20:
764:
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663:
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170:
sometimes ripped, although not always, to provide added friction. There are also prefabricated pile sleeve options to reduce negative skin friction on piles embedded behind MSE bridge abutments. Sometimes steel grids or meshes are also used as reinforcement. Several types of geosynthetics can be used including
144:
invented the modern form of MSE, termed Terre Armee (reinforced earth) using steel strip reinforcements. The first geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls were built in France in 1970 and 1971. Geosynthetic-reinforced walls have been in use in the United States since 1974. Bell and
Steward (1977) describe
101:
The main advantages of MSE walls compared to conventional reinforced concrete walls are their ease of installation and quick construction. They do not require formwork or curing and each layer is structurally sound as it is laid, reducing the need for support, scaffolding or cranes. They also do not
148:
Since the 1980s the development of reinforced soil has been dramatic using a range of construction forms and reinforcements including metallic and polymeric anchors, strips and grids. The first modern forms of reinforced soil were constructed in Europe in the late 1960s. The first MSE wall in the
169:
Reinforcement placed in horizontal layers throughout the height of the wall provides the tensile strength to hold the soil together. The reinforcement materials of MSE can vary. Originally, long steel strips 50 to 120 mm (2 to 5 in) wide were used as reinforcement. These strips are
105:
In addition to the flexibility of MSE walls in design and construction, seismic testing conducted on a large scale shaking table laboratory at the Japan
National Institute of Agricultural Engineering (Tsukuba City), showed that modular block reinforced walls, and even more so
85:
that can tolerate some differential movement. The walls are infilled with granular soil, with or without reinforcement, while retaining the backfill soil. Reinforced walls utilize horizontal layers typically of
355:
Allen, Tony & Bathurst, Richard & Berg, R.. (2002). Global Level of Safety and
Performance of Geosynthetic Walls: An Historical Perspective. Geosynthetics International. 9. 395-450. 10.1680/gein.9.0224.
110:
retention walls, retain sufficient flexibility to withstand large deformations without loss of structural integrity, and have high seismic load resistance. Highway overpasses along interstates often employ the
364:
Bathurst, Richard. (2014). Challenges and recent progress in the analysis, design and modelling of geosynthetic reinforced soil walls. 10th
International Conference on Geosynthetics, ICG 2014.
90:. The reinforced soil mass, along with the facing, forms the wall. In many types of MSE’s, each vertical fascia row is inset, thereby providing individual cells that can be infilled with
62:. Although the basic principles of MSE have been used throughout history, MSE was developed in its current form in the 1960s. The reinforcing elements used can vary but include
281:
488:
81:
MSE walls stabilize unstable slopes and retain the soil on steep slopes and under crest loads. The wall face is often of precast, segmental blocks, panels or
1453:
73:
MSE is the term usually used in the US to distinguish it from the trade name "Reinforced Earth". Elsewhere "reinforced soil" is the generally accepted term.
1619:
145:
some of these early applications, which were primarily geotextile wrapped-face walls supporting logging roads in the northwestern United States.
481:
438:
259:
506:
474:
1037:
579:
1469:
1069:
514:
1372:
767:
179:
154:
1448:
1438:
1310:
1300:
1130:
868:
666:
497:
280:
Ling, Hoe I.; Mohri, Yoshiyuki; Leshchinsky, Dov; Burke, Christopher; Matsushima, Kenichi; Liu, Huabei (2005).
567:
1288:
1263:
1203:
883:
824:
678:
131:, Parts of the Great Wall of China are formed as reinforced soil as are the ziggurats of the Middle East.
24:
654:
19:
1551:
1362:
1176:
1012:
987:
908:
838:
817:
709:
397:
300:
226:
141:
374:
323:
1238:
1047:
555:
702:
398:"Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls And Reinforced Soil Slopes: Design & Construction Guidelines"
1591:
1443:
1400:
1293:
1218:
755:
601:
194:
1367:
1357:
898:
858:
831:
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596:
59:
642:
1318:
1027:
810:
729:
206:
1415:
1161:
1052:
873:
434:
428:
338:
304:
1465:
1352:
1243:
1208:
1183:
1042:
863:
296:
112:
1498:
763:
616:
1581:
1405:
1323:
1258:
1253:
1151:
1017:
888:
743:
662:
575:
47:
324:"Research and Innovation: Seismic Performance of Various Geocell Earth-retention Systems"
563:
251:
1528:
1420:
1337:
1141:
903:
893:
779:
674:
725:
650:
551:
1613:
1556:
1395:
1273:
1268:
992:
913:
187:
150:
128:
1576:
1571:
1561:
1541:
1228:
1171:
1002:
719:
67:
282:"Large-Scale Shaking Table Tests on Modular-Block Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls"
190:. These materials may be ribbed and are available in various sizes and strengths.
1586:
1283:
1166:
1105:
158:
124:
698:
1410:
1390:
1278:
1090:
1085:
1007:
997:
878:
751:
739:
623:
543:
457:
175:
95:
23:
A diagram of a mechanically stabilized earth wall as it would be modeled in a
342:
308:
1566:
1546:
1432:
1248:
1233:
849:
791:
775:
690:
591:
183:
686:
466:
799:
715:
638:
193:
For erosion control and load support the upper layer can be reinforced by
1596:
1483:
1213:
1188:
1115:
1032:
1022:
138:
107:
87:
82:
539:
1536:
1508:
1193:
1120:
1110:
1100:
1095:
803:
171:
91:
55:
787:
587:
1518:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1425:
1223:
1198:
1146:
956:
135:
51:
971:
63:
18:
1458:
966:
961:
951:
946:
941:
926:
628:
405:
43:
470:
230:
46:
constructed with artificial reinforcing. It can be used for
458:
Sand Castle Holds Up A Car! - Mechanically
Stabilized Earth
127:
and mud dwellings has happened since the earliest part of
252:"Mechanically Stabilized Earth Wall Inspector's Handbook"
289:
1527:
1482:
1381:
1345:
1336:
1309:
1129:
1078:
1065:
980:
934:
925:
848:
526:
513:
178:. The reinforcing geosynthetics can be made of
123:Using straw, sticks, and branches to reinforce
482:
8:
16:Soil constructed with artificial reinforcing
1342:
1075:
931:
523:
489:
475:
467:
227:"Mechanically Stabilized Earth Structures"
94:and planted with vegetation to create a
430:Earth Reinforcement and Soil Structures
301:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:4(465)
218:
102:require additional work on the facing.
7:
260:Florida Department of Transportation
14:
507:Offshore geotechnical engineering
798:
786:
774:
762:
750:
738:
724:
714:
697:
685:
673:
661:
649:
637:
615:
586:
574:
562:
550:
538:
1620:Geotechnical shoring structures
1:
1157:Mechanically stabilized earth
379:Foundation Technologies, Inc.
32:Mechanically stabilized earth
909:Hydraulic conductivity tests
1470:Stress distribution in soil
427:Jones, Colin J F P (2013).
1636:
620:Pore pressure measurement
1373:Preconsolidation pressure
768:Standard penetration test
504:
433:. Elsevier. p. 379.
180:high-density polyethylene
869:California bearing ratio
667:Rotary-pressure sounding
498:Geotechnical engineering
375:"Yellow Jacket Brochure"
322:Leshchinsky, D. (2009).
1289:Geosynthetic clay liner
1264:Expanded clay aggregate
884:Proctor compaction test
825:Crosshole sonic logging
811:Nuclear densometer test
568:Geo-electrical sounding
25:finite element analysis
1552:Earthquake engineering
1363:Lateral earth pressure
988:Hydraulic conductivity
839:Wave equation analysis
818:Exploration geophysics
710:Deformation monitoring
679:Rotary weight sounding
28:
730:Settlement recordings
655:Rock control drilling
556:Cone penetration test
460:Practical Engineering
153:was built in 1971 on
22:
1592:Agricultural science
1294:Cellular confinement
233:on December 16, 2005
1484:Numerical analysis
1368:Overburden pressure
1358:Pore water pressure
1138:Shoring structures
1013:Reynolds' dilatancy
914:Water content tests
899:Triaxial shear test
859:Soil classification
832:Pile integrity test
1459:Slab stabilisation
1439:Stability analysis
207:Soil stabilization
29:
1607:
1606:
1478:
1477:
1454:Sliding criterion
1416:Response spectrum
1332:
1331:
1162:Pressure grouting
1061:
1060:
921:
920:
874:Direct shear test
580:Permeability test
440:978-1-4831-0446-1
1627:
1466:Bearing capacity
1353:Effective stress
1343:
1244:Land reclamation
1184:Land development
1079:Natural features
1076:
1043:Specific storage
932:
864:Atterberg limits
802:
790:
778:
766:
754:
742:
728:
718:
703:Screw plate test
701:
689:
677:
665:
653:
641:
619:
590:
578:
566:
554:
542:
524:
491:
484:
477:
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229:. Archived from
223:
113:INTER-LOK System
1635:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1582:Earth materials
1523:
1485:
1474:
1383:
1377:
1328:
1305:
1259:Earth structure
1254:Erosion control
1152:Ground freezing
1142:Retaining walls
1125:
1067:
1057:
1018:Angle of repose
976:
917:
851:
844:
843:
804:Visible bedrock
756:Simple sounding
744:Shear vane test
520:instrumentation
519:
517:
509:
500:
495:
464:
454:
449:
448:
441:
426:
425:
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412:
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250:
249:
245:
236:
234:
225:
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220:
215:
203:
167:
121:
79:
48:retaining walls
40:reinforced soil
17:
12:
11:
5:
1633:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1611:
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1601:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1529:Related fields
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1449:Classification
1446:
1441:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1421:Seismic hazard
1418:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1073:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1048:Shear strength
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1023:Friction angle
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
984:
982:
978:
977:
975:
974:
969:
964:
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949:
944:
938:
936:
929:
923:
922:
919:
918:
916:
911:
906:
904:Oedometer test
901:
896:
894:Sieve analysis
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
854:
846:
845:
842:
841:
835:
834:
828:
827:
821:
820:
814:
813:
807:
806:
795:
794:
783:
782:
780:Total sounding
771:
770:
759:
758:
747:
746:
735:
734:
733:
732:
722:
706:
705:
694:
693:
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452:External links
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331:Geosysnthetics
314:
295:(4): 465–476.
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155:State Route 39
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1557:Geomorphology
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1401:Consolidation
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1274:Geosynthetics
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1269:Crushed stone
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1021:
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1016:
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993:Water content
991:
989:
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983:
979:
973:
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968:
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741:
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727:
723:
721:
717:
713:
712:
711:
708:
707:
704:
700:
696:
695:
692:
691:Sample series
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668:
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541:
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530:
525:
522:
516:
515:Investigation
512:
508:
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492:
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196:
191:
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188:polypropylene
185:
181:
177:
173:
165:Reinforcement
164:
162:
160:
156:
152:
151:United States
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:In the 1960s
132:
130:
129:human history
126:
118:
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109:
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84:
76:
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69:
68:geosynthetics
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
21:
1577:Biogeography
1572:Hydrogeology
1562:Soil science
1542:Geochemistry
1301:Infiltration
1229:Cut and fill
1172:Soil nailing
1156:
1038:Permeability
1003:Bulk density
720:Inclinometer
643:Ram sounding
528:
463:
429:
422:
411:. Retrieved
409:. March 2001
404:
392:
382:, retrieved
378:
369:
360:
351:
337:(4): 46–52.
334:
330:
317:
292:
288:
275:
264:. Retrieved
258:
246:
235:. Retrieved
231:the original
221:
192:
168:
147:
133:
125:adobe bricks
122:
104:
100:
80:
72:
39:
35:
31:
30:
1587:Archaeology
1311:Foundations
1284:Geomembrane
1167:Slurry wall
1106:Water table
1070:Interaction
1066:Structures
1053:Sensitivity
850:Laboratory
197:materials.
176:geotextiles
159:Los Angeles
142:Henri Vidal
77:Description
54:abutments,
1444:Mitigation
1426:Shear wave
1411:Earthquake
1406:Compaction
1391:Permafrost
1382:Phenomena/
1279:Geotextile
1204:Embankment
1194:Excavation
1131:Earthworks
1091:Vegetation
1086:Topography
1008:Thixotropy
998:Void ratio
981:Properties
879:Hydrometer
624:Piezometer
544:Core drill
413:2007-08-27
384:2017-04-28
266:2007-01-27
237:2007-01-27
213:References
96:green wall
1567:Hydrology
1547:Petrology
1435:analysis
1433:Landslide
1338:Mechanics
1249:Track bed
1234:Fill dirt
1219:Terracing
792:Trial pit
607:Statnamic
592:Load test
343:0882-4983
309:1090-0241
184:polyester
1614:Category
1597:Agrology
1486:software
1384:problems
1214:Causeway
1189:Landfill
1116:Subgrade
1033:Porosity
1028:Cohesion
201:See also
172:geogrids
139:engineer
88:geogrids
83:geocells
56:seawalls
1537:Geology
1509:SVSlope
1319:Shallow
1239:Grading
1177:Tieback
1121:Subsoil
1111:Bedrock
1101:Topsoil
1096:Terrain
889:R-value
852:testing
602:Dynamic
529:in situ
527:Field (
195:geocell
119:History
108:geocell
92:topsoil
1519:Plaxis
1514:UTEXAS
1504:SVFlux
1494:SEEP2D
1346:Forces
1199:Trench
1147:Gabion
957:Gravel
597:Static
437:
341:
307:
186:, and
136:French
58:, and
52:bridge
1499:STABL
972:Loess
935:Types
401:(PDF)
327:(PDF)
285:(PDF)
255:(PDF)
157:near
64:steel
60:dikes
42:) is
1324:Deep
967:Loam
962:Peat
952:Sand
947:Silt
942:Clay
927:Soil
629:Well
435:ISBN
406:FHWA
339:ISSN
305:ISSN
174:and
66:and
44:soil
1209:Cut
518:and
297:doi
293:131
38:or
36:MSE
1616::
1468:*
403:.
377:,
335:27
333:.
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182:,
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98:.
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50:,
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1068:(
531:)
490:e
483:t
476:v
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34:(
27:.
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