135:
353:, and financial backing. Butler testified that the pretext for the coup would be that the president's health was failing. Despite Butler's support for Roosevelt in the election and his reputation as a strong critic of capitalism, Butler said the plotters felt his good reputation and popularity were vital in attracting support amongst the general public and saw him as easier to manipulate than others. Given a successful coup, Butler said that the plan was for him to have held near-absolute power in the newly created position of "Secretary of General Affairs", while Roosevelt would have assumed a
649:"It also alleged that definite proof had been found that the much publicized Fascist march on Washington, which was to have been led by Major. Gen. Smedley D. Butler, retired, according to testimony at a hearing, was actually contemplated. The committee recalled testimony by General Butler, saying he had testified that Gerald C. MacGuire had tried to persuade him to accept the leadership of a Fascist army."
38:
407:
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from the HUAC hearings as an inconsequential trickster whose base dealings could not possibly be taken alone as verifying such a momentous undertaking. If he was acting as an intermediary in a genuine probe, or as agent provocateur sent to fool Butler, his employers were at least clever enough to keep their distance and see to it that he self-destructed on the witness stand."
231:
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Bush was of course deep into the business of the
Hamburg-America Lines, and had tight relations throughout this period with the new Government that had come to power in Germany a year earlier under Chancellor Aldoph Hitler. It appears that Bush was to have formed a key liaison for the group with the new German government.
684:
Historian Hans
Schmidt wrote, "Even if Butler was telling the truth, as there seems little reason to doubt, there remains the unfathomable problem of MacGuire's motives and veracity. He may have been working both ends against the middle, as Butler at one point suspected. In any case, MacGuire emerged
760:
as a trio of protagonists who uncover the conspiracy and prevent it from materializing. General Gil
Dillenbeck, played by Robert De Niro, is based on Major General Smedley Butler. During the end of the film, a clip of Dillenbeck speaking before the congressional committee is played alongside footage
648:
had changed its tone, running on page one the headline: "Asks Laws To Curb
Foreign Agitators; Committee In Report To House Attacks Nazis As The Chief Propagandists In Nation. State Department Acts Checks Activities Of An Italian Consul – Plan For March On Capital Is Held Proved." The article stated,
587:
In the last few weeks of the committee's official life it received evidence showing that certain persons had made an attempt to establish a fascist organization in this country. No evidence was presented and this committee had none to show a connection between this effort and any fascist activity of
357:
role. Those implicated in the plot by Butler all denied any involvement. MacGuire was the only figure identified by Butler who testified before the committee. Others whom Butler accused were not called to testify because the "committee has had no evidence before it that would in the slightest degree
1284:
This was consistent with MacGuire's testimony: "You are a past department commander in the
American Legion?" "No, sir; never held an office in the American Legion, I have just been a Legionnaire – oh, I beg your pardon. I did hold one office. I was on the distinguished guest committee of the Legion
595:
MacGuire denied these allegations under oath, but your committee was able to verify all the pertinent statements made by
General Butler, with the exception of the direct statement suggesting the creation of the organization. This, however, was corroborated in the correspondence of MacGuire with his
591:
This committee received evidence from Maj. Gen
Smedley D. Butler (retired), twice decorated by the Congress of the United States. He testified before the committee as to conversations with one Gerald C. MacGuire in which the latter is alleged to have suggested the formation of a fascist army under
442:
On July 3 or 4, Butler held a second meeting with MacGuire and Doyle. He stated that they offered to get hundreds of supporters at the
American Legion convention to ask for a speech. MacGuire left a typewritten speech with Butler that they proposed he read at the convention. "It urged the American
207:
said the committee "purported to report that a two-month investigation had convinced it that
General Butler's story of a Fascist march on Washington was alarmingly true" and "... also alleged that definite proof had been found that the much publicized Fascist march on Washington, which was to have
1625:
A not-to-miss program on the BBC this morning... The
Congressional committee kept the names of many of the participants under wraps and no criminal action was ever brought against them. But a few names have leaked out. And one is Prescott Bush, the grandfather of the incumbent president. Prescott
1562:
Schlesinger, p 85; Wolfe, Part IV: "But James E. Van Zandt, national commander of the Veterans of Foreign Wars and subsequently a Republican congressman, corroborated Butler's story and said that he, too, had been approached by "agents of Wall Street". "Zandt had been called immediately after the
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of New York in dismissing it as a 'cocktail putsch'". In Schlesinger's summation of the affair in 1958, "No doubt, MacGuire did have some wild scheme in mind, though the gap between contemplation and execution was considerable, and it can hardly be supposed that the Republic was in much danger."
341:
The McCormack–Dickstein Committee began examining evidence of an alleged plot on November 20, 1934. On November 24, the committee released a statement detailing the testimony it had heard and its preliminary findings. On February 15, 1935, the committee submitted its final report to the House of
680:
Historian Robert F. Burk wrote, "At their core, the accusations probably consisted of a mixture of actual attempts at influence peddling by a small core of financiers with ties to veterans organizations and the self-serving accusations of Butler against the enemies of his pacifist and populist
316:
Roosevelt's election was upsetting for many conservative businessmen of the time, as his "campaign promise that the government would provide jobs for all the unemployed had the reverse effect of creating a new wave of unemployment by businessmen frightened by fears of socialism and reckless
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635:
magazine reported on December 3, 1934, that the committee "alleged that definite proof had been found that the much publicized Fascist march on Washington, which was to have been led by Maj. Gen. Smedley D. Butler, retired, according to testimony at a hearing, was actually contemplated".
1563:
August 22 meeting with MacGuire by Butler and warned that...he was going to be approached by the coup plotters for his support at an upcoming VFW convention. He said that, just as Butler had warned, he had been approached "by agents of Wall Street" who tried to enlist him in their plot."
1046:
opened a coast-to-coast stump for FDR in Philadelphia. ... Butler was pleased with the election results that saw Hoover defeated; although he admitted that he had exerted himself in the campaign more "to get rid of Hoover than to put in Roosevelt," and to "square a debt." FDR, his old
443:
Legion convention to adopt a resolution calling for the United States to return to the gold standard, so that when veterans were paid the bonus promised to them, the money they received would not be worthless paper." The inclusion of this demand further increased Butler's suspicion.
1951:
U.S. House of Representatives, Special Committee on Un-American Activities, Investigation of Nazi Propaganda Activities and Investigation of Certain Other Propaganda Activities, Hearings 73-D.C.-6, Part 1, 73rd Congress, 2nd session, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,
193:
Committee") on these revelations. Although no one was prosecuted, the congressional committee final report said, "there is no question that these attempts were discussed, were planned, and might have been placed in execution when and if the financial backers deemed it expedient."
414:
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ran an article with the headline, "Gen. Butler Bares 'Fascist Plot' To Seize Government by Force; Says Bond Salesman, as Representative of Wall St. Group, Asked Him to Lead Army of 500,000 in March on Capital – Those Named Make Angry Denials – Dickstein Gets Charge".
410:
643:
called it "perfect moonshine." Gen. Douglas MacArthur, alleged to be the back-up leader if Butler declined, referred to it as "the best laugh story of the year." By February 16, 1935, one day after the committee had released its final report,
492:
On August 22, Butler met MacGuire at a hotel, the last time Butler met him. According to Butler's account, it was on this occasion that MacGuire asked Butler to run a new veterans' organization and lead a coup attempt against the President.
333:, undermining both private and business fortunes and leading to national bankruptcy. Roosevelt was damned as a socialist or Communist out to destroy private enterprise by sapping the gold backing of wealth in order to subsidize the poor."
1528:"Gen. Butler Bares 'Fascist Plot' To Seize Government by Force; Says Bond Salesman, as Representative of Wall St. Group, Asked Him to Lead Army of 500,000 in March on Capital – Those Named Make Angry Denials – Dickstein Gets Charge".
734:’s 1976 television detective series set in 1930s Los Angeles, featured a three-part pilot (later released separately on VHS and DVD), "The November Plan," loosely based on the Business Plot. The Business Plot inspired the 2022
382:
Historian Hans Schmidt concludes that while Spivak made a cogent argument for taking the suppressed testimony seriously, he embellished his article with his "overblown" claims regarding Jewish financiers, which Schmidt dismisses as
1582:
Schmidt, p. 224: "But James E. Van Zandt, national commander of the Veterans of Foreign Wars and subsequently a Republican congressman, corroborated Butler's story and said that he, too, had been approached by "agents of Wall
656:
stated to the press, "Less than two months" after Gen. Butler warned him, "he had been approached by 'agents of Wall Street' to lead a Fascist dictatorship in the United States under the guise of a 'Veterans Organization'."
1031:," Smedley used the bonus issue and the army's use of gas in routing the "Bonus Expeditionary Force" – recalling infamous gas warfare during the Great War – to disparage Hoover during the
578:
As the result of information which has been in possession of this committee for some time, it was decided to hear the story of Maj. Gen. Smedley D. Butler and such others as might have knowledge germane to the issue.
2029:
1946:
409:
588:
any European country. There is no question that these attempts were discussed, were planned, and might have been placed in execution when and if the financial backers deemed it expedient.
308:
and bankers, going on to explain that for 33 years he had been a "high-class muscle man" for Wall Street, the bankers and big business, labeling himself as a "racketeer for Capitalism".
1808:
208:
been led by Major Gen. Smedley D. Butler, retired, according to testimony at a hearing, was actually contemplated". The individuals involved all denied the existence of a plot.
1945:
U.S. House of Representatives, Special Committee on Un-American Activities, Public Statement, 73rd Congress, 2nd session, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934)
2024:
485:
During the first half of 1934, MacGuire traveled to Europe and mailed postcards to Butler. On March 6, MacGuire wrote Clark and Clark's attorney a letter describing the
1999:
1994:
1305:
398:
and its complications, but also said that the accusations against MacGuire had led to his weakened condition and collapse which in turn led to the pneumonia.
2004:
1961:"Wall Street's Fascist Conspiracy: Testimony that the Dickstein MacCormack Committee Suppressed; Wall Street's Fascist Conspiracy: Morgan Pulls the Strings"
211:
While historians have questioned whether a coup was actually close to execution, most agree that some sort of "wild scheme" was contemplated and discussed.
1281:
1258:
1598:
to describe the Butler story: It's a joke of some kind, he told the wire services, "someone at a party had suggested the idea to the ex-marine as a joke."
770:
596:
principal, Robert Sterling Clark, of New York City, while MacGuire was abroad studying the various forms of veterans organizations of Fascist character.
1227:
2019:
1316:
1816:
1543:
1032:
427:
On July 1, 1933, Butler met with MacGuire and Bill Doyle for the first time. MacGuire was a $ 100-a-week bond salesman for Wall Street banking firm
301:
627:
editorial published just two days into committee testimony dismissed Butler's story as "a gigantic hoax" and a "bald and unconvincing narrative."
182:
179:
1358:
358:
warrant calling before it such men ... The committee will not take cognizance of names brought into testimony which constitute mere hearsay."
329:, wrote that with the end of the gold standard, "conservative financiers were horrified. They viewed a currency not solidly backed by gold as
2014:
1752:
983:
1347:
575:
This committee is not concerned with premature newspaper accounts especially when given and published prior to the taking of the testimony.
375:, revealing portions of testimony to the committee that had been redacted as hearsay. Spivak argued that the plot was part of a plan by
255:
1989:
1793:
1762:
1678:
418:
1935 newsreel footage of Smedley Butler describing his 1934 congressional committee testimony and views towards the alleged 1933 plot
1496:
1156:
944:
121:
1425:
1401:
1336:
170:
as dictator. Butler, a retired Marine Corps major general, testified under oath that wealthy businessmen were plotting to create a
1455:
1421:
1390:
1294:
450:
underwrote the formation of the American Legion in New York, and Butler told MacGuire that the American Legion was "nothing but a
1594:
Wolfe, Part IV: "New York's Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia,.. a (supporter) of the fascist program of Mussolini, coined the term
1036:
1028:
435:. Doyle was commander of the Massachusetts American Legion. Butler stated that he was asked to run for National Commander of the
293:
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ally, was a "nice fellow" and might make a good president, but Smedley did not expect much influence in the new administration."
820:
726:
134:
1922:
1859:
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59:
55:
102:
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as a misconception caused by a clerical research error. According to Katz, "Prescott Bush was too involved with the actual
1801:
74:
1488:
1544:"Asks Laws to Curb Foreign Agitators; Committee in Report to House Attacks Nazis as the Chief Propagandists in Nation"
1191:
848:
545:
This committee has had no evidence before it that would in the slightest degree warrant calling before it such men as
1511:
795:
81:
1638:
1984:
1824:
669:
48:
2009:
1039:"despite the fact that my family for generations has been Republican," and shared the platform when Republican
505:
501:
88:
616:
1800:
Interview of the author and an excerpt are available at NPR's "When The Bankers Plotted To Overthrow FDR"
572:
The committee will not take cognizance of names brought into the testimony which constitute mere hearsay.
504:
who had once been Butler's personal secretary, met MacGuire in his office. In late September, Butler told
391:
186:
70:
805:
757:
740:
462:
297:
163:
889:
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1639:""Gangsters of Capitalism": Jonathan Katz on the Parallels Between Jan. 6 and 1934 Anti-FDR Coup Plot"
203:
editorial characterizing it as a "gigantic hoax". When the committee's final report was released, the
1040:
640:
447:
428:
384:
159:
258:
of 1924 (which made certain bonuses initially due no earlier than 1925 and all no later than 1945).
1947:
s:McCormack–Dickstein Committee#Public Statement on Preliminary findings of HUAC, November 24, 1934
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366:
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607:
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279:
199:
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Early in the committee's gathering of testimony most major news media dismissed the plot, with a
1960:
936:
The Corporate State and the Broker State: The Du Ponts and American National Politics, 1925–1940
1901:
1877:
1855:
1852:
Maverick Marine: General Smedley D. Butler and the Contradictions of American Military History
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that co-conspirators would be meeting him at an upcoming Veterans of Foreign Wars convention.
497:
286:
175:
1104:
The Plot to Seize the White House: The Shocking True Story of the Conspiracy to Overthrow FDR
349:
attempted to recruit him to lead a coup, promising him an army of 500,000 men for a march on
17:
1831:
The Politics of Upheaval: 1935–1936, The Age of Roosevelt, Volume III (The Age of Roosevelt)
1785:
The Plots Against the President: FDR, A Nation in Crisis, and the Rise of the American Right
1043:
745:
710:
705:, was to have been a "key liaison" between the 1933 Business Plotters and the newly emerged
566:
558:
376:
350:
259:
254:, set up tent camps, and demanded immediate payment of bonuses due to them according to the
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1236:(March 26, 1935) (subscription). An image of the article is also accessible down the page
95:
1444:
1063:
912:
631:
550:
474:
436:
432:
1923:"Oh, Smedley: Was there really a fascist plot to overthrow the United States government?"
1552:. Vol. LXXXIV, no. 28147 (Late City ed.). 16 February 1935. pp. 1, 4.
1956:
1889:
1829:
1783:
1664:"Michael Shonk, "City of Angels" (review), Mystery File [blog], April 12, 2012"
849:"Wealthy bankers and businessmen plotted to overthrow FDR. A retired general foiled it"
749:
735:
702:
665:
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and other financiers who were coordinating with fascist groups to overthrow Roosevelt.
362:
275:
271:
167:
139:
1679:"Amsterdam, review: Margot Robbie's star power can't save this tangled comic thriller"
898:. Vol. LXXXIV, no. 28061 (Late City ed.). 22 November 1934. p. 20.
274:, a popular military figure of the time. A few days after Butler's arrival, President
1978:
1869:
1192:"Wall Street's Fascist Conspiracy: Testimony that the Dickstein Committee Suppressed"
1082:
973:
753:
694:
554:
546:
523:
515:
On November 20 the committee began examining evidence. French broke the story in the
446:
Around August 1, MacGuire visited Butler alone. Butler stated that MacGuire told him
318:
1306:
Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report (Doyle and MacGuire's second visit)
934:
1512:
74th Congress House of Representatives Report, pursuant to House Resolution No. 198
825:
706:
562:
486:
322:
1930:
1894:
1282:
Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report, testimony of Gerald C. MacGuire
394:, at the age of 36. His attending doctor at the hospital attributed the death to
1573:
247:
37:
583:
The congressional committee final report, released on February 15, 1935, said:
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not supported by the evidence of the Butler-MacGuire conversations themselves.
1711:
714:
371:
354:
305:
267:
235:
225:
1690:
1317:
Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report (Third visit with MacGuire)
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to be involved with something that was so home grown as the Business Plot."
533:
wrote its first article on the story and described it as a "gigantic hoax".
395:
330:
239:
230:
1741:
541:
The Congressional committee preliminary report of November 24, 1934 said:
270:". It was encouraged by an appearance from retired Marine Corps Maj. Gen.
1171:
Public Statement on Preliminary findings of HUAC, November 24, 1934, p. 1
263:
1663:
469:
fortune. MacGuire had known Clark when Clark was a second lieutenant in
178:
to overthrow Roosevelt. In 1934, Butler testified under oath before the
162:
in 1933, in the United States, to overthrow the government of President
1905:
1881:
282:
171:
1776:
605:
On November 21, 1934, one day into the committee gathering testimony,
1359:
Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report (Meeting with Clark)
1348:
Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report (Meeting in hotel)
1048:
821:"Why is so little known about the 1930s coup attempt against FDR?"
761:
of Butler's actual testimony, revealing it to be the same speech.
470:
405:
229:
133:
1237:
1259:
s:McCormack–Dickstein Committee#Testimony of Gerald C. Macguire
771:
List of coups and coup attempts by country § United States
317:
government spending". Some writers have said concerns over the
242:
flats burning after being set on fire by the US military (1932)
800:
174:
veterans' organization with him as its leader and use it in a
31:
1712:"General Gilbert Dillenbeck and Major General Smedley Butler"
1514:, 73d Congress, February 15, 1935. Quoted in: George Seldes,
477:, where he had been nicknamed "the millionaire lieutenant".
620:
also reported on the story on November 21 and 22, 1934..
457:
On September 24, MacGuire visited Butler's hotel room in
1151:(1st Mariner books ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1402:
Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report, p. 10
1337:
Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report, p. 20
1295:
Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report, p. 1
1456:
Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report, p. 5
1422:
Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report, p. 3
1391:
Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report, p. 3
489:, a nationalist French league of the Interwar period.
361:
On the final day of the committee, January 29, 1935,
345:
During the committee hearings, Butler testified that
2030:
Coups d'Ă©tat and coup attempts in the United States
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1893:
1828:
1081:
390:On March 25, 1935, MacGuire died in a hospital in
138:The plot planned to install retired Major General
1518:(1947), pp. 290–92. See also Schmidt, p. 245
1377:
1375:
997:
995:
693:In July 2007, a BBC investigation reported that
465:. Clark was an art collector and an heir to the
1084:The Power of Gold: the history of an obsession
1027:"Declaring himself a "Hoover-for-Ex-President
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
744:, written and directed by American filmmaker
672:said in 1958, "Most people agreed with Mayor
8:
1874:1000 Americans: The Real Rulers of the U.S.A
958:
956:
27:A 1933 plan to overthrow the U.S. government
1809:"History Channel Looks At Plot to Oust FDR"
1268:
1266:
884:
882:
880:
796:"When The Bankers Plotted To Overthrow FDR"
365:published the first of two articles in the
183:Special Committee on Un-American Activities
1067:(Los Angeles: Feral House, 1935, 2003), 26
1021:
1019:
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1097:
1095:
787:
454:outfit." Butler never saw Doyle again.
2000:Political history of the United States
928:
926:
907:
905:
180:United States House of Representatives
1995:Great Depression in the United States
1572:: 3. 23 November 1934. Archived from
1436:Mennonite Church Historical Archives
847:Brockell, Gillian (13 January 2021).
709:, although this has been disputed by
304:. By 1933, Butler started denouncing
7:
2025:1930s coups d'Ă©tat and coup attempts
1876:. Boni & Gaer. pp. 292–98.
1677:Collin, Robbie (29 September 2022).
1438:Paul French Biographical Information
1228:G.C. M'Guire Dies; Accused of 'Plot'
461:. In late September Butler met with
60:adding citations to reliable sources
2005:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt
1585:Archer, pp. 3, 5, 29, 32, 129, 176.
1190:Spivak, John L. (29 January 1935).
1149:The politics of upheaval, 1935–1936
1147:Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (2003).
401:
256:World War Adjusted Compensation Act
1900:. Horizon Press. pp. 294–98.
1088:. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
701:and grandfather of then-president
592:the leadership of General Butler.
292:Butler, although a self-described
25:
1921:Adams, Cecil (18 November 2005).
1757:. New York: Skyhorse Publishing.
1754:The Plot to Seize the White House
1743:The McCormack Dickstein Committee
1487:(reprint, illustrated ed.).
819:Denton, Sally (11 January 2022).
327:The Plot to Seize the White House
285:troops under the command of Gen.
278:ordered the marchers removed and
142:as dictator of the United States.
1854:. University Press of Kentucky.
1610:"1934: The Plot Against America"
527:on November 21. On November 22,
431:and a member of the Connecticut
36:
1807:Feran, Tim (12 February 1999).
246:On July 17, 1932, thousands of
47:needs additional citations for
1608:Horton, Scott (28 July 2007).
1566:"Says Butler Described. Offer"
1:
962:Schmidt p. 226, 228, 229, 230
337:McCormack–Dickstein Committee
302:1932 US presidential election
18:McCormack-Dickstein Committee
2015:Fascism in the United States
1773:Book Information and Chapter
1579:Quoted material from the NYT
1489:University Press of Kentucky
939:. Harvard University Press.
429:Grayson Murphy & Company
402:Butler's testimony in detail
2020:Military–industrial complex
1240:. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
1010:
697:, father of U.S. President
2046:
1825:Schlesinger Jr., Arthur M.
670:Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.
652:Separately, VFW commander
296:, responded by supporting
223:
1990:1933 in the United States
1959:(January–February 1935).
975:The Clarks of Cooperstown
1813:Columbus Dispatch (Ohio)
933:Burk, Robert F. (1990).
506:Veterans of Foreign Wars
1751:Archer, Jules (2007) .
913:"Plot Without Plotters"
617:The Philadelphia Record
289:destroyed their camps.
220:Butler and the veterans
1850:Schmidt, Hans (1998).
1782:Denton, Sally (2012).
1532:: 1. 21 November 1934.
1483:Schmidt, Hans (1998).
1106:. Skyhorse Publishing.
1035:. He came out for the
1033:1932 general elections
707:Nazi regime in Germany
598:
581:
419:
392:New Haven, Connecticut
250:veterans converged on
243:
234:Shacks erected by the
143:
1771:on 11 February 2006.
1369:Schmidt, pp. 239, 241
1102:Jules Archer (1973).
890:"Credulity Unlimited"
806:All Things Considered
758:John David Washington
641:J.P. Morgan & Co.
623:A November 22, 1934,
601:Contemporary reaction
585:
543:
463:Robert Sterling Clark
417:
312:Reaction to Roosevelt
298:Franklin D. Roosevelt
233:
164:Franklin D. Roosevelt
137:
1815:: 1H. Archived from
1788:. Bloomsbury Press.
1285:in 1933, I believe."
639:Thomas W. Lamont of
385:guilt by association
321:were also involved;
160:political conspiracy
56:improve this article
1819:on 16 January 2013.
1576:on 20 October 2006.
1061:Smedley D. Butler,
854:The Washington Post
808:. 12 February 2012.
668:-winning historian
518:Philadelphia Record
1570:The New York Times
1549:The New York Times
1530:The New York Times
1443:2011-06-04 at the
1233:The New York Times
1078:Peter L. Bernstein
1001:Schlesinger, p. 83
919:. 3 December 1934.
895:The New York Times
874:Schlesinger, p. 85
732:Stephen J. Cannell
654:James E. Van Zandt
646:The New York Times
608:The New York Times
530:The New York Times
510:James E. Van Zandt
467:Singer Corporation
420:
347:Gerald C. MacGuire
244:
156:White House Putsch
152:Wall Street Putsch
150:, also called the
144:
1985:Conflicts in 1933
1933:on 21 August 2008
1927:The Straight Dope
1896:A Man in His Time
1835:. Mariner Books.
1614:Harper's Magazine
985:978-0-307-26347-6
699:George H. W. Bush
537:Committee reports
498:Paul Comly French
496:On September 13,
415:
342:Representatives.
287:Douglas MacArthur
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
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1971:
1965:
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1940:
1938:
1929:. Archived from
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1044:George W. Norris
1025:Schmidt, p. 219
1023:
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746:David O. Russell
721:Film adaptations
567:Hanford MacNider
559:Thomas W. Lamont
508:(VFW) commander
416:
351:Washington, D.C.
262:, a former Army
260:Walter W. Waters
252:Washington, D.C.
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64:
40:
32:
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1975:
1974:
1963:
1957:Spivak, John L.
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1890:Spivak, John L.
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1249:Schmidt, p. 224
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71:"Business Plot"
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43:
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1931:the original
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1613:
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370:
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326:
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315:
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245:
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166:and install
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49:verification
46:
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1937:19 November
1734:Works cited
748:, starring
473:during the
248:World War I
176:coup d'Ă©tat
1979:Categories
1968:New Masses
1906:B0007DMOCW
1882:B000ANE968
1861:0813109574
1842:0618340874
1648:26 January
1619:22 January
1199:New Masses
1118:(Foreword)
1029:Republican
1013:, pp. 3—5.
860:14 January
832:11 January
777:References
674:La Guardia
561:, Admiral
553:, General
372:New Masses
355:figurehead
306:capitalism
294:Republican
268:Bonus Army
236:Bonus Army
226:Bonus Army
215:Background
82:newspapers
1721:2 January
1691:0307-1235
1037:Democrats
978:. Knopf.
782:Citations
741:Amsterdam
681:causes."
396:pneumonia
369:magazine
367:Communist
280:U.S. Army
240:Anacostia
191:Dickstein
187:McCormack
1892:(1967).
1872:(1947).
1827:(1958).
1583:Street."
1441:Archived
1204:24 March
1080:(2000).
765:See also
521:and the
502:reporter
264:sergeant
158:, was a
154:and the
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555:Harbord
549:, Gen.
300:in the
283:cavalry
238:on the
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1049:Haiti
715:Nazis
565:, or
471:China
325:, in
205:Times
103:JSTOR
89:books
1939:2005
1902:ASIN
1878:ASIN
1856:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1802:here
1790:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1723:2023
1698:2022
1687:ISSN
1650:2022
1621:2022
1493:ISBN
1424:and
1238:here
1206:2023
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980:ISBN
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756:and
632:Time
563:Sims
500:, a
481:1934
423:1933
146:The
75:news
801:NPR
579:...
58:by
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189:–
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110:(
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