33:
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370:, consistent with their view that traditional religious law is not mandatory in modern times and a more liberal interpretation of gender roles, do not use mechitzot in their synagogues. This development is historically connected with the United States; the original German Reform retained the women's balcony, although the "curtain or lattice-work" was removed. (Even in Orthodoxy there is a dispute as to whether a balcony requires a curtain.)
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397:, a mechitza needs to prevent men from seeing a woman who might be immodestly dressed, and hence a mechitza needs to be as tall as a man, or 6 feet (180 centimetres). However, according to Orthodox Rabbi Ahron Soloveichik, a mechitzah need only serve as a halakhic partition, and hence need only be the minimum height for such a partition, i.e. 10
382:
556:(which had been removed from that building due to safety concerns). The Bostoner Rebbe chose these panels because they are one-way glass so the women can see out, but men cannot see into the women's section. Later, the Rebbe's wife put curtains inside the women's section, so that women could not see into the men's section.)
562:
Usually 5 feet (1.5 m) tall or higher, made of opaque or semi-opaque material, held up by poles on stands or a clothesline. This option costs less than the above fixed options and is used frequently by synagogues that wish to use their prayer halls for mixed-sex functions in addition to separate
540:
Sometimes with a non-opaque curtain, screen, glass, or other material above the wall, which can include: blinds or a curtain that can be opened during announcements or a sermon, etched glass, stained glass, a one-way screen with lights so that women can see through without being seen (e.g. Beth Jacob
226:
and at religious celebrations. The idea behind this is twofold. First, mingling of the sexes is generally frowned upon, as this leads to frivolity, which itself may lead to promiscuity. Secondly, even if the sexes are separated, they should not be able to interact to a high degree during a religious
959:
See also Modern
Problems in American Religious History, Patrick Allitt, Editor, 2000, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston/New York, Chapter 10, Section 2, where Jacob Sonderling, who had earlier been the rabbi of the Hamburg Temple, states that this Reform Temple had men and women separated "until the
491:
A fixed-height gate or planter running down the center of the room, so that women and men both face front side by side. Often these partitions are minimal height (3 feet or 0.91 m). In addition to the partition, sometimes the women's section is elevated by about a foot above the men's section.
419:
There are different styles of mechitzot, depending on the number of women the synagogue expects to attend their prayer services, how dedicated the congregation is to accommodating women who wish to pray with the congregation, and whether the congregation believes that the purpose of the mechitza is
410:
To accommodate stricter interpretations while simultaneously allowing women to see the male prayer leader, many synagogues will make an opaque wall that is 3–4 feet high and add a lattice, screen, one-way glass, or other semi-transparent material above that opaque wall. The design shown at right is
423:
Any of these options can be made so that they go across the length of the room so that men and women are side-by-side or so that they go across the width of the room so that women sit behind the men. Synagogues in which women sit next to the men are generally more concerned with women's ability to
162:
The land will mourn each of the families by itself: the family of the house of David by itself, and their wives by themselves; the family of Nathan by itself and their wives by themselves; the family of the house of Levi by itself and their wives by themselves; the family of Shimei by itself and
637:
the area must be entirely enclosed). There are many specific rules for what constitutes a valid mechitza, although the mechitza does not have to be solid. (For example, there are many instances where part of an eruv may be a string run across several poles, and this could constitute a valid
770:
In the past few years, the
Orthodox Union, which oversees hundreds of synagogues in America, formally decreed that any congregation calling itself Orthodox must have a formal divider. ... The OU's partition policy calls for women to sit apart from men with a 'tangible, physical
343:
synagogues, although it is a permissible option within
Conservative Judaism and some Conservative synagogues, particularly in Canada, have one or have separate seating for men and women without a physical partition. Conservative Judaism takes the position that the
263:
Orthodox
Judaism is divided on whether a synagogue mechitza represents binding law or a custom. During the middle portion of the 20th century, there were a substantial number of synagogues which considered themselves Orthodox but did not have one. The influential
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Balconies with a three-foot wall are themselves traditionally considered fitting mechitzot. In this design, women sit in the balcony and men sit below. This design was common in the 19th and early 20th century, and is common in Europe, including the
230:
In some synagogues, the mechitza divided the front and back of the synagogue. In others it divides the left and right sides of the synagogue. The latter is often seen as more equal, since the women are not farther away from the service than the men.
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Synagogues that expect very few women to attend provide a token space that can accommodate about six women comfortably. The space is demarcated by moveable, opaque partitions that are over 6 feet (1.8 m) high. Examples are in the
295:(OU), the main body of Modern Orthodox synagogues in the United States, adopted a policy of not accepting synagogues without mechitzot as new members, and strongly encouraging existing synagogues to adopt them. In 2002, Rabbi
526:, and the Shabbat afternoon service at Young Israel of Avenue J in Flatbush, Brooklyn. In some synagogues, the booth is a supplement to the balcony, to accommodate women who have difficulty walking up the stairs (such as at
115:
synagogues in the United States, adopted a policy of not accepting as new members synagogues without mechitzot, and strongly encouraged existing synagogues to adopt them. Men and women are generally not separated in most
589:, where the men sit in a first floor room with a two-story ceiling, and the women are on the second floor with a window overlooking the men's prayer hall. A similar design (men first floor, women second floor) is in
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an example: The etched glass is semi-transparent, while the opaque wall adheres to what the synagogue requires as the minimum height requirement. The Or Torah synagogue in Skokie, Illinois has a similar design.
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synagogues, but it is a permissible option within
Conservative Judaism; some Conservative synagogues, particularly in Canada, have separate seating for men and women, with or without a physical partition.
287:
held that a separation of men and women is
Biblically required, while the physical mechitza was required by Rabbinic decree. These views have gained adherence over the later portion of the 20th century.
577:
The strictest separation has women in a separate room from the men, able to view through one-way glass or an open window from a balcony, or not view at all. Examples of this are the yeshiva
348:
referred to in Talmud
Tractate Sukkah applied only to the festival of Sukkah in the Temple and that its use to separate men and women for synagogue worship and other occasions represents a
32:
275:
held that a mechitza is required as a matter of
Biblical law, holding that the statement in Zechariah 12:12-14 represents not a prophecy about future circumstances but binding
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service, lest this leads to gazing and impure thoughts. Due to these restrictions, mechitzot are usually opaque (at least looking from the men's side to the women's side).
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527:
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synagogues (e.g. in Europe and Israel) also have a meḥitza or separate seating sections for men and women without a physical partition. At one point the synagogue in the
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373:
It has been argued that abolition of the mechitza became a symbol of Reform
Judaism and that, correspondingly, opposition to its abolition became a symbol of Orthodoxy.
321:" However, in 2015 this synagogue decided to leave the OU, after learning that the OU was planning to expel it from OU membership. Mixed-seating Orthodox synagogues (
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244:, women's courtyard) after a similar area in the Temple in Jerusalem. In Ashkenazic European synagogues, the women's section or annex was called the
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Although the synagogue mechitza is not mentioned anywhere in
Talmudic literature, there is a discussion of a barrier between men and women, used at the
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The Sanctity of the Synagogue: The Case for Mechitzah-Separation Between Men and Women in the Synagogue-Based on Jewish Law, History, and Philosophy
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recently published a viewpoint arguing that a mechitza is not required to have a particular height by either Biblical law or rabbinic decree.
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467:, New York (70th Avenue). Some of these American examples are modeled after specific European synagogues, others are best classified as
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303:, stated that "As an Orthodox institution, Yeshivat Chovevei Torah requires its students to daven in synagogues with mechitzot." The
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their wives by themselves; and all the families who remain, each of the families by itself and their wives by themselves.
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There are different views on the proper height of a mechitzah separating men and women in a synagogue. According to the
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congregations, consistent with the movement's core value of gender equality, do not use mechitzot in their synagogues.
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During the mid-20th century, a substantial number of Orthodox synagogues did not have mechitzot. However, the
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500:. An example of a medium-high partition (5 feet (1.5 m)) without a raised floor is the Adas Israel in
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rather than a requirement of core Jewish law, and is subject to contemporary Rabbinic re-examination. Some
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movement, which seeks a greater synagogue role for women within an Orthodox context, requires a mechitza.
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may choose this option because the rooms at Hillel are all used for multiple purposes besides prayer.
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A mechitza most commonly means the physical divider placed between the men's and women's sections in
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Rav explained that if such a sad occasion necessitates a separation between men and women, then the
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ceremony, a time of great celebration and festivity. The divider was first established to preserve
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had an intermediate view, requiring a height of 18 tefachim (about 58 inches or 145 centimetres).
325:), which were a prevalent minority as late as a generation ago, have now all but disappeared. The
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More strict congregations add a curtain to the balcony so that men cannot see even women's faces.
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918:"UTJ Viewpoints: The Low Down on the Height of the Mechitsa: A Modern Orthodox Reading"
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are also referred to as a "mechitza" in the Talmud. These walls must be at least ten
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463:(opened 1925 as Temple Ashkenaz), and the Beth Efraim Bukharian Jewish Synagogue in
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936:"REFORM JUDAISM FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE REFORM JEW - JewishEncyclopedia.com"
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In halakhic discourse, "mechitza" can also refer to the boundary walls of an
2125:
1947:
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to provide a social separation or to prevent the men from seeing the women.
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Beyond the Synagogue Gallery: Finding a Place for Women in American Judaism
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1111:
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654:(approximately 32 inches or 81 cm) high for the sukkah to be valid.
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affiliated with the Orthodox Union (OU) to have so-called 'mixed seating.
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84:(Jewish law) for a partition dividing men and women is derived from the
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1932:
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190:) is reported to have had a separate women's section in his synagogue.
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Why Should I Stand Behind the Mechitzah if I Could Be a Prayer Leader?
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in Lisbon (opened in 1904). Examples in the United States include the
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explains that the divider originated with a statement of the prophet
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459:(opened 1915), Temple Beth Shalom (the Tremont Street Shul) in
504:. An example of a higher partition with a raised floor is in
88:. A divider in the form of a balcony was established in the
385:
This mechitza was created for the Suburban Torah Center in
496:
synagogue in Chicago and Young Israel of Ocean Parkway in
492:
Example of a lower partition with a raised floor is in
431:
View over the mechitza from the women's balcony of the
904:"BMH-BJ resigns from OU, ponders its future direction"
806:"Zechariah 12 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre"
788:"Reform Jews Examining Ways to Retain Their Young Men"
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234:The women's section of the synagogue is called the
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339:Men and women are generally not separated in most
541:Shaarei Zion and Suburban Orthodox in Baltimore).
211:, built in 1393, has a separate women's gallery.
154:regarding the mourning following the war between
73:is a partition, particularly one that is used to
506:Mount Sinai Jewish Center of Washington Heights
160:
424:join equally in prayer with the congregation.
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552:, is made entirely of panels from the Boston
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403:(about 32 inches or 80 centimetres). Rabbi
200:) mentions a women's section in synagogue.
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389:, and features etched glass ornamentation.
786:Nussbaum-Cohen, Debra (4 February 2006).
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142:festivities in the Jerusalem Temple. The
715:
713:
482:Balconies with curtains or one-way glass
36:Separation between men and women at the
1215:(Stumbling block in front of the blind)
1059:. Cross-Cultural Communications, 1986.
709:
2597:Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law
888:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
881:
175:(a very happy occasion) does as well.
2413:Jewish League for Woman Suffrage (UK)
433:B'nai Jacob Synagogue (Ottumwa, Iowa)
7:
2541:
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610:Uses unrelated to gender separation
59:
54:
27:Gender barrier in Jewish synagogues
1517:Osek b'mitzvah patur min hamitzvah
1073:. Harvard University Press, 2000.
752:Lagnado, Lucette (27 March 2007).
313:remains the only synagogue in the
25:
2481:Orthodox Jewish schools for women
768:from the original on 6 May 2023.
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2540:
2531:
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2408:League of Jewish Women (Germany)
1490:One commandment leads to another
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678:
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311:Beth Midrash Hagadol-Beth Joseph
2418:Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz
1804:World Congress of Jewish Women
1794:1907 New York City Rent Strike
1784:1904 New York City Rent Strike
1199:(Sanctification of God's name)
1101:. Ktav Publications Inc. 1987.
57:, partition or division, pl.:
1:
1009:Igrot Moshe, Orach Chaim 1:39
852:Hebrew Institute of Riverdale
755:"Prayer Behind the Partition"
593:, the main synagogue for the
528:She'erith Israel Congregation
334:Union for Traditional Judaism
215:Separate seating in synagogue
699:Gender separation in Judaism
694:Gender separation in mosques
471:. A Canadian example is the
451:in Baltimore (opened 1845),
2582:Sex segregation and Judaism
1175:(Desecration of God's name)
358:Jewish Theological Seminary
309:reported that as of 2005, "
65:
2613:
971:"The Mechitzah: Partition"
940:www.jewishencyclopedia.com
618:
2514:
2132:Rabbis and Torah scholars
1755:Gender and Jewish studies
1740:Matrilineality in Judaism
1097:Litvin, Baruch (Editor).
631:carry within a given area
368:Reconstructionist Judaism
241:
2372:Women's Rabbinic Network
1779:1902 Kosher Meat Boycott
1207:(Derogatory information)
550:Brookline, Massachusetts
537:Fixed-height opaque wall
494:Anshe Shalom Bnei Israel
461:Cambridge, Massachusetts
2342:Women of Reform Judaism
2237:Haifa Women's Coalition
1773:Jewish Women's Congress
1318:Forbidden relationships
599:Crown Heights, Brooklyn
581:in the neighborhood of
469:vernacular architecture
445:Shaarei Tikva synagogue
301:Yeshivat Chovevei Torah
281:Halacha LeMoshe MiSinai
169:Simchat Beit HaShoeivah
111:(OU), the main body of
94:Simchat Beit HaShoeivah
2587:Synagogue architecture
2577:Jewish law and rituals
2506:Tomb of the Matriarchs
2287:League of Jewish Women
2242:Israel Women's Network
1987:Practices and concepts
1799:1909 Shirtwaist Strike
1459:B'rov am hadrat melech
1157:(Jewish religious law)
435:
390:
387:Livingston, New Jersey
260:into the vernacular.
165:
75:separate men and women
40:
2332:Union of Jewish Women
2257:Women Artists' Circle
1810:Women's Torah Project
1119:at Wikimedia Commons
548:Rebbe's synagogue in
449:Bnei Israel Synagogue
430:
384:
35:
2398:Clara de Hirsch Home
1816:Women's Siyum HaShas
1530:Positive commandment
1473:Dina d'malkhuta dina
1225:You shall not murder
1055:Alkalay-Gut, Karen.
850:For example, in the
544:The mechitza at the
473:Beth Jacob Synagogue
395:Shulchan Aruch HaRav
248:. Historically, the
2460:The American Jewess
1718:Early modern period
1429:Halakhic principles
1183:(Theft of the mind)
761:Wall Street Journal
591:770 Eastern Parkway
285:Joseph Soloveitchik
173:Temple in Jerusalem
90:Temple in Jerusalem
2526:Judaism portal
2391:Historic / defunct
2105:Court of the Women
1735:Gender and Judaism
1603:Capital punishment
1250:Corpse uncleanness
1043:Mishnah Sukkah 1:1
924:on 5 January 2008.
906:. 14 January 2016.
832:, Orach Haim 619:6
792:The New York Times
605:Shul in Jerusalem.
554:John Hancock Tower
521:Yeshiva University
498:Flatbush, Brooklyn
436:
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327:partnership minyan
184:Meir of Rothenburg
104:during this time.
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2446:Hadassah Magazine
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1994:Gender separation
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1933:Marriage contract
1867:Life cycle events
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1789:1906 Tonsil Riots
1660:
1659:
1323:Gender separation
1115:Media related to
1083:Goodman, Marina.
627:eruv for carrying
502:Hamilton, Ontario
488:Central partition
194:Shlomo ibn Aderet
86:Babylonian Talmud
80:The rationale in
16:(Redirected from
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1708:Women in Judaism
1694:Women in Judaism
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1567:Toch k'dei dibur
1377:Terumat hamaaser
1191:(Theft of sleep)
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810:mechon-mamre.org
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2145:Yoetzet halacha
2118:Religious roles
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1938:Marital harmony
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1837:Jewish feminism
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870:on 13 July 2011
864:"Archived copy"
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2076:Partnership
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2012:
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1905:Chag habanot
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1903:Girls' Day (
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1806:(1923, 1929)
1713:In the Bible
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1536:Sfeka d'yoma
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1189:Gezel sheina
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981:. Retrieved
977:
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943:. Retrieved
939:
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922:the original
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872:. Retrieved
868:the original
858:
846:
837:
825:
813:. Retrieved
809:
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771:separation.'
769:
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728:. Retrieved
724:
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597:movement in
583:Maalot Dafna
563:sex prayer.
524:beit midrash
465:Forest Hills
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38:Western Wall
29:
2556:WikiProject
2070:Tseno Ureno
1928:Matchmaking
1890:bat mitzvah
1879:Simchat bat
1875:Zeved habat
1812:(2003–2010)
1361:First tithe
1255:Handwashing
1231:Yetzer hara
1213:Lifnei iver
1205:Lashon hara
874:17 November
638:mechitza).
579:Ohr Someach
453:B'nai Jacob
323:Conservadox
209:Afghanistan
2571:Categories
2176:Firzogerin
1896:For adults
1596:Punishment
1503:Marit ayin
1371:Poor tithe
1050:References
830:Beit Yosef
479:, Ontario.
477:North York
271:(decisor)
254:Firzogerin
250:weibershul
246:weibershul
224:synagogues
2317:Nivcharot
2207:B'not Esh
2126:Rebbetzin
2039:Sexuality
2027:In Israel
1948:Homemaker
1745:Bat-Kohen
1728:In Israel
1561:Testimony
1484:derabanan
1480:De'oraita
1405:Sicaricon
1313:Sexuality
705:Footnotes
587:Jerusalem
567:Orthodox
532:Baltimore
510:Manhattan
297:Avi Weiss
242:עזרת נשים
152:Zechariah
102:attention
66:mechitzot
18:Mechitzot
2536:Category
2227:Hadassah
2197:Aminadav
2168:Timeline
2137:Timeline
2099:Mechitza
2092:Midrasha
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1923:Marriage
1916:Marriage
1842:Orthodox
1830:Feminism
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1631:Passover
1448:beshogeg
1444:Bemeizid
1419:Kil'ayim
1398:Bikkurim
1307:Mechitza
1117:Mechitza
1057:Mechitza
884:cite web
766:Archived
658:See also
652:tefachim
546:Bostoner
400:tefachim
360:did so.
346:Mechitza
277:Sinaitic
221:Orthodox
92:for the
46:mechitza
2546:Commons
2474:Schools
2382:Vocolot
2307:Na'amat
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1965:Divorce
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1847:Israeli
1766:History
1651:Kashrut
1637:Shabbat
1355:Terumah
1284:Modesty
1154:Halakha
1029:29 June
1000:asbi.or
983:29 June
945:29 June
815:29 June
730:29 June
635:Sabbath
633:on the
569:minyans
559:Curtain
439:Balcony
415:Designs
315:country
258:chazzan
188:Germany
171:in the
144:Amoraic
98:modesty
82:halakha
71:Judaism
2592:Eruvin
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2163:Cantor
2158:Scribe
2078:minyan
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2014:Yichud
2007:Negiah
2000:Tzniut
1971:Agunah
1818:(2020)
1775:(1893)
1644:Sukkot
1609:Kareth
1581:Zmanim
1548:Shinuy
1466:Chumra
1452:beones
1450:, and
1437:Aveira
1412:Hallah
1349:Tithes
1300:Yichud
1293:Negiah
1268:Niddah
1261:Mikveh
1164:Ethics
1091:
1077:
1063:
648:sukkah
642:Sukkah
603:Belzer
377:Height
364:Reform
350:custom
266:Haredi
140:Sukkot
129:Origin
123:Reform
60:מחיצות
51:Hebrew
2439:Binah
2267:JWCIF
2262:JWCEO
2222:Eshel
1510:Neder
1391:Orlah
1384:Demai
974:(PDF)
515:Booth
279:law,
269:Posek
198:Spain
146:sage
69:) in
55:מחיצה
2362:WLCJ
2357:WIZO
2312:NCJW
2247:JOFA
1888:and
1482:and
1089:ISBN
1075:ISBN
1061:ISBN
1031:2023
985:2023
947:2023
890:link
876:2006
817:2023
732:2023
629:(to
621:Eruv
615:Eruv
366:and
332:The
291:The
203:The
100:and
2367:WLI
2352:W4W
2347:WoW
2272:JWI
2252:JWA
2212:CWJ
1886:Bar
585:in
508:in
475:in
455:in
299:of
207:in
148:Rav
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