210:, which contributes to the complexity involved in identifying the underlying causal mechanisms. Because of the variance in inheritance, penetrance and expressivity patterns, Müllerian agenesis is subdivided into two types: type 1, in which only the structures developing from the Müllerian duct are affected (the upper vagina, cervix, and uterus), and type 2, wherein the same structures are affected, but other body systems, most often the renal and skeletal systems, have additional malformations. Type 2 includes MURCS (Müllerian Renal Cervical Somite).
66:
485:. There, the threads are attached to a traction device. The traction device is then tightened daily so the “olive” is pulled inwards and stretches the vagina by approximately 1 cm per day, creating a vagina approximately 7 cm deep in 7 days. The operation takes approximately 45 minutes. Another approach is the use of an
527:
to give birth to a healthy baby. The mother was born without a uterus, but had functioning ovaries. She and the father used IVF to produce 11 embryos, which were then frozen. Doctors at the
University of Gothenburg then performed the uterus transplant, the donor being a 61-year-old family friend. One
213:
The majority of Müllerian agenesis cases are characterized as sporadic, but familial cases have provided evidence that, at least for some patients, it is an inherited disorder. The underlying causes are still being investigated, but several causative genes have been studied for their possible
480:
has been shown to result in a vagina that is comparable to a typical vagina. In the
Vecchietti procedure, a small plastic “olive” is threaded against the vaginal area, and the threads are drawn through the vaginal skin, up through the abdomen and navel using
570:
may have had the syndrome, but a 2011 review of the historical evidence concludes that it is not possible to determine the inability of her and her husband to have a child. Their inability to conceive an heir contributed to the overthrow of the king
2063:
2043:
1276:
1049:
Gatti M, Tolva G, Bergamaschi S, Giavoli C, Esposito S, Marchisio P, Milani D (October 2018). "Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser
Syndrome and 16p11.2 Recurrent Microdeletion: A Case Report and Review of the Literature".
1519:
Raya-Rivera AM, Esquiliano D, Fierro-Pastrana R, López-Bayghen E, Valencia P, Ordorica-Flores R, Soker S, Yoo JJ, Atala A (July 2014). "Tissue-engineered autologous vaginal organs in patients: a pilot cohort study".
565:
The prevalence remains sparsely investigated. To date, two population-based nationwide studies have been conducted both estimating a prevalence about 1 in 5,000 live female births. According to some reports,
2139:
549:
Promising research includes the use of laboratory-grown structures, which are less subject to the complications of non-vaginal tissue, and may be grown using the woman's own cells as a culture source.
684:
349:. In addition, it removes the inhibition of steroidogenic enzymes like 3β-hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase and 17α-hydroxylase. Patients therefore have androgen excess. Furthermore, without
294:. Successful uterine transplant has been performed in limited numbers of patients, resulting in several live births, but the technique is not widespread or accessible to many women.
2520:
2505:
1243:
457:
A number of treatments have become available to create a functioning vagina. Standard approaches use vaginal dilators and/or surgery to develop a functioning vagina to allow for
1297:
Ozkan O, Akar ME, Ozkan O, Erdogan O, Hadimioglu N, Yilmaz M, Gunseren F, Cincik M, Pestereli E, Kocak H, Mutlu D, Dinckan A, Gecici O, Bektas G, Suleymanlar G (February 2013).
2132:
1165:
Ledig S, Brucker S, Barresi G, Schomburg J, Rall K, Wieacker P (2012) Frame shift mutation of LHX1 is associated with Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser (MRKH) syndrome. Hum Reprod
553:
A 2014 study and experiment with laboratory-grown engineered vaginas using the patient's own cells resulted in fully functional vaginas capable of menstruation, sustaining
1432:
Brännström, Mats; Racowsky, Catherine; Richards, Elliott G.; Flyckt, Rebecca; Stillman, Robert J.; O’Brien, Jeanne E.; Ryan, Ginny L.; de
Ziegler, Dominique (June 2023).
2125:
286:
If there is no uterus, a woman with Müllerian agenesis cannot carry a pregnancy without intervention. It is possible for the woman to have genetic offspring by
1869:
1141:
1371:
1887:
321:
have been implicated in causing MRKH syndrome. The typical and atypical forms of the disorder are presumably caused by mutations in different genes.
2374:
842:
Patnaik SS, Brazile B, Dandolu V, Ryan PL, Liao J (January 2015). "Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser (MRKH) syndrome: a historical perspective".
528:
of the frozen embryos was implanted a year after the transplant, and the baby boy was born prematurely at 31 weeks after the mother developed
2390:
1378:
878:
297:
A woman with Müllerian agenesis typically discovers the condition when, during puberty years, the menstrual cycle does not start (primary
1564:
1250:
2078:
2011:
1098:
Sultan C, Biason-Lauber A, Philibert P (January 2009). "Mayer–Rokitansky–Kuster–Hauser syndrome: recent clinical and genetic findings".
1602:
Raya-Rivera AM, Esquiliano D, Fierro-Pastrana R, López-Bayghen E, Valencia P, Ordorica-Flores R, Soker S, Yoo JJ, Atala A (July 2014).
2117:
252:
180:
1844:
2470:
458:
1006:
Kyei
Barffour I, Kyei Baah Kwarkoh R (March 2021). "GREB1L as a candidate gene of Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser Syndrome".
499:
has been performed in a number of people with Müllerian agenesis, but the surgery is still in the experimental stage. Since
214:
association with the syndrome. Most of these studies have served to rule-out genes as causative factors, but thus far, only
2510:
711:
232:
2525:
2515:
2160:
365:
2321:
1692:"Prevalence and patient characteristics of Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome: a nationwide registry-based study"
272:
1603:
493:
using laparoscopic surgery; results are reported to be very good, with the transplant becoming a functional vagina.
2298:
2148:
1277:"Modernes Management der angeborenen (Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser, MRKH-Syndrom) und erworbenen Vaginalaplasie"
1145:
2449:
523:
In
October 2014, it was reported that a month earlier a 36-year-old Swedish woman became the first woman with a
2152:
2089:
1776:
271:
is shortened and intercourse may, in some cases, be difficult and painful. Medical examination supported by
207:
136:
1498:
1382:
2342:
1736:"The lack of a child, the loss of a throne: the infertility of the first royal couple of Greece (1833–62)"
535:
As of 2023 more than 100 womb transplants have taken place with around 50 babies have been born worldwide
524:
287:
188:
2475:
2352:
2316:
664:
596:
373:
17:
2480:
2347:
2175:
1576:
1204:"A new laparoscopic procedure for creation of a neovagina in Mayer–Rokitansky–Kuster–Hauser syndrome"
482:
477:
354:
334:
140:
1912:
337:) has been clearly implicated in the atypical version of this disorder. A genetic mutation causes a
2067:
631:
567:
512:
345:
residue substitution at amino acid position 12. This occurrence reduces the intranuclear levels of
236:
163:. Because most of the vagina does not develop from the Müllerian duct, instead developing from the
263:(pubic hair). The woman's karyotype will be 46,XX. At least one ovary is intact, if not both, and
2236:
2193:
1873:
1631:
1545:
1123:
1075:
1031:
821:
778:
554:
544:
496:
369:
330:
199:
148:
100:
90:
590:
2251:
2241:
2203:
2188:
2100:
1992:
1971:
1820:
1801:
1757:
1713:
1672:
1623:
1537:
1455:
1320:
1225:
1184:
1115:
1067:
1023:
988:
939:
859:
813:
770:
649:
644:
465:
78:
2337:
2246:
2198:
1961:
1951:
1791:
1747:
1703:
1662:
1615:
1584:
1529:
1445:
1351:
1310:
1215:
1107:
1059:
1015:
978:
970:
929:
919:
851:
805:
760:
473:
221:
164:
187:
due to the lack of a functional uterus. However, biological motherhood is possible through
2256:
2021:
American
College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Müllerian Agenesis: Resource Overview
1865:
659:
654:
508:
358:
228:
1434:"Absolute uterine infertility a cornelian dilemma: uterine transplantation or surrogacy?"
227:
Reports of Müllerian agenesis can be traced back to
Hippocrates (460 B.C.–377 B.C.). The
1580:
2283:
2231:
2213:
2208:
1966:
1939:
1299:"Preliminary results of the first human uterus transplantation from a multiorgan donor"
983:
958:
934:
907:
618:
572:
486:
2072:
1667:
1650:
1619:
1588:
1533:
1220:
1203:
732:
Woten M. "Quick Lesson: Mayer–Rokitansky–Kuster–Hauser
Syndrome". In Cinahl DP (ed.).
2499:
2465:
2288:
1450:
1433:
1315:
1298:
1035:
809:
606:
529:
490:
1127:
1079:
825:
2366:
2020:
1635:
1549:
469:
346:
65:
782:
2094:
1796:
247:
A female with this condition is hormonally normal; that is, the woman will enter
2419:
2411:
557:, and orgasm in 4 patients, showing promise of fully correcting this condition.
298:
160:
1604:"Tissue-engineered autologous vaginal organs in patients: a pilot cohort study"
1356:
1339:
1063:
1019:
924:
855:
685:"Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome: Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment"
2434:
2424:
2293:
2105:
2056:
2052:
1340:"Evaluation and management of cases of primary amenorrhoea with MRKH syndrome"
1111:
974:
611:
584:
440:
424:
416:
401:
357:
is either deformed or absent. Female reproductive organs, such as the cervix,
239:(1804–1878), Hermann Küster (1879–1964) and Georges Andre Hauser (1921–2009).
203:
83:
1888:"Why This Woman Is Proud to Be Known as "The Pageant Queen Without a Uterus""
2444:
1708:
1691:
291:
264:
256:
192:
184:
1975:
1956:
1805:
1761:
1752:
1735:
1717:
1676:
1651:"A population-based study of the incidence of Müllerian aplasia in Finland"
1627:
1541:
1473:
1459:
1407:
1324:
1119:
1071:
1027:
992:
943:
863:
774:
382:
is located in this region and may be the cause of a number of these cases.
313:
The etiology of Müllerian agenesis in many cases remains elusive. However,
301:). Some find out earlier through surgeries for other conditions, such as a
179:
do not develop from the Müllerian ducts, affected people might have normal
175:, it is present even when the Müllerian duct is completely absent. Because
151:
of its upper portion. Müllerian agenesis (including absence of the uterus,
1996:
1229:
1188:
503:
are present, people with this condition can have genetic children through
2439:
2275:
2156:
1983:
Varner RE, Younger JB, Blackwell RE (June 1985). "Müllerian dysgenesis".
959:"Clinical and genetic aspects of Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome"
817:
600:
443:
with renal malformation, skeletal malformation, and cardiac malformation
314:
260:
2035:
1870:"TIFF 2023: The bold risks and bloody rewards of Canada’s Molly McGlynn"
908:"Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome: a comprehensive update"
747:
Fontana L, Gentilin B, Fedele L, Gervasini C, Miozzo M (February 2017).
2429:
1690:
Herlin M, Bjørn AM, Rasmussen M, Trolle B, Petersen MB (October 2016).
500:
436:
420:
412:
397:
342:
338:
248:
176:
172:
168:
765:
748:
2266:
2223:
2047:
1734:
Poulakou-Rebelakou E, Tsiamis C, Tompros N, Creatsas G (March 2011).
302:
280:
276:
268:
156:
152:
144:
96:
1202:
Fedele L, Bianchi S, Tozzi L, Borruto F, Vignali M (November 1996).
2308:
796:
Goldwyn RM (March 1977). "History of attempts to form a vagina".
2083:
2015:
378:
350:
325:
318:
216:
2121:
504:
472:. After the surgery, dilators are still necessary to prevent
749:"Genetics of Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser (MRKH) syndrome"
1740:
The
Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
712:"Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of primary amenorrhea"
1249:. University College University Hospitals. Archived from
615:
about her experiences being diagnosed with the condition
1372:"Rokitansky Syndrome: Information for Parents / Carers"
464:
A number of surgical approaches have been used. In the
1565:"Engineered vaginas grown in women for the first time"
1913:"The infertility of the first royal couple of Greece"
1474:"Woman receives sister's womb in first UK transplant"
198:
Müllerian agenesis is hypothesized to be a result of
27:
Congenital malformation of female reproductive organs
2025:
1649:
Aittomäki K, Eroila H, Kajanoja P (September 2001).
906:
Herlin MK, Petersen MB, Brännström M (August 2020).
2458:
2410:
2403:
2383:
2365:
2330:
2307:
2274:
2265:
2222:
2174:
2167:
2029:
396:Typical Müllerian agenesis – Isolated uterovaginal
106:
89:
77:
42:
37:
275:demonstrates a complete or partial absence of the
2155:congenital anomalies of the genitalia, including
1938:Morcel K, Camborieux L, Guerrier D (March 2007).
1849:, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2015-09-28
1777:"Coming out as a male scientist in a man's world"
220:has been associated with Müllerian agenesis with
1940:"Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser (MRKH) syndrome"
1499:"Laboratory-grown vaginas implanted in patients"
1142:"WNT4 Müllerian aplasia and ovarian dysfunction"
879:"Uterus transplants: My sister gave me her womb"
609:, Canadian film director who made the 2023 film
1729:
1727:
837:
835:
48:Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome (RKH or RKHS)
901:
899:
361:, and much of the vagina, are hence affected.
51:Müller–Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome
2521:Congenital malformations of uterus and cervix
2506:Congenital disorders of female genital organs
2133:
8:
593:, Australian intersex activist and musician
411:Atypical Müllerian agenesis – Uterovaginal
2407:
2271:
2171:
2140:
2126:
2118:
2026:
159:) is the cause in 15% of cases of primary
64:
34:
1965:
1955:
1795:
1751:
1707:
1666:
1449:
1355:
1314:
1219:
1144:. Genetics Home Reference. Archived from
982:
933:
923:
764:
1920:Royal college of physicians of Edinburgh
1093:
1091:
1089:
419:with renal malformation or uterovaginal
676:
129:Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome
73:A patient displaying Müllerian agenesis
18:Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome
2375:Congenital absence of the vas deferens
1338:Akhter N, Begum B (3 February 2013).
1177:Attualita di Ostetricia e Ginecologia
468:, a skin graft is applied to form an
7:
1985:The Journal of Reproductive Medicine
2012:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
1821:"I am intersex: Shon Klose's story"
143:to develop, resulting in a missing
2391:Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome
798:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
139:characterized by a failure of the
25:
1944:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
1408:"First womb-transplant baby born"
1379:Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester
1344:Bangladesh Medical Journal Khulna
1451:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.04.005
1316:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.09.035
810:10.1097/00006534-197703000-00002
253:secondary sexual characteristics
181:secondary sexual characteristics
267:usually occurs. Typically, the
2471:Progestin-induced virilization
579:People with Müllerian agenesis
459:penetrative sexual intercourse
435:MURCS syndrome – Uterovaginal
376:, has been reported. The gene
1:
1668:10.1016/s0015-0282(01)01963-x
1620:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60542-0
1589:10.1016/S0262-4079(14)60758-2
1534:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60542-0
1221:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)58653-1
515:. Some also choose to adopt.
368:, a deletion mutation in the
233:August Franz Josef Karl Mayer
1797:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.005
957:Ledig S, Wieacker P (2018).
587:, transgender male scientist
366:17q12 microdeletion syndrome
237:Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky
202:inheritance with incomplete
2322:Unilateral ovarian agenesis
1819:sleath, emma (2014-12-03).
1563:Catherine de Lange (2014).
1100:Gynecological Endocrinology
273:gynecologic ultrasonography
2542:
2299:Sertoli cell-only syndrome
1357:10.3329/bmjk.v45i1-2.13626
1064:10.1016/j.jpag.2018.04.003
1020:10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104158
925:10.1186/s13023-020-01491-9
856:10.1016/j.gene.2014.09.045
599:, medical sociologist and
542:
317:in a variety of different
2450:Penoscrotal transposition
1175:Vecchietti G (1965). "".
1112:10.1080/09513590802288291
1052:J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol
975:10.1007/s11825-018-0173-7
427:with ovarian dysfunction
259:(breast development) and
72:
63:
2348:Mixed gonadal dysgenesis
1846:One Plus One: Shon Klose
877:Lewis T (10 July 2016).
147:and variable degrees of
99:and variable degrees of
1655:Fertility and Sterility
1438:Fertility and Sterility
1303:Fertility and Sterility
1284:Frauenheilkunde-Aktuell
1208:Fertility and Sterility
539:Laboratory-grown vagina
497:Uterine transplantation
137:congenital malformation
2343:Ovotesticular syndrome
1957:10.1186/1750-1172-2-13
1775:Morgan, Jules (2019).
1753:10.4997/JRCPE.2011.115
1275:Hold MK (2007-01-16).
1244:"Vecchietti Procedure"
710:Welt CK, Barbieri RL.
568:Queen Amalia of Greece
288:in vitro fertilization
191:or use of gestational
189:uterus transplantation
2476:Pseudohermaphroditism
2353:XY gonadal dysgenesis
2317:XX gonadal dysgenesis
1709:10.1093/humrep/dew220
665:Regenerative medicine
597:Esther Morris Leidolf
2511:Pediatric gynecology
2481:True hermaphroditism
2176:Uterine malformation
1877:, September 5, 2023.
483:laparoscopic surgery
478:Vecchietti procedure
364:An association with
251:with development of
2526:Eponyms in medicine
2516:Intersex variations
1581:2014NewSc.222...10D
1388:on 19 February 2017
912:Orphanet J Rare Dis
734:Information Systems
632:Amalia of Oldenburg
525:transplanted uterus
513:gestational carrier
2237:Vaginal hypoplasia
2194:Unicornuate uterus
2184:Müllerian agenesis
1874:The Globe and Mail
1696:Human Reproduction
545:Tissue engineering
243:Signs and symptoms
200:autosomal dominant
149:vaginal hypoplasia
117:Müllerian agenesis
110:1 in 4,500 females
101:vaginal hypoplasia
38:Müllerian agenesis
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2399:
2398:
2361:
2360:
2252:Cloacal exstrophy
2242:Imperforate hymen
2204:Bicornuate uterus
2189:Cervical agenesis
2115:
2114:
1825:ABC Alice Springs
766:10.1111/cge.12883
753:Clinical Genetics
650:Cervical agenesis
645:MURCS association
634:, Queen of Greece
470:artificial vagina
466:McIndoe procedure
167:, along with the
121:Müllerian aplasia
114:
113:
54:Müllerian aplasia
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2533:
2408:
2338:Gonadal agenesis
2272:
2247:Vaginal adenosis
2199:Uterus didelphys
2172:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2119:
2027:
2000:
1979:
1969:
1959:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1884:
1878:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1614:(9940): 329–36.
1599:
1593:
1592:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1528:(9940): 329–36.
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1387:
1381:. Archived from
1376:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1095:
1084:
1083:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1003:
997:
996:
986:
954:
948:
947:
937:
927:
903:
894:
893:
891:
889:
874:
868:
867:
839:
830:
829:
793:
787:
786:
768:
744:
738:
737:
729:
723:
722:
720:
718:
707:
701:
700:
698:
696:
681:
474:vaginal stenosis
446:Prevalence – 12%
430:Prevalence – 24%
406:Prevalence – 64%
222:hyperandrogenism
165:urogenital sinus
125:vaginal agenesis
119:, also known as
68:
57:Vaginal agenesis
35:
21:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2485:
2454:
2395:
2379:
2357:
2326:
2303:
2261:
2257:Vaginal atresia
2218:
2163:
2146:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2038:
2008:
2003:
1982:
1937:
1933:
1931:Further reading
1928:
1927:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1866:Chandler Levack
1864:
1860:
1852:
1850:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1829:
1827:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1702:(10): 2384–90.
1689:
1688:
1684:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1389:
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1008:Eur J Med Genet
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731:
730:
726:
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714:
709:
708:
704:
694:
692:
683:
682:
678:
673:
660:SERKAL syndrome
655:WNT4 deficiency
641:
628:
626:Suspected cases
621:, Miss Michigan
581:
563:
555:penetrative sex
547:
541:
521:
509:embryo transfer
455:
393:
388:
359:fallopian tubes
311:
245:
141:Müllerian ducts
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2304:
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2296:
2291:
2286:
2284:Cryptorchidism
2280:
2278:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2232:Vaginal septum
2228:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2214:Arcuate uterus
2211:
2209:Uterine septum
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2097:
2086:
2075:
2060:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:Classification
2024:
2023:
2018:
2007:
2006:External links
2004:
2002:
2001:
1980:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1926:
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1811:
1767:
1723:
1682:
1641:
1594:
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1511:
1490:
1465:
1444:(6): 918–929.
1424:
1399:
1363:
1350:(1–2): 24–29.
1330:
1289:
1267:
1235:
1194:
1179:(in Italian).
1167:
1158:
1133:
1085:
1058:(5): 533–535.
1041:
998:
949:
895:
869:
831:
788:
759:(2): 233–246.
739:
724:
702:
691:. January 2018
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489:of a resected
487:autotransplant
454:
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391:Classification
389:
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355:Müllerian duct
329:(found on the
310:
307:
283:, and vagina.
244:
241:
229:medical eponym
112:
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2466:Clitoromegaly
2464:
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2289:Polyorchidism
2287:
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2040:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1994:
1991:(6): 443–50.
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
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1569:New Scientist
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1271:
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1256:on 2009-04-11
1252:
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1231:
1227:
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1209:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1183:(2): 131–47.
1182:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1148:on 2014-06-14
1147:
1143:
1137:
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1061:
1057:
1053:
1045:
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1017:
1014:(3): 104158.
1013:
1009:
1002:
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994:
990:
985:
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976:
972:
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964:
960:
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849:
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838:
836:
832:
827:
823:
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811:
807:
804:(3): 319–29.
803:
799:
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789:
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780:
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767:
762:
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754:
750:
743:
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713:
706:
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690:
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629:
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614:
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608:
607:Molly McGlynn
605:
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583:
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578:
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569:
560:
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538:
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533:
531:
530:pre-eclampsia
526:
518:
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498:
494:
492:
491:sigmoid colon
488:
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385:
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381:
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375:
374:chromosome 17
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:short arm (p)
328:
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282:
278:
274:
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250:
242:
240:
238:
235:(1787–1865),
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
218:
211:
209:
206:and variable
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:MRKH syndrome
130:
126:
122:
118:
109:
105:
102:
98:
94:
92:
88:
85:
82:
80:
76:
71:
67:
62:
56:
53:
50:
47:
46:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
2367:Vas deferens
2183:
2099:
2088:
2077:
2062:
2042:
1988:
1984:
1947:
1943:
1919:
1907:
1896:. Retrieved
1894:. 2015-01-20
1892:Cosmopolitan
1891:
1882:
1872:
1861:
1851:, retrieved
1845:
1839:
1828:. Retrieved
1824:
1814:
1790:(4): 275–9.
1787:
1783:
1770:
1743:
1739:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1661:(3): 624–5.
1658:
1654:
1644:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1575:(2965): 10.
1572:
1568:
1558:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1493:
1482:. Retrieved
1480:. 2023-08-22
1477:
1468:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1416:. Retrieved
1414:. 2014-10-04
1411:
1402:
1390:. Retrieved
1383:the original
1366:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1309:(2): 470–6.
1306:
1302:
1292:
1286:(in German).
1283:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1251:the original
1238:
1214:(5): 854–7.
1211:
1207:
1197:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1161:
1150:. Retrieved
1146:the original
1136:
1103:
1099:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1011:
1007:
1001:
966:
962:
952:
915:
911:
886:. Retrieved
883:The Guardian
882:
872:
850:(1): 33–40.
847:
843:
801:
797:
791:
756:
752:
742:
733:
727:
715:. Retrieved
705:
693:. Retrieved
688:
679:
610:
564:
561:Epidemiology
552:
548:
534:
522:
519:Experimental
495:
463:
456:
377:
370:long arm (q)
363:
335:chromosome 1
324:
323:
312:
296:
285:
246:
226:
215:
212:
208:expressivity
197:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:
29:
2420:Hypospadias
1746:(1): 73–7.
1106:(1): 8–11.
969:(1): 3–11.
717:19 November
299:amenorrhoea
161:amenorrhoea
43:Other names
2500:Categories
2435:Micropenis
2425:Epispadias
2294:Monorchism
2101:DiseasesDB
1950:(13): 13.
1898:2018-09-09
1853:2019-10-27
1830:2019-10-27
1784:The Lancet
1484:2023-08-27
1418:2023-08-27
1260:2010-04-03
1152:2012-08-18
918:(1): 214.
695:21 January
671:References
612:Fitting In
591:Shon Klose
585:Ben Barres
543:See also:
441:hypoplasia
425:hypoplasia
417:hypoplasia
402:hypoplasia
290:(IVF) and
255:including
204:penetrance
193:surrogates
84:Gynecology
2445:Diphallia
1036:231875330
963:Med Genet
573:King Otto
453:Treatment
386:Diagnosis
347:β catenin
315:mutations
292:surrogacy
265:ovulation
257:thelarche
185:infertile
107:Frequency
79:Specialty
2440:Aphallia
2404:External
2276:Testicle
2168:Internal
2157:intersex
2014:(OMIM):
1976:17359527
1806:24139033
1762:21365071
1718:27609979
1677:11570363
1628:24726478
1542:24726478
1504:14 April
1478:BBC News
1460:37037300
1412:BBC News
1392:11 April
1325:23084266
1128:33461252
1120:19165657
1080:19145776
1072:29730431
1028:33548512
993:29527097
944:32819397
864:25260227
826:39727188
775:27716927
639:See also
603:activist
601:intersex
261:pubarche
183:but are
135:), is a
95:Missing
91:Symptoms
2430:Chordee
2095:C567186
2059:, Q87.8
1997:4020785
1967:1832178
1636:6296110
1577:Bibcode
1550:6296110
1230:8893702
1189:5319813
984:5838123
935:7439721
888:10 July
501:ovaries
437:aplasia
421:aplasia
413:aplasia
398:aplasia
343:proline
339:leucine
249:puberty
231:honors
177:ovaries
173:urethra
169:bladder
155:and/or
2267:Gonads
2224:Vagina
2149:Female
2084:158330
2016:277000
1995:
1974:
1964:
1804:
1760:
1716:
1675:
1634:
1626:
1608:Lancet
1548:
1540:
1522:Lancet
1458:
1323:
1228:
1187:
1126:
1118:
1078:
1070:
1034:
1026:
991:
981:
942:
932:
862:
824:
818:320610
816:
783:283394
781:
773:
476:. The
353:, the
309:Causes
303:hernia
281:uterus
277:cervix
269:vagina
157:vagina
153:cervix
145:uterus
97:uterus
2459:Other
2412:Penis
2384:Other
2331:Other
2309:Ovary
2073:626.0
2057:Q52.0
2053:Q51.0
1916:(PDF)
1780:(PDF)
1632:S2CID
1546:S2CID
1386:(PDF)
1375:(PDF)
1280:(PDF)
1254:(PDF)
1247:(PDF)
1124:S2CID
1076:S2CID
1032:S2CID
822:S2CID
779:S2CID
511:to a
507:with
319:genes
127:, or
2159:and
2153:male
2151:and
2106:8390
2090:MeSH
2079:OMIM
2068:9-CM
1993:PMID
1972:PMID
1802:PMID
1758:PMID
1714:PMID
1673:PMID
1624:PMID
1538:PMID
1506:2014
1456:PMID
1394:2014
1321:PMID
1226:PMID
1185:PMID
1116:PMID
1068:PMID
1024:PMID
989:PMID
940:PMID
890:2016
860:PMID
844:Gene
814:PMID
771:PMID
719:2015
697:2018
689:ACOG
379:LHX1
351:WNT4
326:WNT4
217:WNT4
171:and
2161:DSD
2064:ICD
2044:ICD
1962:PMC
1952:doi
1792:doi
1748:doi
1704:doi
1663:doi
1616:doi
1612:384
1585:doi
1573:222
1530:doi
1526:384
1446:doi
1442:119
1352:doi
1311:doi
1216:doi
1108:doi
1060:doi
1016:doi
979:PMC
971:doi
930:PMC
920:doi
852:doi
848:555
806:doi
761:doi
505:IVF
461:.
372:of
341:to
333:of
2502::
2104::
2093::
2082::
2071::
2055:,
2051::
2048:10
1989:30
1987:.
1970:.
1960:.
1946:.
1942:.
1918:.
1890:.
1868:,
1823:.
1800:.
1786:.
1782:.
1756:.
1744:41
1742:.
1738:.
1726:^
1712:.
1700:31
1698:.
1694:.
1671:.
1659:76
1657:.
1653:.
1630:.
1622:.
1610:.
1606:.
1583:.
1571:.
1567:.
1544:.
1536:.
1524:.
1476:.
1454:.
1440:.
1436:.
1410:.
1377:.
1348:45
1346:.
1342:.
1319:.
1307:99
1305:.
1301:.
1282:.
1224:.
1212:66
1210:.
1206:.
1181:11
1122:.
1114:.
1104:25
1102:.
1088:^
1074:.
1066:.
1056:31
1054:.
1030:.
1022:.
1012:64
1010:.
987:.
977:.
967:30
965:.
961:.
938:.
928:.
916:15
914:.
910:.
898:^
881:.
858:.
846:.
834:^
820:.
812:.
802:59
800:.
777:.
769:.
757:91
755:.
751:.
687:.
575:.
532:.
305:.
279:,
224:.
195:.
123:,
2141:e
2134:t
2127:v
2066:-
2046:-
2036:D
1999:.
1978:.
1954::
1948:2
1922:.
1901:.
1833:.
1808:.
1794::
1788:7
1764:.
1750::
1720:.
1706::
1679:.
1665::
1638:.
1618::
1591:.
1587::
1579::
1552:.
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