Heart rate - Knowledge (XXG)

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factor for heart disease and heart failure, independent of level of physical fitness. Specifically, a resting heart rate above 65 beats per minute has been shown to have a strong independent effect on premature mortality; every 10 beats per minute increase in resting heart rate has been shown to be associated with a 10–20% increase in risk of death. In one study, men with no evidence of heart disease and a resting heart rate of more than 90 beats per minute had a five times higher risk of sudden cardiac death. Similarly, another study found that men with resting heart rates of over 90 beats per minute had an almost two-fold increase in risk for cardiovascular disease mortality; in women it was associated with a three-fold increase. In patients having heart rates of 70 beats/minute or above, each additional beat/minute was associated with increased rate of cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalization.

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neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction. ACh slows HR by opening chemical- or ligand-gated potassium ion channels to slow the rate of spontaneous depolarization, which extends repolarization and increases the time before the next spontaneous depolarization occurs. Without any nervous stimulation, the SA node would establish a sinus rhythm of approximately 100 bpm. Since resting rates are considerably less than this, it becomes evident that parasympathetic stimulation normally slows HR. This is similar to an individual driving a car with one foot on the brake pedal. To speed up, one need merely remove one's foot from the brake and let the engine increase speed. In the case of the heart, decreasing parasympathetic stimulation decreases the release of ACh, which allows HR to increase up to approximately 100 bpm. Any increases beyond this rate would require sympathetic stimulation.

834:. In a study conducted on 8 female and male student actors ages 18 to 25, their reaction to an unforeseen occurrence (the cause of stress) during a performance was observed in terms of heart rate. In the data collected, there was a noticeable trend between the location of actors (onstage and offstage) and their elevation in heart rate in response to stress; the actors present offstage reacted to the stressor immediately, demonstrated by their immediate elevation in heart rate the minute the unexpected event occurred, but the actors present onstage at the time of the stressor reacted in the following 5 minute period (demonstrated by their increasingly elevated heart rate). This trend regarding stress and heart rate is supported by previous studies; 126: 1817:

an increased risk of death. People with an abnormal HRR defined as a decrease of 42 beats per minutes or less at two minutes post-exercise had a mortality rate 2.5 times greater than patients with a normal recovery. Another study reported a four-fold increase in mortality in subjects with an abnormal HRR defined as ≤12 bpm reduction one minute after the cessation of exercise. A study reported that a HRR of ≤22 bpm after two minutes "best identified high-risk patients". They also found that while HRR had significant

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relative distribution of blood. The cardiac centers monitor baroreceptor firing to maintain cardiac homeostasis, a mechanism called the baroreceptor reflex. With increased pressure and stretch, the rate of baroreceptor firing increases, and the cardiac centers decrease sympathetic stimulation and increase parasympathetic stimulation. As pressure and stretch decrease, the rate of baroreceptor firing decreases, and the cardiac centers increase sympathetic stimulation and decrease parasympathetic stimulation.

1480: 419: 1496:, particularly above 60 years of age, but are harder to apply, and provide statistically negligible improvement over linear models. The Wingate formula is the most recent, had the largest data set, and performed best on a fresh data set when compared with other formulas, although it had only a small amount of data for ages 60 and older so those estimates should be viewed with caution. In addition, most formulas are developed for adults and are not applicable to children and adolescents. 1424: 1195:(hazard ratio) when heart rate exceeds 90 beats per minute. ECG of 46,129 individuals with low risk for cardiovascular disease revealed that 96% had resting heart rates ranging from 48 to 98 beats per minute. The mortality rate of patients with myocardial infarction increased from 15% to 41% if their admission heart rate was greater than 90 beats per minute. For endurance athletes at the elite level, it is not unusual to have a resting heart rate between 33 and 50 bpm. 1054: 188: 140: 1852: 931:. Slight hyperthermia results in increasing HR and strength of contraction. Hypothermia slows the rate and strength of heart contractions. This distinct slowing of the heart is one component of the larger diving reflex that diverts blood to essential organs while submerged. If sufficiently chilled, the heart will stop beating, a technique that may be employed during open heart surgery. In this case, the patient's blood is normally diverted to an 406: 2003: 954: 461:, associated with varying rates of blood flow to the atria. Increased venous return stretches the walls of the atria where specialized baroreceptors are located. However, as the atrial baroreceptors increase their rate of firing and as they stretch due to the increased blood pressure, the cardiac center responds by increasing sympathetic stimulation and inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation to increase HR. The opposite is also true. 2011: 33: 747:, and opening sodium and calcium ion chemical- or ligand-gated channels. The rate of depolarization is increased by this additional influx of positively charged ions, so the threshold is reached more quickly and the period of repolarization is shortened. However, massive releases of these hormones coupled with sympathetic stimulation may actually lead to arrhythmias. There is no parasympathetic stimulation to the adrenal medulla. 2584:(September 2008) studied 11,000 people, across 33 countries, who were being treated for heart problems. Those patients whose heart rate was above 70 beats per minute had significantly higher incidence of heart attacks, hospital admissions and the need for surgery. Higher heart rate is thought to be correlated with an increase in heart attack and about a 46 percent increase in hospitalizations for non-fatal or fatal heart attack. 2577:. Faster heart rate may accompany increased production of inflammation molecules and increased production of reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular system, in addition to increased mechanical stress to the heart. There is a correlation between increased resting rate and cardiovascular risk. This is not seen to be "using an allotment of heart beats" but rather an increased risk to the system from the increased rate. 1243:(ECG). The intensity of exercise is periodically increased until certain changes in heart function are detected on the ECG monitor, at which point the subject is directed to stop. Typical duration of the test ranges ten to twenty minutes. Adults who are beginning a new exercise regimen are often advised to perform this test only in the presence of medical staff due to risks associated with high heart rates. 2600:

heart rate and risk of death and cardiac complications on patients with type 2 diabetes, legumes were found to lower resting heart rate. This is thought to occur because in addition to the direct beneficial effects of legumes, they also displace animal proteins in the diet, which are higher in saturated fat and cholesterol. Another nutrient is omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (

1002: 2187: 2460: 2552: 6661: 838:/stimulus has a prolonged effect on heart rate in individuals who are directly impacted. In regard to the characters present onstage, a reduced startle response has been associated with a passive defense, and the diminished initial heart rate response has been predicted to have a greater tendency to dissociation. Current evidence suggests that 1840: 920:

range. These variations in pH and accompanying slight physical changes to the active site on the enzyme decrease the rate of formation of the enzyme-substrate complex, subsequently decreasing the rate of many enzymatic reactions, which can have complex effects on HR. Severe changes in pH will lead to denaturation of the enzyme.

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Lifestyle and pharmacological regimens may be beneficial to those with high resting heart rates. Exercise is one possible measure to take when an individual's heart rate is higher than 80 beats per minute. Diet has also been found to be beneficial in lowering resting heart rate: In studies of resting

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is largely different from one beat to another. In those beats following a shorter diastolic interval left ventricle does not fill properly, stroke volume is lower and pulse wave is not strong enough to be detected by palpation on a distal artery like the radial artery. It can be detected, however, by

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After peaking at about 9.2 weeks after the LMP, it decelerates to about 150 bpm (+/-25 bpm) during the 15th week after the LMP. After the 15th week the deceleration slows reaching an average rate of about 145 (+/-25 bpm) bpm at term. The regression formula which describes this acceleration before the

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Heart rates assessed during treadmill stress test that do not drop by more than 12 bpm one minute after stopping exercise (if cool-down period after exercise) or by more than 18 bpm one minute after stopping exercise (if no cool-down period and supine position as soon as possible) are associated with

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Resting heart rate is often correlated with mortality. In the Copenhagen City Heart Study a heart rate of 65 bpm rather than 80 bpm was associated with 4.6 years longer life expectancy in men and 3.6 years in women. Other studies have shown all-cause mortality is increased by 1.22

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Given these data, heart rate should be considered in the assessment of cardiovascular risk, even in apparently healthy individuals. Heart rate has many advantages as a clinical parameter: It is inexpensive and quick to measure and is easily understandable. Although the accepted limits of heart rate

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The human heart begins beating at a rate near the mother's, about 75–80 beats per minute (bpm). The embryonic heart rate then accelerates linearly for the first month of beating, peaking at 165–185 bpm during the early 7th week, (early 9th week after the LMP). This acceleration is approximately 3.3

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Although attributed to various sources, it is widely thought to have been devised in 1970 by Dr. William Haskell and Dr. Samuel Fox. They did not develop this formula from original research, but rather by plotting data from approximately 11 references consisting of published research or unpublished

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In one study 98% of cardiologists suggested that as a desirable target range, 50 to 90 beats per minute is more appropriate than 60 to 100. The available evidence indicates that the normal range for resting heart rate is 50–90 beats per minute (bpm). In a study of over 35,000 American men and women

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with symptoms that resemble those of heart attacks. These events are typically transient and treatable. Meditation techniques have been developed to ease anxiety and have been shown to lower HR effectively. Doing simple deep and slow breathing exercises with one's eyes closed can also significantly

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Autonomic innervation of the heart: Cardioaccelerator and cardioinhibitory areas are components of the paired cardiac centers located in the medulla oblongata of the brain. They innervate the heart via sympathetic cardiac nerves that increase cardiac activity and vagus (parasympathetic) nerves that

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Standard textbooks of physiology and medicine mention that heart rate (HR) is readily calculated from the ECG as follows: HR = 1000*60/RR interval in milliseconds, HR = 60/RR interval in seconds, or HR = 300/number of large squares between successive R waves. In each case, the authors are actually

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pulsation is transmitted to the surface by pressuring it with the index and middle fingers; often it is compressed against an underlying structure like bone. The thumb should not be used for measuring another person's heart rate, as its strong pulse may interfere with the correct perception of the

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from the age-specific population mean is about 12bpm, and a 95% interval for the prediction error is about 24bpm. For example, Dr. Fritz Hagerman observed that the maximum heart rates of men in their 20s on Olympic rowing teams vary from 160 to 220. Such a variation would equate to an age range of

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Similarly, baroreceptors are stretch receptors located in the aortic sinus, carotid bodies, the venae cavae, and other locations, including pulmonary vessels and the right side of the heart itself. Rates of firing from the baroreceptors represent blood pressure, level of physical activity, and the

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Parasympathetic stimulation originates from the cardioinhibitory region of the brain with impulses traveling via the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X). The vagus nerve sends branches to both the SA and AV nodes, and to portions of both the atria and ventricles. Parasympathetic stimulation releases the

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Other studies have shown that a high resting heart rate is associated with an increase in cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the general population and in patients with chronic diseases. A faster resting heart rate is associated with shorter life expectancy and is considered a strong risk

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near the base of the heart. The cardioaccelerator center also sends additional fibers, forming the cardiac nerves via sympathetic ganglia (the cervical ganglia plus superior thoracic ganglia T1–T4) to both the SA and AV nodes, plus additional fibers to the atria and ventricles. The ventricles are

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is strongly correlated to age, and most formulas are solely based on this. Studies have been mixed on the effect of gender, with some finding that gender is statistically significant, although small when considering overall equation error, while others finding negligible effect. The inclusion of

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falls in the range of 7.35–7.45, so a number lower than this range represents acidosis and a higher number represents alkalosis. Enzymes, being the regulators or catalysts of virtually all biochemical reactions – are sensitive to pH and will change shape slightly with values outside their normal

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which normally enable the precise regulation of heart function, via cardiac reflexes. Increased physical activity results in increased rates of firing by various proprioreceptors located in muscles, joint capsules, and tendons. The cardiovascular centres monitor these increased rates of firing,

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Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Augustin LS, Mitchell S, Sahye-Pudaruth S, Blanco Mejia S, Chiavaroli L, Mirrahimi A, Ireland C (2012-11-26). "Effect of legumes as part of a low glycemic index diet on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled

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Using a combination of autorhythmicity and innervation, the cardiovascular center is able to provide relatively precise control over the heart rate, but other factors can impact on this. These include hormones, notably epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thyroid hormones; levels of various ions

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Bradycardia was defined as a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute when textbooks asserted that the normal range for heart rates was 60–100 bpm. The normal range has since been revised in textbooks to 50–90 bpm for a human at total rest. Setting a lower threshold for bradycardia prevents

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need to be less than ±3 bpm. No current formula meets this accuracy. For prescribing exercise training heart rate ranges, the errors in the more accurate formulas may be acceptable, but again it is likely that, for a significant fraction of the population, current equations used to estimate

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Increased metabolic byproducts associated with increased activity, such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and lactic acid, plus falling oxygen levels, are detected by a suite of chemoreceptors innervated by the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. These chemoreceptors provide feedback to the

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of the cardiac nerves. This shortens the repolarization period, thus speeding the rate of depolarization and contraction, which results in an increased heartrate. It opens chemical or ligand-gated sodium and calcium ion channels, allowing an influx of positively charged ions.

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Heart rate recovery (HRR) is the reduction in heart rate at peak exercise and the rate as measured after a cool-down period of fixed duration. A greater reduction in heart rate after exercise during the reference period is associated with a higher level of cardiac fitness.

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The limbic system can also significantly impact HR related to emotional state. During periods of stress, it is not unusual to identify higher than normal HRs, often accompanied by a surge in the stress hormone cortisol. Individuals experiencing extreme anxiety may manifest

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Aladin AI, Whelton SP, Al-Mallah MH, Blaha MJ, Keteyian SJ, Juraschek SP, Rubin J, Brawner CA, Michos ED (2014-12-01). "Relation of resting heart rate to risk for all-cause mortality by gender after considering exercise capacity (the Henry Ford exercise testing project)".

1544:) is the difference between a person's measured or predicted maximum heart rate and resting heart rate. Some methods of measurement of exercise intensity measure percentage of heart rate reserve. Additionally, as a person increases their cardiovascular fitness, their HR 2362:(At rest, tachycardia is commonly seen in fatty acid oxidation disorders. An inappropriate rapid heart rate response to exercise is seen in muscle glycogenoses and mitochondrial myopathies, where the tachycardia is faster than would be expected during exercise). 1223:) is the age-related highest number of beats per minute of the heart when reaching a point of exhaustion without severe problems through exercise stress. In general it is loosely estimated as 220 minus one's age. It generally decreases with age. Since HR 2382:

misclassification of fit individuals as having a pathologic heart rate. The normal heart rate number can vary as children and adolescents tend to have faster heart rates than average adults. Bradycardia may be associated with medical conditions such as

370:. During rest, both centers provide slight stimulation to the heart, contributing to autonomic tone. This is a similar concept to tone in skeletal muscles. Normally, vagal stimulation predominates as, left unregulated, the SA node would initiate a 422:

Effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation on normal sinus rhythm: The wave of depolarization in a normal sinus rhythm shows a stable resting HR. Following parasympathetic stimulation, HR slows. Following sympathetic stimulation, HR

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winner, had a resting heart rate of 28 beats per minute, one of the lowest ever recorded in a healthy human. Daniel Green achieved the world record for the slowest heartbeat in a healthy human with a heart rate of just 26 bpm in 2014.

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The theoretical maximum heart rate of a human is 300 bpm; however, there have been multiple cases where this theoretical upper limit has been exceeded. The fastest human ventricular conduction rate recorded to this day is a conducted

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until the surgery is complete, and sinus rhythm can be restored. Excessive hyperthermia and hypothermia will both result in death, as enzymes drive the body systems to cease normal function, beginning with the central nervous system.

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physical activity status, maximal oxygen uptake, smoking, body mass index, body weight, or resting heart rate did not significantly improve accuracy. Nonlinear models are slightly more accurate predictors of average age-specific HR

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The cardiovascular centre receive input from a series of visceral receptors with impulses traveling through visceral sensory fibers within the vagus and sympathetic nerves via the cardiac plexus. Among these receptors are various

1757:, which is used to test an athlete's capabilities at specific heart rates. These are not intended to be used as exercise zones, although they are often used as such. The Zoladz test zones are derived by subtracting values from HR 870:. The relationship between electrolytes and HR is complex, but maintaining electrolyte balance is critical to the normal wave of depolarization. Of the two ions, potassium has the greater clinical significance. Initially, both 106:

is a low heart rate, defined as below 60 bpm at rest. When a human sleeps, a heartbeat with rates around 40–50 bpm is common and considered normal. When the heart is not beating in a regular pattern, this is referred to as an

366:. The cardioaccelerator regions stimulate activity via sympathetic stimulation of the cardioaccelerator nerves, and the cardioinhibitory centers decrease heart activity via parasympathetic stimulation as one component of the 2592:

are between 60 and 100 beats per minute, this was based for convenience on the scale of the squares on electrocardiogram paper; a better definition of normal sinus heart rate may be between 50 and 90 beats per minute.

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Cooney MT, Vartiainen E, Laatikainen T, Laakitainen T, Juolevi A, Dudina A, Graham IM (2010-04-01). "Elevated resting heart rate is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in healthy men and women".

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Fox K, Ford I (2008). "Heart rate as a prognostic risk factor in patients with coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a subgroup analysis of a randomised controlled trial".

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Heart rate monitors allow measurements to be taken continuously and can be used during exercise when manual measurement would be difficult or impossible (such as when the hands are being used). Various commercial

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itself. The heartbeat is initiated in the pacemaker regions and spreads to the rest of the heart through a conduction pathway. Pacemaker cells develop in the primitive atrium and the sinus venosus to form the

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While this formula is commonly used (and easy to remember and calculate), research has consistently found that it is subject to bias, particularly in older adults. Compared to the age-specific average HR

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are not accurate enough. Froelicher and Myers describe maximum heart formulas as "largely useless". Measurement via a maximal test is preferable whenever possible, which can be as accurate as ±2bpm.

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is defined as a resting heart rate above 100 bpm, though persistent rest rates between 80 and 100 bpm, mainly if they are present during sleep, may be signs of hyperthyroidism or anemia (see below).

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to receive the most benefit from a workout. This theoretical range varies based mostly on age; however, a person's physical condition, sex, and previous training also are used in the calculation.

2227:). An ECG generates a pattern based on electrical activity of the heart, which closely follows heart function. Continuous ECG monitoring is routinely done in many clinical settings, especially in 2424:). They can be divided into two broad categories: fast and slow heart rates. Some cause few or minimal symptoms. Others produce more serious symptoms of lightheadedness, dizziness and fainting. 985:– to rapidly and selectively slow down their heart rate during diving for conserving oxygen depending on external signals. In humans regulating heart rate by methods such as listening to music, 2231:. On the ECG, instantaneous heart rate is calculated using the R wave-to-R wave (RR) interval and multiplying/dividing in order to derive heart rate in heartbeats/min. Multiple methods exist: 1513:-16 to 68 using the Wingate formula. The formulas are quite accurate at predicting the average heart rate of a group of similarly-aged individuals, but relatively poor for a given individual. 205: 771:. The impact of thyroid hormones is typically of a much longer duration than that of the catecholamines. The physiologically active form of triiodothyronine, has been shown to directly enter 1205: 273:

As water and blood are incompressible fluids, one of the physiological ways to deliver more blood to an organ is to increase heart rate. Normal resting heart rates range from 60 to 100 bpm.

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environment, and has not been subject to any recent exertion or stimulation, such as stress or surprise. The normal resting heart rate is based on the at-rest firing rate of the heart's

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Garcia A, Marquez MF, Fierro EF, Baez JJ, Rockbrand LP, Gomez-Flores J (May 2020). "Cardioinhibitory syncope: from pathophysiology to treatment-should we think on cardioneuroablation?".

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Richards JR, Garber D, Laurin EG, Albertson TE, Derlet RW, Amsterdam EA, Olson KR, Ramoska EA, Lange RA (June 2016). "Treatment of cocaine cardiovascular toxicity: a systematic review".

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Heart rate (HR) (top trace) and tidal volume (Vt) (lung volume, second trace) plotted on the same chart, showing how heart rate increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration.

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form one component of the extended fight-or-flight mechanism. The other component is sympathetic stimulation. Epinephrine and norepinephrine have similar effects: binding to the beta-1

1258:. However, these predictive formulas have been criticized as inaccurate because they only produce generalized population-averages and may deviate significantly from the actual value. ( 4452:

Cicone ZS, Holmes CJ, Fedewa MV, MacDonald HV, Esco MR (3 July 2019). "Age-Based Prediction of Maximal Heart Rate in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".

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An Australian-led international study of patients with cardiovascular disease has shown that heart beat rate is a key indicator for the risk of heart attack. The study, published in

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Shargal E, Kislev-Cohen R, Zigel L, Epstein S, Pilz-Burstein R, Tenenbaum G (October 2015). "Age-related maximal heart rate: examination and refinement of prediction equations".

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tend to have slow resting heart rates, and resting bradycardia in athletes should not be considered abnormal if the individual has no symptoms associated with it. For example,

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or psychological status, diet, drugs, hormonal status, environment, and disease/illness, as well as the interaction between these factors. It is usually equal or close to the

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is defined as a resting heart rate below 60 bpm. However, heart rates from 50 to 60 bpm are common among healthy people and do not necessarily require special attention.

2620:(EPA) were compared, modest heart rate reduction was observed in trials that supplemented with DHA (-2.47 bpm; 95% CI: -3.47, -1.46 bpm), but not in those received EPA. 1471:

at age 76 was about 10bpm higher than the Haskell and Fox equation. Consequently, the formula cannot be recommended for use in exercise physiology and related fields.

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Mason JW, Ramseth DJ, Chanter DO, Moon TE, Goodman DB, Mendzelevski B (2007-07-01). "Electrocardiographic reference ranges derived from 79,743 ambulatory subjects".

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Tachycardia is a resting heart rate more than 100 beats per minute. This number can vary as smaller people and children have faster heart rates than average adults.

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Hjalmarson A, Gilpin EA, Kjekshus J, Schieman G, Nicod P, Henning H, Ross J (1990-03-01). "Influence of heart rate on mortality after acute myocardial infarction".

1206: 5527:"Resting heart rate and risk of sudden cardiac death in the general population: influence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart rate-modulating drugs" 1041: 213:

Heart sounds of a 16 year old girl immediately after running, with a heart rate of 186 BPM. The S1 heart sound is intensified due to the increased cardiac output.

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Farazdaghi GR, Wohlfart B (November 2001). "Reference values for the physical work capacity on a bicycle ergometer for women between 20 and 80 years of age".

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Inbar O, Oten A, Scheinowitz M, Rotstein A, Dlin R, Casaburi R (1994). "Normal cardiopulmonary responses during incremental exercise in 20-70-yr-old men".

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in its heart rate monitors, which Dr. Haskell has "laughed about", as the formula "was never supposed to be an absolute guide to rule people's training."

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Kouvas N, Dimitriadis K, Kakosaiou Z, Tousoulis D (2018). "Heart Rate and Blood Pressure: "Connecting the Dots" in Epidemiology and Pathophysiology".

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Nes B, Janszky I, Wisloff U, Stoylen A, Karlsen T (December 2013). "Age-predicted maximal heart rate in healthy subjects: The HUNT Fitness Study".

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This section discusses target heart rates for healthy persons, which would be inappropriately high for most persons with coronary artery disease.

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are both stimulants of the nervous system and of the cardiac centres causing an increased heart rate. Caffeine works by increasing the rates of

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more richly innervated by sympathetic fibers than parasympathetic fibers. Sympathetic stimulation causes the release of the neurotransmitter

799:. Drugs known as calcium channel blockers slow HR by binding to these channels and blocking or slowing the inward movement of calcium ions. 197: 5008: 2777: 5889:"Effect of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on heart rate: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 1072: 2612:) involving 3,000 participants, the supplement mildly but significantly reduced heart rate (-2.23 bpm; 95% CI: -3.07, -1.40 bpm). When 1871:(LMP), which is the date normally used to date pregnancy in the medical community. The electrical depolarizations that trigger cardiac 94:

states the normal resting adult human heart rate is 60–100 bpm. An ultra-trained athlete would have a resting heart rate of 37–38 bpm.

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being released in the brain, some of which are those that are 'forced'/'enticed' out by the ingestion and processing of drugs such as

5628:"The association between resting heart rate, cardiovascular disease and mortality: evidence from 112,680 men and women in 12 cohorts" 3294:

Morais P, Quaresma C, Vigário R, Quintão C (2021). "Electrophysiological effects of mindfulness meditation in a concentration test".

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is the easiest to use to check the heart rate. However, in emergency situations the most reliable arteries to measure heart rate are

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Heart rate is not a stable value and it increases or decreases in response to the body's need in a way to maintain an equilibrium (

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factors through sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Nervous influence over the heart rate is centralized within the two paired

6691: 5319: 1204: 5250: 4855:"Heart Rate Recovery Immediately After Treadmill Exercise and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction as Predictors of Mortality" 4105:"Reference values for the physical work capacity on a bicycle ergometer for men -- a comparison with a previous study on women" 1039: 465:

cardiovascular centers about the need for increased or decreased blood flow, based on the relative levels of these substances.

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over age 40 during the 1999-2008 period, 71 bpm was the average for men, and 73 bpm was the average for women.

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referring to instantaneous HR, which is the number of times the heart would beat if successive RR intervals were constant.

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of the eye fundus are often used in the clinics. Those techniques can assess the heart rate by measuring the delay between

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Böhm M, Reil J, Borer JS (2015). "Resting heart rate: risk indicator and emerging risk factor in cardiovascular disease".

5127: 6651: 6580: 5576:"Elevated resting heart rate, physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a 16-year follow-up in the Copenhagen Male Study" 4393: 2531: 450:

suppressing parasympathetic stimulation or increasing sympathetic stimulation as needed in order to increase blood flow.

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Salerno DM, Zanetti J (1991). "Seismocardiography for monitoring changes in left ventricular function during ischemia".

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Karvonen J, Vuorimaa T (May 1988). "Heart rate and exercise intensity during sports activities. Practical application".

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Fox SM 3rd, Naughton JP, Haskell WL (December 1971). "Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease".

3561: 2503: 2478: 207: 6320: 3562:"Dolphins conserve oxygen and prevent dive-related problems by consciously decreasing their heart rates before diving" 2973:

Spodick DH (1993-08-15). "Survey of selected cardiologists for an operational definition of normal sinus heart rate".

2165: 1847:, the human heart begins beating at 70 to 80 beats per minute and accelerates linearly for the first month of beating. 1207: 5403:"Metabolic syndrome is associated with and predicted by resting heart rate: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study" 2561:

A number of investigations indicate that faster resting heart rate has emerged as a new risk factor for mortality in

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Sloan RP, Shapiro PA, DeMeersman RE, Bagiella E, Brondolo EN, McKinley PS, Slavov I, Fang Y, Myers MM (2009-05-01).

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Brosschot J, Thayer J (2003). "Heart rate response is longer after negative emotions than after positive emotions".

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An application (open-source) for contactless real time heart rate measurements by means of an ordinary web cam

4206:"Heart rate response to exercise stress testing in asymptomatic women: the st. James women take heart project" 2199: 5151:

Bonnet D, Martin D, Pascale De Lonlay n, Villain E, Jouvet P, Rabier D, Brivet M, Saudubray JM (1999-11-30).

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Emren SV, Gediz RB, Şenöz O, Karagöz U, Şimşek EÇ, Levent F, Özdemir E, Gürsoy MO, Nazli C (February 2019).

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is a condition in which excess hydrogen ions are present, and the patient's blood expresses a low pH value.

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The THR can be calculated as a range of 65–85% intensity, with intensity defined simply as percentage of HR

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An elite athlete's heart recorded during a maximum effort workout maintaining over 180 bpm for 10 minutes.

1013:) between requirement and delivery of oxygen and nutrients. The normal SA node firing rate is affected by 932: 839: 822:, whereas nicotine stimulates the activity of the sympathetic neurons that deliver impulses to the heart. 391: 355: 285: 5964: 5153:"Arrhythmias and conduction defects as presenting symptoms of fatty acid oxidation disorders in children" 4635:

Karvonen MJ, Kentala E, Mustala O (1957). "The effects of training on heart rate; a longitudinal study".

306:

decrease the heart rate (apart from some particularly strange ones with equally strange effects, such as

6396: 3667:

Jensen MT (2019). "Resting heart rate and relation to disease and longevity: past, present and future".

2617: 2287: 2277: 1885: 898: 418: 359: 2499: 125: 4351: 3821: 2438:

Elevated heart rate is a powerful predictor of morbidity and mortality in patients with hypertension.

6145: 6128: 2613: 1010: 915:

is a condition in which there are too few hydrogen ions, and the patient's blood has an elevated pH.

894: 843: 80: 5626:

Woodward M, Webster R, Murakami Y, Barzi F, Lam TH, Fang X, Suh I, Batty GD, Huxley R (2014-06-01).

3950: 6492: 6330: 6325: 6160: 6133: 5279: 3779:"Cardiovascular effects of strenuous exercise in adult recreational hockey: the Hockey Heart Study" 3218: 2650: 2565:

mammals, particularly cardiovascular mortality in human beings. High heart rate is associated with

2415: 2039: 1232: 744: 399: 1423: 6600: 6465: 6218: 5657: 5380: 5081: 5050: 4884: 4728: 4617: 4477: 4333: 4277: 4186: 4132: 3745: 3702: 3548: 3276: 3066: 2716: 2640: 2601: 2386:, heart disease, or inflammatory disease. At rest, although tachycardia is more commonly seen in 2359: 2250: 2220: 1251:

with ventricular rate of 600 beats per minute, which is comparable to the heart rate of a mouse.

978: 318:

There are many ways in which the heart rate speeds up or slows down. Most involve stimulant-like

37: 2261: 5208: 6236: 6208: 6188: 6011: 5994: 5984: 5920: 5869: 5830: 5781: 5746: 5702: 5649: 5605: 5556: 5504: 5465: 5424: 5372: 5336: 5296: 5212: 5182: 5174: 5109: 5042: 5005: 4933: 4876: 4833: 4801: 4755: 4720: 4685: 4644: 4609: 4566: 4526: 4469: 4434: 4325: 4269: 4227: 4178: 4124: 4085: 4050: 4006: 3969: 3905: 3878: 3800: 3759: 3684: 3644: 3640: 3588: 3540: 3487: 3469: 3430: 3381: 3313: 3268: 3224: 3154: 3131: 3058: 3050: 2990: 2950: 2908: 2868: 2825: 2708: 2666: 2135: 1851: 1834: 1504:

Maximum heart rates vary significantly between individuals. Age explains only about half of HR

1240: 1180: 855: 458: 363: 4664:"Relationship between % heart rate reserve and % VO2 reserve in treadmill exercise" 1603:

max correspond to each other, but newer evidence shows that it correlated much better with VO

890:(high potassium levels) causes the heart to become weak and flaccid, and ultimately to fail. 6585: 6180: 5910: 5900: 5861: 5820: 5812: 5773: 5736: 5692: 5684: 5677:"Resting heart rate: a modifiable prognostic indicator of cardiovascular risk and outcomes?" 5639: 5595: 5587: 5546: 5538: 5496: 5455: 5414: 5364: 5328: 5288: 5164: 5099: 5091: 5034: 4923: 4915: 4866: 4791: 4712: 4675: 4599: 4516: 4508: 4461: 4424: 4317: 4261: 4217: 4168: 4116: 4077: 4040: 3998: 3868: 3860: 3790: 3749: 3741: 3676: 3530: 3520: 3477: 3461: 3420: 3412: 3373: 3344: 3305: 3260: 3121: 3042: 2982: 2942: 2900: 2860: 2700: 2161: 2117: 2106: 1868: 1625: 835: 791:: increased calcium levels cause an increase in both. High levels of calcium ions result in 764: 756: 405: 267: 251: 108: 76: 5070:"Waveform analysis of human retinal and choroidal blood flow with laser Doppler holography" 4497:"Revisiting age-predicted maximal heart rate: Can it be used as a valid measure of effort?" 2002: 1483:

The various formulae provide slightly different numbers for the maximum heart rates by age.

6665: 6435: 6165: 6045: 5012: 2609: 2574: 2439: 2398: 2212: 2128: 2077: 2010: 1900:

bpm per day, or about 10 bpm every three days, an increase of 100 bpm in the first month.

1881: 1860: 1176: 776: 740: 434: 351: 235: 32: 5938: 2524: 6595: 6520: 6512: 6106: 6093: 5915: 5888: 5825: 5800: 5697: 5676: 5600: 5575: 5551: 5526: 5201: 5104: 5069: 4928: 4903: 4604: 4588:"Relationship between %HRmax, %HR reserve, %VO2max, and %VO2 reserve in elite cyclists" 4587: 4521: 4496: 3873: 3848: 3754: 3729: 3535: 3506: 3482: 3449: 3425: 3400: 3126: 3109: 2946: 2402: 2383: 2283: 2154: 2110: 2088: 2035: 1893: 1184: 990: 953: 815: 796: 772: 383: 378: 255: 149: 72: 5688: 5368: 4429: 4412: 4222: 4205: 4045: 4028: 3864: 3377: 1867:

begins at approximately 21 days after conception, or five weeks after the last normal

878:(high sodium levels) may lead to tachycardia. Severely high hypernatremia may lead to 6675: 6213: 6123: 6116: 6101: 5777: 4716: 4680: 4663: 4481: 4321: 4265: 4120: 4081: 4002: 3795: 3778: 3633: 3552: 3280: 2986: 2904: 2645: 2172: 2059: 2043: 2031: 1889: 1844: 1449: 1235:. In this test, a person is subjected to controlled physiologic stress (generally by 875: 792: 736: 727:

including calcium, potassium, and sodium; body temperature; hypoxia; and pH balance.

446: 442: 387: 263: 114: 75:. It is also modulated by numerous factors, including (but not limited to) genetics, 52: 5661: 5054: 4888: 4732: 4621: 4190: 4136: 2720: 2253:

are also available. Some monitors, used during sport, consist of a chest strap with

6627: 6617: 6590: 6479: 6470: 6267: 6241: 5401:

Jiang X, Liu X, Wu S, Zhang GQ, Peng M, Wu Y, Zheng X, Ruan C, Zhang W (Jan 2015).

5384: 4337: 4281: 3968:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2010. p. 79. 3070: 3009: 2655: 2562: 2443: 2433: 2394: 2066: 1046:

Resting heart rate recorded in an elite athlete demonstrating bradycardia at 42 bpm

936: 924: 887: 879: 871: 470: 438: 371: 5865: 4465: 3680: 3619: 3046: 2864: 17: 5887:

Hidayat K, Yang J, Zhang Z, Chen GC, Qin LQ, Eggersdorfer M, Zhang W (Jun 2018).

5801:"The effect of aerobic training and cardiac autonomic regulation in young adults" 5591: 5419: 5402: 5332: 4173: 4156: 3450:"Stress and Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature" 1578:

This is often used to gauge exercise intensity (first used in 1957 by Karvonen).

1070: 204: 156: 6632: 6622: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6251: 6040: 5542: 4796: 4779: 3614: 2660: 2628: 2624: 2421: 2372: 2303: 2143: 1248: 1001: 928: 902: 883: 867: 831: 768: 528: 367: 311: 278: 274: 259: 165: 130: 102: 96: 5525:

Teodorescu C, Reinier K, Uy-Evanado A, Gunson K, Jui J, Chugh SS (2013-08-01).

5460: 5443: 5169: 5152: 3849:"Mouse Heart Rate in a Human: Diagnostic Mystery of an Extreme Tachyarrhythmia" 3309: 3264: 1227:

varies by individual, the most accurate way of measuring any single person's HR

6570: 6355: 5905: 5500: 4951: 4512: 4157:"Longitudinal Modeling of the Relationship between Age and Maximal Heart Rate" 4155:

Gellish RL, Goslin BR, Olson RE, McDONALD A, Russi GD, Moudgil VK (May 2007).

3822:"Target Heart Rate and Estimated Maximum Heart Rate | Physical Activity | CDC" 3525: 2704: 2420:

Arrhythmias are abnormalities of the heart rate and rhythm (sometimes felt as

2204: 2139: 2022:

of the heart. This pulse rate can be found at any point on the body where the

1859:

The human heart beats more than 2.8 billion times in an average lifetime. The

1087: 986: 299: 222: 176: 84: 64: 5816: 5644: 5627: 5292: 5178: 4919: 4880: 4871: 4854: 4853:

Watanabe J, Thamilarasan M, Blackstone EH, Thomas JD, Lauer MS (2001-10-16).

4204:

Gulati M, Shaw LJ, Thisted RA, Black HR, Bairey Merz CN, Arnsdorf MF (2010).

3473: 3054: 310:

which can cause – amongst many other things – stimulant-like effects such as

6502: 6273: 6140: 5998: 5943: 5741: 5724: 5038: 4780:"Heart-rate recovery immediately after exercise as a predictor of mortality" 2254: 2186: 2095: 1822: 1818: 1236: 1172: 912: 863: 760: 402:

medications are used to block these receptors and so reduce the heart rate.

319: 288: 48: 5924: 5873: 5834: 5750: 5706: 5653: 5609: 5560: 5508: 5469: 5428: 5376: 5340: 5300: 5186: 5113: 4937: 4805: 4648: 4613: 4530: 4473: 4438: 4329: 4273: 4231: 4182: 4128: 4089: 4054: 3882: 3804: 3763: 3688: 3544: 3505:

Fahlman A, Cozzi B, Manley M, Jabas S, Malik M, Blawas A, Janik VM (2020).

3491: 3465: 3434: 3385: 3317: 3272: 3062: 2954: 2872: 2712: 1689:) to calculate target heart rate (THR), using a range of 50–85% intensity: 1183:

driving the self-generated rhythmic firing and responsible for the heart's

923:

The last variable is body temperature. Elevated body temperature is called

5785: 5095: 5046: 4724: 4689: 4010: 3909: 3135: 2994: 2912: 6530: 6261: 4977:"Embryonic Heart Rates Compared in Assisted and Non-Assisted Pregnancies" 4751: 4562: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2570: 908: 859: 811: 807: 331: 307: 303: 270:

increases heart rate, while stimulation of the vagus nerve decreases it.

5965:

OpenStax College, Anatomy & Physiology. OpenStax CNX. 30 July 2014.

5764:

Spodick DH (1992). "Operational definition of normal sinus heart rate".

2276:

Pulsatile retinal blood flow in the optic nerve head region revealed by

2138:), which can be felt with one's hand or fingers. It is also possible to 1448:

scientific compilations. It gained widespread use through being used by

6525: 5444:"Resting heart rate and cardiovascular events: time for a new crusade?" 5233:"Slowest heart rate: Daniel Green breaks Guinness World Records record" 3416: 2608:). In a meta-analysis with a total of 51 randomized controlled trials ( 2488:

if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

2219:

A more precise method of determining heart rate involves the use of an

2124: 1876: 1872: 1553: 1517: 819: 327: 323: 5396: 5394: 3349: 3332: 2691:

Zhang GQ, Zhang W (2009). "Heart rate, lifespan, and mortality risk".

1581:

Karvonen's study findings have been questioned, due to the following:

1171:) is defined as the heart rate when a person is awake, in a neutrally 905:, since metabolic reactions fueling heart contraction are restricted. 846:

and may be used for an objective measurement of psychological stress.

487:

Table 1: Major factors increasing heart rate and force of contraction

6365: 6360: 5675:

Arnold JM, Fitchett DH, Howlett JG, Lonn EM, Tardif JC (2008-05-01).

4104: 2150: 2023: 1864: 1548:

will drop, and the heart rate reserve will increase. Percentage of HR

854:

The heart rate can be slowed by altered sodium and potassium levels,

377:

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic stimuli flow through the paired

68: 3933: 1904:

embryo reaches 25 mm in crown-rump length or 9.2 LMP weeks is:

1839: 1431:

Notwithstanding later research, the most widely cited formula for HR

538:

Decreased rates of firing, indicating falling blood volume/pressure

5086: 775:

and alter activity at the level of the genome. It also impacts the

660:

Increased rates of firing, indicating higher blood volume/pressure

6497: 6084: 5960: 2291: 2271: 2084: 2073: 2055: 2019: 1850: 1838: 1629: 1364:

1 SD confidence interval: ±5–8 bpm (linear), ±2–5 bpm (nonlinear)

1254:

For general purposes, a number of formulas are used to estimate HR

1202: 1037: 1000: 417: 404: 56: 31: 3847:

Chhabra L, Goel N, Prajapat L, Spodick DH, Goyal S (2012-01-31).

4778:

Cole CR, Blackstone EH, Pashkow FJ, Snader CE, Lauer MS (1999).

2605: 1983:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Age\ in\ days} =\ \mathrm {EHR} (0.3)+6} 1633: 1463:

in young adults, agrees with it at age 40, and underestimates HR

993:

takes longer and only lowers the rate to a much smaller extent.

613:

Table 2: Factors decreasing heart rate and force of contraction

6049: 6032: 3828:. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 5 August 2022 3153:(11th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 116–22. 2824:(5th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 104. 2631:. It may also arise from autonomous nervous system impairment. 2453: 2241:

HR = 300/number of "large" squares between successive R waves.

2224: 2215:) of 6 weeks with a heart rate of approximately 90 per minute. 3669:

Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation

3401:"Heart rate, startle response, and intrusive trauma memories" 2735:"What is a normal pulse rate? - Heart Matters magazine - BHF" 2257:. The signal is transmitted to a wrist receiver for display. 767:(T3)), increase the heart rate; excessive levels can trigger 5574:

Jensen MT, Suadicani P, Hein HO, Gyntelberg F (2013-06-01).

4662:

Swain DP, Leutholtz BC, King ME, Haas LA, Branch JD (1998).

1052: 186: 138: 5207:(Bantam ed.). New York: Bantam Books. 2004. pp. 5068:

Puyo L, Paques M, Fink M, Sahel JA, Atlan M (2019-09-05).

1467:

in older adults. For example, in one study, the average HR

886:(low potassium levels) also leads to arrhythmias, whereas 266:

onto sinoatrial node cells. Therefore, stimulation of the

787:

Calcium ion levels have a great impact on heart rate and

262:

provides parasympathetic input to the heart by releasing

258:

onto the cells of the sinoatrial node (SA node), and the

63:, or bpm). The heart rate varies according to the body's 4254:

Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports

3934:"The Surprising History of the 'HRmax=220-age' Equation" 1595:

Karvonen incorrectly reported that the percentages of HR

830:

Both surprise and stress induce physiological response:

100:

is a high heart rate, defined as above 100 bpm at rest.

3966:

ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription

3448:

Kim HG, Cheon EJ, Bai DS, Lee YH, Koo BH (March 2018).

3223:. OpenStax College, Rice University. pp. 787–846. 2485: 1624:(THRR) is a desired range of heart rate reached during 1508:

variance. For a given age, the standard deviation of HR

1035:

Normal pulse rates at rest, in beats per minute (BPM):

457:

There is a similar reflex, called the atrial reflex or

5983:(10th International ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 4993: 2807: 2235:

HR = 1000 · 60/(RR interval in milliseconds)

1552:

is statistically indistinguishable from percentage of

6649: 1912: 1803:

Zone 4 (tough exercise): 180 − 20 ± 5 → 155 − 165 bpm

546:

Anticipation of physical exercise or strong emotions

254:

provides sympathetic input to the heart by releasing

4352:"Target Heart Rate and Estimated Maximum Heart Rate" 3297:

Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing

1800:

Zone 1 (easy exercise): 180 − 50 ± 5 → 125 − 135 bpm

1345:

Women: 190.2 / ( 1 + exp( 0.0453 × (age − 107.5) ) )

779:

response similar to epinephrine and norepinephrine.

27:

Speed of the heartbeat, measured in beats per minute

6561: 6511: 6478: 6464: 6444: 6381: 6283: 6227: 6179: 6092: 6083: 4586:Lounana J, Campion F, Noakes TD, Medelli J (2007). 4310:

The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness

2663:(heart rate is measured during 12 Minute Walk Test) 2311:Physiological conditions where tachycardia occurs: 611: 485: 5200: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 3746:10.1590/1984-0462/;2018;36;3;00015 3632: 2325:Pathological conditions where tachycardia occurs: 2050:Possible points for measuring the heart rate are: 1982: 1672:85% Intensity: (220 − (age = 40)) × 0.85 → 154 bpm 1669:65% Intensity: (220 − (age = 40)) × 0.65 → 117 bpm 1239:or bicycle ergometer) while being monitored by an 739:, epinephrine and norepinephrine, secreted by the 1744:85% Intensity: ((180 − 70) × 0.85) + 70 = 163 bpm 1741:50% Intensity: ((180 − 70) × 0.50) + 70 = 125 bpm 1648:. However, it is crucial to derive an accurate HR 1343:Men: 203.7 / ( 1 + exp( 0.033 × (age − 104.3) ) ) 113:. Abnormalities of heart rate sometimes indicate 3777:Atwal S, Porter J, MacDonald P (February 2002). 2211:, such as in this embryo (at bottom left in the 1855:Fetal heart rate monitoring. 30 weeks pregnancy. 1356:100 men, 32 women, 908 longitudinal observations 350:The heart rate is rhythmically generated by the 5312: 5310: 5272: 5270: 4411:Tanaka H, Monahan KD, Seals DR (January 2001). 4161:Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 4027:Tanaka H, Monahan KD, Seals DR (January 2001). 4022: 4020: 3662: 3660: 2318:Emotional conditions such as anxiety or stress. 901:(commonly called a heart attack) can lead to a 3631:Berne R, Levy M, Koeppen B, Stanton B (2004). 2686: 2684: 2682: 2484:Please review the contents of the section and 2450:Correlation with cardiovascular mortality risk 1459:, the Haskell and Fox formula overestimates HR 55:measured by the number of contractions of the 6061: 4417:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 3399:Chou C, Marca R, Steptoe A, Brewin C (2014). 2822:Animal physiology: adaptation and environment 1753:An alternative to the Karvonen method is the 1652:to ensure these calculations are meaningful. 637:Decreased rates of firing following exercise 398:Norepinephrine binds to the beta–1 receptor. 8: 4495:Arena R, Myers J, Kaminsky LA (March 2016). 4413:"Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited" 4029:"Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited" 3816: 3814: 2446:are major contributors to the pathogenesis. 2038:. This is important mainly in patients with 927:, and suppressed body temperature is called 4394:"'Maximum' Heart Rate Theory Is Challenged" 3853:Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 2390:, more rarely acute bradycardia can occur. 2260:Alternative methods of measurement include 1888:respectively. Conductive cells develop the 1875:to contract arise spontaneously within the 40:device displaying a normal human heart rate 6475: 6089: 6068: 6054: 6046: 6008:Physical Examination and Health Assessment 4748:Muscle and Exercise Physiology (first ed.) 4358:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4150: 4148: 4146: 3703:"Medical Definition of MAXIMUM HEART RATE" 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 2746: 2744: 511:Increased rates of firing during exercise 341:Influences from the central nervous system 5914: 5904: 5824: 5740: 5696: 5643: 5632:European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 5599: 5550: 5459: 5418: 5168: 5103: 5085: 4927: 4908:Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 4870: 4795: 4679: 4603: 4520: 4454:Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 4428: 4221: 4172: 4044: 3949: 3872: 3794: 3753: 3534: 3524: 3481: 3424: 3366:International Journal of Psychophysiology 3348: 3125: 3110:"Rehabilitating elderly cardiac patients" 2758:. American Heart Association. 22 Aug 2017 1954: 1913: 1911: 676:Decreased epinephrine and norepinephrine 554:Increased epinephrine and norepinephrine 6033:Online Heart Beats Per Minute Calculator 5959:This article incorporates text from the 5251:"Heart arrhythmia - Symptoms and causes" 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 2784:. American Heart Association. 2 May 2013 2198: 2185: 2042:, in whom heart beats are irregular and 2014:Heart rate monitor with a wrist receiver 2009: 2001: 1478: 1422: 1267: 1094: 935:to maintain the body's blood supply and 124: 6656: 6077:Physiology of the cardiovascular system 5979:Fuster V, Wayne AR, O'Rouke RA (2001). 5015:. Serendip. Retrieved on June 27, 2007. 4832:. Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 114. 4773: 4771: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 3584:Human Physiology, From Cells to Systems 3149:Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall (2005). 2678: 5893:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 5729:Tidsskrift for den Norske Lægeforening 4103:Wohlfart B, Farazdaghi GR (May 2003). 3333:"Tracking social rhythms of the heart" 2018:Heart rate is measured by finding the 1085: 842:can be used as an accurate measure of 220: 174: 5846: 5844: 5718: 5716: 5621: 5619: 5520: 5518: 5481: 5479: 2968: 2966: 2964: 944:Physiological control over heart rate 7: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2845: 2843: 2841: 1516:Robergs and Landwehr opine that for 1427:Fox and Haskell formula; widely used 755:In general, increased levels of the 164:Normal heart sounds as heard with a 67:needs, including the need to absorb 5128:"Bradycardia - Symptoms and causes" 2178:The side of the head near the ear ( 1323:Tanaka, Monahan, & Seals (2001) 1167:The basal or resting heart rate (HR 893:Heart muscle relies exclusively on 428:Input to the cardiovascular centres 5681:The Canadian Journal of Cardiology 4830:Exercise and the Heart (fifth ed.) 4605:10.1249/01.mss.0000246996.63976.5f 4559:Exercise and the Heart (fifth ed.) 2975:The American Journal of Cardiology 2947:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2006.09.003 2893:The American Journal of Cardiology 2853:The American Journal of Cardiology 2401:, a Spanish cyclist and five time 2171:The lateral edge of the mandible ( 1961: 1958: 1955: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1929: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1412:SD = 10.81 (male), 12.15 (female) 602:Stimulants, increasing heart rate 250:input to the sinoatrial node. The 87:measured at any peripheral point. 25: 6010:(6 ed.). Saunders Elsevier. 5805:American Journal of Public Health 5725:"Why measure resting heart rate?" 4223:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.939249 3728:Heinzmann-Filho JP, et a (2018). 3587:. Cengage Learning. p. 327. 1685:factors in resting heart rate (HR 1337:Wohlfart, B. and Farazdaghi, G.R. 6659: 5320:The American Journal of Medicine 4994:Fuster, Wayne & O'Rouke 2001 4717:10.2165/00007256-198805050-00002 4681:10.1097/00005768-199802000-00022 4322:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01445.x 4266:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01445.x 4121:10.1046/j.1475-097X.2003.00491.x 4082:10.1046/j.1365-2281.2001.00373.x 4003:10.1249/00005768-199405000-00003 2808:Fuster, Wayne & O'Rouke 2001 2550: 2458: 2344:Hypersecretion of catecholamines 2244:HR= 1,500 number of large blocks 2238:HR = 60/(RR interval in seconds) 2207:, heart rate can be measured by 1261: 1086:Problems playing this file? See 1068: 961: 952: 832:elevate heart rate substantially 795:and excessive levels can induce 221:Problems playing this file? See 202: 175:Problems playing this file? See 154: 5683:. 24 Suppl A (Suppl A): 3A–8A. 2006:Wrist heart rate monitor (2009) 1348:SD = 6.5% men, 5.5% women 626:Cardioinhibitor nerves (vagus) 481: 6036:Tap along with your heart rate 5442:Cook S, Hess OM (2010-03-01). 5006:Regulation of Human Heart Rate 4828:Froelicher V, Myers J (2006). 4557:Froelicher V, Myers J (2006). 3938:Journal of Exercise Physiology 3932:Robergs R, Landwehr R (2002). 3331:Mustonen V, Pantzar M (2013). 3151:Textbook of medical physiology 3085:"All About Heart Rate (Pulse)" 2778:"Tachycardia| Fast Heart Rate" 2752:"All About Heart Rate (Pulse)" 2486:add the appropriate references 2388:fatty acid oxidation disorders 2076:, or under the biceps muscle ( 1971: 1965: 1361:Nonlinear: 192 − (0.007 × age) 1130:and adults, including seniors 731:Epinephrine and norepinephrine 649:; decreased levels of H and CO 478:Factors influencing heart rate 1: 6204:Aortic valve area calculation 5866:10.1001/2013.jamainternmed.70 5854:Archives of Internal Medicine 5689:10.1016/s0828-282x(08)71019-5 5369:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61171-X 4466:10.1080/02701367.2019.1615605 4430:10.1016/S0735-1097(00)01054-8 4046:10.1016/S0735-1097(00)01054-8 3865:10.1016/s0972-6292(16)30463-6 3734:Revista Paulista de Pediatria 3681:10.1080/00365513.2019.1566567 3378:10.1016/s0167-8760(03)00146-6 3047:10.3109/15563650.2016.1142090 2865:10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.08.042 1791:Example for someone with a HR 1784:Zone 5 Adjuster = 10 bpm 1781:Zone 4 Adjuster = 20 bpm 1778:Zone 3 Adjuster = 30 bpm 1775:Zone 2 Adjuster = 40 bpm 1772:Zone 1 Adjuster = 50 bpm 1724:Example for someone with a HR 1660:of 180 (age 40, estimating HR 1656:Example for someone with a HR 1640:By percent, Fox–Haskell-based 1589:data to develop the equation. 933:artificial heart-lung machine 850:Factors decreasing heart rate 716:Decrease in body temperature 234:is regulated entirely by the 5778:10.1016/0002-9149(92)90947-W 5592:10.1136/heartjnl-2012-303375 5420:10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305685 5333:10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.09.016 4174:10.1097/mss.0b013e31803349c6 3253:J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2987:10.1016/0002-9149(93)91153-9 2934:Journal of Electrocardiology 2905:10.1016/0002-9149(90)91029-6 2756:All About Heart Rate (Pulse) 2149:In the neck, lateral of the 1592:Only six subjects were used. 1326:315 studies, 514 individuals 474:reduce this anxiety and HR. 6321:Effective refractory period 6200:) / End-diastolic dimension 5543:10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.05.009 5203:Guinness World Records 2004 4797:10.1056/NEJM199910283411804 3898:Annals of Clinical Research 2471:reliable medical references 2223:, or ECG (also abbreviated 2166:superficial temporal artery 1607:reserve as described above. 1025:decreases the firing rate. 1023:parasympathetic stimulation 981:can learn – apparently via 668:Anticipation of relaxation 594:Increased body temperature 523:; increased levels of H, CO 354:. It is also influenced by 6713: 5170:10.1161/01.cir.100.22.2248 4109:Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 3639:. Elsevier Mosby. p. 3310:10.1007/s11517-021-02332-y 3265:10.1007/s10840-020-00758-2 2820:Schmidt-Nielsen K (1997). 2431: 2413: 2370: 2301: 2180:posterior auricular artery 2058:on the side of the thumb ( 2054:The ventral aspect of the 1832: 1701:) × % intensity) + HR 1409:Women: 209.273–0.804 × age 1404:20,691 males, 7446 females 1269:Formulas for estimating HR 997:In different circumstances 503:Release of norepinephrine 374:of approximately 100 bpm. 92:American Heart Association 6682:Cardiovascular physiology 6606:Tubuloglomerular feedback 6553:Critical closing pressure 6373:Hexaxial reference system 6296:Cardiac electrophysiology 5906:10.1038/s41430-017-0052-3 5501:10.1016/j.ahj.2009.12.029 5074:Biomedical Optics Express 4513:10.1016/j.ahj.2015.12.006 3526:10.3389/fphys.2020.604018 2705:10.1016/j.arr.2008.10.001 2627:) may be associated with 2477:or relies too heavily on 1732:of 70 (and therefore a HR 1622:Training Heart Rate Range 1520:, prediction errors in HR 1375:Women: 206 − (0.88 × age) 1359:Linear: 207 − (0.7 × age) 1353:Oakland University (2007) 983:instrumental conditioning 629:Release of acetylcholine 500:Cardioaccelerator nerves 238:under normal conditions, 6581:Renin–angiotensin system 5817:10.2105/AJPH.2007.133165 5645:10.1177/2047487312452501 5461:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp484 5293:10.1177/0003319717746524 4920:10.17305/bjbms.2019.3725 4872:10.1161/circ.104.16.1911 4543:calculation, (208.609-HR 3615:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 3454:Psychiatry Investigation 3220:Anatomy & physiology 3014:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 2623:A very slow heart rate ( 2353:Acute Radiation Syndrome 1769:− Adjuster ± 5 bpm 1716:× % intensity) + HR 1616:For healthy people, the 1585:The study did not use VO 1419:Haskell & Fox (1970) 1407:Men: 208.609–0.716 × age 1295:Haskell & Fox (1971) 1015:autonomic nervous system 971:Dolphin heart rate graph 874:(low sodium levels) and 789:myocardial contractility 445:, plus stimuli from the 293:substituted amphetamines 198:Emily's racing heartbeat 6692:Mathematics in medicine 6611:Cerebral autoregulation 6576:Kinin–kallikrein system 6543:Jugular venous pressure 6193:End-diastolic dimension 6171:Pressure volume diagram 5742:10.4045/tidsskr.12.0553 5723:Nauman J (2012-06-12). 5039:10.1378/chest.100.4.991 4565:. pp. ix, 108–12. 4392:Kolata G (2001-04-24). 3707:www.merriam-webster.com 3512:Frontiers in Physiology 2693:Ageing Research Reviews 2567:endothelial dysfunction 2377:Athletic heart syndrome 2350:Valvular heart diseases 2100:posterior tibial artery 1019:sympathetic stimulation 298:Central nervous system 6548:Portal venous pressure 6538:Mean arterial pressure 6452:Ventricular remodeling 6198:End-systolic dimension 6156:Cardiac function curve 5939:Atrioventricular Block 5489:American Heart Journal 5448:European Heart Journal 4956:The Franklin Institute 4501:American Heart Journal 3709:. Merriam-Webster, Inc 3466:10.30773/pi.2017.08.17 2280: 2229:critical care medicine 2216: 2195:Electronic measurement 2191: 2015: 2007: 1984: 1896:into the lower heart. 1856: 1848: 1484: 1428: 1212: 1128:Children over 10 years 1057: 1047: 1006: 840:heart rate variability 599:Nicotine and caffeine 424: 411: 410:slow cardiac activity. 392:neuromuscular junction 360:cardiovascular centres 346:Cardiovascular centres 286:Central nervous system 191: 143: 133: 41: 6189:Fractional shortening 5096:10.1364/BOE.10.004942 4637:Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn 2618:eicosapentaenoic acid 2573:formation leading to 2288:laser Doppler imaging 2278:laser Doppler imaging 2275: 2202: 2189: 2013: 2005: 1993:Clinical significance 1985: 1886:atrioventricular node 1854: 1842: 1482: 1426: 1315:205.8 − (0.685 × age) 1210: 1056: 1045: 1004: 903:decreasing heart rate 899:myocardial infarction 803:Caffeine and nicotine 645:Increased levels of O 519:Decreased levels of O 421: 408: 190: 142: 128: 35: 6129:End-diastolic volume 5237:World Record Academy 4952:"Human Heart Trivia" 4668:Med Sci Sports Exerc 4592:Med Sci Sports Exerc 4033:J. Am. Coll. Cardiol 3991:Med Sci Sports Exerc 3568:. November 24, 2020. 3337:Approaching Religion 3108:Anderson JM (1991). 2614:docosahexaenoic acid 2360:Metabolic myopathies 2268:Optical measurements 1910: 1628:which enables one's 1396:SEE = 10.8 bpm 1390:1726 men, 1594 women 1309:Inbar, et al. (1994) 1304:SD = 12–15 bpm 1011:basal metabolic rate 844:psychological stress 745:adrenergic receptors 684:Decreased T3 and T4 562:Increased T3 and T4 295:increase heart rate. 6493:Vascular resistance 6331:Electrocardiography 6326:Pacemaker potential 6256:Conduction velocity 6161:Venous return curve 6134:End-systolic volume 6006:Jarvis, C. (2011). 5239:. 29 November 2014. 4981:Contemporary OB/GYN 3581:Sherwood L (2008). 3035:Clinical Toxicology 2651:Electrocardiography 2571:atheromatous plaque 2416:Cardiac dysrhythmia 2251:heart rate monitors 2040:atrial fibrillation 1808:Heart rate recovery 1378:SD = 11.8 bpm 1273: 1233:cardiac stress test 1179:, where the faster 979:bottlenose dolphins 977:A study shows that 897:for energy. Severe 614: 488: 400:High blood pressure 150:Normal heart sounds 6601:Myogenic mechanism 6219:Left atrial volume 6151:Frank–Starling law 5011:2007-05-14 at the 4996:, pp. 824–29. 4746:Zoladz JA (2018). 3417:10.1111/psyp.12176 2641:Heart rate monitor 2602:omega-3 fatty acid 2286:of the finger and 2281: 2262:seismocardiography 2221:electrocardiograph 2217: 2192: 2142:the heart using a 2094:Behind the medial 2072:The inside of the 2016: 2008: 1998:Manual measurement 1980: 1857: 1849: 1538:Heart rate reserve 1533:Heart rate reserve 1485: 1429: 1393:211 − (0.64 × age) 1268: 1217:maximum heart rate 1213: 1199:Maximum heart rate 1058: 1048: 1031:Resting heart rate 1007: 895:aerobic metabolism 612: 486: 425: 412: 192: 144: 134: 42: 38:medical monitoring 18:Maximum heart rate 6647: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6460: 6459: 6300:Action potential 6291:Conduction system 6237:Cardiac pacemaker 6209:Ejection fraction 6017:978-1-4377-0151-7 5990:978-0-07-116296-8 5981:Hurst's The Heart 5218:978-0-553-58712-8 5163:(22): 2248–2253. 5080:(10): 4942–4963. 4865:(16): 1911–1916. 4839:978-1-4160-0311-3 4761:978-0-12-814593-7 4572:978-1-4160-0311-3 4362:. 14 October 2020 3975:978-0-7817-6903-7 3650:978-0-8243-0348-8 3594:978-0-495-39184-5 3350:10.30664/ar.67512 3230:978-1-938168-13-0 3217:Betts JG (2013). 3160:978-0-7216-0240-0 2831:978-0-521-57098-5 2810:, pp. 78–79. 2667:Bainbridge reflex 2559: 2558: 2535: 2136:apex of the heart 2116:Behind the knee ( 1953: 1934: 1925: 1843:At 21 days after 1835:Heart development 1618:Target Heart Rate 1612:Target heart rate 1416: 1415: 1329:208 − (0.7 × age) 1241:electrocardiogram 1208: 1165: 1164: 1100:(0–1 months old) 1073: 1043: 826:Effects of stress 724: 723: 720: 719: 713:Body temperature 681:Thyroid hormones 634:Proprioreceptors 606: 605: 591:Body temperature 559:Thyroid hormones 508:Proprioreceptors 459:Bainbridge reflex 364:medulla oblongata 208: 159: 16:(Redirected from 6704: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6655: 6586:Vasoconstrictors 6563:Regulation of BP 6476: 6409:pulmonary artery 6382:Chamber pressure 6090: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6047: 6021: 6002: 5946: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5918: 5908: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5848: 5839: 5838: 5828: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5744: 5720: 5711: 5710: 5700: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5647: 5623: 5614: 5613: 5603: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5554: 5522: 5513: 5512: 5495:(4): 612–19.e3. 5483: 5474: 5473: 5463: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5422: 5398: 5389: 5388: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5314: 5305: 5304: 5274: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5206: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5172: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5107: 5089: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5022: 5016: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4931: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4874: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4825: 4810: 4809: 4799: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4683: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4607: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4561:. Philadelphia: 4554: 4548: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4524: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4432: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4389: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4305: 4286: 4285: 4249: 4236: 4235: 4225: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4176: 4152: 4141: 4140: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4048: 4024: 4015: 4014: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3929: 3914: 3913: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3876: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3818: 3809: 3808: 3798: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3757: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3675:(1–2): 108–116. 3664: 3655: 3654: 3638: 3628: 3622: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3559:Lay summary in: 3556: 3538: 3528: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3485: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3428: 3405:Psychophysiology 3396: 3390: 3389: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3214: 3165: 3164: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3129: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3095: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3020: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2970: 2959: 2958: 2928: 2917: 2916: 2888: 2877: 2876: 2847: 2836: 2835: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2748: 2739: 2738: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2688: 2554: 2553: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2534: 2493: 2462: 2461: 2454: 2118:popliteal artery 2036:carotid arteries 1989: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1964: 1951: 1947: 1932: 1923: 1869:menstrual period 1821:value it had no 1626:aerobic exercise 1340:81 men, 87 women 1274: 1209: 1110:(1–2 years old) 1095: 1078:Infant heartbeat 1075: 1074: 1064:Infant heartbeat 1055: 1044: 965: 956: 836:negative emotion 765:triiodothyronine 757:thyroid hormones 751:Thyroid hormones 615: 489: 482: 435:proprioreceptors 268:accelerans nerve 252:accelerans nerve 242:is regulated by 210: 209: 189: 161: 160: 141: 77:physical fitness 61:beats per minute 21: 6712: 6711: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6660: 6658: 6650: 6648: 6639: 6557: 6507: 6469: 6466:Vascular system 6456: 6440: 6377: 6279: 6264:(Contractility) 6223: 6175: 6166:Wiggers diagram 6079: 6074: 6029: 6024: 6018: 6005: 5991: 5978: 5974: 5955: 5950: 5949: 5936: 5932: 5886: 5885: 5881: 5860:(21): 1653–60. 5850: 5849: 5842: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5772:(14): 1245–46. 5763: 5762: 5758: 5722: 5721: 5714: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5625: 5624: 5617: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5524: 5523: 5516: 5485: 5484: 5477: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5400: 5399: 5392: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5316: 5315: 5308: 5276: 5275: 5268: 5259: 5257: 5249: 5248: 5244: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5219: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5136: 5134: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5013:Wayback Machine 5004: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4983:. 14 July 2011. 4975: 4974: 4970: 4961: 4959: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4827: 4826: 4813: 4790:(18): 1351–57. 4777: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4705:Sports Medicine 4702: 4701: 4697: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4391: 4390: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4316:(10): 1207–18. 4307: 4306: 4289: 4251: 4250: 4239: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4154: 4153: 4144: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4026: 4025: 4018: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3951:10.1.1.526.6164 3931: 3930: 3917: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3831: 3829: 3820: 3819: 3812: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3666: 3665: 3658: 3651: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3612: 3608: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3560: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3216: 3215: 3168: 3161: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3093: 3091: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3018: 3016: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2972: 2971: 2962: 2930: 2929: 2920: 2890: 2889: 2880: 2859:(11): 1701–06. 2849: 2848: 2839: 2832: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2750: 2749: 2742: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2690: 2689: 2680: 2675: 2637: 2575:atherosclerosis 2555: 2551: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2494: 2483: 2479:primary sources 2463: 2459: 2452: 2440:Atherosclerosis 2436: 2430: 2418: 2412: 2399:Miguel Indurain 2379: 2371:Main articles: 2369: 2341:Hyperthyroidism 2306: 2300: 2270: 2209:ultrasonography 2197: 2129:abdominal aorta 2078:brachial artery 2000: 1995: 1908: 1907: 1882:sinoatrial node 1837: 1831: 1810: 1794: 1768: 1760: 1751: 1735: 1731: 1728:of 180 and a HR 1727: 1719: 1715: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1688: 1683:Karvonen method 1679: 1677:Karvonen method 1664:As 220 − age): 1663: 1659: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1614: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1588: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1557: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1535: 1528: 1523: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1495: 1490: 1477: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1442: 1434: 1421: 1408: 1360: 1344: 1286: 1272: 1257: 1249:tachyarrhythmia 1230: 1226: 1222: 1203: 1201: 1185:autorhythmicity 1181:pacemaker cells 1177:sinoatrial node 1170: 1135:adult athletes 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1093: 1092: 1084: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1069: 1066: 1059: 1053: 1038: 1033: 999: 975: 974: 973: 972: 968: 967: 966: 958: 957: 946: 917:Normal blood pH 852: 828: 805: 785: 777:beta-adrenergic 753: 741:adrenal medulla 733: 673:Catecholamines 652: 648: 642:Chemoreceptors 551:Catecholamines 526: 522: 516:Chemoreceptors 480: 430: 386:(also known as 352:sinoatrial node 348: 343: 248:parasympathetic 236:sinoatrial node 228: 227: 219: 217: 216: 215: 214: 211: 203: 200: 193: 187: 182: 181: 173: 171: 170: 169: 168: 162: 155: 152: 145: 139: 123: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6710: 6708: 6700: 6699: 6697:Temporal rates 6694: 6689: 6684: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6668: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6615: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6596:Autoregulation 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6567: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6521:Pulse pressure 6517: 6515: 6513:Blood pressure 6509: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6484: 6482: 6473: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6454: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6399: 6391: 6389:Central venous 6385: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6298: 6293: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6271: 6270:(Excitability) 6265: 6259: 6249: 6239: 6233: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6195: 6185: 6183: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6107:Cardiac output 6104: 6098: 6096: 6094:Cardiac output 6087: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6065: 6058: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6038: 6028: 6027:External links 6025: 6023: 6022: 6016: 6003: 5989: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5930: 5899:(6): 805–817. 5879: 5840: 5791: 5756: 5712: 5667: 5615: 5586:(12): 882–87. 5566: 5537:(8): 1153–58. 5514: 5475: 5434: 5390: 5346: 5327:(3): 219–228. 5306: 5287:(8): 660–665. 5266: 5242: 5224: 5217: 5192: 5143: 5119: 5060: 5017: 4998: 4986: 4968: 4943: 4894: 4845: 4838: 4811: 4767: 4760: 4738: 4695: 4654: 4627: 4578: 4571: 4549: 4544: 4536: 4487: 4460:(3): 417–428. 4444: 4423:(1): 153–156. 4403: 4398:New York Times 4373: 4343: 4287: 4260:(6): 697–704. 4237: 4196: 4167:(5): 822–829. 4142: 4095: 4060: 4016: 3997:(5): 538–546. 3981: 3974: 3957: 3915: 3888: 3839: 3810: 3769: 3740:(3): 309–314. 3720: 3694: 3656: 3649: 3623: 3606: 3593: 3573: 3571: 3570: 3497: 3440: 3391: 3356: 3323: 3304:(4): 759–773. 3286: 3243: 3229: 3166: 3159: 3141: 3100: 3076: 3025: 3000: 2960: 2918: 2878: 2837: 2830: 2812: 2795: 2769: 2740: 2726: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2664: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2636: 2633: 2569:and increased 2557: 2556: 2549: 2547: 2466: 2464: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2432:Main article: 2429: 2426: 2414:Main article: 2411: 2408: 2403:Tour de France 2384:hypothyroidism 2368: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2347:Cardiomyopathy 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2323: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2302:Main article: 2299: 2296: 2284:Pulse oximetry 2269: 2266: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2196: 2193: 2190:ECG-RRinterval 2184: 2183: 2176: 2169: 2158: 2155:carotid artery 2147: 2132: 2121: 2114: 2111:dorsalis pedis 2103: 2092: 2089:femoral artery 2081: 2070: 2063: 2027:target pulse. 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1894:depolarization 1892:and carry the 1830: 1827: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1766: 1758: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1708:Equivalently, 1706: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1686: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1661: 1657: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1555: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1476: 1475:Other formulas 1473: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1432: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1405: 1402: 1401:Wingate (2015) 1398: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1298:35 data points 1296: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1270: 1255: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1200: 1197: 1168: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1105:(1–11 months) 1101: 1083: 1077: 1067: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1032: 1029: 1021:increases and 998: 995: 991:vagal maneuver 970: 969: 960: 959: 951: 950: 949: 948: 947: 945: 942: 851: 848: 827: 824: 816:depolarization 804: 801: 797:cardiac arrest 784: 781: 773:cardiomyocytes 752: 749: 737:catecholamines 732: 729: 722: 721: 718: 717: 714: 710: 709: 706: 702: 701: 698: 694: 693: 690: 686: 685: 682: 678: 677: 674: 670: 669: 666: 665:Limbic system 662: 661: 658: 657:Baroreceptors 654: 653: 650: 646: 643: 639: 638: 635: 631: 630: 627: 623: 622: 619: 608: 607: 604: 603: 600: 596: 595: 592: 588: 587: 584: 580: 579: 576: 572: 571: 568: 564: 563: 560: 556: 555: 552: 548: 547: 544: 543:Limbic system 540: 539: 536: 535:Baroreceptors 532: 531: 524: 520: 517: 513: 512: 509: 505: 504: 501: 497: 496: 493: 479: 476: 443:chemoreceptors 429: 426: 384:norepinephrine 379:cardiac plexus 347: 344: 342: 339: 316: 315: 296: 256:norepinephrine 218: 212: 201: 196: 195: 194: 185: 184: 183: 172: 163: 153: 148: 147: 146: 137: 136: 135: 122: 119: 73:carbon dioxide 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6709: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6687:Medical signs 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6667: 6657: 6653: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6616: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6467: 6463: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6214:Cardiac index 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6124:Stroke volume 6122: 6118: 6117:Stroke volume 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6102:Cardiac cycle 6100: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6064: 6059: 6057: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6019: 6013: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5982: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5945: 5941: 5940: 5934: 5931: 5926: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5883: 5880: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5811:(5): 921–28. 5810: 5806: 5802: 5795: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5760: 5757: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5671: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5638:(6): 719–26. 5637: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5471: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5454:(5): 517–19. 5453: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5435: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5363:(6): 817–21. 5362: 5358: 5350: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5281: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5225: 5220: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5204: 5196: 5193: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5147: 5144: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5033:(4): 991–93. 5032: 5028: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4990: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4969: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4914:(1): 109–15. 4913: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4849: 4846: 4841: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4711:(5): 303–11. 4710: 4706: 4699: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4674:(2): 318–21. 4673: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4643:(3): 307–15. 4642: 4638: 4631: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4598:(2): 350–57. 4597: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4579: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4550: 4540: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4491: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4404: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4361: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4216:(2): 130–37. 4215: 4211: 4207: 4200: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4115:(3): 166–70. 4114: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4076:(6): 682–87. 4075: 4071: 4064: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4039:(1): 153–56. 4038: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3982: 3977: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3904:(6): 404–32. 3903: 3899: 3892: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3840: 3827: 3823: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3789:(3): 303–07. 3788: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3721: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3636: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3616: 3610: 3607: 3596: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3577: 3574: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3501: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3460:(3): 235–45. 3459: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3411:(3): 236–46. 3410: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3372:(3): 181–87. 3371: 3367: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3290: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3259:(2): 441–61. 3258: 3254: 3247: 3244: 3232: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3120:(5): 573–78. 3119: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3101: 3090: 3089:www.heart.org 3086: 3080: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3041:(5): 345–64. 3040: 3036: 3029: 3026: 3015: 3011: 3004: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2981:(5): 487–88. 2980: 2976: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2941:(3): 228–34. 2940: 2936: 2935: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2899:(9): 547–53. 2898: 2894: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2827: 2823: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2646:Cardiac cycle 2644: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2548: 2544: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2502: – 2501: 2497: 2496:Find sources: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467:This section 2465: 2456: 2455: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2417: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2274: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2194: 2188: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2173:facial artery 2170: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2109:of the foot ( 2108: 2104: 2101: 2098:on the feet ( 2097: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2060:radial artery 2057: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2044:stroke volume 2041: 2037: 2033: 2032:radial artery 2028: 2025: 2021: 2012: 2004: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1948: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1890:bundle of His 1887: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1853: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1814: 1807: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1756: 1755:Zoladz method 1749:Zoladz method 1748: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1684: 1676: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1653: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1611: 1594: 1591: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1539: 1532: 1530: 1519: 1514: 1499: 1497: 1481: 1474: 1472: 1453: 1451: 1450:Polar Electro 1438: 1437: 1436: 1425: 1418: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1369:Gulati (2010) 1368: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1318:SD = 6.4 bpm 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1266: 1264: 1263: 1262:§ Limitations 1252: 1250: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1218: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1187:are located. 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1065: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1003: 996: 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 964: 955: 943: 941: 938: 934: 930: 926: 921: 918: 914: 910: 906: 904: 900: 896: 891: 889: 885: 881: 877: 876:hypernatremia 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 849: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 825: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 802: 800: 798: 794: 793:hypercalcemia 790: 782: 780: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 750: 748: 746: 742: 738: 730: 728: 715: 712: 711: 708:Increased Na 707: 704: 703: 699: 696: 695: 692:Decreased Ca 691: 688: 687: 683: 680: 679: 675: 672: 671: 667: 664: 663: 659: 656: 655: 644: 641: 640: 636: 633: 632: 628: 625: 624: 620: 617: 616: 610: 609: 601: 598: 597: 593: 590: 589: 586:Decreased Na 585: 582: 581: 577: 574: 573: 570:Increased Ca 569: 566: 565: 561: 558: 557: 553: 550: 549: 545: 542: 541: 537: 534: 533: 530: 518: 515: 514: 510: 507: 506: 502: 499: 498: 494: 491: 490: 484: 483: 477: 475: 472: 471:panic attacks 466: 462: 460: 455: 451: 448: 447:limbic system 444: 440: 439:baroreceptors 436: 427: 420: 416: 407: 403: 401: 396: 393: 389: 388:noradrenaline 385: 380: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 345: 340: 338: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 294: 290: 287: 284: 283: 282: 280: 276: 271: 269: 265: 264:acetylcholine 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 226: 224: 199: 180: 178: 167: 151: 132: 127: 120: 118: 116: 112: 111: 105: 104: 99: 98: 93: 88: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 39: 34: 30: 19: 6628:Carotid body 6591:Vasodilators 6471:hemodynamics 6276:(Relaxation) 6268:Bathmotropic 6245: 6242:Chronotropic 6228: 6111: 6035: 6007: 5980: 5972:Bibliography 5958: 5937: 5933: 5896: 5892: 5882: 5857: 5853: 5808: 5804: 5794: 5769: 5766:Am J Cardiol 5765: 5759: 5735:(11): 1314. 5732: 5728: 5680: 5670: 5635: 5631: 5583: 5579: 5569: 5534: 5531:Heart Rhythm 5530: 5492: 5488: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5410: 5406: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5324: 5318: 5284: 5278: 5258:. Retrieved 5254: 5245: 5236: 5227: 5202: 5195: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5135:. Retrieved 5131: 5122: 5077: 5073: 5063: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5001: 4989: 4980: 4971: 4960:. Retrieved 4958:. 2015-06-02 4955: 4946: 4911: 4907: 4897: 4862: 4858: 4848: 4829: 4787: 4784:N Engl J Med 4783: 4747: 4741: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4558: 4552: 4539: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4420: 4416: 4406: 4397: 4364:. Retrieved 4355: 4346: 4313: 4309: 4257: 4253: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4164: 4160: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4073: 4070:Clin Physiol 4069: 4063: 4036: 4032: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3965: 3960: 3941: 3937: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3859:(1): 32–35. 3856: 3852: 3842: 3830:. Retrieved 3825: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3737: 3733: 3723: 3711:. Retrieved 3706: 3697: 3672: 3668: 3634: 3626: 3613: 3609: 3598:. Retrieved 3583: 3576: 3565: 3516: 3510: 3500: 3457: 3453: 3443: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3343:(2): 16–21. 3340: 3336: 3326: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3234:. 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