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over time. An ideal tissue engineered heart valve would be non-thrombogenic, biocompatible, durable, resistant to calcification, grow with the surrounding heart, and exhibit a physiological hemodynamic profile. To achieve these goals, the scaffold should be carefully chosen—there are three main candidates: decellularized ECM (xenografts or homografts), natural polymers, and synthetic polymers.
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36:
321:, in which a ball is housed inside a cage. When the heart contracts and the blood pressure in the chamber of the heart exceeds the pressure on the outside of the chamber, the ball is pushed against the cage and allows blood to flow. When the heart finishes contracting, the pressure inside the chamber drops and the ball moves back against the base of the valve forming a seal.
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128:
493:(the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery). A pulmonary homograft (a pulmonary valve taken from a cadaver) is then used to replace the patient's own pulmonary valve. This procedure was first performed in 1967 and is used primarily in children, as it allows the patient's own pulmonary valve (now in the aortic position) to grow with the child.
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bleeding and are not willing to take warfarin may also consider tissue valves. Other patients who may be more suitable for tissue valves are people who have other planned surgeries and unable to take blood-thinning medications. People who plan to become pregnant may also consider tissue valves as warfarin causes risks in pregnancy.
675:
The most common problems with artificial heart valves are various forms of degeneration, including gross billowing of leaflets, ischemic mitral valve pathology, and minor chordal lengthening. The repairing process of the artificial heart valve regurgitation and stenosis usually requires an open-heart
607:
arises over the restriction. This pressure gradient is a result of the increased resistance to flow through the restriction. Natural heart valves have a low transvalvular pressure gradient as they present little obstruction to the flow through themselves, normally less than 16 mmHg. A desirable
291:
The three main types of artificial heart valves are mechanical, biological (bioprosthetic/tissue), and tissue-engineered valves. In the US, UK and the
European Union, the most common type of artificial heart valve is the bioprosthetic valve. Mechanical valves are more commonly used in Asia and Latin
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Tissue engineered heart valves can be person-specific and 3D modeled to fit an individual recipient 3D printing is used because of its high accuracy and precision of dealing with different biomaterials. Cells that are used for tissue engineered heart valves are expected to secrete the extracellular
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Tissue valves are less durable than mechanical valves, typically lasting 10–20 years. This means that people with bioprosthetic valves have a higher incidence of requiring another aortic valve replacement in their lifetime. Bioprosthetic valves tend to deteriorate more quickly in younger patients.
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from which the leaflets are composed. As the human heart beats approximately 3.4×10 times during a typical human lifespan, this limited but nevertheless present repair capacity is critically important. No heart valve prostheses can currently self-repair, but tissue-engineered valves may eventually
522:
Current bioprosthetic valves lack longevity, and will calcify over time. When a valve calcifies, the valve cusps become stiff and thick and cannot close completely. Moreover, bioprosthetic valves can't grow with or adapt to the patient: if a child has bioprosthetic valves they will need to get the
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Scientists can follow the structure of heart valves to produce something that looks similar to them, but since tissue engineered valves lack the natural cellular basis, they either fail to perform their functions like natural heart valves, or function when they are implanted but gradually degrade
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Tissue valves are better for older age groups as another valve replacement operation may not be needed in their lifetime. Due to the risk of forming blood clots for mechanical valves and severe bleeding as a major side effect of taking blood-thinning medications, people who have a risk of blood
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Introduced in 1979, bileaflet valves are made of two semicircular leaflets that revolve around struts attached to the valve housing. With a larger opening than caged ball or tilting-disc valves, they carry a lower risk of blood clots. They are, however, vulnerable to blood backflow.
453:
created by the design of the valves. From an engineering perspective, an ideal heart valve would produce minimal pressure drops, have small regurgitation volumes, minimize turbulence, reduce prevalence of high stresses, and not create flow separations in the vicinity of the valve.
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Mechanical and tissue valves are made of different materials. Mechanical valves are generally made of titanium and carbon. Tissue valves are made up of human or animal tissue. The valves composed of human tissue, known as allografts or homografts, are from donors' human hearts.
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Mechanical valves can be a better choice for younger people and people at risk of valve deterioration due to its durability. It is also preferable for people who are already taking blood thinners and people who would be unlikely to tolerate another valve replacement operation.
300:
Mechanical valves come in three main types – caged ball, tilting-disc and bileaflet – with various modifications on these designs. Caged ball valves are no longer implanted. Bileaflet valves are the most common type of mechanical valve implanted in patients today.
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fabric. The metal ring holds, by means of two metal supports, a disc that opens when the heart beats to let blood flow through, then closes again to prevent blood flowing backwards. The disc is usually made of an extremely hard carbon material
501:
Bioprosthetic valves are less likely than mechanical valves to cause blood clots, so do not require lifelong anticoagulation. As a result, people with bioprosthetic valves have a lower risk of bleeding than those with mechanical valves.
535:. These tissue‑engineered valves involve seeding human cells on to a scaffold. The two main types of scaffold are natural scaffolds, such as decellularized tissue, or scaffolds made from degradable polymers. The scaffold acts as an
442:, the rapid formation of microbubbles in a fluid such as blood due to a localized drop of pressure, can lead to mechanical heart valve failure, so cavitation testing is an essential part of the valve design verification process.
514:
In recent years, scientists have developed a new tissue preservation technology, with the aim of improving the durability of bioprosthetic valves. In sheep and rabbit studies, tissue preserved using this new technology had less
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comparable with the endothelium lining the heart chambers, so they are not normally thrombogenic (i.e. they don't cause blood clots). Blood clots can be hazardous because they can lodge in, and block, downstream
485:. An aortic homograft is an aortic valve from a human donor, retrieved either after their death or from a heart that is removed to be replaced during a heart transplant. A pulmonary autograft, also known as the
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leaking backwards through the valve as it closes is small. Some degree of valvular regurgitation is inevitable and natural, up to around 5 ml per beat. However, several heart valve pathologies (e.g. rheumatic
2310:
Lim WL, Chew YT, Low HT, Foo WL (September 2003). "Cavitation phenomena in mechanical heart valves: the role of squeeze flow velocity and contact area on cavitation initiation between two impinging rods".
457:
Implanted mechanical valves can cause foreign body rejection. The blood may coagulate and eventually result in a hemostasis. The usage of anticoagulation drugs will be interminable to prevent thrombosis.
328:
implanted caged ball heart valves into ten patients (six of whom survived the operation), marking the first success in prosthetic heart valves. A similar valve was invented by Miles 'Lowell' Edwards and
257:
A heart contains four valves (tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral and aortic valves) which open and close as blood passes through the heart. Blood enters the heart in the right atrium and passes through the
910:
539:, guiding tissue growth into the correct 3D structure of the heart valve. Some tissue-engineered heart valves have been tested in clinical trials, but none are commercially available.
276:
There are many potential causes of heart valve damage, such as birth defects, age related changes, and effects from other disorders, such as rheumatic fever and infections causing
2133:
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470:) attached to a metal or polymer support. Bovine (cow) tissue is most commonly used, but some are made from porcine (pig) tissue. The tissue is treated to prevent rejection and
2004:
Kasegawa H, Iwasaki K, Kusunose S, Tatusta R, Doi T, Yasuda H, Umezu M (January 2012). "Assessment of a novel stentless mitral valve using a pulsatile mitral valve simulator".
705:
1684:
Hasan A, Saliba J, Pezeshgi
Modarres H, Bakhaty A, Nasajpour A, Mofrad MR, Sanati-Nezhad A (October 2016). "Micro and nanotechnologies in heart valve tissue engineering".
589:) may lead to clinically significant valvular regurgitation. A desirable characteristic of heart valve prostheses is that regurgitation is minimal over the full range of
46:
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833:
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Sun JC, Davidson MJ, Lamy A, Eikelboom JW (August 2009). "Antithrombotic management of patients with prosthetic heart valves: current evidence and future trends".
2406:
Kafesjian R, Wieting DW, Ely J, Chahine GL, Frederick GS, Watson RE (1990). "Characterization of
Cavitation Potential of Pyrolitic Carbon". In Bodnar E (ed.).
2084:
Bezuidenhout D, Williams DF, Zilla P (January 2015). "Polymeric heart valves for surgical implantation, catheter-based technologies and heart assist devices".
1832:
Theus AS, Tomov ML, Cetnar A, Lima B, Nish J, McCoy K, Mahmoudi M, Serpooshan V (2019-06-01). "Biomaterial approaches for cardiovascular tissue engineering".
221:. Their main purpose is to keep blood flowing in the proper direction through the heart, and from the heart into the major blood vessels connected to it (the
902:
572:
An artificial heart valve should ideally function like a natural heart valve. The functioning of natural heart valves is characterized by many advantages:
2839:
202:). Artificial heart valves can be separated into three broad classes: mechanical heart valves, bioprosthetic tissue valves and engineered tissue valves.
337:
cage welded to a ring. The Starr-Edwards valve was first implanted in a human on August 25, 1960, and was discontinued by
Edwards Lifesciences in 2007.
292:
America. Companies that manufacture heart valves include
Edwards Lifesciences, Medtronic, Abbott (St. Jude Medical), CryoLife, and LifeNet Health.
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1626:"Primary safety and effectiveness feasibility study after surgical aortic valve replacement with a new generation bioprosthesis: one-year outcomes"
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693:
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Richard G, Beavan A, Strzepa P (April 1994). "Cavitation threshold ranking and erosion characteristics of bileaflet heart valve prostheses".
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Bluestein D, Einav S, Hwang NH (November 1994). "A squeeze flow phenomenon at the closing of a bileaflet mechanical heart valve prosthesis".
1968:
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Nachlas AL, Li S, Davis ME (December 2017). "Developing a
Clinically Relevant Tissue Engineered Heart Valve-A Review of Current Approaches".
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Researchers are investigating
Interchangeable Prosthetic Heart Valve that allows redo and fast-track repair of an artificial heart valve.
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2268:"Long-term results of heart valve replacement with the Edwards Duromedics bileaflet prosthesis: a prospective ten-year clinical follow-up"
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2033:"Hemodynamic Testing of Patient-Specific Mitral Valves Using a Pulse Duplicator: A Clinical Application of Three-Dimensional Printing"
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than control tissue. A valve containing this tissue is now marketed, but long-term durability data in patients are not yet available.
107:
79:
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249:
1435:"A comparison of outcomes between bovine pericardial and porcine valves in 38,040 patients in England and Wales over 10 years"
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Researchers are investigating catheter-based surgery that allows repair of an artificial heart valve without large incisions.
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241:. While some dysfunctional valves can be treated with drugs or repaired, others need to be replaced with an artificial valve.
86:
3333:
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2639:
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Chahine GL (March 1996). "Scaling of mechanical heart valves for cavitation inception: observation and acoustic detection".
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matrix (ECM). Extracellular matrix provides support to maintain the shape of the valves and determines the cell activities.
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in 1960, commonly referred to as the Starr-Edwards silastic ball valve. This consisted of a silicone ball enclosed in a
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The major advantage of mechanical valves over bioprosthetic valves is their greater durability. Made from metal and/or
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Caged ball valves are strongly associated with blood clot formation, so people who have one required a high degree of
234:
2118:
Roberto de
Menezes Lyra | title = Eight Types of Interchangeable Prosthetic Heart Valve: A Mini Review. | journal =
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Namdari M, Eatemadi A (December 2016). "Nanofibrous bioengineered heart valve-Application in paediatric medicine".
992:
75:
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2162:[Psychological aspects of the rehabilitation of patients after the surgical treatment of heart defects].
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54:
229:). Heart valves can malfunction for a variety of reasons, which can impede the flow of blood through the valve (
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characteristic of heart valve prostheses is that their transvalvular pressure gradient is as small as possible.
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Alternatives to animal tissue valves are sometimes used, where valves are used from human donors, as in aortic
3010:
2984:
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Graf T, Fischer H, Reul H, Rau G (March 1991). "Cavitation potential of mechanical heart valve prostheses".
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One of the major drawbacks of mechanical heart valves is that they are associated with an increased risk of
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to enter the lungs. After being oxygenated, blood passes to the left atrium, where is it pumped through the
65:
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636:). A desirable characteristic of artificial heart valves is that they are non- or minimally thrombogenic.
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Zapanta CM, Stinebring DR, Sneckenberger DS, Deutsch S, Geselowitz DB, Tarbell JM, et al. (1996).
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Podesser BK, Khuenl-Brady G, Eigenbauer E, Roedler S, Schmiedberger A, Wolner E, Moritz A (May 1998).
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https://globaljournals.org/GJMR_Volume22/2-Eight-Types-of-Interchangeable-Prosthetic-Heart-Valve.pdf
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Bartuś K, Litwinowicz R, Kuśmierczyk M, Bilewska A, Bochenek M, Stąpór M, et al. (2017-12-19).
100:
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1585:"A randomized assessment of an advanced tissue preservation technology in the juvenile sheep model"
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Johnston DR, Soltesz EG, Vakil N, Rajeswaran J, Roselli EE, Sabik JF, et al. (April 2015).
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Mashari A, Knio Z, Jeganathan J, Montealegre-Gallegos M, Yeh L, Amador Y; et al. (2016).
2013:
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Muraru D, Anwar AM, Song JK (December 2016). "Heart valve disease: tricuspid valve disease".
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and heart failure which can enlarge the heart and arteries, and scar tissue can form after a
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Many of the complications associated with mechanical heart valves can be explained through
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1306:"Cardiac crossroads: deciding between mechanical or bioprosthetic heart valve replacement"
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Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, De Bonis M, Hamm C, Holm PJ, et al. (September 2017).
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surgery, and a repair or partial replacement of regurgitant valves is usually preferred.
2160:Психологические аспекты реабилитации больных после хирургического лечения пороков сердца
1536:"Long-term durability of bioprosthetic aortic valves: implications from 12,569 implants"
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422:. Clots formed by red blood cell and platelet damage can block blood vessels leading to
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Hickey GL, Grant SW, Bridgewater B, Kendall S, Bryan AJ, Kuo J, Dunning J (June 2015).
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1064:"Prosthetic heart valves: selection of the optimal prosthesis and long-term management"
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Self-repairing – Valve leaflets retain some capacity for repair thanks to regenerative
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426:. People with mechanical valves need to take anticoagulants (blood thinners), such as
237:). Both processes put strain on the heart and may lead to serious problems, including
17:
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Klepetko W, Moritz A, Mlczoch J, Schurawitzki H, Domanig E, Wolner E (January 1989).
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to the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps blood to the aorta through the
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Introduced in 1969, the first clinically available tilting-disc valve was the
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489:, is where the aortic valve is removed and replaced with the patient's own
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984:
786:"2017 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease"
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
466:
Bioprosthetic valves are usually made from animal tissue (heterograft/
169:
633:
621:
430:, for the rest of their life. Mechanical heart valves can also cause
423:
317:
The first artificial heart valve was the caged ball valve, a type of
531:
For over 30 years researchers have been trying to grow heart valves
2408:
Surgery for Heart Valve
Disease: Proceedings of the 1989 Symposium
1726:"Current Challenges in Translating Tissue-Engineered Heart Valves"
1724:
Stassen OM, Muylaert DE, Bouten CV, Hjortnaes J (September 2017).
1355:
Johansen P (September 2004). "Mechanical heart valve cavitation".
672:
Artificial heart valves are expected to last from 10 to 30 years.
597:
581:
388:
373:
355:
308:
226:
191:
381:), enabling the valve to function for years without wearing out.
1782:"Tissue-Engineered Heart Valves: A Call for Mechanistic Studies"
261:
to the right ventricle. From there, blood is pumped through the
2539:
2448:"In vivo observation of cavitation on prosthetic heart valves"
29:
2119:
449:. For example, blood clot formation is a side effect of high
523:
valves replaced several times to fit their physical growth.
2535:
1583:
Flameng W, Hermans H, Verbeken E, Meuris B (January 2015).
656:
The performance of an artificial heart valve can be tested
1881:(Second ed.). Springer Science & Business Media.
2233:"Leaflet fracture in Edwards-Duromedics bileaflet valves"
2212:
253:
3D Medical Animation still shot of Artificial Heart Valve
1155:
1153:
61:
826:"Heart Valve Replacement: Which Type Is Best for You?"
878:"Surgical aortic heart valves | Edwards Lifesciences"
596:
Minimal transvalvular pressure gradient – Whenever a
233:) and/or let blood flow backwards through the valve (
1730:
Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine
711:
3D Rendering of Mechanical Valve (St. Francis model)
3226:
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2853:
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2511:"Page describing types of heart valve replacements"
156:
139:
2272:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
2237:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
1589:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
1203:"Valvar heart disease and prosthetic heart valves"
1162:"The development of the Starr-Edwards heart valve"
1103:
1101:
1099:
568:Functional requirements of artificial heart valves
2037:Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia
1299:
1297:
1295:
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1291:
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1201:Goldsmith I, Turpie AG, Lip GY (November 2002).
1018:"Mechanical heart valves: 50 years of evolution"
600:flows through a restriction, such as a valve, a
551:Differences between mechanical and tissue valves
1719:
1717:
1715:
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1055:
1053:
1016:Gott VL, Alejo DE, Cameron DE (December 2003).
2371:The International Journal of Artificial Organs
903:"Heart Valve Therapies - Surgical Replacement"
60:Please review the contents of the article and
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1955:. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 261–280.
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438:are damaged as they pass through the valve.
1900:
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1439:European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
506:Disadvantages of bioprosthetic heart valves
2840:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
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2544:
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1780:Blum KM, Drews JD, Breuer CK (June 2018).
151:Different types of artificial heart valves
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3181:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
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1304:Tillquist MN, Maddox TM (February 2011).
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615:– Natural heart valves are lined with an
372:, are made of a metal ring covered by an
27:Replacement of a valve in the human heart
2529:"New Design for Mechanical Heart Valves"
1062:Pibarot P, Dumesnil JG (February 2009).
497:Advantages of bioprosthetic heart valves
248:
2301:Knapp RJ, Daily JW, Hammitt FG (1970).
830:Health Essentials from Cleveland Clinic
749:
689:
2062:
1986:
1976:
1474:Harris C, Croce B, Cao C (July 2015).
205:The human heart contains four valves:
136:
2305:. New York: McGraw-Hill Int. Book Co.
7:
3319:
3080:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
1878:Cell Biology of Extracellular Matrix
1476:"Tissue and mechanical heart valves"
3329:
1786:Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews
1492:10.3978/j.issn.2225-319X.2015.07.01
165:
3216:Medical Scientist Training Program
2483:The Journal of Heart Valve Disease
2427:The Journal of Heart Valve Disease
2098:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.09.013
2006:The Journal of Heart Valve Disease
1951:Schmidt JB, Tranquillo RT (2013).
1698:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.07.001
1110:"Choice of heart valve prosthesis"
864:10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0037
660:before clinical use by means of a
414:Disadvantages of mechanical valves
198:that is not functioning properly (
25:
2531:. ScienceDaily. 23 November 2011.
1400:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
1081:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.778886
757:Kostrzewa B, Rybak Z (2013). "".
368:. Tilting‑disc valves, a type of
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3309:
3308:
2465:10.1097/00002480-199609000-00047
1552:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.10.070
1480:Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery
1357:Expert Review of Medical Devices
1310:Patient Preference and Adherence
1035:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2003.09.002
704:
699:3D Rendering of Mechanical Valve
692:
580:– This means that the amount of
126:
34:
3349:
2433:(2): 207–14, discussion 214–5.
1516:from the original on 2019-07-29
995:from the original on 2019-04-19
966:from the original on 2019-07-30
913:from the original on 2019-07-30
836:from the original on 2020-09-15
628:, leading to heart attack ; or
402:Advantages of mechanical valves
3206:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
2640:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1953:Tissue-Engineered Heart Valves
1540:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery
1022:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery
62:add the appropriate references
1:
2325:10.1016/s0021-9290(03)00161-1
2285:10.1016/s0022-5223(98)70412-x
2250:10.1016/S0022-5223(19)35130-X
1907:Advanced Healthcare Materials
1264:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60780-7
1166:Texas Heart Institute Journal
668:Artificial heart valve repair
410:, they can last 20–30 years.
3186:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
2953:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
2354:10.1016/0021-9290(94)90046-9
1961:10.1007/978-1-4614-6144-9_11
1412:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.058
1602:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.09.062
462:Bioprosthetic tissue valves
432:mechanical hemolytic anemia
47:reliable medical references
3406:
2383:10.1177/039139889101400309
2120:https://globaljournals.org
2049:10.1053/j.jvca.2016.01.013
1846:10.1007/s42247-019-00039-3
1108:Bloomfield P (June 2002).
985:"Cardiac | LifeNet Health"
932:"Surgical Valve Solutions"
3304:
1798:10.1089/ten.teb.2017.0425
1742:10.1007/s11936-017-0566-y
1219:10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1228
166:
144:
53:or relies too heavily on
3140:Transplantation medicine
3031:Clinical neurophysiology
2948:Obstetric anesthesiology
2868:Interventional radiology
2628:Digestive system surgery
2410:. ICR. pp. 509–16.
2159:
803:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx391
738:Aortic valve replacement
733:Mitral valve replacement
652:offer such capabilities.
527:Tissue-engineered valves
434:, a condition where the
344:, usually with a target
76:"Artificial heart valve"
3011:Intensive care medicine
2985:Mass gathering medicine
2830:Maternal–fetal medicine
2342:Journal of Biomechanics
2313:Journal of Biomechanics
1369:10.1586/17434440.1.1.95
2603:Cardiothoracic surgery
2186:(September 1979). "".
2154:Bendet I, Morozov SM,
1919:10.1002/adhm.201700918
1126:10.1136/heart.87.6.583
856:Oxford Medicine Online
790:European Heart Journal
394:
361:
314:
254:
200:valvular heart disease
181:artificial heart valve
140:Artificial heart valve
18:Mechanical heart valve
3254:Personalized medicine
3113:Reproductive medicine
3038:Occupational medicine
2992:Evolutionary medicine
1875:Hay ED (2013-11-11).
1643:10.5603/KP.a2017.0262
989:www.lifenethealth.org
392:
359:
312:
252:
3274:Traditional medicine
3234:Alternative medicine
3101:Addiction psychiatry
2915:Transfusion medicine
2910:Medical microbiology
2825:Gynecologic oncology
2677:Reproductive surgery
2523:on 13 November 2006.
2489:(Suppl 1): S94-101.
2188:Meditsinskaia Sestra
1452:10.1093/ejcts/ezu307
1160:Matthews AM (1998).
759:Polimery W Medycynie
728:Artificial pacemaker
537:extracellular matrix
3385:Implants (medicine)
3296:History of medicine
3279:Veterinary medicine
3086:Preventive medicine
2938:Adolescent medicine
2780:Infectious diseases
956:"On-X Heart Valves"
352:Tilting-disc valves
326:Charles A. Hufnagel
282:High blood pressure
3244:Molecular oncology
3201:Doctor of Medicine
3191:Master of Medicine
3108:Radiation oncology
2980:Emergency medicine
2933:Addiction medicine
2900:Clinical chemistry
2895:Clinical pathology
2687:Transplant surgery
2645:Orthopedic surgery
2623:Colorectal surgery
2136:2023-03-22 at the
2125:2023-03-22 at the
1834:Emergent Materials
1630:Kardiologia Polska
1323:10.2147/PPA.S16420
395:
366:Bjork-Shiley valve
362:
360:tilting-disc valve
335:methyl metacrylate
315:
255:
3362:
3361:
3196:Master of Surgery
3160:
3159:
3145:Tropical medicine
3091:Prison healthcare
3006:Hospital medicine
2970:Disaster medicine
2960:Aviation medicine
2775:Hospital medicine
2682:Surgical oncology
2667:Pediatric surgery
2661:
2608:Endocrine surgery
2417:978-1-872743-00-4
1970:978-1-4614-6143-2
1888:978-1-4615-3770-0
1213:(7374): 1228–31.
907:www.medtronic.com
796:(36): 2739–2791.
686:Additional images
649:connective tissue
630:cerebral arteries
626:coronary arteries
370:swing check valve
305:Caged ball valves
296:Mechanical valves
177:
176:
135:
134:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3397:
3352:
3351:
3342:
3332:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3312:
3311:
3016:Medical genetics
3001:General practice
2878:Nuclear medicine
2753:Gastroenterology
2709:Vascular surgery
2659:
2586:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2537:
2532:
2524:
2519:. Archived from
2498:
2477:
2467:
2442:
2421:
2402:
2365:
2336:
2306:
2297:
2287:
2262:
2252:
2227:
2203:
2179:
2158:(June 1980). ""
2140:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2068:
2060:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1948:
1939:
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1902:
1893:
1892:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1777:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1721:
1710:
1709:
1681:
1664:
1663:
1645:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1503:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1335:
1325:
1301:
1284:
1283:
1258:(9689): 565–76.
1247:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1105:
1094:
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1083:
1059:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1013:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
981:
975:
974:
972:
971:
952:
946:
945:
943:
942:
928:
922:
921:
919:
918:
898:
892:
891:
889:
888:
874:
868:
867:
851:
845:
844:
842:
841:
822:
816:
815:
805:
781:
775:
774:
754:
723:Artificial heart
708:
696:
662:pulse duplicator
408:pyrolytic carbon
385:Bileaflet valves
379:pyrolytic carbon
319:ball check valve
313:Caged ball valve
223:pulmonary artery
190:into a person's
170:edit on Wikidata
149:
137:
130:
129:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3380:Cardiac surgery
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3300:
3289:Chief physician
3222:
3167:
3156:
3150:Travel medicine
3135:Sports medicine
3118:Sexual medicine
3058:Palliative care
3053:Pain management
2997:Family medicine
2975:Diving medicine
2921:
2849:
2811:
2804:
2720:
2713:
2672:Plastic surgery
2618:General surgery
2598:Cardiac surgery
2579:
2577:
2569:
2564:
2527:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2480:
2445:
2424:
2418:
2405:
2368:
2348:(11): 1369–78.
2339:
2309:
2300:
2265:
2230:
2206:
2182:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2147:Further reading
2144:
2143:
2138:Wayback Machine
2127:Wayback Machine
2117:
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2078:
2061:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1985:
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1971:
1950:
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1942:
1913:(24): 1700918.
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1896:
1889:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1779:
1778:
1767:
1723:
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1683:
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1667:
1623:
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1618:
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1528:
1519:
1517:
1473:
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1468:
1432:
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1427:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1303:
1302:
1287:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1015:
1014:
1007:
998:
996:
983:
982:
978:
969:
967:
954:
953:
949:
940:
938:
930:
929:
925:
916:
914:
900:
899:
895:
886:
884:
882:www.edwards.com
876:
875:
871:
853:
852:
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839:
837:
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823:
819:
783:
782:
778:
756:
755:
751:
746:
719:
712:
709:
700:
697:
688:
670:
593:heart function.
570:
553:
529:
508:
499:
491:pulmonary valve
464:
447:fluid mechanics
436:red blood cells
416:
404:
393:Bileaflet valve
387:
354:
342:anticoagulation
307:
298:
263:pulmonary valve
259:tricuspid valve
247:
211:pulmonary valve
207:tricuspid valve
173:
152:
131:
127:
122:
116:
113:
70:
59:
55:primary sources
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3403:
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3393:
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3326:
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3276:
3271:
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3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3228:
3227:Related topics
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3219:
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3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
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3178:
3176:Medical school
3172:
3170:
3162:
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3157:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3130:Sleep medicine
3127:
3126:
3125:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3072:
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3035:
3034:
3033:
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3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2943:Anesthesiology
2940:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2882:
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2880:
2875:
2873:Neuroradiology
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2859:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2810:Obstetrics and
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2803:
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2735:
2725:
2723:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2692:Trauma surgery
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2655:Otolaryngology
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2583:
2581:subspecialties
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2570:
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2562:
2555:
2548:
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2505:
2504:External links
2502:
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2319:(9): 1269–80.
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2180:
2166:(in Russian).
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2111:
2076:
2043:(5): 1278–85.
2023:
1996:
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1840:(2): 193–207.
1821:
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1546:(4): 1239–47.
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1074:(7): 1034–48.
1049:
1028:(6): S2230-9.
1005:
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893:
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832:. 2018-06-14.
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487:Ross procedure
481:and pulmonary
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3259:Public health
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3048:Oral medicine
3046:
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3043:Ophthalmology
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3039:
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3027:
3024:
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3019:
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3009:
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2998:
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2905:Cytopathology
2903:
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2845:Urogynecology
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2748:Endocrinology
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2526:
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2503:
2496:
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2488:
2484:
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2475:
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2458:(5): M550-5.
2457:
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2452:ASAIO Journal
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2413:
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2404:
2400:
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2380:
2377:(3): 169–74.
2376:
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2359:
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2330:
2326:
2322:
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2281:
2278:(5): 1121–9.
2277:
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2264:
2260:
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2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2218:(11): 130–5.
2217:
2213:
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2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
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2157:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1980:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
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3249:Nanomedicine
2800:Rheumatology
2731: /
2650:Hand surgery
2635:Neurosurgery
2521:the original
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2164:Kardiologiia
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1686:Biomaterials
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587:endocarditis
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323:
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290:
286:heart attack
278:endocarditis
275:
271:aortic valve
267:mitral valve
256:
219:aortic valve
215:mitral valve
204:
180:
178:
117:January 2022
114:
104:
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51:verification
44:
3390:Prosthetics
3334:Wikiproject
3123:Venereology
3068:Neonatology
2965:Dermatology
2820:Gynaecology
2812:gynaecology
2795:Pulmonology
2613:Eye surgery
2575:Specialties
2516:Mayo Clinic
2243:(1): 90–4.
2194:(9): 44–5.
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420:blood clots
288:or injury.
196:heart valve
45:needs more
3375:Cardiology
3369:Categories
3096:Psychiatry
3082:(PM&R)
3075:Phlebology
3063:Pediatrics
2890:Anatomical
2855:Diagnostic
2835:Obstetrics
2785:Nephrology
2770:Hematology
2765:Geriatrics
2758:Hepatology
2743:Cardiology
2733:Immunology
2303:Cavitation
1520:2019-07-29
1486:(4): 399.
999:2019-07-29
970:2019-07-29
941:2024-07-22
917:2019-07-29
887:2019-07-29
840:2020-08-04
744:References
483:autografts
479:homografts
440:Cavitation
245:Background
162:cardiology
87:newspapers
3284:Physician
3168:education
3026:Neurology
3021:Narcology
2885:Pathology
2863:Radiology
2738:Angiology
2702:Andrology
2208:Skumin VA
2184:Skumin VA
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3166:Medical
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