49:
249:
old megaprojects, the new ones also foreclose "upon a wide variety of social practices, reproducing rather than resolving urban inequality and disenfranchisement". Because of their plethora of land uses "these mega-projects inhibit the growth of oppositional and contestational practices". The collective benefits that are often the underlying logic of a mega-project, are here reduced to an individualized form of public benefit.
1685:
1677:
34:
282:
many years of planning, authorization and implementation. Other challenges faced by those planning megaprojects include laws and regulations that empower community groups, contested information and methodologies, high levels of uncertainty, avoiding impacts on neighborhoods and the environment, and attempting to solve a
248:
More recently, new types of megaprojects have been identified that no longer follow the old models of being singular and monolithic in their purposes, but have become quite flexible and diverse, such as waterfront redevelopment schemes that seem to offer something to everybody. However, just like the
277:
Megaprojects often raise capital based on expected returns—though projects often go overbudget and over time, and market conditions like commodity prices can change. Concern at cost overruns is often expressed by critics of megaprojects during the planning phase. If the megaproject is delivered in a
281:
One of the most challenging aspects of megaprojects is obtaining sufficient funding. Alan
Altshuler and David Luberoff have found that creative and politically adept political leadership is required to secure resources as well as generate public support, mollify critics, and manage conflict through
556:
Prior to the enactment of SAFETEA-LU in August 2005, projects with over $ 1 billion in construction costs were designated as "Mega
Projects". SAFETEA-LU has lowered the monetary threshold from an estimated total cost of $ 1 billion to $ 500 million or greater, and the term "Mega Project" has since
231:
The logic on which many of the typical megaprojects are built is collective benefits; for example electricity for everybody (who can pay), road access (for those that have cars), etc. They may also serve as a means to open frontiers. Megaprojects have been criticised for their top-down planning
78:
Megaprojects refer not only to construction projects but also decommissioning projects, which are projects that can reach multi-billion budgets, and have a high level of innovation and complexity, and are affected by a number of techno-socio-economic and organizational challenges.
75:. A more general definition is "Megaprojects are temporary endeavours (i.e. projects) characterised by: large investment commitment, vast complexity (especially in organisational terms), and long-lasting impact on the economy, the environment, and society".
261:
advocate for funding large-scale projects to create long-term economic benefits. Investing in megaprojects in order to stimulate the general economy has been a popular policy measure since the economic crisis of the 1930s. Recent examples are the 2008–2009
240:
in some
Western nations saw urban activists opposing government plans to demolish buildings for freeway route construction, on the basis that such demolitions would unfairly disadvantage the urban working class and benefit commuters.
101:(COST), megaprojects are characterized both by "extreme complexity (both in technical and human terms) and by a long record of poor delivery". Megaprojects attract a lot of public attention because of substantial impacts on
210:
facilities, nuclear power plants, and large public transportation projects. Megaprojects can also include large-scale high-cost initiatives in scientific research and infrastructure, such as the sequencing of the
798:
Plotch, Philip Mark. What's Taking So Long? Identifying the
Underlying Causes of Delays in Planning Transportation Megaprojects in the United States. Journal of Planning Literature. Available online January 8,
1242:
1173:
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862:
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815:
361:
271:
98:
232:
processes and their ill effects on certain communities. Large scale projects often advantage one group of people while disadvantaging another, for instance, the
1224:
1139:
1308:
1179:
1145:
1586:
1260:
789:
Altshuler, Alan and David
Luberoff. Mega-Projects: The Changing Politics of Urban Public Investment. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2003.
614:
1236:
938:
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1218:
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694:
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1133:
855:
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against proposed nuclear power plants in the United States and
Germany prevented developments due to environmental and social concerns.
1127:
684:
1581:
928:
580:
267:
263:
1303:
258:
113:, and the high costs involved. Megaprojects can also be defined as "initiatives that are physical, very expensive, and public".
48:
1374:
236:
in China, the largest hydroelectric project in the world, required the displacement of 1.2 million farmers. In the 1970s, the
1649:
1480:
1298:
1288:
848:
551:
300:
126:
27:
449:
1707:
1417:
1293:
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1533:
1516:
1470:
1362:
1266:
1162:
206:
and, more recently, mixed use waterfront redevelopments; however, the most common megaprojects are in the categories of
419:"Managing social challenges in the nuclear decommissioning industry: A responsible approach towards better performance"
1027:
974:
315:
1511:
450:"Applying value management when it seems that there is no value to be managed: the case of nuclear decommissioning"
1561:
1449:
1412:
1717:
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376:
1485:
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199:
53:
712:
Lehrer, U.; Laidley, J. (2008). "Old Mega-projects Newly
Packaged? Waterfront Redevelopment in Toronto".
1712:
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890:
333:
326:
242:
132:
501:
1523:
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618:
377:"Power plants as megaprojects: Using empirics to shape policy, planning, and construction management"
295:
212:
122:
20:
448:
Invernizzi, Diletta
Colette; Locatelli, Giorgio; Grönqvist, Marcus; Brookes, Naomi J. (2019-01-28).
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1427:
1357:
1066:
1009:
900:
187:
106:
1546:
1528:
969:
964:
477:
399:
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country with relevant corruption the likelihood and magnitude of having overbudgets increases.
86:
Mega
Construction Project (Megaproject) Program involves projects valued at over $ 35 million.
1608:
1506:
1422:
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233:
207:
1576:
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994:
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136:
94:
Megaprojects are often affected by corruption, leading to higher cost and lower benefit.
1664:
989:
979:
283:
203:
195:
172:
57:
662:
640:
1701:
1613:
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1324:
725:
547:
502:"Office of Federal Contractor Compliance Programs: Mega Construction Project Program"
481:
320:
310:
220:
140:
41:
757:
Locatelli, Giorgio; Mariani, Giacomo; Sainati, Tristano; Greco, Marco (2017-04-01).
514:
Locatelli, Giorgio; Mariani, Giacomo; Sainati, Tristano; Greco, Marco (2017-04-01).
1659:
1644:
1490:
1349:
1004:
871:
775:
759:"Corruption in public projects and megaprojects: There is an elephant in the room!"
758:
532:
516:"Corruption in public projects and megaprojects: There is an elephant in the room!"
515:
465:
434:
417:
Invernizzi, Diletta
Colette; Locatelli, Giorgio; Brookes, Naomi J. (October 2017).
403:
485:
1603:
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1071:
1041:
184:
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1081:
1046:
824:
395:
176:
69:
37:
33:
473:
1625:
1091:
1051:
954:
592:
191:
180:
152:
102:
357:
358:"Megaproject: The Effective Design and Delivery of Megaprojects in the EU"
1157:
1036:
490:
418:
216:
812:
1096:
1076:
164:
156:
148:
72:
26:
For a list of megaprojects specifically related to transportation, see
1339:
1111:
1101:
834:
168:
160:
110:
1202:
83:
47:
32:
1566:
844:
840:
573:
Mega-Projects: The Changing Politics of Urban Public Investment
144:
615:"Three Gorges breaks world record for hydropower generation"
820:
557:
been eliminated and replaced with the term "Major Project."
1243:
National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association
16:
Extremely large-scale construction and investment project
1174:
Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering
686:
The Limitless City: A Primer on the Urban Sprawl Debate
1168:
Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors
714:
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
663:"Relocation for Giant Dam Inflames Chinese Peasants"
595:. Journal of Evolution and Technology. November 1999
593:"The Political Economy of Very Large Space Projects"
375:
Brookes, Naomi J.; Locatelli, Giorgio (2015-10-01).
1499:
1463:
1405:
1348:
1317:
1281:
1120:
1023:
947:
911:
878:
740:"Crude Oil's Fall Pressures Energy Megaprojects"
1152:Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors
575:(Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2003).
1191:Construction Management Association of America
816:European Cooperation in Science and Technology
362:European Cooperation in Science and Technology
272:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
99:European Cooperation in Science and Technology
56:and other railways in the Asiatic part of the
1225:National Association of Women in Construction
856:
68:is an extremely large-scale construction and
8:
1140:Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association
763:International Journal of Project Management
520:International Journal of Project Management
454:International Journal of Project Management
423:International Journal of Project Management
863:
849:
841:
44:, an example of a 20th-century megaproject
1180:Civil Engineering Contractors Association
1146:Associated General Contractors of America
774:
707:
705:
531:
60:were important 19th-century megaprojects.
1587:List of tallest buildings and structures
1261:Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
617:. Xinhua. 1 January 2014. Archived from
1237:National Kitchen & Bath Association
683:Gillham, Oliver; MacLean, Alex (2002),
346:
352:
350:
1249:National Tile Contractors Association
1219:National Association of Home Builders
1197:Construction Specifications Institute
7:
1231:National Fire Protection Association
1273:Society of Construction Arbitrators
1134:American Society of Civil Engineers
1128:American Institute of Constructors
814:Mega-project.eu, a website run by
641:"Millions forced out by China dam"
215:, a significant global advance in
14:
1582:Lists of buildings and structures
837:– list of troubled large projects
823:– megaproject of Bionic City for
268:2008 European Union stimulus plan
264:Chinese economic stimulus program
1684:
1683:
1675:
726:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00830.x
259:infrastructure-based development
19:For a list of megaprojects, see
1676:
1650:Sustainability in construction
1481:Modern methods of construction
776:10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.09.010
552:Federal Highway Administration
533:10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.09.010
466:10.1016/j.ijproman.2019.01.004
435:10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.12.002
301:List of transport megaprojects
127:List of transport megaprojects
28:List of transport megaprojects
1:
1418:Building services engineering
1534:Construction equipment theft
1267:Scottish Building Federation
1163:Construction History Society
975:Chartered Building Surveyor
939:Water supply and sanitation
316:Reference class forecasting
1734:
1512:List of building materials
548:"Project Delivery Defined"
120:
25:
18:
1673:
1450:Environmental engineering
1413:Architectural engineering
661:Julie Chao (2001-05-15).
396:10.1016/j.jup.2015.09.005
1455:Geotechnical engineering
1433:Construction engineering
1208:Home Builders Federation
934:Timeline of architecture
896:Underground construction
835:Catalogue of Catastrophe
1640:Real estate development
1542:Construction management
1397:Vernacular architecture
1382:Indigenous architecture
1370:Industrial architecture
1255:Railway Tie Association
1486:Monocrete construction
1445:Earthquake engineering
1438:Structural engineering
1392:Landscape architecture
929:Structural engineering
643:. BBC News. 2007-10-12
200:information technology
133:special economic zones
61:
54:Trans-Siberian Railway
45:
1476:Earthbag construction
1387:Interior architecture
891:Offshore construction
831:, M. Kudryashov, 2008
665:. National Geographic
334:When Technology Fails
327:Megaprojects and Risk
243:Anti-nuclear protests
202:systems, large-scale
131:Megaprojects include
51:
36:
1708:Engineering projects
1524:Construction bidding
1214:Lighting Association
1186:The Concrete Society
1062:Construction foreman
571:and David Luberoff,
296:List of megaprojects
123:List of megaprojects
21:List of megaprojects
1655:Unfinished building
1428:Coastal engineering
1067:Construction worker
1010:Structural engineer
901:Tunnel construction
744:Wall Street Journal
1547:Construction waste
1529:Construction delay
970:Building officials
965:Building estimator
621:on January 2, 2015
62:
46:
1695:
1694:
1538:Construction loan
1507:Building material
1423:Civil engineering
1057:Concrete finisher
1000:Quantity surveyor
960:Building engineer
886:Home construction
696:978-1-55963-833-3
306:Macro-engineering
97:According to the
1725:
1687:
1686:
1679:
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1562:Design–bid–build
1330:Construction law
865:
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821:Borovoye-Biocity
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689:, Island Press,
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589:
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511:
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499:
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484:. Archived from
445:
439:
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429:(7): 1350–1364.
414:
408:
407:
384:Utilities Policy
381:
372:
366:
365:
354:
234:Three Gorges Dam
137:public buildings
1733:
1732:
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1718:Risk management
1698:
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1577:Interior design
1572:Heavy equipment
1495:
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1401:
1344:
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1116:
1025:
1019:
995:Project manager
985:Civil estimator
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255:
238:highway revolts
229:
204:sporting events
196:weapons systems
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121:Main articles:
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92:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1024:Trades workers
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1015:Superintendent
1012:
1007:
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990:Clerk of works
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980:Civil engineer
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807:External links
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769:(3): 252–268.
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720:(4): 786–803.
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584:
569:Alan Altshuler
561:
539:
526:(3): 252–268.
506:
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488:on 1 Feb 2019.
460:(5): 668–683.
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284:wicked problem
257:Proponents of
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58:Russian Empire
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948:Professions
599:16 November
185:natural gas
179:projects,
107:environment
103:communities
66:megaproject
1702:Categories
1621:Parge coat
1552:Demolition
1318:Regulation
1282:By country
1087:Millwright
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1047:Bricklayer
825:Kazakhstan
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177:wastewater
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625:2 January
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1689:Category
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1158:Build UK
1037:Banksman
290:See also
217:genetics
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165:highways
157:seaports
149:airports
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1464:Methods
1375:British
1304:Romania
1227:(NAWIC)
1176:(CIPHE)
1170:(CICES)
1097:Plumber
1077:Glazier
912:History
491:Alt URL
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169:tunnels
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1340:Zoning
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