2034:("good practice") of Medina. Up until the end of the 8th century, the qadis of Fustat were still using this "Medinan" procedure and differentiated themselves from Iraqi practices. From a doctrinal point of view, however, the legal affiliation of Egypt could be more complex. The principal Egyptian jurist in the second half of the 8th century is al-Layth b. Sa'd. The only writing of his that has survived is a letter he wrote to Malik b. Anas, which has been preserved by Yahya b. Ma'in and al-Fasawi. In this letter, he proclaims his theoretical affiliation to the Medinan methodology and recognizes the value of the
606:. These four schools recognize each other's validity and they have interacted in legal debate over the centuries. Rulings of these schools are followed across the Muslim world without exclusive regional restrictions, but they each came to dominate in different parts of the world. For example, the Maliki school is predominant in North and West Africa; the Hanafi school in South and Central Asia; the Shafi'i school in East Africa and Southeast Asia; and the Hanbali school in North and Central Arabia. The first centuries of Islam also witnessed a number of short-lived Sunni
2041:. Nevertheless, he distances himself from the Medinan School by opposing a series of Medinan legal views. He maintains that the common practice in other cities is also valuable, and thus implicitly defends the Egyptians' adherence to their own local tradition. Thus it is possible that, even though it did not develop into a formal school of law, a specific Egyptian legal milieu was distinct of the Medinan School in the 8th century.
474:
1067:
1011:
3122:
56:
1002:. In the 20th century many Islamic jurists began to assert their intellectual independence from traditional schools of jurisprudence. Examples of the latter approach include networks of Indonesian ulema and Islamic scholars residing in Muslim-minority countries, who have advanced liberal interpretations of Islamic law.
2027:", that is, the ability of the judge to base his verdict on one single witness and the oath of the claimant, instead of two witnesses as was usually required. Such a procedure was quite common under the early Umayyads, but by the early Abbasid period it had disappeared in Iraq and it was now regarded as the
850:
wrote that, "every capital of the
Muslims is a seat of learning whose people follow the opinion of one of their countrymen in most of his teachings". The "real basis" of legal doctrine in these "ancient schools" was not a body of reports of Muhammad's sayings, doings, silent approval (the ahadith) or
863:
were consolidated in the 9th and 10th centuries as a means of excluding dogmatic theologians, government officials and non-Sunni sects from religious discourse. Historians have differed regarding the times at which the various schools emerged. One interpretation is that Sunni Islam was initially
829:, "modern research shows" that fiqh was first "regionally organized" with "considerable disagreement and variety of view." In the second century of Islam, schools of fiqh were noted for the loyalty of their jurists to the legal practices of their local communities, whether
993:
and at other times placed greater focus on the scriptural sources rather than classical jurisprudence. The
Hanbali school, with its particularly strict adherence to the Quran and hadith, has inspired conservative currents of direct scriptural interpretation by the
845:
was a branch of Medina's school of law and followed such practices—up until the end of the 8th century—as basing verdict on one single witness (not two) and the oath of the claimant. Its principal jurist in the second half of the 8th century was al-Layth b. Sa'd.)
1607:
in the light of guidance provided by the
Ismaili Imams. The book emphasizes what importance Islam has given to manners and etiquette along with the worship of God, citing the traditions of the first four Imams of the Shi'a Ismaili Fatimid school of thought.
956:
schools were often in political and academic conflict with one another, vying for favor with the ruling government in order to have their representatives appointed to legislative and especially judiciary positions.
1806:, though he is not necessarily the main figure of the school in the eyes of its adherents. Ibadism is distinct from both Sunni and Shi'ite Islam not only in terms of its jurisprudence, but also its core beliefs.
1746:. In terms of law, the Zaidi school is quite similar to the Hanafi school from Sunni Islam. This is likely due to the general trend of Sunni resemblance within Zaidi beliefs. After the passing of Muhammad, Imam
1673:
group of
Ismaili Muslims differ from the Nizāriyya in that they believe that the successor-Imām to the Fatimid caliph, al-Mustansir, was his younger son al-Mustaʻlī, who was made Caliph by the Fatimad Regent
1038:, or acceptance of religious rulings and epistemology from a higher religious authority in deferring meanings of analysis and derivation of legal practices instead of relying on subjective readings.
2252:) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past
1818:
being the only country in the world where Ibadis form a sizable minority of the population. Other populations of Ibadis also reside in Libya, Algeria, Tunisia and
Zanzibar in Tanzania.
1577:, Iran, now retaining a minority following in Iran and Iraq. It began from a combination of Sufi and Shia and Akhbari doctrines. In the mid 19th-century many Shaykhis converted to the
1850:
against rulers of Muslim-majority countries. The Amman
Message recognized eight legitimate schools of Islamic law and prohibited declarations of apostasy against them.
672:
beyond personal ritual practice depends on the status accorded to them within the national legal system. State law codification commonly drew on rulings from multiple
3039:
2272:
Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49
973:
beyond personal ritual practice depends on the status accorded to them within the national legal system. State law codification commonly utilized the methods of
2408:
1121:
The extant schools share most of their rulings, but differ on the particular practices which they may accept as authentic and the varying weights they give to
2606:
3147:
904:
reaffirmed the official status of these four schools as a reaction to Shi'ite Persia. Some are of the view that Sunni jurisprudence falls into two groups:
888:
developed two more schools; then various dynasties effected the eventual exclusion of the
Jarirites; eventually, the Zahirites were also excluded when the
2023:(ancient Cairo) was a branch of the Medinan school of law. Regarding judicial practices, the qadis (judges) of Fustat resorted to the procedure called "
2019:
It is usually assumed that no regional school developed in Egypt (unlike in Syria, Iraq and the Hijaz). Joseph
Schacht states that the legal milieu of
2696:
851:
even those of his
Companions, but the "living tradition" of the school as "expressed in the consensus of the scholars", according to Joseph Schacht.
945:: Hanafi, Zahiri, and one encompassing the Shafi'i, Maliki and Hanbali schools as existing initially, noting that by the 14th-century historian the
1714:(الداعي المطلق), Ma'zoon (مأذون) and Mukasir (مكاسر). The Bohras are the only surviving branch of the Musta'ali and themselves have split into the
2263:
Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John
Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28
680:
as interpreters of the resulting laws. In the 20th century, some Islamic jurists began to assert their intellectual independence from traditional
1935:
can be issued only by properly trained muftis, thereby seeking to delegitimize fatwas issued by militants who lack the requisite qualifications.
1836:
was a statement, signed in 2005 in Jordan by nearly 200 prominent Islamic jurists, which served as a "counter-fatwa" against a widespread use of
985:(combining parts of different rulings on the same question). Legal professionals trained in modern law schools have largely replaced traditional
937:
also had a school named after him. In the 12th century Jariri and Zahiri schools were absorbed by the Shafi'i and Hanbali schools respectively.
969:
system. Legal practice in most of the Muslim world has come to be controlled by government policy and state law, so that the influence of the
2562:
2317:
502:
2392:
R.G. Khoury, "Al-Layth Ibn Sa'd (94/713–175/791), grand maître et mécène de l’Egypte, vu à travers quelques documents islamiques anciens",
2168:
2208:
3012:
2638:
2286:
1678:. In contrast to the Nizaris, they accept the younger brother al-Mustaʻlī over Nizār as their Imam. The Bohras are an offshoot of the
602:. They emerged in the ninth and tenth centuries CE and by the twelfth century almost all jurists aligned themselves with a particular
3056:
2963:
2936:
2909:
2834:
2793:
2754:
2684:
2241:
2148:
2097:
1283:
692:
currents in the 20th century; a handful of Salafi scholars have asserted independence from being strictly bound by the traditional
645:
respectively, whose differences from Sunni legal schools are roughly of the same order as the differences among Sunni schools. The
2858:
77:
2394:
2624:
3152:
2720:
2888:
Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi, التاريخ الصغير عن الشيعة اليمنيين (A short History of the Yemenite Shi‘ites, 2005)
3062:
1082:
schools of jurisprudence are each named after the classical jurist who taught them. The four primary Sunni schools are the
2333:
1955:
1633:
345:
2710:
1710:. The Bohras believe that their 21st Imam, Taiyab abi al-Qasim, went into seclusion and established the offices of the
1624:, they are the only Shia group to have their absolute temporal leader in the rank of Imamate, which is invested in the
2926:
2899:
1950:
279:
2953:
3048:
2785:
2744:
2630:
2610:
1650:", in the interpretation of scripture, and believe in the temporal relativism of understanding, as opposed to fiqh
654:
384:
614:
school, which is considered to be endangered, continues to exert influence over legal thought. The development of
999:
949:
school had become extinct, only for it to be revived again in parts of the Muslim world by the mid-20th century.
495:
107:
65:
1682:, which itself was an offshoot of the Musta'ali. The Taiyabi, supporting another offshoot of the Musta'ali, the
3157:
1251:
889:
3082:
Applying the Canon in Islam: The Authorization and Maintenance of Interpretive Reasoning in Ḥanafī Scholarship
1904:
738:
2979:
2554:
2081:
1149:
102:
965:
The transformations of Islamic legal institutions in the modern era have had profound implications for the
664:
The transformations of Islamic legal institutions in the modern era have had profound implications for the
531:
402:
87:
1691:
826:
120:
2952:
Wehrey, Frederic M.; Kaye, Dalia Dassa; Guffrey, Robert A.; Watkins, Jessica; Martini, Jeffrey (2010).
1582:
618:
legal schools occurred along the lines of theological differences and resulted in the formation of the
1133:
The 4 major and 1 minor schools of thought are accepted by most scholars in most parts of the world.
2522:
1637:
1228:
488:
38:
2605:, THE STRUCTURE OF THE FIHRIST: IBN AL-NADIM AS HISTORIAN OF ISLAMIC LEGAL AND THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS,
2587:
1621:
3126:
2822:
1803:
1763:
1675:
543:
437:
97:
2140:
2327:
2312:. 669, Herndon, VA 20172, USA: The International Institute of Islamic Thought. pp. 143–145.
2180:
2172:
1980:
1323:
1136:
The Zahiris were the 4th school before the Hanbalis established themselves as a separate school.
989:
as interpreters of the resulting laws. Global Islamic movements have at times drawn on different
897:
82:
2660:
2409:
Les "premiers" cadis de Fusṭāṭ et les dynamiques régionales de l'innovation judiciaire (750–833)
1522:
623:
3052:
2959:
2932:
2905:
2830:
2789:
2750:
2716:
2680:
2634:
2558:
2313:
2237:
2144:
2093:
1774:
did not themselves write any books. But their views are Hadiths in the books written by Imams
1711:
1267:
619:
595:
379:
357:
217:
2231:
2216:
713:, which was endorsed in 2005 by prominent Islamic scholars around the world, recognized four
3142:
2676:
2602:
2574:
2530:
2481:
2248:
This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-
2136:
2085:
2073:
1659:
1490:
1415:
352:
3020:
2294:
2089:
1164:, Northern Egypt, Iraq and Turkey and the Balkans and by most of the Muslim communities of
2826:
2591:
1719:
1470:
1446:
1367:
1259:
1165:
896:, thus solidifying the Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi'i and Hanbali schools. During the era of the
685:
676:, and legal professionals trained in modern law schools have largely replaced traditional
571:
553:
522:
443:
362:
92:
2817:
Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from
1200:(c. 711–795). It has also been called "School of Medina" because the school was based in
696:
of the four schools. Nevertheless, the majority of Sunni scholarship continues to uphold
668:
system. With the spread of codified state laws in the Muslim world, the influence of the
1553:
and fiqh. They are concentrated in Iran, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, India, Iraq, and Lebanon.
1533:
instead of analogy when establishing Islamic laws, as opposed to common Sunni practice.
1779:
1767:
1759:
1747:
1355:
1197:
1169:
901:
599:
294:
222:
1545:: forms the overwhelming majority within the Twelver Shia denomination. They follow a
3136:
3100:
2872:
2668:
2476:
1833:
1827:
1715:
1599:
1574:
1419:
1307:
1193:
910:
847:
710:
638:
591:
587:
304:
237:
212:
207:
2442:
1771:
1751:
1739:
1570:
1494:
1454:
1430:
1291:
1244:
1220:
1047:
922:
814:
697:
478:
458:
372:
1642:
286:
3081:
2993:
Hendrickson, Jocelyn (2013). "Fatwa". In Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone (ed.).
1032:
must be exercised by the contemporary scholars capable of doing so. Most rely on
1723:
1603:, a book on the rulings of Islam. It describes manners and etiquette, including
1482:
1327:
1295:
1240:
1224:
938:
802:
786:
714:
580:
453:
55:
46:
1152:(699–767). It is followed by Muslims in the Levant, Central Asia, Afghanistan,
3085:
2128:
1985:
1874:
1775:
1755:
1743:
1663:
1518:
1391:
1379:
1279:
1263:
1161:
1087:
930:
918:
873:
790:
762:
734:
726:
290:
2781:
2507:
1924:
1914:
1894:
1735:
1653:
1566:
1556:
1450:
1375:
1351:
1339:
1331:
1311:
934:
770:
742:
631:
419:
367:
2928:
The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and ...
2845:
1578:
1546:
1529:
of early jurists are taken more seriously, and the Ja'fari school uses the
1111:
1066:
244:
3121:
1010:
914:("people of traditions", emphasizing strict interpretation of scripture).
1990:
1965:
1843:
1787:
1703:
1670:
1625:
1486:
1478:
1387:
1371:
1343:
1315:
1299:
1177:
1153:
754:
300:
167:
160:
2131:(2014). "Sunni Schools of Jurisprudence". In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.).
1970:
1884:
1707:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1629:
1594:
1560:
1542:
1530:
1514:
1474:
1442:
1411:
1359:
1335:
1303:
1236:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1173:
1095:
1028:
926:
881:
806:
774:
730:
642:
627:
127:
1646:
belong to the Ja'fari jurisprudence, they adhere to the supremacy of "
908:("people of opinions", emphasizing scholarly judgment and reason) and
17:
2672:
2580:
2550:
2020:
1975:
1944:
1864:
1854:
1838:
1783:
1738:
Muslims also follow their own school in the form of the teachings of
1699:
1683:
1617:
1604:
1550:
1466:
1383:
1363:
1319:
1255:
1232:
1201:
1189:
1145:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1102:
school remains in existence but outside of the mainstream, while the
1099:
1091:
1083:
1034:
995:
946:
885:
877:
869:
865:
842:
794:
782:
750:
722:
718:
702:
611:
414:
389:
323:
265:
258:
251:
177:
72:
3104:
1690:
as their last Imam. The split was due to the Taiyabi believing that
2310:
Maqasid al-SharÏah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A Systems Approach
1995:
1932:
1898:
1888:
1878:
1868:
1858:
1847:
1807:
1799:
1647:
1526:
1498:
1481:. In the past, it was also followed by the majority of Muslims in
1434:
1426:
1399:
1347:
1287:
1157:
1122:
1079:
1065:
1009:
986:
838:
830:
810:
798:
778:
766:
746:
689:
646:
409:
331:
314:
137:
132:
1766:
in Medina along with over 70 other leading jurists and scholars.
1382:
school. It is the official school followed by the governments of
2308:
Auda, Jasser (2007). "5: Contemporary Theories in Islamic Law".
1960:
1918:
1908:
1815:
1811:
1438:
1395:
893:
834:
758:
693:
615:
576:
327:
200:
172:
147:
142:
182:
2350:
653:, is predominant in Oman. Unlike Sunnis, Shias, and Ibadis,
2780:: Vol. 5 of Cambridge Middle East Studies, pgs. 28 and 32.
753:
school. The Muslim schools of jurisprudence are located in
3041:
The Sources of Islamic Law: Islamic Theories of Abrogation
1026:
which varies from region to region, but also believe that
977:(selection of rulings without restriction to a particular
2848:
Reorienting the Veil, University of North Carolina (2009)
2584:
1686:
branch, split with the Musta'ali Fatimid, who recognized
1628:. Nizārī Ismailis believe that the successor-Imām to the
2873:"On Islam, Muslims and the 500 most influential figures"
2808:, pg. 37. Pakistan Law Times Publications, 2006. 6th ed.
2233:
Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives
2995:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
2819:
The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought
2626:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
1258:
as well. In the past, it was also followed in parts of
2925:
Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla (12 May 2008).
1473:(815–883). It is followed by minority communities in
925:
named eight groups: Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi'i, Zahiri,
1790:, used the Hanafi jurisprudence, as do most Sunnis.
1441:. There are movements that are highly influenced by
564:
536:
1597:Muslims follow their own school in the form of the
706:) to one of the four schools in all legal details.
2859:"Salafi Publications | on Ijtihad and Taqlid"
3019:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from
2293:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from
2285:Messick, Brinkley; Kéchichian, Joseph A. (2009).
2215:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from
1172:. There are movements within this school such as
2502:Mohammad Sharif Khan and Mohammad Anwar Saleem,
2447:. p. 148. Kitab Ikhtilaf Malid wal-Shafi'i.
3011:Dallal, Ahmad S.; Hendrickson, Jocelyn (2009).
2778:Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought
27:School of thought within Islamic jurisprudence
2177:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics
2133:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics
1022:Generally, Sunnis will follow one particular
496:
8:
3017:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
2607:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2529:: 9th–10th Centuries C.E., pg. 178. Leiden:
2291:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
2213:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
2078:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
1585:religions, which regard Shaykh Ahmad highly.
1563:in favor of hadith. Concentrated in Bahrain.
1286:(767–820). It is followed by Muslims in the
558:
2749:. Cambridge University Press. p. 216.
2671:. Volume three of Brill Classics in Islam.
1569:: an Islamic religious movement founded by
1525:. In this school, the time and space bound
649:legal school, distinct from Sunni and Shia
2471:
2469:
2345:
2343:
1282:school is based upon the jurisprudence of
503:
489:
31:
2527:The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law
2280:
2278:
2179:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
2141:10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001
1014:Some regions have a dominant or official
575:) refers to any school of thought within
2202:
2200:
2198:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
1414:school is based on the jurisprudence of
1180:, which are concentrated in South Asia.
892:established a total of four independent
3006:
3004:
2541:
2539:
2460:The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence
2429:. Oxford University Press. p. 246.
2427:The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence
2381:The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence
2162:
2160:
2053:
2012:
700:creedal belief in rigorously adhering (
34:
2518:
2516:
2462:. Oxford University Press. p. 98.
2325:
2209:"Law. Legal Thought and Jurisprudence"
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2667:, pg. 5. Trns. Wolfgang Behn, intro.
2383:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950), p. 9
570:
552:
7:
2898:El-Gamal, Mahmoud A. (3 July 2006).
2090:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001
2072:Rabb, Intisar A. (2009). "Fiqh". In
1559:: similar to Usulis, however reject
1418:(780-855) who had been a student of
2351:"Amman Message – The Official Site"
1521:theological school associated with
1284:Imam Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi'i
1059:, evidences, and opinions of other
559:
526:
3148:Arabic words and phrases in Sharia
2821:, pg. 172. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'.
2576:The Role of Ijtihad in Legislation
2547:Introduction to Middle Eastern Law
2504:Muslim Philosophy And Philosophers
25:
2699:, Grande Strategy, 5 January 2012
2363:
1931:The statement also asserted that
1694:was the next rightful Imam after
841:, Syria, etc. (Egypt's school in
3120:
3109:. London: Muslim Academic Trust.
3106:The Four Imams and Their Schools
2510:: Ashish Publishing House, 1994.
1706:as the next rightful Imam after
472:
54:
2695:Meinhaj Hussain, A New Medina,
2395:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1802:school of Islam is named after
1786:to this day and originally the
2904:. Cambridge University Press.
2806:The Code of Muslim Family Laws
2366:Islamic Theories of Abrogation
1702:themselves however considered
1620:: the largest branch (95%) of
817:and multiple other countries.
1:
3015:. In John L. Esposito (ed.).
2997:. Princeton University Press.
2846:Jurisprudence and Law – Islam
2289:. In John L. Esposito (ed.).
2287:"Fatwā. Process and Function"
2211:. In John L. Esposito (ed.).
1810:Islam is mostly practiced in
1425:It is followed by Muslims in
1207:It is followed by Muslims in
1118:schools have become extinct.
1018:; others recognize a variety.
2583:volume IV, No.2, Publisher:
1956:Islamic schools and branches
1433:and minority communities in
1204:and the Medinian community.
929:, Ahl al-Hadith, Jariri and
864:split into four groups: the
657:are not affiliated with any
2135:. Oxford University Press.
1951:Schools of Islamic theology
1726:, and other smaller groups.
565:
537:
3174:
3049:Edinburgh University Press
2786:Cambridge University Press
2631:Princeton University Press
2611:Cambridge University Press
2585:Islamic Thought Foundation
1825:
1669:Tāyyebī Mustā'līyyah: the
1573:in the early 19th century
1055:, but they also study the
1051:(principles) of their own
859:It has been asserted that
655:non-denominational Muslims
2743:Berkey, Jonathon (2003).
2458:Schacht, Joseph (1959) .
2425:Schacht, Joseph (1959) .
1634:Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah
1260:Europe under Islamic rule
941:defined only three Sunni
280:Sunni schools of theology
2623:Crone, Patricia (2013).
2332:: CS1 maint: location (
1394:school is also large in
1252:Murabitun World Movement
1125:reason and pure reason.
1041:Experts and scholars of
2709:Wolfgang, Behn (1999).
2555:Oxford University Press
2415:, 45 (2011), p. 214–218
2207:Calder, Norman (2009).
2167:Vikør, Knut S. (2014).
2082:Oxford University Press
1378:people also follow the
1192:school is based on the
1000:Ahlus Sunnah wal jam'ah
78:Prophets and Messengers
2746:The Formation of Islam
2715:. BRILL. p. 178.
2413:Annales Islamologiques
2230:Tan, Charlene (2014).
2025:al-yamin ma'a l-shahid
1469:school was founded by
1148:school was founded by
1129:Orthodox Sunni schools
1071:
1019:
548:'way to act',
346:Contemporary movements
161:Rightly-Guided Caliphs
88:Succession to Muhammad
3153:Islamic jurisprudence
3038:Burton, John (1990).
3013:"Fatwā. Modern usage"
2590:14 March 2012 at the
1842:(excommunication) by
1692:At-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim
1416:Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal
1069:
1013:
684:. With the spread of
577:Islamic jurisprudence
3129:at Wikimedia Commons
3023:on 20 November 2015.
2958:. Rand Corporation.
2609:, v.39, pg.369–387,
2523:Christopher Melchert
2398:40, 1981, p. 189–202
2297:on 20 November 2015.
2219:on 21 November 2008.
1658:which adheres to an
1229:United Arab Emirates
1150:Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man
855:Al-Shafi‘i and after
128:Declaration of Faith
2980:"UNHCR Web Archive"
2573:Murtada Mutahhari,
1804:Abd-Allah ibn Ibadh
1764:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi
1762:worked together in
1676:Al-Afdal Shahanshah
1517:Shia adhere to the
1198:Imam Malik ibn Anas
572:[ˈmaðaːhib]
2407:Mathieu Tillier, "
2183:on 2 February 2017
2173:Emad El-Din Shahin
1981:Verse of Obedience
1846:groups to justify
1636:was his elder son
1549:on the subject of
1509:
1243:, and in parts of
1072:
1020:
952:Historically, the
898:Islamic Gunpowders
894:judicial positions
385:Neo-traditionalism
3125:Media related to
3101:Haddad, Gibril F.
3068:on 4 January 2020
2776:Daniel W. Brown,
2563:978-0-19-923049-5
2319:978-1-56564-424-3
2236:. A&C Black.
1782:. Therefore, the
1268:Emirate of Sicily
821:"Ancient" schools
626:, as well as the
554:[ˈmaðhab]
547:
535:
513:
512:
358:Deobandi movement
16:(Redirected from
3165:
3124:
3110:
3080:Branon Wheeler,
3077:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3061:. Archived from
3046:
3025:
3024:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2990:
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2774:
2768:
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2765:
2763:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2706:
2700:
2697:The Legal System
2693:
2687:
2677:Brill Publishers
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2620:
2614:
2603:Devin J. Stewart
2600:
2594:
2571:
2565:
2543:
2534:
2531:Brill Publishers
2520:
2511:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2482:Encyclopedia.com
2473:
2464:
2463:
2455:
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2437:
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2405:
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2255:
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2227:
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2204:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2125:
2104:
2103:
2074:John L. Esposito
2069:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2017:
1491:Balearic Islands
1453:concentrated in
890:Mamluk Sultanate
694:legal mechanisms
622:madhhab amongst
574:
568:
562:
561:
556:
551:
542:
540:
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505:
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491:
479:Islam portal
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353:Barelvi movement
319:
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58:
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43:
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32:
21:
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3158:Islamic schools
3133:
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3099:
3096:
3094:Further reading
3091:
3071:
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3044:
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3028:
3010:
3009:
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2955:The Iraq Effect
2951:
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2901:Islamic Finance
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2694:
2690:
2661:Ignác Goldziher
2659:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2633:. p. 498.
2622:
2621:
2617:
2601:
2597:
2592:Wayback Machine
2572:
2568:
2545:Chibli Mallat,
2544:
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1523:Ja'far al-Sadiq
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1463:
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1368:Konkani Muslims
1276:
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1262:, particularly
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749:school and the
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1652:(traditional
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917:10th century
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911:Ahl al-Hadith
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880:. Later, the
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828:
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711:Amman Message
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624:Twelver Shias
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305:Ahl al-Hadith
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2480:
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2443:Kitab al-Umm
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2420:
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2379:J. Schacht,
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2290:
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2247:
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2217:the original
2212:
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2181:the original
2176:
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2077:
2038:
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2015:
1929:
1837:
1831:
1797:
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1571:Shaykh Ahmad
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1495:North Africa
1464:
1455:Saudi Arabia
1431:Saudi Arabia
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1292:Saudi Arabia
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708:
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658:
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313:In terms of
310:
264:
257:
250:
243:
236:
227:
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121:Five Pillars
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2712:The Zahiris
2665:The Zahiris
2549:, pg. 116.
2187:3 September
2129:Hussin, Iza
1724:Alavi Bohra
1483:Mesopotamia
1328:Philippines
1296:Upper Egypt
1241:Upper Egypt
1225:West Africa
1098:rites. The
1045:follow the
939:Ibn Khaldun
906:Ahl al-Ra'i
827:John Burton
803:Philippines
787:Afghanistan
459:Persecution
295:Ahl al-Ra'y
47:Sunni Islam
3137:Categories
3086:SUNY Press
2931:Abc-Clio.
2722:9004026320
2506:, pg. 34.
2169:"Sharīʿah"
2080:. Oxford:
2002:References
1986:Uli al-amr
1776:Abu Hanifa
1756:Abu Hanifa
1744:Abu Hanifa
1664:revelation
1660:absolutism
1429:, most of
1290:region of
1162:Bangladesh
1156:, most of
1123:analogical
961:Modern era
882:Hanbalites
874:Shafi'ites
848:Al-Shafiʽi
791:Kazakhstan
763:Bangladesh
438:Literature
403:Holy sites
291:Maturidism
148:Pilgrimage
83:Holy books
2782:Cambridge
2581:Al-Tawhid
2508:New Delhi
2440:Shafi'i.
2328:cite book
2049:Citations
1925:Ibadiyyah
1915:Zaidiyyah
1895:Zahiriyah
1778:and Imam
1758:and Imam
1742:and Imam
1720:Sulaimani
1671:Musta'ali
1612:Subgroups
1567:Shaykhism
1557:Akhbarism
1537:Subgroups
1531:intellect
1451:Wahhabism
1376:Dagestani
1352:Kurdistan
1340:Sri Lanka
1332:Singapore
1324:Palestine
1312:Indonesia
975:takhayyur
935:Abu Thawr
931:Kharijite
886:Jarirites
878:Zahirites
870:Malikites
866:Hanafites
771:Indonesia
737:schools (
717:schools (
690:reformist
639:Isma'ilis
532:romanized
420:Jerusalem
380:Modernism
368:Wahhabism
328:al-Wijdan
287:Ash'arism
3103:(2007).
2829:, 2008.
2788:, 1996.
2679:, 2008.
2588:Archived
2557:, 2007.
2488:13 March
2445:vol. vii
2364:Burton,
2250:madhhabi
1991:Istihsan
1966:Ikhtilaf
1939:See also
1844:jihadist
1788:Fatimids
1754:, Imams
1704:Al-Hafiz
1654:legalism
1640:. While
1638:al-Nizār
1626:Aga Khan
1487:Portugal
1479:Pakistan
1447:Salafism
1388:Malaysia
1372:Chechens
1370:). Most
1366:and the
1360:Mappilas
1344:Thailand
1316:Malaysia
1300:Ethiopia
1266:and the
1178:Deobandi
1174:Barelvis
1154:Pakistan
1061:madhahib
991:madhhabs
971:madhhabs
943:madhahib
921:scholar
861:madhahib
755:Pakistan
682:madhhabs
674:madhhabs
670:madhhabs
651:madhhabs
637:amongst
635:madhhabs
628:Isma'ili
608:madhhabs
584:madhāhib
566:madhāhib
560:مَذَاهِب
363:Salafism
332:al-Kashf
301:Atharism
168:Abu Bakr
39:a series
37:Part of
3143:Madhhab
3127:Madhhab
3088:, 1996.
3072:21 July
3031:Sources
2823:Hoboken
2533:, 1997.
2175:(ed.).
2076:(ed.).
1971:Ijtihad
1905:Ja'fari
1885:Hanbali
1875:Shafi'i
1814:, with
1750:, Imam
1708:Al-Amir
1696:Al-Amir
1688:Al-Amir
1680:Taiyabi
1632:caliph
1630:Fatimid
1622:Ismaili
1595:Ismaili
1590:Ismaili
1561:ijtihad
1543:Usulism
1527:rulings
1519:Ja'fari
1515:Twelver
1510:Ja'fari
1475:Morocco
1443:Hanbali
1412:Hanbali
1406:Hanbali
1392:Shafi'i
1380:Shafi'i
1336:Somalia
1304:Eritrea
1280:Shafi'i
1274:Shafi'i
1237:Bahrain
1217:Algeria
1213:Nigeria
1209:Morocco
1096:Hanbali
1088:Shafi'i
1053:madhhab
1029:ijtihad
1024:madhhab
1016:madhhab
1006:Schools
979:madhhab
967:madhhab
919:Shi'ite
807:Algeria
775:Nigeria
745:), the
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733:), two
731:Hanbali
727:Shafi'i
666:madhhab
659:madhhab
620:Ja'fari
600:Hanbali
596:Shafi'i
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538:madhhab
534::
527:مَذْهَب
518:madhhab
454:History
223:Hanbali
218:Shafi'i
197:schools
143:Fasting
138:Charity
66:Beliefs
3055:
2962:
2935:
2908:
2833:
2792:
2762:11 May
2753:
2728:11 May
2719:
2683:
2673:Leiden
2646:13 May
2637:
2613:, 2007
2561:
2551:Oxford
2370:: p.13
2368:, 1990
2316:
2240:
2147:
2096:
2021:Fustat
1976:Taqlid
1945:Sharia
1933:fatwas
1865:Maliki
1855:Hanafi
1839:takfir
1784:Zaydis
1700:Hafizi
1698:. The
1684:Hafizi
1643:Nizārī
1618:Nizari
1605:Ibadat
1583:Baháʼí
1551:taqlid
1489:, the
1467:Zahiri
1461:Zahiri
1390:. The
1384:Brunei
1364:Kerala
1354:, and
1320:Jordan
1256:school
1233:Kuwait
1202:Medina
1190:Maliki
1184:Maliki
1166:Russia
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1140:Hanafi
1116:Thawri
1114:, and
1112:Awza'i
1108:Laythi
1104:Jariri
1100:Zahiri
1092:Maliki
1084:Hanafi
1035:taqlid
996:Salafi
983:talfiq
981:) and
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900:, the
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801:, the
795:Russia
783:Turkey
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719:Hanafi
703:Taqlid
686:Salafi
643:Zaidis
612:Zahiri
610:. The
604:madhab
592:Maliki
588:Hanafi
557:, pl.
523:Arabic
415:Medina
390:Farahi
266:Jariri
259:Laythi
252:Thawri
245:Awza'i
238:Zahiri
230:Others
213:Maliki
208:Hanafi
195:Sunni
178:Uthman
133:Prayer
108:Sahaba
93:Angels
18:Mazhab
3066:(PDF)
3045:(PDF)
2876:(PDF)
2171:. In
2036:'
2029:'
2007:Notes
1996:Qiyas
1899:Sunni
1889:Sunni
1879:Sunni
1869:Sunni
1859:Sunni
1848:jihad
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1800:Ibadi
1794:Ibadi
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1731:Zaidi
1648:Kalam
1499:Spain
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1427:Qatar
1400:Syria
1348:Yemen
1288:Hejaz
1170:China
1158:India
1080:Sunni
1075:Sunni
987:ulema
839:Basra
831:Mecca
811:Libya
799:China
779:Egypt
767:India
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743:Zaidi
715:Sunni
678:ulama
647:Ibadi
632:Zaidi
581:Sunni
432:Lists
410:Mecca
326:(Ahl
324:Sufis
315:Ihsan
3074:2018
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