephosphorylated in order for Fus3 to dissociate. Fus3's ability to compete with Ptc1 decreases as Ptc1 is recruited, and thus the rate of dephosphorylation increases with the presence of pheromone.
1138:. The diploid nuclei of blastospores can then undergo meiosis, including recombination, to form haploid basidiospores that can then be dispersed. This process is referred to as monokaryotic fruiting. Required for this process is a gene designated
563:
Mating in yeast is stimulated by the presence of a pheromone which binds to either the Ste2 receptor (in a-cells) or the Ste3 receptor (in α-cells). The binding of this pheromone then leads to the activation of a
539:
alleles, and will behave like a diploid cell: it will not produce or respond to mating pheromones, and when starved will attempt to undergo meiosis, with fatal results. Similarly, deletion of one copy of the
4876:: study shows that there are great similarities between the parts of DNA that determine the sex of plants and animals and the parts of DNA that determine mating types in certain fungi. Accessed 5 April 2008.
612:
Multi-site phosphorylation – Fus3 only dissociates from Ste5 and becomes fully active when all 4 of the phosphosites are dephosphorylated. Even one phosphorylated site will result in immunity to α-factor.
1134:
are mating type α. Filaments ordinarily have haploid nuclei, but these can undergo a process of diploidization (perhaps by endoduplication or stimulated nuclear fusion) to form diploid cells termed
305:
located on chromosome III. The MAT locus is usually divided into five regions (W, X, Y, Z1, and Z2) based on the sequences shared among the two mating types. The difference lies in the Y region (Y
258:
cells also repress the genes associated with being an α cell. Similarly, α cells activate genes which produce α-factor and produce a cell surface receptor (Ste3) which binds and responds to
160:
cell can only mate with an α cell, and vice versa) to produce a stable diploid cell. Diploid cells, usually upon facing stressful conditions such as nutrient depletion, can undergo
396:
or α), and respond to the mating pheromone produced by haploid cells of the opposite mating type, and can mate with cells of the opposite mating type. Haploid cells cannot undergo
215:-factor by growing a projection towards the source of the pheromone. The response of haploid cells only to the mating pheromones of the opposite mating type allows mating between
4245:"The Saccharomyces cerevisiae recombination enhancer biases recombination during interchromosomal mating-type switching but not in interchromosomal homologous recombination"
913:
are attracted to the cut DNA ends and begin to degrade the DNA on both sides of the cut site. This DNA degradation by exonucleases eliminates the DNA which encoded the
4540:
Birdsell JA, Wills C (2003). "The evolutionary origin and maintenance of sexual recombination: A review of contemporary models.". In MacIntyre RJ, Clegg MT (eds.).
423:
and α transcriptional patterns, haploid cells of both mating types share a haploid transcriptional pattern which activates haploid-specific genes (such as
2572:
Malleshaiah MK, Shahrezaei V, Swain PS, Michnick SW (May 2010). "The scaffold protein Ste5 directly controls a switch-like mating decision in yeast".
2476:"The beta subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein triggers the Kluyveromyces lactis pheromone response pathway in the absence of the gamma subunit"
203:
cells respond to α-factor, the α cell mating pheromone, by growing a projection (known as a shmoo, due to its distinctive shape resembling the
1863:"Insights on life cycle and cell identity regulatory circuits for unlocking genetic improvement in Zygosaccharomyces and Kluyveromyces yeasts"
156:, with daughter cells budding from mother cells. Haploid cells are capable of mating with other haploid cells of the opposite mating type (an
4836:
3489:
2360:
2223:
2029:
1646:
615:
Two-stage binding – Fus3 and Ptc1 bind to separate docking sites on Ste5. Only after docking can they bind to, and act on, the phosphosites.
144:, have unique mating behaviours and regulatory mechanisms, demonstrating the diversity and adaptability of yeast reproductive strategies.
4583:
4566:
1186:
for the Greek α. The usual convention is to print both in the same weight, but doing so would make the two letters hard to tell apart in
4497:
Ruderfer DM, Pratt SC, Seidel HS, Kruglyak L (September 2006). "Population genomic analysis of outcrossing and recombination in yeast".
510:
2047:"Chimeric Sex-Determining Chromosomal Regions and Dysregulation of Cell-Type Identity in a Sterile Zygosaccharomyces Allodiploid Yeast"
4549:
351:
encodes the α1 and α2 genes, which in haploids direct the transcription of the α-specific transcriptional program (such as expressing
3673:
1217:
4717:
Lin X, Hull CM, Heitman J (April 2005). "Sexual reproduction between partners of the same mating type in
Cryptococcus neoformans".
2201:
569:
2617:"Negative Feedback Phosphorylation of Gγ Subunit Ste18 and the Ste5 Scaffold Synergistically Regulates MAPK Activation in Yeast"
803:
These additional copies of the mating type information do not interfere with the function of whatever allele is present at the
1166:
could be to promote DNA repair in a DNA damaging environment that could include the defensive responses of the infected host.
487:
allele (the α1 and α2 genes) triggers the diploid transcriptional program. Similarly, the presence of only a single allele of
4665:"Oxidative stress activates FUS1 and RLM1 transcription in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in an oxidant-dependent Manner"
3895:
Faure G, Jézéquel K, Roisné-Hamelin F, Bitard-Feildel T, Lamiable A, Marcand S, et al. (February 2019). Wolfe K (ed.).
4392:"Donor Preference Meets Heterochromatin: Moonlighting Activities of a Recombinational Enhancer in Saccharomyces cerevisiae"
2007:
2474:
Navarro-Olmos R, Kawasaki L, Domínguez-Ramírez L, Ongay-Larios L, Pérez-Molina R, Coria R (February 2010). Boone C (ed.).
3507:"The yeast mating-type switching endonuclease HO is a domesticated member of an unorthodox homing genetic element family"
2525:"MAPK modulation of yeast pheromone signaling output and the role of phosphorylation sites in the scaffold protein Ste5"
4904:
4769:
796:
loci are often referred to as the silent mating cassettes, as the information present there is 'read into' the active
1624:
1712:
Lee CS, Haber JE (April 2015). Gellert M, Craig N (eds.). "Mating-type Gene
Switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae".
4914:
4899:
4294:"The DNA repair protein yKu80 regulates the function of recombination enhancer during yeast mating type switching"
4204:"DNA damage response-mediated degradation of Ho endonuclease via the ubiquitin system involves its nuclear export"
2813:"Signal transduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation of FUS3 and KSS1"
4343:"Mcm1 regulates donor preference controlled by the recombination enhancer in Saccharomyces mating-type switching"
1092:
601:
Kss1, a homologue of Fus3, does not affect shmooing, and does not contribute to the switch-like mating decision.
134:
4155:"The Conformation of Yeast Chromosome III Is Mating Type Dependent and Controlled by the Recombination Enhancer"
565:
56:
26:
675:
2666:"Function and regulation in MAPK signaling pathways: lessons learned from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae"
2336:
2003:
3558:"Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of the yeast Mat(alpha)2 repressor enables a switch in developmental state"
1121:
1037:
608:
The decision to mate is extremely sensitive. There are 3 ways in which this ultrasensitivity is maintained:
579:
The switching mechanism arises as a result of competition between the Fus3 protein (a MAPK protein) and the
235:
152:
Yeasts can stably exist as either a diploid or a haploid. Both haploid and diploid yeast cells reproduce by
140:
96:, which governs the mating behaviour of the cells. Haploid yeast can switch mating types through a form of
3465:
3236:"Cyclin-specific docking motifs promote phosphorylation of yeast signaling proteins by G1/S Cdk complexes"
2197:
1620:
854:
85:
3405:
Muller N, Piel M, Calvez V, Voituriez R, Gonçalves-Sá J, Guo CL, et al. (April 2016). Rao CV (ed.).
1014:
allele cut by the HO endonuclease will almost always repair the damage using the information present at
461:
cell and an α cell, and thus possess 32 chromosomes (in 16 pairs), including one chromosome bearing the
247:
97:
4439:
Catalani E, Fanelli G, Silvestri F, Cherubini A, Del
Quondam S, Bongiorni S, et al. (July 2021).
3607:"A modeling study of budding yeast colony formation and its relationship to budding pattern and aging"
3179:"A combination of multisite phosphorylation and substrate sequestration produces switchlike responses"
2106:"Interspecies variation reveals a conserved repressor of alpha-specific genes in Saccharomyces yeasts"
371:
2 gene with no apparent function that shares much of its sequence with α2; however, other yeasts like
4784:
4726:
4058:
3710:
3618:
3418:
3361:
3304:
3247:
3190:
3062:"Mating yeast cells use an intrinsic polarity site to assemble a pheromone-gradient tracking machine"
2865:
2581:
2162:
2058:
1760:
1404:
874:
gene is a tightly regulated haploid-specific gene that is only activated in haploid cells during the
594:
with Fus3 attempting to phosphorylate the phosphosites, and Ptc1 attempting to dephosphorylate them.
109:
3505:
Coughlan AY, Lombardi L, Braun-Galleani S, Martos AA, Galeote V, Bigey F, et al. (April 2020).
3013:"Pheromone-induced morphogenesis and gradient tracking are dependent on the MAPK Fus3 binding to Gα"
635:
A haploid yeast dividing and undergoing a mating type switch, allowing mating and diploid formation.
4153:
Belton JM, Lajoie BR, Audibert S, Cantaloube S, Lassadi I, Goiffon I, et al. (December 2015).
2962:"Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) dynamics determine cell fate in the yeast mating response"
2762:
Nagiec MJ, McCarter PC, Kelley JB, Dixit G, Elston TC, Dohlman HG (September 2015). Boone C (ed.).
1292:"Biogenesis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae pheromone a-factor, from yeast mating to human disease"
1155:
514:
360:
3897:"Discovery and Evolution of New Domains in Yeast Heterochromatin Factor Sir4 and Its Partner Esc1"
975:
locus after cutting by the HO endonuclease almost always results in a mating type switch. When an
555:
allele, will cause a cell with a diploid complement of chromosomes to behave like a haploid cell.
4873:
4750:
4596:
4522:
1912:"Combined analysis of expression data and transcription factor binding sites in the yeast genome"
1861:
Solieri L, Cassanelli S, Huff F, Barroso L, Branduardi P, Louis EJ, et al. (December 2021).
4106:"Multiple pathways of recombination induced by double-strand breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae"
2245:
Lengeler KB, Davidson RC, D'souza C, Harashima T, Shen WC, Wang P, et al. (December 2000).
431:). Similarly, diploid cells activate diploid-specific genes and repress haploid-specific genes.
3797:"Design of a minimal silencer for the silent mating-type locus HML of Saccharomyces cerevisiae"
2427:"Tracking yeast pheromone receptor Ste2 endocytosis using fluorogen-activating protein tagging"
1096:
is a facultative sexual yeast that can undergo mating when nutrients are limiting. Exposure of
664:
gene; see below); this allows the stable propagation of haploid yeast, as haploid cells of the
104:. When two haploid cells of opposite mating types encounter each other, they undergo a complex
4909:
4832:
4800:
4742:
4694:
4645:
4588:
4545:
4514:
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4421:
4372:
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4274:
4225:
4184:
4135:
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4024:
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3826:
3777:
3728:
3679:
3669:
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3587:
3538:
3485:
3446:
3387:
3330:
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3216:
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2744:
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2646:
2597:
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2505:
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2317:
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2219:
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2025:
1984:
1943:
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1694:
1642:
1601:
1552:
1490:
1432:
1373:
1321:
1272:
1223:
1213:
1125:
is a basidiomycetous fungus that grows as a budding yeast in culture and in an infected host.
287:
129:
108:
process that leads to cell fusion and the formation of a diploid cell. Diploid cells can then
47:
3160:"Adventures in Time and Space: What Shapes Behavioural Decisions in Drosophila melanogaster?"
4792:
4734:
4684:
4676:
4635:
4627:
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4506:
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4411:
4403:
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4006:
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3908:
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3808:
3767:
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3626:
3577:
3569:
3528:
3518:
3477:
3436:
3426:
3377:
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3320:
3312:
3263:
3255:
3206:
3198:
3130:
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3032:
3024:
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2973:
2932:
2924:
2883:
2873:
2824:
2783:
2775:
2734:
2726:
2685:
2677:
2636:
2628:
2589:
2544:
2536:
2495:
2487:
2446:
2438:
2397:
2389:
2348:
2307:
2266:
2258:
2211:
2170:
2125:
2117:
2076:
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2017:
1974:
1933:
1923:
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1833:
1823:
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1768:
1721:
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1591:
1583:
1542:
1534:
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1422:
1412:
1363:
1355:
1311:
1303:
1262:
1254:
1205:
653:
591:
528:
haploid cell. Despite having a haploid complement of chromosomes, the cell now has both the
404:
cells do not produce or respond to either mating pheromone and do not mate, but can undergo
373:
959:
serve as a source of genetic information to repair the HO-induced DNA damage at the active
72:, or diploid cells, which contain two sets of chromosomes. Haploid yeast cells come in two
4894:
4879:
2425:
Emmerstorfer-Augustin A, Augustin CM, Shams S, Thorner J (November 2018). Glick BS (ed.).
1910:
Nagaraj VH, O'Flanagan RA, Bruning AR, Mathias JR, Vershon AK, Sengupta AM (August 2004).
1725:
863:
843:
660:
have been altered such that they cannot perform mating type switching (by deletion of the
618:
Steric hindrance – competition between Fus3 and Ptc1 to control the 4 phosphosites on Ste3
415:
and α cells, different patterns of gene repression and activation are responsible for the
120:
180:
Two haploid yeast of opposite mating types secrete pheromones, grow projections and mate.
4823:
Scott MP, Matsudaira P, Lodish H, Darnell J, Zipursky L, Kaiser CA, et al. (2004).
4788:
4730:
4062:
3846:"A single Ho-induced double-strand break at the MAT locus is lethal in Candida glabrata"
3714:
3622:
3422:
3365:
3308:
3251:
3194:
2869:
2585:
2166:
2062:
1764:
1408:
1267:
1242:
4471:
4440:
4416:
4391:
4318:
4293:
4269:
4244:
4179:
4154:
3995:"Cell cycle-regulated histone acetylation required for expression of the yeast HO gene"
3970:
3946:"Mating-type switching by homology-directed recombinational repair: a matter of choice"
3945:
3921:
3896:
3872:
3845:
3821:
3796:
3772:
3747:
3641:
3606:
3533:
3506:
3473:
3441:
3406:
3382:
3349:
3325:
3292:
3268:
3235:
3211:
3178:
3135:
3110:
3086:
3061:
3037:
3012:
2988:
2961:
2937:
2912:
2888:
2853:
2788:
2763:
2739:
2714:
2690:
2665:
2641:
2616:
2549:
2524:
2500:
2475:
2451:
2426:
2402:
2377:
2352:
2344:
2207:
2130:
2105:
2081:
2046:
2021:
2013:
1887:
1862:
1838:
1807:
1630:
1596:
1571:
1547:
1522:
1485:
1460:
1427:
1392:
1368:
1343:
1316:
1291:
731:
631:
251:
105:
4689:
4664:
4640:
4615:
4367:
4342:
4081:
4046:
4019:
3994:
3723:
3698:
3582:
3557:
1938:
1911:
1783:
1748:
1689:
1672:
838:
will influence cell behaviour. Hidden mating type loci are epigenetically silenced by
572:
cascade components) to the membrane, and ultimately results in the phosphorylation of
211:) towards the source of α-factor. Similarly, α cells produce α-factor, and respond to
4888:
4825:
4309:
4130:
4105:
2271:
2246:
2215:
1808:"Post-Transcriptional Control of Mating-Type Gene Expression during Gametogenesis in
644:
434:
The different gene expression patterns of haploids and diploids are again due to the
89:
4631:
4600:
4441:"Nutraceutical Strategy to Counteract Eye Neurodegeneration and Oxidative Stress in
2854:"Ultrasensitivity in phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycles with little substrate"
1393:"Modelling of Yeast Mating Reveals Robustness Strategies for Cell-Cell Interactions"
605:
avoid wasting energy), but it must also be fast to avoid losing the potential mate.
4754:
4121:
2262:
1570:
Gastaldi S, Zamboni M, Bolasco G, Di Segni G, Tocchini-Valentini GP (August 2016).
895:
643:
and α. Consequently, even if a single haploid cell of a given mating type founds a
278:
The different sets of transcriptional repression and activation which characterize
176:
21:
4526:
2393:
1182:
For the sake of clarity, this article bolds the Latin letter "a" and uses regular
457:), which determines their mating type. Diploid cells result from the mating of an
4796:
4170:
4045:
Butler G, Kenny C, Fagan A, Kurischko C, Gaillardin C, Wolfe KH (February 2004).
3862:
3631:
3431:
2878:
2681:
2632:
2071:
1417:
4407:
4260:
3763:
1572:"Analysis of random PCR-originated mutants of the yeast Ste2 and Ste3 receptors"
1538:
1476:
1209:
1183:
1135:
910:
839:
580:
125:
73:
4616:"Sexual reproduction as a response to H2O2 damage in Schizosaccharomyces pombe"
4051:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3202:
3011:
Errede B, Vered L, Ford E, Pena MI, Elston TC (September 2015). Boone C (ed.).
2045:
Bizzarri M, Giudici P, Cassanelli S, Solieri L (2016-04-11). Fairhead C (ed.).
1753:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1258:
1040:(RE) located on the left arm of chromosome III. Deletion of this region causes
4341:
Wu C, Weiss K, Yang C, Harris MA, Tye BK, Newlon CS, et al. (June 1998).
3961:
3316:
3259:
2764:"Signal inhibition by a dynamically regulated pool of monophosphorylated MAPK"
1673:"Evolution of a combinatorial transcriptional circuit: a case study in yeasts"
1204:. Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). Vol. 177. pp. 9–14.
1187:
1109:. The mating-type switching system is similar, but has evolved independently.
918:
883:
657:
439:
101:
69:
3683:
2978:
1878:
1806:
Yeager R, Bushkin GG, Singer E, Fu R, Cooperman B, McMurray M (August 2021).
707:
Haploid yeast switch mating type by replacing the information present at the
4680:
4584:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0061(199812)14:16<1529::AID-YEA357>3.0.CO;2-0
4071:
3844:
Maroc L, Zhou-Li Y, Boisnard S, Fairhead C (October 2020). Heitman J (ed.).
3126:
3028:
2928:
2779:
2540:
2491:
2442:
416:
223:
192:
81:
61:
4804:
4746:
4698:
4518:
4480:
4461:
4425:
4358:
4327:
4278:
4229:
4220:
4203:
4188:
4139:
4090:
4028:
4010:
3979:
3930:
3881:
3830:
3781:
3650:
3591:
3542:
3481:
3450:
3391:
3334:
3277:
3220:
3144:
3109:
Marini G, Nüske E, Leng W, Alberti S, Pigino G (June 2020). Bloom K (ed.).
3095:
3046:
2997:
2946:
2913:"Ser/Thr protein phosphatases in fungi: structure, regulation and function"
2897:
2797:
2748:
2699:
2650:
2601:
2558:
2509:
2460:
2411:
2321:
2312:
2295:
2280:
2139:
2090:
1988:
1947:
1928:
1896:
1847:
1773:
1733:
1698:
1638:
1605:
1556:
1494:
1436:
1377:
1325:
1276:
1227:
1162:; also Michod et al.). Lin et al. suggested that one benefit of meiosis in
419:
differences between haploid and diploid cells. In addition to the specific
4649:
4592:
4376:
3732:
3077:
2838:
2296:"The unfolded protein response is required for haploid tolerance in yeast"
2247:"Signal transduction cascades regulating fungal development and virulence"
2182:
1792:
1307:
4846:
3912:
3812:
2829:
2812:
1828:
875:
4738:
4544:. Evolutionary Biology Series. Vol. 33. Springer. pp. 27–137.
3573:
3523:
3373:
3060:
Wang X, Tian W, Banh BT, Statler BM, Liang J, Stone DE (November 2019).
2730:
2593:
2121:
1979:
1962:
1359:
586:. These proteins both attempt to control the 4 phosphorylation sites of
84:
to identify and interact with the opposite type, thus displaying simple
3407:"A Predictive Model for Yeast Cell Polarization in Pheromone Gradients"
2153:
Leupold U (February 1980). "Transposable mating-type genes in yeasts".
1963:"Changes in developmental state: demolish the old to construct the new"
1159:
887:
846:
scaffold that prevents transcription from the silent mating cassettes.
652:
haploid or diploid cell founded the colony. The vast majority of yeast
568:. The dimeric portion of this G-protein recruits Ste5 (and its related
405:
401:
397:
389:
204:
161:
153:
113:
65:
3350:"Sensory input attenuation allows predictive sexual response in yeast"
3293:"Asymmetry in sexual pheromones is not required for ascomycete mating"
4047:"Evolution of the MAT locus and its Ho endonuclease in yeast species"
2174:
1587:
1391:
Chen W, Nie Q, Yi TM, Chou CS (July 2016). Edelstein-Keshet L (ed.).
994:
will almost always be repaired by copying the information present at
672:
cells (and α cells will remain α cells), and will not form diploids.
639:
Wild type haploid yeast are capable of switching mating type between
283:
1154:
mediates homologous chromosome pairing during meiosis and repair of
902:
locus (due to the DNA sequence specificity of the HO endonuclease).
4510:
3159:
124:
mating type switching and pheromone signaling allow for occasional
1147:
853:
730:
for the other is possible because yeast cells carry an additional
674:
630:
208:
175:
165:
51:
20:
3111:"Reorganization of budding yeast cytoplasm upon energy depletion"
1523:"Mating-type genes and MAT switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae"
807:
locus because they are not expressed, so a haploid cell with the
1143:
1049:
587:
583:
573:
513:
to program the mating behaviour of the cell. For example, using
262:-factor, and α cells repress the genes associated with being an
231:
119:
The differences between 'a' and 'α' cells, driven by specific
2670:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
1671:
Tsong AE, Miller MG, Raisner RM, Johnson AD (November 2003).
438:
locus. Haploid cells only contain one copy of each of the 16
2004:"Chapter 4 - Genetics – Variation, Sexuality, and Evolution"
1461:"An Evolutionary Perspective on Yeast Mating-Type Switching"
219:
and α cells, but not between cells of the same mating type.
3605:
Wang Y, Lo WC, Chou CS (November 2017). Komarova NL (ed.).
4202:
Kaplun L, Ivantsiv Y, Bakhrat A, Raveh D (December 2003).
2615:
Choudhury S, Baradaran-Mashinchi P, Torres MP (May 2018).
834:
locus is transcribed, and thus only the allele present at
472:
allele. The combination of the information encoded by the
3348:
Banderas A, Koltai M, Anders A, Sourjik V (August 2016).
2960:
Li Y, Roberts J, AkhavanAghdam Z, Hao N (December 2017).
647:
of yeast, mating type switching will cause cells of both
309:
and Yα), which contains most of the genes and promoters.
2852:
Martins BM, Swain PS (2013-08-08). Mac
Gabhann F (ed.).
921:
by copying in the genetic information present at either
100:, allowing them to change mating type as often as every
3699:"Genetic recombination: sex-change operations in yeast"
1200:
Bergman LW (2001). "Growth and maintenance of yeast".
331:-specific transcriptional program (such as expressing
4874:
3993:
Krebs JE, Kuo MH, Allis CD, Peterson CL (June 1999).
3748:"The yeast mating-type switching mechanism: a memoir"
781:
ight) locus typically carries a silenced copy of the
327:
1, which in haploids direct the transcription of the
282:
and α cells are caused by the presence of one of two
2523:
Winters MJ, Pryciak PM (April 2019). Boone C (ed.).
2337:"17 - Telomeres and Aging in the Yeast Model System"
1241:
Börner GV, Hochwagen A, MacQueen AJ (October 2023).
761:
eft) locus typically carries a silenced copy of the
46:, is a fundamental biological process that promotes
2378:"Sex and sugar in yeast: two distinct GPCR systems"
1006:allele, switching the mating type of the cell from
822:cell, despite also having a (silenced) copy of the
4824:
3944:Thon G, Maki T, Haber JE, Iwasaki H (April 2019).
2713:Ariño J, Casamayor A, González A (January 2011).
1747:Wagstaff JE, Klapholz S, Esposito RE (May 1982).
1061:Ruderfer et al. analyzed the ancestry of natural
1029:locus and switching the mating type of α cell to
917:allele; however, the resulting gap in the DNA is
4492:
4490:
3795:Weber JM, Ehrenhofer-Murray AE (December 2010).
2911:Ariño J, Velázquez D, Casamayor A (April 2019).
2376:Versele M, Lemaire K, Thevelein JM (July 2001).
898:, which physically cleaves DNA, but only at the
502:, triggers the haploid transcriptional program.
427:) and represses diploid-specific genes (such as
238:and repressed in cells of the two mating types.
112:or, under nutrient-limiting conditions, undergo
4768:Michod RE, Bernstein H, Nedelcu AM (May 2008).
4292:Ruan C, Workman JL, Simpson RT (October 2005).
715:cell will switch to an α cell by replacing the
544:locus in a diploid cell, leaving only a single
88:. This mating type is determined by a specific
4770:"Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens"
4040:
4038:
1337:
1335:
4663:Staleva L, Hall A, Orlow SJ (December 2004).
4243:Houston P, Simon PJ, Broach JR (March 2004).
2811:Gartner A, Nasmyth K, Ammerer G (July 1992).
2294:Lee K, Neigeborn L, Kaufman RJ (April 2003).
1666:
1664:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
385:Differences between haploid and diploid cells
8:
3466:"Gene Rearrangement in Eukaryotic Organisms"
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1342:Merlini L, Dudin O, Martin SG (March 2013).
1053:interactions are still under investigation.
250:(Ste2) which binds to α-factor and triggers
4712:
4710:
4708:
3556:Laney JD, Hochstrasser M (September 2003).
1290:Michaelis S, Barrowman J (September 2012).
132:. Furthermore, certain yeast species, like
4831:(Fifth ed.). WH Freeman and Col, NY.
4110:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
2251:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
1296:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
1044:cells to incorrectly repair using HMR. In
862:The process of mating type switching is a
726:allele. This replacement of one allele of
468:allele and another chromosome bearing the
230:and α cells are due to a different set of
4688:
4639:
4582:
4470:
4460:
4415:
4366:
4317:
4268:
4219:
4178:
4129:
4080:
4070:
4018:
3969:
3920:
3871:
3861:
3820:
3771:
3722:
3640:
3630:
3581:
3532:
3522:
3440:
3430:
3381:
3324:
3267:
3210:
3134:
3085:
3036:
2987:
2977:
2936:
2887:
2877:
2828:
2787:
2738:
2689:
2640:
2548:
2499:
2450:
2401:
2311:
2270:
2129:
2080:
2070:
1978:
1937:
1927:
1886:
1837:
1827:
1782:
1772:
1688:
1595:
1546:
1484:
1426:
1416:
1367:
1315:
1266:
1010:to α. Similarly, an α cell which has its
363:) which causes the cell to be an α cell.
3291:Gonçalves-Sá J, Murray A (August 2011).
3164:Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
2002:Watkinson SC, Boddy L, Money NP (2016).
967:Directionality of the mating type switch
929:, filling in a new allele of either the
830:. Only the allele present at the active
442:and thus can only possess one allele of
3177:Liu X, Bardwell L, Nie Q (April 2010).
2715:"Type 2C protein phosphatases in fungi"
1961:Voth WP, Stillman DJ (September 2003).
1175:
3668:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 174.
3234:Bhaduri S, Pryciak PM (October 2011).
1344:"Mate and fuse: how yeast cells do it"
1036:This is the result of the action of a
3666:Handbook of nucleic acid purification
1726:10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0013-2014
411:Like the differences between haploid
377:do have a functional and distinct MAT
68:cells, which contain a single set of
7:
2203:Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry
940:gene. Thus, the silenced alleles of
858:Yeast mating type promoter structure
4614:Bernstein C, Johns V (April 1989).
4390:Dodson AE, Rine J (November 2016).
4208:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2966:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2300:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
850:Mechanics of the mating type switch
392:cells are one of two mating types (
242:cells activate genes which produce
4880:Andrew Murray's Seminar: Yeast Sex
2664:Chen RE, Thorner J (August 2007).
2353:10.1016/B978-0-12-369391-4.X5000-0
2341:Handbook of Models for Human Aging
2022:10.1016/B978-0-12-382034-1.00004-9
60:(baker's yeast) are single-celled
14:
4777:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
1142:, a conserved homologue of genes
195:which signals the presence of an
172:Differences between a and α cells
168:: two a spores and two α spores.
80:and 'α', each producing specific
34:with shmoo responding to α-factor
4310:10.1128/MCB.25.19.8476-8485.2005
4104:Pâques F, Haber JE (June 1999).
1459:Hanson SJ, Wolfe KH (May 2017).
4632:10.1128/jb.171.4.1893-1897.1989
408:to produce four haploid cells.
116:to produce new haploid spores.
4298:Molecular and Cellular Biology
4122:10.1128/MMBR.63.2.349-404.1999
3158:Malek H, Long T (2019-01-01).
2263:10.1128/MMBR.64.4.746-785.2000
2216:10.1016/B0-12-443710-9/00723-7
691:locus on yeast chromosome III.
199:cell to neighbouring α cells.
1:
4851:Saccharomyces Genome Database
4669:Molecular Biology of the Cell
3724:10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00012-1
3464:Brenner S, Miller JH (2001).
3115:Molecular Biology of the Cell
3017:Molecular Biology of the Cell
2768:Molecular Biology of the Cell
2529:Molecular Biology of the Cell
2480:Molecular Biology of the Cell
2431:Molecular Biology of the Cell
2104:Zill OA, Rine J (June 2008).
1690:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00885-7
1619:Brenner S, Miller JH (2001).
814:allele present at the active
703:: the silent mating cassettes
4797:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002
4171:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.063
3901:Genome Biology and Evolution
3863:10.1371/journal.pgen.1008627
3632:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005843
3432:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004795
2879:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003175
2682:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.05.003
2633:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.135
2196:Lennarz WJ, Lane MD (2004).
2072:10.1371/journal.pone.0152558
1418:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004988
1105:locus is similar to that in
4567:"Fusion of a fission yeast"
4408:10.1534/genetics.116.194696
4261:10.1534/genetics.166.3.1187
3764:10.1534/genetics.110.122531
3066:The Journal of Cell Biology
2394:10.1093/embo-reports/kve132
2198:"Transcriptional Silencing"
1539:10.1534/genetics.111.134577
1477:10.1534/genetics.117.202036
505:The alleles present at the
16:Biological process of yeast
4931:
3611:PLOS Computational Biology
3411:PLOS Computational Biology
3203:10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.4307
2858:PLOS Computational Biology
1749:"Meiosis in haploid yeast"
1397:PLOS Computational Biology
1243:"Meiosis in budding yeast"
4565:Davey J (December 1998).
4445:Fed with High-Sugar Diet"
3962:10.1007/s00294-018-0900-2
3317:10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.054
3260:10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.033
1210:10.1385/1-59259-210-4:009
1093:Schizosaccharomyces pombe
524:allele can be added to a
135:Schizosaccharomyces pombe
64:that can exist as either
44:yeast sexual reproduction
3746:Klar AJ (October 2010).
3697:Shore D (January 1997).
3470:Encyclopedia of Genetics
2979:10.1074/jbc.AC117.000548
1810:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
1626:Encyclopedia of Genetics
1259:10.1093/genetics/iyad125
905:Once HO cuts the DNA at
668:mating type will remain
566:heterotrimeric G protein
164:to produce four haploid
57:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
54:species. Yeasts such as
27:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
4681:10.1091/mbc.e04-02-0142
4620:Journal of Bacteriology
4443:Drosophila melanogaster
4347:Genes & Development
4072:10.1073/pnas.0304170101
3999:Genes & Development
3562:Genes & Development
3127:10.1091/mbc.E20-02-0125
3029:10.1091/mbc.e15-03-0176
2929:10.15698/mic2019.05.677
2817:Genes & Development
2780:10.1091/mbc.e15-01-0037
2541:10.1091/mbc.E18-12-0793
2492:10.1091/mbc.e09-06-0472
2443:10.1091/mbc.E18-07-0424
2110:Genes & Development
1967:Genes & Development
1122:Cryptococcus neoformans
1115:Cryptococcus neoformans
866:event initiated by the
711:locus. For example, an
679:Location of the silent
141:Cryptococcus neoformans
4827:Molecular Cell Biology
4462:10.3390/antiox10081197
4359:10.1101/gad.12.11.1726
4221:10.1074/jbc.M308671200
4011:10.1101/gad.13.11.1412
3801:Nucleic Acids Research
3482:10.1006/rwgn.2001.0518
2313:10.1074/jbc.M210475200
1929:10.1186/1471-2164-5-59
1879:10.1093/femsyr/foab058
1774:10.1073/pnas.79.9.2986
1720:(2): MDNA3–0013–2014.
1639:10.1006/rwgn.2001.0162
1038:recombination enhancer
1002:being repaired to the
986:allele present at the
859:
692:
636:
323:encodes a gene called
246:-factor and produce a
181:
86:sexual differentiation
35:
3354:Nature Communications
3078:10.1083/jcb.201901155
1714:Microbiology Spectrum
1521:Haber JE (May 2012).
1308:10.1128/MMBR.00010-12
1057:Mating and inbreeding
857:
678:
634:
627:Mating type switching
515:genetic manipulations
248:cell surface receptor
179:
98:genetic recombination
24:
4542:Evolutionary Biology
3476:. pp. 798–800.
2830:10.1101/gad.6.7.1280
2347:. pp. 191–205.
2210:. pp. 200–203.
1829:10.3390/biom11081223
1633:. pp. 275–278.
1156:double-strand breaks
687:loci and the active
226:differences between
4789:2008InfGE...8..267M
4739:10.1038/nature03448
4731:2005Natur.434.1017L
4725:(7036): 1017–1021.
4214:(49): 48727–48734.
4063:2004PNAS..101.1632B
3715:1997CBio....7..R24S
3623:2017PLSCB..13E5843W
3574:10.1101/gad.1115703
3524:10.7554/eLife.55336
3423:2016PLSCB..12E4795M
3374:10.1038/ncomms12590
3366:2016NatCo...712590B
3309:2011CBio...21.1337G
3252:2011CBio...21.1615B
3195:2010BpJ....98.1396L
3183:Biophysical Journal
2972:(50): 20354–20361.
2870:2013PLSCB...9E3175M
2731:10.1128/EC.00249-10
2594:10.1038/nature08946
2586:2010Natur.465..101M
2306:(14): 11818–11827.
2167:1980Natur.283..811L
2122:10.1101/gad.1640008
2063:2016PLoSO..1152558B
2016:. pp. 99–139.
1980:10.1101/gad.1142103
1867:FEMS Yeast Research
1765:1982PNAS...79.2986W
1409:2016PLSCB..12E4988C
1360:10.1098/rsob.130008
788:allele. The silent
191:-factor', a mating
110:reproduce asexually
4905:Molecular genetics
3913:10.1093/gbe/evz010
3813:10.1093/nar/gkq689
1202:Two-Hybrid Systems
998:. This results in
990:locus, the cut at
971:The repair of the
860:
826:allele present at
818:locus is still an
693:
637:
339:) that defines an
207:cartoon character
182:
50:and adaptation in
36:
4915:Sexual dimorphism
4900:Molecular biology
4838:978-0-7167-4366-8
4675:(12): 5574–5582.
4577:(16): 1529–1566.
4353:(11): 1726–1737.
4304:(19): 8476–8485.
4005:(11): 1412–1421.
3807:(22): 7991–8000.
3568:(18): 2259–2270.
3491:978-0-12-227080-2
3303:(16): 1337–1346.
3246:(19): 1615–1623.
3121:(12): 1232–1245.
3072:(11): 3730–3752.
3023:(18): 3343–3358.
2774:(18): 3359–3371.
2580:(7294): 101–105.
2437:(22): 2720–2736.
2362:978-0-12-369391-4
2225:978-0-12-443710-4
2161:(5750): 811–812.
2116:(12): 1704–1716.
2031:978-0-12-382034-1
1973:(18): 2201–2204.
1648:978-0-12-227080-2
1146:in bacteria, and
1101:structure of the
734:copy of both the
288:mating-type locus
254:within the cell.
130:genetic variation
48:genetic diversity
4922:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4842:
4830:
4809:
4808:
4774:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4714:
4703:
4702:
4692:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4643:
4626:(4): 1893–1897.
4611:
4605:
4604:
4586:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4505:(9): 1077–1081.
4494:
4485:
4484:
4474:
4464:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4419:
4402:(3): 1065–1074.
4387:
4381:
4380:
4370:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4321:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4272:
4255:(3): 1187–1197.
4240:
4234:
4233:
4223:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4182:
4165:(9): 1855–1867.
4150:
4144:
4143:
4133:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4084:
4074:
4057:(6): 1632–1637.
4042:
4033:
4032:
4022:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3973:
3950:Current Genetics
3941:
3935:
3934:
3924:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3875:
3865:
3856:(10): e1008627.
3841:
3835:
3834:
3824:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3775:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3644:
3634:
3617:(11): e1005843.
3602:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3536:
3526:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3444:
3434:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3385:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3271:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3214:
3189:(8): 1396–1407.
3174:
3168:
3167:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3138:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3040:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2981:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2940:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2891:
2881:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2832:
2823:(7): 1280–1292.
2808:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2693:
2676:(8): 1311–1340.
2661:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2627:(5): 1504–1515.
2612:
2606:
2605:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2552:
2535:(8): 1037–1049.
2520:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2335:Conn PM (2006).
2332:
2326:
2325:
2315:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2274:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2175:10.1038/283811a0
2150:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2074:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2012:(3rd ed.).
1999:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1931:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1890:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1831:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1776:
1759:(9): 2986–2990.
1744:
1738:
1737:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1621:"Cassette Model"
1616:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1588:10.1002/mbo3.361
1576:MicrobiologyOpen
1567:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1518:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1456:
1441:
1440:
1430:
1420:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1197:
1191:
1180:
896:DNA endonuclease
765:allele, and the
722:allele with the
592:scaffold protein
559:Decision to mate
491:, whether it is
483:1 gene) and the
374:Candida albicans
42:, also known as
4930:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4885:
4884:
4870:
4865:
4856:
4854:
4845:
4839:
4822:
4818:
4816:Further reading
4813:
4812:
4772:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4716:
4715:
4706:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4552:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4499:Nature Genetics
4496:
4495:
4488:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4044:
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3703:Current Biology
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3417:(4): e1004795.
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3297:Current Biology
3290:
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3240:Current Biology
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2864:(8): e1003175.
2851:
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2719:Eukaryotic Cell
2712:
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2195:
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2152:
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2147:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2057:(4): e0152558.
2044:
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2032:
2001:
2000:
1996:
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1959:
1955:
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1502:
1458:
1457:
1444:
1403:(7): e1004988.
1390:
1389:
1385:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1220:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1150:in eukaryotes.
1118:
1113:Self-mating in
1089:
1084:
1059:
969:
890:encoded by the
879:
864:gene conversion
852:
844:heterochromatin
842:, which form a
705:
629:
561:
387:
361:prepro-α-factor
335:and repressing
276:
234:being actively
174:
150:
121:gene expression
40:mating of yeast
17:
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11:
5:
4928:
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4868:External links
4866:
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4783:(3): 267–285.
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3689:
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3664:Liu D (2009).
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2014:Academic Press
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1164:C. neoformans
1161:
1157:
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1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:C. neoformans
1128:
1127:C. neoformans
1124:
1123:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1107:S. cerevisiae
1104:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1087:Fission yeast
1086:
1082:Special cases
1081:
1079:
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1071:
1064:
1063:S. cerevisiae
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745:alleles: the
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365:S. cerevisiae
362:
358:
355:, repressing
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90:genetic locus
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4855:. Retrieved
4850:
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4541:
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4502:
4498:
4452:
4449:Antioxidants
4448:
4442:
4434:
4399:
4395:
4385:
4350:
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4336:
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4297:
4287:
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4197:
4162:
4159:Cell Reports
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