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scientists in part for this work. To put this work in its historical perspective, Lamarck in 1801 first presented his theory of
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics, which stated that if an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment (for example stretches its neck to reach for tall trees), those changes are passed on to its offspring. He also said that evolution happens according to a predetermined plan. Darwin published his theory of evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species with compelling evidence contradicting Lamarck. Darwin said that evolution is not predetermined but that there are inherent variations in all organisms, and that those variations that confer increased fitness are selected by the environment and passed on to the offspring. In the feud between Lamarck and Darwin, Darwin talked of pre-existing changes, but the nature of these changes was not known and had to await the science of genetics by Gregor Mendel's experiments on pea plants published in 1866. Support for Darwin's theory was provided when Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered that a mutated white-eyed fruit fly among red-eyed flies was able to reproduce true white-eyed offspring. The most elegant and convincing support for Darwin's ideas, however, was provided by the Luria-Delbruck experiment, which showed that mutations conferring resistance of the bacterium E. coli to T1 bacteriophage (virus) existed in the population prior to exposure to T1 and were not induced by adding T1. In other words, mutations are random events that occur whether or not they prove to be useful, while selection (for T1 resistance upon challenge with T1 in this case) provides the direction in evolution by retaining those mutations that are advantageous, discarding those that are harmful (T1 sensitivity in this case). This experiment dealt a blow to Lamarckian inheritance and set the stage for tremendous advances in genetics and molecular biology, launching a tsunami of research that eventually led to the discovery of DNA as the hereditary material and to cracking the genetic code. Of course, by then Avery, along with McCloud (and earlier, McCarty) was well on the way to showing the genetic capability of DNA.
731:, shared with Luria and Hershey "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses". The committee also noted that "The honour in the first place goes to Delbrück who transformed bacteriophage research from vague empiricism to an exact science. He analyzed and defined the conditions for precise measurement of the biological effects. Together with Luria he elaborated the quantitative methods and established the statistical criteria for evaluation which made the subsequent penetrating studies possible. Delbrück's and Luria's forte is perhaps mainly theoretical analysis, whereas Hershey above all is an eminently skillful experimenter. The three of them supplement each other well also in these respects." That year, Delbrück and
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461:. Justus died in Soviet custody that same year. His son, Tobias Delbruck is a professor at the Institute of Neuroinformatics at the University of Zurich and ETH Zurich. Professor Tobias Delbruck is also one of the pioneers in the domain of event cameras, now increasingly being deployed in dynamic vision systems.
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began visiting in 1943. The Luria–Delbrück experiment, also called the
Fluctuation Test, demonstrated that Darwin's theory of natural selection acting on random mutations applies to bacteria as well as to more complex organisms. The 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to both
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Luria SE "Mutations of bacteria and bacteriophage" in Phage and the
Origins of Molecular Biology (2007) Edited by John Cairns, Gunther S. Stent, and James D. Watson, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory of Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York, pgs. 173-179.
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Ellis E.L. "Bacteriophage: One-step growth curve" in Phage and the
Origins of Molecular Biology (2007) Edited by John Cairns, Gunther S. Stent, and James D. Watson, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory of Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York
1759:– Delbrück was instrumental in getting fellowship support for Watson so that he could stay in Cambridge, play tennis, and discover the rules of nucleotide base pairing in DNA. This is a letter from Watson to Delbrück that describes the discovery.
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A refugee from Nazi
Germany, Delbrück went to the United States in 1937, serving as a faculty member of the California Institute of Technology (1937–39; 1947–81) and of Vanderbilt University (1940–47). He became a U.S. citizen in
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576:. It was considered to be a major advance in understanding the nature of gene mutation and gene structure. The work was a keystone in the formation of molecular genetics. It was also an inspirational starting point for
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832:. On August 26 to 27, 2006—the year Delbrück would have turned 100—family and friends gathered at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory to reminisce on his life and work. Although Delbrück held some anti-
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743:. In late 1947, as Vanderbilt lacked the resources to keep him, Delbrück had returned to Caltech as a professor of biology, and remained there for the rest of his career. Meanwhile, he set up
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Ton van
Helvoort (1992). "The controversy between John H. Northrop and Max Delbrück on the formation of bacteriophage: Bacterial synthesis or autonomous multiplication?".
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821:, remaining a Professor of Biology emeritus. He became interested in the behavioral sciences and spent some unfruitful effort on mold behavior in the 1960s.
378:"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses". He was the first physicist to predict what is now called
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Max Delbrück and the Next 100 Years of
Biology: The Max Delbrück Vanderbilt Centenary Celebration, The Inaugural Vanderbilt Discovery Lecture
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Luria SE. A Slot
Machine, a Broken Test Tube. An Autobiography. Harper and Row, New York, 1984. Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Series
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Luria SE, Delbrück M. Mutations of bacteria from virus sensitivity to virus resistance. Genetics. 1943 Nov;28(6):491-511.
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1685:"Review of kay, the Molecular Vision of Life: Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Rise of the New Biology"
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Strauss BS. A Physicist's Quest in
Biology: Max Delbrück and "Complementarity". Genetics. 2017 Jun;206(2):641-650.
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Timofeeff-Ressovky, N. W., K. G. Zimmer, and M. Delbrück "Über die Natur der
Genmutation und der Genstruktur" (
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in their 1953 identification of cellular DNA's molecular structure as a double helix. In 1977, he retired from
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795:' interest in biology. His inferences on genes' susceptibility to mutation was relied on by physicist
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field's polarization of a vacuum. Though theoretically tenable, his conclusion was misplaced, whereas
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Lily E. Kay (1985). "Conceptual models and analytical tools: The biology of physicist Max Delbrück".
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Drawing of a plaque in Buttrick Hall, Vanderbilt University commemorating the work of Max Delbrück.
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Ellis E. L., Delbrück M. The growth of bacteriophage. J Gen Physiol. 1939 Jan 20;22(3):365-84.
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426:. In 1937, Delbrück left Nazi Germany for America—first California, then Tennessee—becoming a
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Oral History Project, California Institute of Technology Archives, Pasadena, California.
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142:"discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
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Delbrück's workplace in Berlin: Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, now the
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Thinking about science : Max Delbrück and the origins of molecular biology
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thinking, a course of lectures in 1943, and the eventual writing of the book
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1248:. Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berli-Buch. September 4, 2006.
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1032:
Daniel J. McKaughan (2005). "The Influence of Niels Bohr on Max Delbrück".
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671:, yet had his laboratory in the biology department. In 1941, Delbrück met
632:, he coauthored "The growth of bacteriophage", a paper reporting that the
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824:
Max Delbrück died, at age 74, on the evening of Monday, March 9, 1981, at
390:
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1614:
What Is Life? the Next Fifty Years: Speculations on the Future of Biology
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371:
358:, mysterious at the time. Formed in 1945 and led by Delbrück along with
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views; he conjectured that ultimately a paradox—akin perhaps to the
771:, formerly known as the biological physics prize, is awarded by the
1045:
1136:"Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück – September 4, 1906 – March 10, 1981"
688:
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389:
355:
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in 1945. In 1941, he married Mary Bruce. They had four children.
1075:
3339:
1796:
1641:
The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology
659:
fellowship expired in 1939, the Foundation matched him up with
1191:- "Über die Natur der Genmutation und der Genstruktur" (1935).
1485:"Max Ludwig Henning Delbruck. 4 September 1906-10 March 1981"
557:
some 20 years later confirmed the phenomenon and named it "
433:
Delbrück's brother Justus, a lawyer, as well as his sister
1783:
Linus Pauling and the Race for DNA: A Documentary History
707:
In 1945, Delbrück, Luria, and Hershey set up a course in
545:. Delbrück wrote a few papers, including one in 1933 on
370:
made substantial headway unraveling important aspects of
1554:"Erwin Schrödinger and the origins of molecular biology"
1140:
Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
759:
In addition to the Nobel Prize, Delbrück was elected a
529:
Delbrück returned to Berlin in 1932 as an assistant to
3635:
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
761:
Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1967
1363:, Vanderbilt University, Web access November 6, 2013.
3670:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1490:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1234:
What Is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell
582:
What Is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell
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193:
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64:
41:
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727:'s early development. Delbrück received the 1969
574:Über die Natur der Genmutation und der Genstruktur
457:, Dietrich and Klaus were executed in 1945 by the
564:In 1935, Delbrück published a collaboration with
3645:Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
1788:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
931:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969"
903:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969"
1774:The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
863:
861:
3351:
1808:
1451:Peter Fischer Ernst and Carol Lipson (1988).
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1124:. britannica.com. Retrieved January 27, 2019.
8:
1096:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8050295
1612:M. P. Murphy and L. A. J. O'Neill (1997).
1246:"MDC celebrates centennial of Max Delbrück"
437:were active along with his brothers-in-law
328:; September 4, 1906 – March 9, 1981) was a
3625:California Institute of Technology faculty
3358:
3344:
3336:
1815:
1801:
1793:
1739:
56:
38:
3675:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
3665:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
1716:
1577:
1506:
679:who began visiting Vanderbilt. In 1942,
455:July 20, 1944 plot to assassinate Hitler
1643:. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
1539:European Molecular Biology Organization
1354:"Max Delbrück at Vanderbilt, 1940–1947"
926:
924:
857:
587:In 1937, he attained a fellowship from
1769:Caltech Photo Archives of Max Delbrück
879:from the original on December 26, 2018
255:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry
1828:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1432:"James D Watson: Chancellor emeritus"
1158:from the original on October 15, 2012
729:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
376:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
315:
224:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
3630:Foreign members of the Royal Society
667:, where from 1940 to 1947 he taught
1594:from the original on April 28, 2012
1236:(Cambridge University Press, 1944).
485:there in 1930, he traveled through
30:Not to be confused with his uncle,
1552:K. R. Dronamraju (November 1999).
1270:from the original on June 12, 2018
905:. Nobel Foundation. Archived from
701:Washington University in St. Louis
610:California Institute of Technology
406:. His mother was granddaughter of
342:in the late 1930s. He stimulated
335:who participated in launching the
25:
3439:International Labour Organization
991:Journal of the History of Biology
1441:, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
875:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
3690:University of Göttingen alumni
1779:Key Participants: Max Delbrück
1616:. Cambridge University Press.
944:, Web access November 6, 2013.
1:
3700:American molecular biologists
3695:Vanderbilt University faculty
1751:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
1709:10.1016/S0006-3495(94)80873-2
1260:"Max Delbrück – Biographical"
1076:https://www.ini.uzh.ch/~tobi/
846:double helix structure of DNA
775:and named in his honour. The
713:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
691:infection mediated by random
533:, who was collaborating with
826:Huntington Memorial Hospital
681:Delbrück and Luria published
374:. The three shared the 1969
3655:German molecular biologists
2920:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
1763:Interview with Max Delbrück
1669:September 23, 2015, at the
1570:10.1093/genetics/153.3.1071
1531:"Max Delbrück EMBO profile"
1206:10.1534/genetics.117.201517
394:Delbrück in the early 1940s
309:Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück
69:Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück
18:Max Ludwig Henning Delbruck
3716:
1437:December 11, 2013, at the
1327:November 19, 2012, at the
741:Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
640:, not exponentially as do
566:Nikolay Timofeev-Ressovsky
218:Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
34:, an agricultural chemist.
29:
3522:
2117:Charles Scott Sherrington
2093:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1378:10.1093/genetics/28.6.491
1359:October 11, 2012, at the
1331:, Held September 14, 2006
1178:Weidmannsche Buchhandlung
1116:January 27, 2019, at the
1081:January 10, 2023, at the
968:10.1080/00033799200200451
773:American Physical Society
591:—which was launching the
523:Free University of Berlin
302:
233:
154:Luria–Delbrück experiment
55:
3620:American Nobel laureates
3107:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
1122:Encyclopaedia Britannica
505:, who interested him in
1683:N. H. Horowitz (1994).
940:, Nobel Media AB 2013,
873:Encyclopædia Britannica
605:Drosophila melanogaster
481:. After completing his
479:University of Göttingen
386:Early and personal life
317:[maksˈdɛl.bʁʏk]
130:University of Göttingen
3680:Scientists from Berlin
3650:German Nobel laureates
3615:American biophysicists
3528:Nobel Prize recipients
3468:Physiology or Medicine
1888:Santiago Ramón y Cajal
1757:Letter from Jim Watson
1637:Horace Freeland Judson
1508:10.1098/rsbm.1982.0003
1187:March 3, 2022, at the
936:June 27, 2018, at the
657:Rockefeller Foundation
652:
616:, Delbrück researched
589:Rockefeller Foundation
526:
449:. Found guilty by the
395:
354:to physically explain
159:Saffman–Delbrück model
32:Max Delbrück (chemist)
2389:Dickinson W. Richards
2073:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1182:Nachrichten Göttingen
791:Delbrück helped spur
787:Later life and legacy
783:also bears his name.
781:Helmholtz Association
745:University of Cologne
735:were also awarded by
717:Long Island, New York
661:Vanderbilt University
650:
520:
398:Delbrück was born in
393:
259:Vanderbilt University
3640:German biophysicists
2812:Rita Levi-Montalcini
2173:Albert Szent-Györgyi
1459:. New York: Norton.
1430:J.D. Watson (2012).
1264:Biographical article
838:waveparticle duality
830:Pasadena, California
763:. He was elected an
665:Nashville, Tennessee
655:Although Delbrück's
447:resistance to Nazism
424:University of Berlin
297:Charles M. Steinberg
105:Pasadena, California
3660:History of genetics
3204:William C. Campbell
3115:Elizabeth Blackburn
2952:Robert F. Furchgott
2944:Stanley B. Prusiner
2936:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
2836:George H. Hitchings
2800:Joseph L. Goldstein
2760:Bengt I. Samuelsson
2589:Earl Sutherland Jr.
1701:1994BpJ....66..929H
1695:(3 Pt 1): 929–930.
1689:Biophysical Journal
793:physical scientists
777:Max Delbrück Center
737:Columbia University
620:and their viruses (
578:Erwin Schrödinger's
559:Delbrück scattering
513:Career and research
475:theoretical physics
473:, shifting towards
443:Dietrich Bonhoeffer
414:, while his father
380:Delbrück scattering
350:, especially as to
344:physical scientists
293:Ernst Peter Fischer
149:Delbrück scattering
3264:William Kaelin Jr.
3260:Peter J. Ratcliffe
3003:Leland H. Hartwell
2892:Richard J. Roberts
2772:Barbara McClintock
2716:Godfrey Hounsfield
2617:Nikolaas Tinbergen
2549:Marshall Nirenberg
2517:Charles B. Huggins
2306:Tadeusz Reichstein
2294:António Egas Moniz
2089:Christiaan Eijkman
1738:on Nobelprize.org
1232:Erwin Schrödinger
1003:10.1007/BF00120110
769:Max Delbruck Prize
755:Awards and honours
749:molecular genetics
677:Indiana University
653:
602:of the fruit fly,
549:' scattering by a
537:on irradiation of
527:
396:
3592:
3591:
3499:Economic Sciences
3333:
3332:
3298:Ardem Patapoutian
3147:Ralph M. Steinman
3143:Jules A. Hoffmann
3131:Robert G. Edwards
3099:Harald zur Hausen
3023:H. Robert Horvitz
2924:Eric F. Wieschaus
2860:E. Donnall Thomas
2844:J. Michael Bishop
2832:Gertrude B. Elion
2704:Hamilton O. Smith
2629:Christian de Duve
2365:Frederick Robbins
2242:Alexander Fleming
2181:Corneille Heymans
2027:Frederick Banting
1932:Allvar Gullstrand
1663:Max Delbruck 100.
1660:Kiryn Haslinger.
1466:978-0-393-02508-8
1411:978-0-87969-800-3
1311:978-0-87969-800-3
1134:W. Hayes (1992).
956:Annals of Science
807:Rosalind Franklin
799:in his 1944 book
797:Erwin Schrödinger
747:'s institute for
725:molecular biology
628:). In 1939, with
593:molecular biology
469:Delbrück studied
453:for roles in the
422:professor at the
408:Justus von Liebig
337:molecular biology
306:
305:
281:Doctoral students
235:Scientific career
145:
144:(Nobel Committee)
79:September 4, 1906
16:(Redirected from
3707:
3530:
3457:Murray Gell-Mann
3360:
3353:
3346:
3337:
3326:
3311:
3300:
3285:
3279:Michael Houghton
3266:
3256:Gregg L. Semenza
3250:
3244:James P. Allison
3238:
3236:Michael W. Young
3222:
3220:Yoshinori Ohsumi
3214:
3198:
3182:
3180:Thomas C. Südhof
3166:
3154:
3133:
3125:
3119:Carol W. Greider
3109:
3093:
3077:
3065:
3053:
3041:
3029:
3013:
2986:
2970:
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2946:
2938:
2932:Peter C. Doherty
2926:
2910:
2904:Alfred G. Gilman
2898:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2850:
2848:Harold E. Varmus
2838:
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2802:
2790:
2774:
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2734:
2724:Baruj Benacerraf
2718:
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2603:
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2567:
2551:
2541:Robert W. Holley
2535:
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2507:
2491:
2479:
2463:
2447:
2445:Georg von Békésy
2439:
2427:
2415:
2413:Joshua Lederberg
2399:
2391:
2385:Werner Forssmann
2375:
2367:
2351:
2339:
2331:
2312:
2296:
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2274:Bernardo Houssay
2260:
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2191:
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2101:Karl Landsteiner
2095:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2065:Johannes Fibiger
2048:
2047:
2041:
2039:Willem Einthoven
2033:
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2009:
2008:
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1994:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1978:
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1965:
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1934:
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1890:
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572:the major work,
439:Klaus Bonhoeffer
346:' interest into
340:research program
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3387:(Great Britain)
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3283:Charles M. Rice
3275:Harvey J. Alter
3269:
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3232:Michael Rosbash
3228:Jeffrey C. Hall
3225:
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3192:May-Britt Moser
3185:
3169:
3164:Shinya Yamanaka
3157:
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3123:Jack W. Szostak
3112:
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3091:Oliver Smithies
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3032:
3027:John E. Sulston
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2680:Roger Guillemin
2677:
2672:Daniel Gajdusek
2668:Baruch Blumberg
2665:
2654:
2645:Renato Dulbecco
2641:David Baltimore
2638:
2622:
2609:Karl von Frisch
2606:
2594:
2586:
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2529:Haldan Hartline
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1989:
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1671:Wayback Machine
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1266:. Nobel Media.
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938:Wayback Machine
929:
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909:on May 26, 2013
901:
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866:
859:
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815:James D. Watson
809:and biologists
789:
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467:
435:Emmi Bonhoeffer
388:
330:German–American
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163:
126:Alma mater
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3488:Salvador Luria
3485:
3482:Alfred Hershey
3479:
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3320:Katalin Karikó
3312:
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3176:Randy Schekman
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3134:
3126:
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3103:Luc Montagnier
3094:
3083:Mario Capecchi
3078:
3066:
3059:Barry Marshall
3054:
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3035:Paul Lauterbur
3030:
3019:Sydney Brenner
3014:
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2987:
2980:Paul Greengard
2976:Arvid Carlsson
2971:
2963:
2947:
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2927:
2911:
2908:Martin Rodbell
2899:
2887:
2884:Edwin G. Krebs
2880:Edmond Fischer
2875:
2863:
2851:
2839:
2828:James W. Black
2823:
2815:
2803:
2791:
2788:César Milstein
2784:Georges Köhler
2775:
2767:
2756:Sune Bergström
2751:
2748:Torsten Wiesel
2744:David H. Hubel
2735:
2719:
2707:
2700:Daniel Nathans
2691:
2684:Andrew Schally
2675:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2636:
2620:
2604:
2597:Gerald Edelman
2592:
2584:
2581:Julius Axelrod
2568:
2565:Salvador Luria
2561:Alfred Hershey
2552:
2536:
2520:
2508:
2497:François Jacob
2492:
2480:
2464:
2448:
2440:
2428:
2416:
2400:
2392:
2381:André Cournand
2376:
2368:
2352:
2340:
2337:Selman Waksman
2332:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2302:Edward Kendall
2297:
2285:
2277:
2261:
2258:Hermann Muller
2253:
2237:
2234:Herbert Gasser
2225:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2189:Gerhard Domagk
2184:
2176:
2168:
2156:
2148:
2145:William Murphy
2137:George Whipple
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2015:Archibald Hill
2010:
2003:
1995:
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1980:
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1948:Charles Richet
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1730:External links
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1537:. Heidelberg:
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1046:10.1086/498591
1040:(4): 507–529.
1024:
997:(2): 207–246.
981:
962:(6): 545–575.
946:
942:Nobelprize.org
920:
894:
869:"Max Delbrück"
856:
855:
853:
850:
788:
785:
756:
753:
697:Alfred Hershey
687:resistance to
673:Salvador Luria
630:Emory L. Ellis
622:bacteriophages
514:
511:
499:Wolfgang Pauli
466:
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451:People's Court
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364:Alfred Hershey
360:Salvador Luria
352:basic research
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2968:Günter Blobel
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808:
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802:What Is Life?
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767:in 1970. The
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636:reproduce in
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416:Hans Delbrück
413:
410:, an eminent
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188:Hans Delbrück
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109:United States
106:
97:March 9, 1981
96:
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88:
87:German Empire
84:
67:
63:
59:
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49:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3558:
3476:Max Delbrück
3475:
3385:Derek Barton
3309:Svante Pääbo
3294:David Julius
3248:Tasuku Honjo
3196:Edvard Moser
3188:John O'Keefe
3151:posthumously
3150:
3087:Martin Evans
3063:Robin Warren
3047:Richard Axel
2994:2001–present
2872:Bert Sakmann
2740:Roger Sperry
2732:George Snell
2728:Jean Dausset
2696:Werner Arber
2649:Howard Temin
2573:Bernard Katz
2557:Max Delbrück
2556:
2513:Francis Rous
2489:Feodor Lynen
2485:Konrad Bloch
2473:Alan Hodgkin
2457:James Watson
2433:Frank Burnet
2421:Severo Ochoa
2409:Edward Tatum
2397:Daniel Bovet
2310:Philip Hench
2222:Edward Doisy
2153:Hans Spemann
2141:George Minot
2121:Edgar Adrian
2109:Otto Warburg
2031:John Macleod
2000:August Krogh
1992:Jules Bordet
1908:Paul Ehrlich
1860:Niels Finsen
1844:Emil Behring
1782:
1736:Max Delbrück
1692:
1688:
1678:
1662:
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1613:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
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1272:. Retrieved
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1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1143:
1139:
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1121:
1111:Max Delbrück
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994:
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911:. Retrieved
907:the original
897:
888:
881:. Retrieved
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834:reductionist
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711:genetics at
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531:Lise Meitner
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471:astrophysics
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333:biophysicist
308:
307:
289:Yuh Nung Jan
275:Lise Meitner
251:Institutions
234:
212:Mendel Medal
99:(1981-03-09)
43:Max Delbrück
36:
27:Biophysicist
3610:1981 deaths
3605:1906 births
3368:Nobel Prize
3160:John Gurdon
3075:Craig Mello
3071:Andrew Fire
2984:Eric Kandel
2960:Ferid Murad
2868:Erwin Neher
2780:Niels Jerne
2545:Har Khorana
2533:George Wald
2501:André Lwoff
2469:John Eccles
2357:John Enders
2329:Max Theiler
2290:Walter Hess
2282:Paul Müller
2246:Ernst Chain
1916:Emil Kocher
1876:Robert Koch
1868:Ivan Pavlov
1852:Ronald Ross
765:EMBO Member
721:Phage Group
644:organisms.
570:Karl Zimmer
495:Switzerland
368:Phage Group
116:Citizenship
3599:Categories
3402:Literature
3391:Odd Hassel
3011:Paul Nurse
2345:Hans Krebs
2270:Gerty Cori
2218:Henrik Dam
2165:Otto Loewi
2161:Henry Dale
1497:. London:
1146:: 67–117.
852:References
555:Hans Bethe
547:gamma rays
503:Niels Bohr
428:US citizen
245:Biophysics
171:Mary Bruce
75:1906-09-04
3417:(Ireland)
3377:Chemistry
3370:laureates
3212:Tu Youyou
2764:John Vane
2659:1976–2000
2320:1951–1975
2266:Carl Cori
2056:1926–1950
1835:1901–1925
1824:Laureates
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1180:, 1935).
685:bacterial
535:Otto Hahn
497:. He met
477:, at the
465:Education
194:Relatives
3509:(Norway)
3393:(Norway)
3007:Tim Hunt
1753:website.
1667:Archived
1598:July 22,
1592:Archived
1588:10545442
1558:Genetics
1483:(1982).
1435:Archived
1386:17247100
1357:Archived
1325:Archived
1294:19873108
1268:Archived
1214:28592501
1185:Archived
1162:July 22,
1156:Archived
1152:11639973
1114:Archived
1079:Archived
1062:12282400
1054:16536153
1019:13630670
1011:11611706
976:11616207
934:Archived
913:June 25,
883:June 25,
877:Archived
723:spurred
719:. This
693:mutation
642:cellular
638:one step
618:bacteria
600:genetics
543:neutrons
372:genetics
285:Lily Jan
200:(sister)
176:Children
48:ForMemRS
3449:Physics
1826:of the
1718:1275794
1697:Bibcode
1639:(1996)
1579:1460808
1394:1209226
1222:5499177
842:physics
819:Caltech
669:physics
634:viruses
614:Caltech
551:Coulomb
539:uranium
507:biology
491:Denmark
487:England
420:history
412:chemist
348:biology
313:German:
263:Caltech
3254:2019:
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400:Berlin
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241:Fields
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214:(1968)
205:Awards
184:Father
168:Spouse
83:Berlin
3559:1969
3426:Peace
3366:1969
1513:JSTOR
1058:S2CID
1015:S2CID
890:1945.
733:Luria
689:virus
608:, in
541:with
483:Ph.D.
356:genes
3584:1974
3579:1973
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1970:1916
1963:1915
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1622:ISBN
1600:2012
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1290:PMID
1276:2013
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