150:
265:. Willing to take advantage of Matvei Gedenshtrom's skills and experience, the administration of Western Siberia managed to obtain permission for him to join the public service. In 1827, Gedenshtrom was allowed to return to European Russia and then employed by the Medical Service Corps (Медицинский департамент) as a section chief. In the 1830s, Matvei Gedenshtrom was appointed a postmaster in
285:
256:
by local authorities. On 20 February 1820, Matvei
Gedenshtrom was removed from his post for his autocratic style of management, embezzlement, extortion, and fraud. Speransky's report on his findings was examined by a special committee, established on 28 July 1821. The committee divided all of the
2996:
236:, which did not distract him from scientific research and compiling his mineralogical and botanic collection. Matvei Gedenshtrom was a smart, talented, educated, and kind man, who often helped local
257:
offenders into ten categories. Gedenshtrom found himself in the third category, which meant he could never again be admitted to hold any public posts and had to be banished to an inner guberniya (
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165:, namely, the exploration of the coastline of the Arctic Ocean. Lacking necessary scientific background, Matvei Gedenshtrom had to study a lot in order to be able to reckon a
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146:. In 1808, while working as secretary to a customs inspector, he was arrested in connection with a bribery affair, tried, and then banished to Siberia.
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209:. In 1809, Gedenshtrom visited the eastern shores of an island, discovered by merchants Semyon and Lev Syrovatsky three years earlier, and named it
762:
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In 1813, Matvei
Gedenshtrom was employed by the secretariat of Irkutsk governor. Later on, he was appointed head of district police (исправник) in
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with advice and money. However, he was also known to have been an immoral person and a squanderer. He was one of the closest associates of
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The voyage of the Vega round Asia and Europe: with a historical review of previous journeys along the north coast of the Old world
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244:(then-governor of Irkutsk) and made a sizeable fortune on bread purchases assigned to him by the governor's office. In 1819,
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213:(this name would be officially endorsed in 1810). Gedenshtrom charted the coastline between the mouths of the rivers
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Tammiksaar, Erki (2001). "Mathias von
Hedenström: new lands appear on the map of the northern coast of Siberia".
269:. Upon his retirement, he moved to a village of Kaidukovaya near Tomsk and spent the rest of his days drinking.
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405:. Vol. 11 (2 ed.). Stockholm: Nordisk familjeboks förlag. 1909. p. 191 – via Runeberg.
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306:(Путешествие Геденштрома по Ледовитому морю и островам онаго, лежащим от устья Лены к востоку; 1822)
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of
Siberia) paid a visit to Irkutsk as part of his Siberian tour and exposed many instances of
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2007:
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Matvei
Gedenshtrom published his scientific findings in several separate works and articles:
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Gedenshtrom’s
Journey Across the Arctic Ocean and its Islands, Which Lie to the East of the
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261:). However, it was soon decided not to send him away from Siberia and settle him in
197:
originated during this very expedition. Gedenshtrom established the presence of the
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on 20 September 1845, at the age of 65. He was interred in Tomsk three days later.
214:
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387:. Vol. 2. London: Macmillan and Co. p. 205 – via Internet Archive.
173:
of a given location and use scientific equipment in general. Gedenshtrom led the
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Description of the Arctic Ocean coastline from the Yana estuary to Cape
Baranov
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134:. He did not finish his studies and left his alma mater in favor of work at
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312:(Описание берегов Ледовитого моря от устья Яны до Баранова камня; 1823)
262:
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189:
Pyotr
Pshenitsyn and Ivan Kozhevin). The theory about the existence of
158:
135:
124:
104:
398:
1682:
1007:
459:
123:
to
Mathias Hedenström (1733–1799), a Swedish political refugee from
1068:
266:
127:. Matvei Gedenshtrom himself was still a Swedish citizen in 1798.
57:
342:(Головы неизвестных животных, находимых в Северной Сибири; 1838)
116:
42:
2259:
501:
463:
161:
and received his first duty assignment by
Minister of Commerce
138:
customs. Until 1806, he worked in Riga as a translator for
201:– patches of open water in sea ice at the edge of the
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2968:
2555:
2295:
1668:
1199:
1044:
542:
64:
49:
28:
21:
340:Heads of Unknown Animals Found in Northern Siberia
89:20 September] 1845), also known by his
452:This article includes content derived from the
153:1827 map of Gedenshtrom's 1809–1811 expedition
475:
98:
8:
3634:Baltic-German people from the Russian Empire
414:
412:
2269:
2256:
511:
498:
482:
468:
460:
18:
3540:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
283:
157:Later that year, Gedenshtrom arrived in
148:
144:Governor-General of the Baltic provinces
3115:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
370:
352:Material for the Description of Siberia
103:), was a Russian explorer of Northern
354:(Материалы для описания Сибири; 1841)
330:(Острова между Леною и Колымою; 1838)
7:
16:Russian explorer of Northern Siberia
2901:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1098:Norse colonization of North America
328:Islands Between the Lena and Kolyma
2430:United States Exploring Expedition
14:
3639:Russian people of Swedish descent
3609:Explorers from the Russian Empire
3504:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
2872:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
221:. He also made many trips across
3398:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
2791:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
454:Russian Biographical Dictionary
140:Count Friedrich von Buxhoeveden
107:, writer, and public servant.
95:Matvei Matveyevich Gedenshtrom
1:
2777:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
2712:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
85:; 1780 – 2 October [
3134:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
2950:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
2756:French Antarctic Expeditions
2686:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
2572:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
690:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
2219:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
1898:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
763:Andrée's balloon expedition
272:Matvei Gedenshtrom died in
193:somewhere northwest of the
100:Матвей Матвеевич Геденштром
3660:
3644:University of Tartu alumni
1420:Franklin's lost expedition
1120:Christian IV's expeditions
177:expedition to explore the
2272:
2268:
2255:
1774:Great Northern Expedition
1450:Rae–Richardson expedition
650:British Arctic Expedition
514:
510:
497:
433:10.1017/S0032247400026760
291:(Отрывки о Сибири; 1830).
130:Gedenshtrom attended the
99:
3058:British Antarctic Survey
3052:Captain Arturo Prat Base
2297:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
379:Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik
324:(Отрывки о Сибири; 1830)
318:(Записки о Сибири; 1829)
115:Gedenshtrom was born in
3619:Russian polar explorers
3534:Pole of inaccessibility
3197:Antarctic Treaty System
1538:2nd Grinnell expedition
292:
225:and areas east of the
154:
3204:Transglobe Expedition
3103:Operation Deep Freeze
2512:Challenger expedition
1378:Coppermine expedition
899:Drifting ice stations
399:"Hedenström, Mattias"
287:
152:
3629:New Siberian Islands
3624:Russian male writers
3614:Explorers of Siberia
336:(Новая Сибирь; 1838)
179:New Siberian Islands
3374:South magnetic pole
2040:Brusilov expedition
1149:Danish colonization
587:North magnetic pole
254:official misconduct
132:University of Tartu
119:, then part of the
79:Matthias Hedenström
3604:Estonian explorers
3065:Operation Windmill
3046:Operation Highjump
2021:Rusanov expedition
1926:A. E. Nordenskiöld
1670:North East Passage
1474:McClure expedition
403:Nordisk familjebok
293:
163:Nikolay Rumyantsev
155:
23:Matvei Gedenshtrom
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3032:Operation Tabarin
2894:Far Eastern Party
2740:Nimrod Expedition
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
1810:M. Pronchishcheva
1732:Siberian Cossacks
1201:Northwest Passage
534:Research stations
491:Polar exploration
348:(О Байкале; 1839)
322:Skehes on Siberia
289:Skehes on Siberia
246:Mikhail Speransky
72:
71:
3651:
3079:Ronne Expedition
2564:
2558:
2422:Dumont d'Urville
2270:
2257:
1805:V. Pronchishchev
512:
499:
484:
477:
470:
461:
445:
444:
416:
407:
406:
395:
389:
388:
375:
316:Notes on Siberia
250:governor general
205:and continental
199:Siberian polynya
102:
101:
56:Khaidukovo near
39:
37:
19:
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3650:
3649:
3648:
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3583:
3581:
3579:
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3241:
3233:
3109:McMurdo Station
2978:Modern research
2976:
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2699:O. Nordenskjöld
2562:
2556:
2551:
2467:Ross expedition
2291:
2264:
2243:
1672:
1664:
1205:Northern Canada
1203:
1195:
1048:
1040:
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488:
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418:
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397:
396:
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377:
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360:(Сибирь; 1842).
282:
274:extreme poverty
259:European Russia
242:Nikolai Treskin
181:(together with
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45:
40:
35:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3526:Vostok Station
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3477:Cherry-Garrard
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3317:Southern Cross
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3239:Farthest South
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2936:Ross Sea party
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2630:Southern Cross
2623:Southern Cross
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2369:Bellingshausen
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2100:
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2072:
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2055:
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2029:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1981:
1980:
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1958:
1953:
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1911:
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1678:
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1674:Russian Arctic
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1347:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1116:
1111:
1109:Snæbjörn galti
1106:
1101:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1011:
1004:
994:
989:
984:
976:
966:
965:
964:
959:
945:
938:
931:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
902:
895:
894:
893:
888:
883:
871:
870:
869:
855:
846:
845:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
810:
805:
800:
799:
798:
793:
778:
773:
772:
771:
759:
758:
757:
745:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
710:
709:
708:
703:
698:
686:
685:
684:
679:
674:
666:
661:
646:
645:
644:
639:
634:
617:
616:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
552:
550:
544:Farthest North
540:
539:
537:
536:
531:
526:
521:
515:
508:
507:
502:
495:
494:
489:
487:
486:
479:
472:
464:
447:
446:
427:(200): 67–69.
408:
390:
369:
368:
366:
363:
362:
361:
355:
349:
343:
337:
331:
325:
319:
313:
307:
281:
278:
234:Verkhne-Udinsk
195:Kotelny Island
183:Yakov Sannikov
121:Russian Empire
112:
109:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
55:
53:1845 (aged 65)
51:
47:
46:
41:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3656:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3582:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2657:Discovery Hut
2655:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2187:A. Sibiryakov
2184:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2159:Glavsevmorput
2156:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1461:J. Richardson
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:M. Corte-Real
1221:
1219:
1218:G. Corte-Real
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:C. Richardson
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1002:
1001:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
982:
977:
975:
974:
973:
967:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
953:
952:
951:
950:Georgiy Sedov
946:
944:
943:
939:
937:
936:
932:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
908:
907:
903:
901:
900:
896:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
877:
876:
872:
868:
865:
864:
863:
862:
861:
856:
854:
853:
852:
847:
843:
840:
838:
837:Riiser-Larsen
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
819:
818:
817:
816:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
787:
786:
785:
779:
777:
774:
770:
767:
766:
765:
764:
760:
756:
753:
752:
751:
750:
746:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
726:
722:
721:
720:
719:
717:
711:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
692:
691:
687:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
672:
667:
665:
662:
660:
659:
654:
653:
652:
651:
647:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
632:
628:
627:
626:
625:
623:
618:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
589:
588:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
551:
549:
545:
541:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
513:
509:
505:
500:
496:
492:
485:
480:
478:
473:
471:
466:
465:
462:
458:
457:
455:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
415:
413:
409:
404:
400:
394:
391:
386:
385:
380:
374:
371:
364:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
303:
298:
297:
296:
290:
286:
279:
277:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:Sannikov Land
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
151:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
110:
108:
106:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
67:
63:
59:
52:
48:
44:
31:
27:
20:
3594:1780s births
3580:
3532:
3520:Pole of Cold
3518:
3444:
3435:
3403:
3396:
3372:
3343:
3329:
3323:Borchgrevink
3315:
3302:
3287:
3267:
3252:
3221:
3202:
3195:
3179:
3165:
3156:
3139:
3132:
3113:
3101:
3077:
3063:
3056:
3044:
3030:
3016:
3002:
2995:
2956:
2948:
2934:
2927:
2925:
2907:
2899:
2892:
2879:
2870:
2832:
2824:
2815:
2808:
2796:
2789:
2775:
2763:Pourquoi-Pas
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2733:Orcadas Base
2731:
2723:
2710:
2704:C. A. Larsen
2692:
2684:
2670:
2663:
2650:
2642:
2636:Borchgrevink
2629:
2621:
2578:
2570:
2545:C. A. Larsen
2538:
2519:
2510:
2492:
2474:
2465:
2452:
2437:
2428:
2415:
2376:
2362:
2355:
2336:
2321:
2231:
2224:
2207:
2200:
2186:
2171:
2157:
2144:
2119:
2105:
2103:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2045:
2038:
2019:
1985:
1983:
1969:
1967:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1917:
1915:
1896:
1851:
1772:
1730:
1713:
1681:
1645:
1643:
1623:
1622:
1602:
1601:
1587:
1574:
1559:
1545:
1536:
1523:
1494:
1482:Investigator
1481:
1472:
1448:
1435:
1427:
1418:
1405:
1376:
1353:
1338:
1323:
1293:
1278:
1248:
1167:
1147:
1118:
1114:Erik the Red
1096:
1074:
1067:
1024:submersibles
1021:
1015:Arktika 2007
1013:
1006:
999:
996:
980:
971:
968:
949:
947:
940:
933:
904:
897:
873:
859:
858:
850:
848:
814:
812:
783:
780:
769:S. A. Andrée
761:
748:
723:
715:
712:
688:
670:
657:
648:
630:
621:
619:
585:
456:, 1896–1918.
451:
450:
424:
421:Polar Record
420:
402:
393:
383:
373:
357:
351:
345:
339:
333:
327:
321:
315:
309:
299:
294:
288:
271:
231:
203:drifting ice
175:cartographic
156:
129:
114:
94:
78:
74:
73:
3599:1845 deaths
3223:Lake Vostok
3173:Tryoshnikov
3095:Schlossbach
2986:Christensen
2928:James Caird
2849:E. R. Evans
2615:Dobrowolski
2585:de Gerlache
2287:Expeditions
2173:Aviaarktika
2127:Samoylovich
1998:Kolomeitsev
1892:Middendorff
1852:Gedenshtrom
1272:I. Fyodorov
1034:Chilingarov
922:E. Fyodorov
529:Expeditions
334:New Siberia
227:Lake Baikal
211:New Siberia
3588:Categories
3446:Terra Nova
3351:Shackleton
3294:J. C. Ross
3253:Resolution
3243:South Pole
3018:New Swabia
2942:Mackintosh
2914:Shackleton
2833:Terra Nova
2826:Terra Nova
2560:Heroic Age
2520:Challenger
2480:J. C. Ross
2390:Bransfield
2322:Resolution
2237:icebreaker
2201:Chelyuskin
1942:expedition
1920:Expedition
1862:Matyushkin
1820:Kh. Laptev
1815:Chelyuskin
1709:Heemskerck
1699:Chancellor
1694:Willoughby
1689:Koch boats
1632:Stefansson
1566:McClintock
1530:Inglefield
1372:J. C. Ross
1279:Resolution
1131:Cunningham
1029:Sagalevich
718:expedition
677:Stephenson
637:C. F. Hall
624:expedition
598:J. C. Ross
561:Heemskerck
548:North Pole
365:References
304:’s Estuary
65:Occupation
3545:Tolstikov
3331:Discovery
3301:HMS
3286:HMS
3268:Adventure
3266:HMS
3251:HMS
3187:Tolstikov
2908:Endurance
2693:Antarctic
2678:Drygalski
2651:Discovery
2644:Discovery
2605:Arctowski
2518:HMS
2491:HMS
2485:Abernethy
2473:HMS
2451:USS
2438:Vincennes
2436:USS
2416:Astrolabe
2356:San Telmo
2337:Adventure
2335:HMS
2320:HMS
2315:Kerguelen
2277:Continent
2262:Antarctic
2139:Urvantsev
2097:Vilkitsky
1950:Jeannette
1948:USS
1940:Jeannette
1904:Weyprecht
1882:Pakhtusov
1832:Chichagov
1825:D. Laptev
1768:Permyakov
1743:Stadukhin
1738:Perfilyev
1715:Mangazeya
1653:H. Larsen
1618:Rasmussen
1573:HMS
1544:USS
1493:HMS
1480:HMS
1444:Collinson
1434:HMS
1426:HMS
1404:HMS
1352:HMS
1337:HMS
1322:HMS
1307:Mackenzie
1294:Discovery
1292:HMS
1277:HMS
1249:Discovery
1228:Frobisher
1191:Rasmussen
1104:Gunnbjörn
1050:Greenland
979:USS
970:USS
842:Ellsworth
784:Roosevelt
714:Nansen's
671:Discovery
669:HMS
656:HMS
603:Abernethy
571:Marmaduke
441:131267719
346:On Baikal
187:surveyors
185:and land
171:longitude
3557:A. Fuchs
3514:V. Fuchs
3494:McKinley
3457:E. Evans
3416:Bjaaland
3411:Amundsen
3361:Marshall
3274:Furneaux
3126:V. Fuchs
3090:E. Ronne
3085:F. Ronne
3024:Ritscher
2878:SY
2866:Filchner
2810:Framheim
2804:Amundsen
2610:Racoviță
2595:Amundsen
2590:Lecointe
2459:Ringgold
2453:Porpoise
2343:Furneaux
2179:Shevelev
2134:Begichev
2113:Amundsen
2075:Nagórski
2053:Brusilov
2047:Sv. Anna
1961:Melville
1931:Palander
1887:Tsivolko
1847:Sannikov
1842:Billings
1785:Chirikov
1704:Barentsz
1646:St. Roch
1637:Bartlett
1611:Amundsen
1595:Sverdrup
1495:Resolute
1384:Franklin
1312:Kotzebue
1179:Sverdrup
1162:Scoresby
1136:Lindenov
987:Plaisted
972:Nautilus
917:Shirshov
891:Belyakov
886:Baydukov
860:Nautilus
822:Amundsen
782:SS
741:Sverdrup
736:Johansen
706:Brainard
701:Lockwood
556:Barentsz
381:(1881).
238:peasants
207:fast ice
167:latitude
68:Explorer
3562:Messner
3509:Hillary
3489:Balchen
3437:Polheim
3431:Wisting
3309:Crozier
3281:Weddell
3259:J. Cook
3229:Kapitsa
3210:Fiennes
3152:Klenova
3121:Hillary
3071:Ketchum
2997:BANZARE
2972:·
2817:Polheim
2783:Shirase
2769:Charcot
2579:Belgica
2498:Crozier
2410:Morrell
2405:Weddell
2383:Lazarev
2328:J. Cook
2282:History
2232:Arktika
2208:Krassin
2193:Voronin
2165:Schmidt
2151:Ushakov
2090:Vaygach
2058:Albanov
2027:Rusanov
2008:Kolchak
2003:Matisen
1977:Makarov
1956:De Long
1857:Wrangel
1837:Lyakhov
1790:Malygin
1748:Dezhnev
1575:Pandora
1546:Advance
1513:Kennedy
1508:Belcher
1501:Kellett
1488:McClure
1412:Beechey
1406:Blossom
1399:Simpson
1367:Crozier
1360:Hoppner
1317:J. Ross
1285:J. Cook
1233:Gilbert
1126:J. Hall
1092:Ingólfr
1082:Naddodd
1076:Vikings
1063:Brendan
1058:Pytheas
1046:Iceland
1000:Arktika
992:Herbert
957:Badygin
927:Krenkel
912:Papanin
881:Chkalov
867:Wilkins
832:Wisting
776:F. Cook
682:Markham
642:Bessels
631:Polaris
622:Polaris
593:J. Ross
576:Carolus
524:History
358:Siberia
263:Tobolsk
223:Yakutia
159:Irkutsk
136:Tallinn
125:Dalarna
105:Siberia
91:Russian
83:Swedish
75:Mathias
34: (
3472:Bowers
3467:Wilson
3426:Hassel
3421:Helmer
3390:Mackay
3380:Mawson
3345:Nimrod
3303:Terror
3288:Erebus
3215:Burton
3010:Rymill
2886:Mawson
2880:Aurora
2859:Lashly
2844:Wilson
2747:Nimrod
2724:Scotia
2531:Murray
2506:Cooper
2493:Terror
2475:Erebus
2444:Wilkes
2395:Palmer
2363:Vostok
2310:Bouvet
2234:-class
2214:Gakkel
2082:Taymyr
2063:Konrad
2032:Kuchin
1970:Yermak
1877:Lavrov
1795:Ovtsyn
1780:Bering
1758:Ivanov
1721:Hudson
1683:Pomors
1660:Cowper
1625:Karluk
1524:Isabel
1518:Bellot
1468:Austin
1436:Terror
1428:Erebus
1324:Griper
1300:Clerke
1260:Baffin
1243:Hudson
1174:Nansen
1087:Garðar
1008:Barneo
875:ANT-25
851:Italia
827:Nobile
796:Henson
755:Amedeo
731:Nansen
696:Greely
566:Hudson
504:Arctic
439:
219:Kolyma
142:, the
3552:Crary
3499:Dufek
3462:Oates
3452:Scott
3385:David
3366:Adams
3337:Barne
3158:Mirny
3147:Somov
2957:Quest
2854:Crean
2839:Scott
2718:Bruce
2672:Gauss
2665:Gauss
2539:Jason
2526:Nares
2400:Davis
2377:Mirny
2350:Smith
2305:Roché
2225:Lenin
2145:Sadko
2070:Wiese
2015:Sedov
1986:Zarya
1909:Payer
1872:Litke
1867:Anjou
1800:Minin
1763:Vagin
1753:Popov
1726:Poole
1581:Young
1394:Dease
1339:Hecla
1330:Parry
1255:Bylot
1238:Davis
1213:Cabot
1186:Peary
1168:Jason
1155:Egede
1069:Papar
981:Skate
962:Wiese
942:NP-37
935:NP-36
815:Norge
803:Sedov
791:Peary
749:Jason
664:Nares
658:Alert
613:Hayes
581:Parry
519:Ocean
437:S2CID
280:Works
267:Tomsk
93:name
58:Tomsk
3484:Byrd
3405:Fram
3356:Wild
3038:Marr
3004:BGLE
2991:Byrd
2919:Wild
2798:Fram
2600:Cook
2121:AARI
2106:Maud
1993:Toll
1918:Vega
1604:Gjøa
1589:Fram
1552:Kane
1389:Back
1354:Fury
1345:Lyon
1267:Munk
906:NP-1
808:Byrd
725:Fram
716:Fram
608:Kane
302:Lena
217:and
215:Yana
169:and
117:Riga
111:Life
87:O.S.
50:Died
43:Riga
36:1780
32:1780
29:Born
3181:3rd
3167:2nd
3141:1st
2974:IGY
2970:IPY
1560:Fox
1456:Rae
1022:Mir
998:NS
429:doi
77:or
3590::
2086:/
435:.
425:37
423:.
411:^
401:.
229:.
2563:"
2557:"
2500:)
2496:(
2487:)
2478:(
483:e
476:t
469:v
443:.
431::
248:(
97:(
81:(
38:)
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