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Council regulation 4064/89/EEC on the control of concentrations between undertakings as part of
European competition legislation covered also media concentration cases. The need for sector-specific regulation has been widely supported by both media scholars and the European Parliament. In the 1980s, when preparing legislation on cross-border television many experts and MEPs argued for including provisions for media concentration in the EU directive but these efforts failed. In 1992, the Commission of the European Communities published a policy document named "Pluralism and Media Concentration in the internal Market – an assessment of the need for Community action" which outlined three options on the issue of media concentration regulation at the Community level, i.e. no specific action to be taken; action regulating transparency; and action to harmonize laws. Out of these options, the first one was chosen but the debate on this decision lasted for years. Council regulation as a tool for regulating media concentration was excluded and the two proposals on a media concentration directive advanced in the mid 1990s were not backed by the commission. As a consequence, efforts at legislating media concentration at Community level were phased out by the end of the 1990s.
1794:). These groups generally control a high market share in the countries in which they operate, and have gradually emerged through the acquisition of existing channels or by establishing new companies in countries in which they were not already present. The four groups RTL Group, CME, Modern Times Group and Sanoma are major players (in the top 4 regarding audience share) in 19 European countries (RTL Group, CME and Modern Times Group are major players in 17 countries). Pan‐European broadcasters operate with a unique identity and well recognized brands across Europe. Most of them are based in the United States and have progressively expanded their activities in the European market. In many cases, these groups evolved from being content creators to also deliver such contents through channels renamed after the original brands.
844:(OSCE)'s Office of the Representative on Freedom of the Media, argued market concentration among media—whether driven by domestic or foreign investors—should be "closely monitored" because "Horizontal concentration may cause dangers to media pluralism and diversity, while vertical concentration may result in entry barriers for new competitors." Von Dohnanyi argues that to "safeguard free and independent print media and protect professional journalism as one of the cornerstones of constitutional democracy" there should be standards for editorial independence, better labor protections for professional journalists, and independent institutions "to monitor the implementation and observance of all laws and regulations regarding concentration processes, media pluralism, content diversity and journalistic freedoms."
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and to prepare a Green Paper on the issue by the end of 2003. The
European Commission failed to meet this deadline. In the following years, during the process of amending the Televisions Without Frontiers directive, which was adopted by the EP and the Council in 2007, the issue of media concentration was discussed, but it did not represent the core of the debate. In 2003, the European Commission issued a policy document named "The future of European Regulatory Audiovisual Policy" which stressed that, in order to ensure media pluralism, measures should aim at limiting the level of media concentration by establishing "maximum holdings in media companies and prevent cumulative control or participation in several media companies at the same time".
935:
which can be shared between 'different' stations), the greater the opportunity to reap economies". Though the main concern of pluralism is that different organization under different ownership may buy the same e.g. news stories from the same news-supplier agency. In the UK, the biggest news-supplier is The Press
Association (PA). Here is a quoted text from PA web site: "The Press Association supplies services to every national and regional daily newspaper, major broadcasters, online publishers and a wide range of commercial organisations." Overall, in a system where all different media organizations gather their stories from the same source, we can't really call that system pluralist. That is where diversity of output comes in.
2237:
terrestrial channel SKAI and several radio stations. The rise of the
Internet has added a concentration problem as the highest-visited websites include those of the mainstream publishing groups like DOL, Pegasus and also MEGA channel. In the last decade, the problem of media concentration worsened significantly., as demonstrated by the following data: in 2008 the four leading publishing houses controlled 69.7% of the market compared to 57.3% in 2000, 62.9% in 1995 and 59% in 1990. The publishers of such outlets adopted a diversification strategy, leading to investment into other sectors and industries.
49:
3345:
1416:
diversity and reduce news quality; the CRTC and
Competition Bureau's ineffectiveness at stopping media ownership concentration; the lack of federal funding for the CBC and the broadcaster's uncertain mandate and role; diminishing employment standards for journalists (including less job security, less journalistic freedom, and new contractual threats to intellectual property); a lack of Canadian training and research institutes; and difficulties with the federal government's support for print media and the absence of funding for the internet-based news media.
897:, the concept of media pluralism is broader as it touches many aspects, from merger control rules to editorial freedom, the status of public service broadcasters, the working conditions of journalists, the relationship between media and politics, representation of local and regional communities and the inclusion of minorities' voices. Also, it embraces all measures guaranteeing citizens' access to diversified sources so to allow the formation of a plurality of opinions in the public sphere without undue influence of dominant powers.
918:"Within any free market economy, the level of resources available for the provision of media will be constrained principally by the size and wealth of that economy, and the propensity of its inhabitants to consume media." Those countries that have a relatively large market, like the United Kingdom, France or Spain have more financial background to support diversity of output and have the ability to keep more media companies in the market (as they are there to make profit). More diverse output and fragmented ownership will support
2121:), which draw 95% of audience share. Concerning the diversity of output, this is limited by a series of factors: the average low level of professional education among Czech journalists is compensated by "informal professionalization", leading to a degree of conformity in approaches; political parties hold strong ties in Czech media, especially print, where more than 50% of Czech journalists identify with the Right, while only 16% express sympathy for the Left; and the process of commercialization and "
922:. In contrast, small markets like Ireland or Hungary suffer from the absence of the diversity of output given in countries with bigger markets. It means that "support for the media through direct payment" and "levels of consumers expenditure", furthermore "the availability of advertising support" are less in these countries, due to the low number of audience. Overall, the size and wealth of the market determine the diversity of both media output and media ownership.
599:
2419:
natural person owning or managing a media company, thus not every media owner is known. Also for the horizontal concentration and cross-media ownership, there are no laws offering specific thresholds and limits. The Media
Pluralism Monitor 2015 for Latvia shows a high risk for concentration of media ownership, and a medium risk on regards to the concentration of cross-media ownership and to transparency of media ownership.
2894:
648:
1562:. Manifests itself by the presence of a TV channel with a large audience, often linked to TV Globo and by the existence of two daily newspapers, in which the one with the largest circulation is linked to the major television channel and to a network of radio stations, that almost always reproduces articles and the editorial line of the newspaper "
1474:: the failure of legal norms that limit the equity interest of the same economic group in various broadcasting organizations; a short period (five years) for resell broadcasting concessions, facilitating the concentration by the big media groups through the purchase of independent stations, and no restrictions to the formation of national
1620:, including on the issue of concentration. However, the emphasis of both the organisations was more on strengthening media diversity and pluralism than on limiting concentration, even though they have often expressed the need for common European media concentration regulations. However, the European Union enforces a common regulation for
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Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Sweden. Finally, only five countries face a low risk: Croatia, Cyprus, Malta, Slovenia and
Slovakia. In the monitoring carried out in 2014, 7 of 9 countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Hungary, Italy, the UK) scored a high risk in audience concentration.
1358:. Each of these companies holds a diverse mix of television, specialty television, and radio operations. Bell, Rogers, Shaw, and Quebecor also engage in the telecommunications industry with their ownership of internet providers, television providers, and mobile carriers, while Rogers is also involved in publishing.
944:
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liberalisation by abolishing some older regulations. A 2014 amendment to the above Law further relaxed ownership and cross-media ownership requirements by allowing partnerships between electronic media businesses of the same type (television, online, or radio) if this results in a cut of operating costs (through
904:
Media ownership can pose serious challenges to pluralism when owners interfere with journalists' independence and editorial line. However, in a free market economy, owners must have the capacity to decide the strategy of their company to remain competitive in the market. Also, pluralism does not mean
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The concentration of media ownership is commonly regarded as one of the crucial aspects reducing media pluralism. A high concentration of the media market increases the chances to reduce the plurality of political, cultural and social points of views. Even if ownership of the media is one of the main
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policies, which is a market-driven approach. Deregulation effectively removes governmental barriers to allow for the commercial exploitation of media. Motivation for media firms to merge includes increased profit-margins, reduced risk and maintaining a competitive edge. In contrast to this, those who
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Compared to the rival
Ekspress Grupp, Postimees Group owns a larger number of assets across different media categories – newspapers, TV and radio stations in Estonia, online websites in Latvia and Estonia, including an advertising network. In 2014, what was known back then as Eesti Meedia bought the
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As for the broadcasting sector, after the deregulation process of the late 1980s, the number of private television stations increased significantly. However, despite the large number of media outlets, the media scene is dominated by five private channels (MEGA, Ant1, Alpha, Star and Alter) belonging
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In 2015, the MPM was carried out in 19 European countries. The results of the monitoring activity in the field of media market concentration identify five countries as facing a high risk: Finland, Luxembourg, Lithuania, Poland and Spain. There are nine countries facing a medium risk: Czech
Republic,
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In 2002, the
European Parliament tried to revitalize the efforts on regulating media concentration at the European level and adopted a resolution on media concentration which called on the European Commission to launch a broad and comprehensive consultation on media pluralism and media concentration
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Despite a wide consensus over the idea that the vital importance of contemporary media justifies to regulate media concentration through sector-specific concentration rules going beyond the general competition policy, the need for sector specific regulation has been challenged in recent years due to
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Commercial outlets completely rule over the radio sector. However, the Venezuelan government funds a good number of radio shows and TV stations. The primary newspapers of Venezuela are private companies that are frequently condemning of their government. These newspapers being produced in Venezuela
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across the United States, and came to own more than 1,200 stations. However, the radio broadcasting industry in the United States and elsewhere can be regarded as oligopolistic regardless of the existence of such a player. Because radio stations are local in reach, each licensing a specific part of
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and monopolization of mass media. De facto, any criticism of president Lukashenko and his government is considered a criminal offense, the country is in a state of ‘legal default’, bureaucracy uses politicized court rulings to oppress independent media and any voices except ones that are completely
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Indeed, media concentration issues can be addressed both by general competition policies and by specific media sector rules. According to some scholars, given the vital importance of contemporary media, sector-specific competition rules in the media industries should be enhanced. Within the EU, the
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has favoured the idea that, considering the crucial role that media play in the functioning of democratic systems, policies in this field should prevent excessive concentration in order to guarantee pluralism and diversity. On the other hand, the European Commission has privileged the understanding
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The Senate report expressed particular concern about the concentration of ownership in the province of New Brunswick, where the Irving business empire owns all the English-language daily newspapers and most of the weeklies. Senator Joan Fraser, author of the report, stated, "We didn't find anywhere
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have a near duopoly on newspapers and magazines in New Zealand. In May 2016, NZME and Fairfax NZ announced merger talks, pending Commerce Commission approval. The merger was abandoned in 2018 following a Court of Appeal ruling that judged that the "detriments clearly outweigh benefits, and not by a
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In Greece, the "levels of concentration of media ownership and cross-media concentration are high". The main reason for this lies in the diversification and deregulation process which led several newspaper groups to invest in electronic media. This happened in a poorly regulated media environment.
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in Brazil there is an environment very conducive to concentration. Sectorial legislation has been timid, by express intention of the legislator, by failing to include direct provisions that limit or control the concentration of ownership, which, incidentally, goes in the opposite direction of what
1415:
The Senate Committee's final report, released in June 2006, expressed concern about the effects of the current levels of news media ownership in Canada. Specifically, the committee discussed their concerns regarding the following trends: the potential of media ownership concentration to limit news
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of cost functions and cost-sharing. Cost-sharing is a common practice in monomedia and cross media. For example, "for multi-product television or radio broadcasters, the more homogeneity possible between different services held in common ownership (or the more elements within a programme schedule
815:
is also at stake when media mergers occur. Net neutrality involves a lack of restrictions on content on the internet, however, with big businesses supporting campaigns financially they tend to have influence over political issues, which can translate into their mediums. These big businesses, that
875:
Critics of media deregulation and the resulting concentration of ownership fear that such trends will only continue to reduce the diversity of information provided, as well as to reduce the accountability of information providers to the public. The ultimate consequence of consolidation, critics
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Concerning the regulation of media concentration, the relevant law, i.e. Law 2328/1995 did not prevent high levels of concentration, whereas the more recent Law 3592/2007 named "New Act on concentration and Licensing of Media Undertakings" provided more opportunities for deregulation and market
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As a consequence, scholars Harcourt and Picard argue that "the trend has been to remove ownership rules and restrictions on media ownership within Europe in order that 'domestic champions' can bulk up to 'fend off' the US threat. This has been a key argument for the loosening of ownership rules
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Between 1990 and 2005 there were a number of media corporate mergers and takeovers in Canada. For example, in 1990, 17.3% of daily newspapers were independently owned; whereas in 2005, 1% were. These changes, among others, caused the Senate Standing Committee on Transport and Communications to
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Furthermore, media pluralism has a two-fold dimension, or rather internal and external. Internal pluralism concerns pluralism within a specific media organisation: in this regard, many countries request public broadcast services to account for a variety of views and opinions, including those of
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For those critics, media deregulation is a dangerous trend, facilitating an increase in concentration of media ownership, and subsequently reducing the overall quality and diversity of information communicated through major media channels. Increased concentration of media ownership can lead to
2418:
In Latvia, there are no binding rules on publishing ownership structures or reporting any changes in the media ownership structure. Although media companies are asked to provide legal information about the owners to the Register of Enterprises, this does not ensure transparency on the legal or
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Public inquires into the concentration of ownership and its impact upon democracy. The Canadian regulatory framework imposes requirements upon the protection and enhancement of Canadian culture (through regulation, subsidies and the operation of the CBC). Increasing acceptance of media/news as
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As for the print sector, the three largest press groups - Lambrakis Press SA (DOL), Tegopoulos Publishing, and Pegasus SA (Bobolas family) - are also shareholders in the main terrestrial channel MEGA. Press Institution SA holds shares in terrestrial channel STAR, and the Alafouzos family owns
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The Council of Europe's initiative promoting media pluralism and curbing media concentration dates back to the mid-1970s. Several resolutions, recommendations, declarations by the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers and studies by experts' groups have addressed the issue since then. The
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in Florence on a variety of aspects affecting media pluralism, including also the concentration of media ownership is considered. To assess the risk that media ownership concentration in a given country may actually hinder media pluralism, the MPM takes into account three specific elements:
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that would trigger automatic reviews of a proposed media merger if certain thresholds are reached, and CRTC regulation revisions to ensure that access to the broadcasting system is encouraged and that a diversity of news and information programming is available through these services.
1654:(EC). Even if Member states do not publicly challenge the need for common regulation on media concentration, they push to incorporate their own regulatory approach at the EU level and are reluctant to give the European Union their regulatory power on the issue of media concentration.
1511:: integration of the different phases of production and distribution, eliminating the work of independent producers. In Brazil, unlike the United States, it is common for a TV network to produce, advertise, market and distribute most of its programming. TV Globo is known for its
970:
and a rise in national private and foreign public stations targeting the Arab region. The reduction of direct government ownership over the whole media sector is commonly registered as a positive trend, but this has paralleled by a growth in outlets with a sectarian agenda.
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The "Independent Study on Indicators for Media Pluralism in the Member States – Towards a Risk-Based Approach" provided a prototype of indicators and country reports for 27 EU member states. After years of refining and preliminary testings, the study resulted in the
1014:
The community-centred media ownership model continues to survive in some areas, especially in isolated, rural or disadvantaged areas, and mostly pertaining to radio. Through this model, not-for-profit media outlets are run and managed by the communities they serve.
2165:, in 2006, was withdrawn due to large concerns by regulation authorities as well as by parts of the public. The company is also active in Hungary, where it is the biggest publisher of regional newspapers, and in Poland, where it owns the best-selling tabloid
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local oligopolies. The similar market structure exists for television broadcasting, cable systems and newspaper industries, all of which are characterized by the existence of large-scale owners. Concentration of ownership is often found in these industries.
2136:
is one of the largest newspaper publishing companies in Europe, claiming to have over 150 newspapers and magazines in over 30 countries in Europe. In the 1960s and 1970s the company's media followed an aggressive conservative policy (see
2337:. In January 2006, O'Brien took a stake in Tony O'Reilly's Independent News & Media (IN&M). As of May 2012, he holds a 29.9% stake in the company, making him the largest shareholder; the O'Reilly family's stake is around 13%.
1396:. Later that year, Bell also announced that it would acquire the remaining shares of CTVglobemedia (which was originally majority owned by Bell when it was formed in 2001; Bell had reduced its stake in the following years), forming
1036:
Media outlets in Armenia are many and diverse, and law against concentration exist. However, law are bypassed and there are concentration problems. The passage from analog to digital broadcasting was particularly damaging for media
3086:(this despite the fact that the CW was, in fact, partially owned by one of the Big Four in CBS). In television, the vast majority of broadcast and basic cable networks, over a hundred in all, are controlled by seven corporations:
1093:
commercial radio networks in metropolitan and regional areas of Australia. Formed in 1996, it has since become one of the largest radio media companies in the country. The company currently own more than 60 radio stations across
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exported to dozens of countries; it keeps under permanent contract the actors, authors, and the whole production staff. The final product is broadcast by a network of newspapers, magazines, radio stations and websites owned by
5100:
2462:
There are many media outlets in the Romanian market, but few media conglomerates control most of the audience, leaving pluralism only on the surface. Media ownership is highly concentrated and state advertising also poses a
978:, some private media outlets have maintained close ties to governments or individual politicians, while media houses owned by politically non-aligned individuals have struggled to survive, often in the face of advertising
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have halted this takeover. In 2019, despite the British government granting formal permission for a new take over of Sky (conditional on the divestiture of Sky News), Fox were outbid by American conglomerate Comcast.
3159:
In a 2020 article, Herzog and Scerbinina argued that CNN's coverage in 2017 of a potential merger between its parent company Time Warner and AT&T was "self-centered, self-promoting, and self-legitimizing."
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Slovenia has laws limiting concentration of ownership, but flaws exist and implementation is weak. Media ownership changes often and it is difficult to map it, but it is quite concentrated and politicized.
1607:
Since the 1980s, a significant debate has developed at the European level concerning the regulation of media ownership and the principles to be adopted to regulate media ownership concentration. Both the
1306:) began wholesaling Sky content in 2002. However, in 2011, TelstraClear CEO Allan Freeth warned it would review its wholesale agreement with Sky unless it allowed TelstraClear to purchase non-Sky content.
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An infographic created by Jason at Frugal Dad states that in 1983, 90% of US media was controlled by 50 companies, and that in 2011, 90% was controlled by just 6 companies. One of the companies listed,
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or the airwaves, could possibly make the content available biased from their political stand point, or they could restrict usage for conflicting political views, therefore eliminating net neutrality.
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1528:: ownership of different kinds of media (TV, newspapers, magazines, etc.) by the same group. Initially, the phenomenon occurred in radio, television and print media, with emphasis on the group of "
1327:(CRTC), an independent governing agency that aims to serve the needs and interests of citizens, industries, interest groups and the government. The CRTC does not regulate newspapers or magazines.
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commercial enterprise in 1990s driven by: hegemony of new-liberalism, role of commodified information technology in economic growth, commitment to private sector "champions" of Canadian culture.
1324:
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About 70% of Venezuelan TV and radio stations are privately owned, while only about 5% or less of these stations are currently state-owned. The remaining stations are mostly community owned.
1713:
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council's approach has been mainly addressed at defining and protecting media pluralism, defined in terms of pluralism of media content in order to allow a plurality of ideas and opinions.
1731:
Following this debate, the European Commission commissioned a large, in depth study published in 2009 aiming to identify the indicators to be adopted to assess media pluralism in Europe.
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neutrality and lack of opinion, as having an editorial line is an integral part of the role of editors provided that this line is transparent and explicit to both the staff and audience.
3732:
A Free and pluralistic media to sustain European democracy. The report of the High Level Group on Media Freedom and Pluralism, European Commission, January 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
2191:, which is one of the two major private TV companies in both Germany and the Netherlands and also owning assets in Belgium, France, UK, Spain, Czech and Hungary. Bertelsmann also owns
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argue, is a poorly informed public, restricted to a reduced array of media options that offer only information that does not harm the media oligopoly's growing range of interests.
1728:. Unexpectedly, the Irish liberals made an exception by voting against the directive, and later revealed that they had been pressured by the Irish right-wing government to do so.
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was the only state TV channel in Venezuela only about a decade ago. For the last decade, through the present day, the Venezuelan government operates and owns five more stations.
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company buys another. In 2008, Joseph Straubhaar, Robert LaRose and Lucinda Davenport described the landscape of corporate media ownership in the United States of America as an
4096:
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Arab States Broadcasting Union. 2015. Arab Satellite Broadcasting Annual Report 2015. Available at <http://www.asbu.net/medias/ NewMedia_2016/text/asbu_report_2015. pdf>.
2848:. SRM university owner Pachamuthu, a member of Parliament, has stakes in Pudhiyathalaimurai News Channel. AMMK General Secretary TTV Dinakaran, MLA's close aides run Jaya TV.
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have emerged in the past five years that have spurred new questions about where to draw the line between media and other industries. A notable case has been the acquisition of
841:
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Commission of the European Communities, Commission staff working document - Media pluralism in the Member States of the European Union, Brussels, 16.1.2007 SEC(2007) 0032, p.9
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1062:(ACMA). Even with laws in place Australia has a high concentration of media ownership. Ownership of national newspapers and those of each capital city are dominated by
5445:
1717:
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minority groups. External pluralism applies instead to the overall media landscape, for instance in terms of the number of media outlets operating in a given country.
4497:
3964:
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European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 2015. Funding of Public Service Media 2015. Available at <https://www.ebu.ch/ publications/funding-of-public-servicemedia>.
1809:, pan‐European distribution groups (cable and satellite operators), companies that operate at the European level in the distribution sector via cable, satellite or
792:
Some believe media integrity to be at risk when ownership of the media market is concentrated. Media integrity refers to the ability of a media outlet to serve the
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and divides them into different categories: multi‐country media groups, controlling "channels that play an important role in various national markets (for example
6133:
4895:
4303:
1059:
1256:, although 100% state-owned, has been run on an almost entirely commercial basis since the late 1980s, in spite of previous attempts to steer it towards a more
4910:
1548:. The opinions of its commentators are thus replicated by a multimedia system that makes it extremely easy to spread the point of view advocated by the group.
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634:
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or joint utilization of financial resources). This is an indicator of the government's intention to create large media conglomerates for economic viability.
5462:[Freedom of speech and right to information in the "old" and "new" Constitutions] (in Russian). Belarusian Association of Journalists. 2022-03-31
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1774:, a free online database on audiovisual services and companies in Europe, highlights the growing number of Pan-European media companies in the field of
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Canada has the biggest concentrated TV ownership out of all the G8 countries and it comes in second place for the most concentrated television viewers.
5772:
Herzog, C; Scerbinina, A (2020). "'Self-centered, self-promoting, and self-legitimizing': CNN's portrayal of media ownership concentration in the US".
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loyal to the regime. No special laws require transparency in media ownership, and there are no legal guarantees of public access to government records.
1578:
has expressed its concern over the existence of an outdated code of telecommunications (1962), which no longer meets the expectations generated by the
6837:
4493:
3326:
1754:
966:, of which 133 were state-owned and 1,097 private. According to the ASBU Report, these numbers serve as evidence of a decline in the percentage of
4816:
6244:
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In the United States, movie production has been dominated by major studios since the early 20th century; before that, there was a period in which
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in the EU member states raised by the European Parliament and by NGOs, the European Commission launched a new three-phase plan on media pluralism
3593:
Straubhaar, Joseph, Robert LaRose, and Lucinda Davenport. Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture, and Technology. Wadsworth Pub Co, 2008. Print.
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Sky and NET dominated 61% of the Brazilian market. In the same year, 58.37% of all advertising budgets were invested in TV – and in this aspect,
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1007:. While the move initially raised concerns about the newspaper's independence, the newspaper has significantly increased its standing in the
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in a specific local area, any local market is served by a limited number of stations. In most countries, this system of licensing makes many
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that the media sector should be regulated, as any other economic field, following the principles of market harmonization and liberalization.
1851:
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happens in countries like France, Italy and the United Kingdom, which are concerned with the plurality and diversity in the new scenario of
5195:
3922:
1167:, in addition to purchasing a large shareholding in pay TV broadcaster Sky Media Limited in 1997. These two newspapers merged to form the
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2317:, formed Communicorp Group Ltd in 1989, with the company currently owning 42 radio stations in 8 European countries, including Ireland's
6745:
5459:
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Although there is no specific media concentration legislation at the European level, a number of existing legal instruments such as the
1423:
The report provided 40 recommendations and 10 suggestions (for areas outside of federal government jurisdiction), including legislation
1221:
1130:
5276:
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Doyle, Gillian (2002). "What's "new" about the future of communications? An evaluation of recent shifts in UK media ownership policy".
1566:". In 2002, another survey (which did not include pay TV), found the presence of the "monopoly in cross" in 13 major markets in Brazil.
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2301:, which operates several radio stations and television channels and started digital radio and television services in the early 2010s,
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announced that it would close down in 2011, with operations to be taken over by 3 separate agencies, APN's APNZ, Fairfax's FNZN and
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hinders countries to develop their own strong media firms. The opening of borders is more beneficial to countries than maintaining
2545:. In March 2011, the United Kingdom provisionally approved Murdoch to buy the remaining 61% of BSkyB; however, subsequent events (
1447:
In Brazil, the concentration of media ownership seems to have manifested itself very early. Dr. Venício A. de Lima noted in 2003:
6842:
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4030:
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2636:
627:
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4817:"Monitoring Media Pluralism in Europe: Results of the second pilot-test implementation of the Media Pluralism Monitor (MPM2015)"
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When it comes to regulating media concentration at the common European level, there is a conflict between Member states and the
5400:"Media pluralism monitor 2016 : monitoring risks for media pluralism in EU and beyond : country report : Latvia"
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2880:. Moreover, Mozes owns the Reshet TV firm, which is one of the two operators of the most popular channel in Israel, Channel 2.
2808:
2768:
2653:
2481:
73:
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670:. Research in the 1990s and early 2000s suggested then-increasing levels of consolidation, with many media industries already
6847:
4472:
3321:
3134:
3047:
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2161:, giving the company a de facto monopoly in the latter case. An attempt to buy one of Germany's two major private TV Groups,
1168:
1164:
1054:
959:
5399:
5325:
4797:
5575:
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Horizontal concentration, that is concentration of media ownership within a given media sector (press, audio-visual, etc.);
6401:
4720:
Alison Harcourt & Robert G. Picard (2009). "Policy, Economic, and Business Challenges of Media Ownership Regulation".
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2962:. These two broadcasters together administer 434 of the 461 total commercial television stations in the country (94.14%).
1740:
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as well as over 100 regional newspapers. They claim to have a monthly digital reach of 73 million people. They also own
1678:. In practice, sector-specific media concentration rules have been abolished in some European countries in recent years.
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123:
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3030:, was split into two separate companies on June 28, 2013, with publishing assets and Australian media assets going to
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2738:
2684:
2606:
2158:
1924:
1217:
1071:
620:
48:
5495:
4609:
Harcourt, Alison J. (September 1998). "EU Media Ownership Regulation: Conflict over the Definition of Alternatives".
4318:
4246:
3169:
2904:
2767:. However this has changed somewhat since the mid 2010s as many of the most popular commercial stations are owned by
2258:
1220:'s NZN, all owned by Australian parent companies. In 2014, APN's New Zealand division officially changed its name to
5893:
3050:
monopolized the industry. The music and television industries recently witnessed cases of media consolidation, with
2965:
Though concern about the existence of a duopoly had been around for some time, a press uproar sparked in 2006, when
4156:
3939:
3889:
2020:
1725:
1697:
1082:
4533:
2923:
2908:
2697:
1842:
of the newspapers and magazines were owned by German and Swiss corporations in 2007, as the two main press groups
6487:
6208:
4755:
4436:
3978:
3226:
2869:
1453:
1315:
1160:
31:
4196:
5424:
5207:
3441:
Vizcarrondo, Thomas E. (2004). "Ownership Diversity Within the Media Industry: Trends and Current Conditions".
3301:
3051:
2796:
2525:
2441:(BNS), while UP Invest, an investment holding company owned by Linnamäe, acquired Latvia's biggest news agency
2089:
1813:. The emergence of major actors operating in this field has been made possible mainly thanks to the process of
1621:
1125:
931:
340:
280:
159:
154:
88:
5096:
5670:
5326:"A comparative analysis of media freedom and pluralism in the EU Member States. Study for the LIBE Committee"
4559:
3863:
2428:, both based in Estonia, are the major media companies operating in the country. Postimees Group is owned by
1736:
1478:. He cites examples of horizontal, vertical, crossed and "in cross" concentration (a Brazilian peculiarity).
1224:, in order to reflect the company's convergence with its radio division The Radio Network. As of early 2015,
954:
Media privatization and the lessening of state dominance over media content has continued since 2012. In the
6697:
6646:
6507:
6502:
3713:"Monitoring media pluralism in Europe : testing and implementation of the media pluralism monitor 2014"
3276:
3091:
3055:
2780:
2588:
2485:
2355:
1806:
1144:
into media regulation was launched, and reported its findings back to the federal government in early 2012.
757:
718:
335:
77:
3129:
There may also be some large-scale owners in an industry that are not the causes of monopoly or oligopoly.
3082:, while The CW's creation was an attempt to consolidate ratings and stand up to the "Big Four" of American
2982:
2401:. Berlusconi has often been criticized for using the media assets he owns to advance his political career.
6358:
6230:
3316:
3296:
3206:
3111:
3075:
2756:
2582:
2504:
2212:
1919:
1814:
1798:
1579:
1541:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1237:
1190:
1176:
1152:
761:
722:
310:
235:
113:
5853:
Media ownership: the economics and politics of convergence and concentration in the UK and European media
2484:
in the early 1990s, Belarus preserved state control and ownership over most national media. De jure, the
1544:. Besides being the owner of radio and television stations, and of the main local newspapers, it has two
1361:
In 2007, CTVglobemedia, Rogers Media and Quebecor all expanded significantly through the acquisitions of
6707:
5439:
5333:
Directorate-General for Internal Policies. Policy Department Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs
4820:
4799:
Independent Study on Indicators for Media Pluralism in the Member States – Towards a Risk-Based Approach
4348:
3761:
3186:
3115:
2992:
2784:
2474:
2456:
1705:
1690:
1640:
1591:
1347:
1295:
1030:
730:
466:
451:
360:
345:
204:
194:
6202:
6184:
Converging media, diverging politics: a political economy of news media in the United States and Canada
5628:
1529:
1408:
in March 2003. (This topic had been examined twice in the past, by the Davey Commission (1970) and the
4756:"European Journalism - Study :Statistical review of journalism and media sector in the European Union"
1949:
6656:
4528:
4200:
3529:
3498:
3468:
3311:
3216:
2977:
2812:
2429:
2411:
2225:
1965:
1954:
1558:. Research carried out in the early 1990s, detected the presence of this singularity in 18 of the 26
1475:
1303:
1204:
1117:
There are rules governing foreign ownership of Australian media and these rules were loosened by the
881:
671:
441:
350:
330:
325:
290:
260:
179:
4250:
3938:@Zagzigger2, John Drinnan John Drinnan is the Media Writer for the New Zealand Herald (2011-11-11).
3843:
1647:
and actions programs contribute directly and indirectly to curbing media concentration at EU level.
6852:
6791:
6603:
6477:
6391:
5141:
4706:
3095:
2788:
2438:
1969:
1709:
1662:
1651:
1625:
1517:
1412:(1981), both of which produced recommendations that were never implemented in any meaningful way.)
1343:
1339:
1257:
1225:
1209:
1172:
1141:
1099:
1063:
999:
983:
967:
852:
698:
690:
608:
503:
410:
300:
250:
240:
214:
144:
98:
5277:"Eurozine - The market takes all - Jaromír Volek Czech Republic: Playing the game of media trumps"
1582:
in the political and social fields, and the inability of the Brazilian government to establish an
6770:
6712:
6636:
6548:
6538:
6461:
6375:
6353:
6267:
6127:
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4152:
4126:
3958:
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3281:
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3231:
3147:
3083:
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2624:
2245:
2122:
1818:
1779:
1661:
Within the European Union, two main standpoints have emerged in the debate: on the one hand, the
1090:
1067:
804:
within the media system, economy of influence, conflicting dependence and political clientelism.
797:
738:
390:
365:
305:
270:
184:
169:
164:
83:
2371:
746:
5126:
Vltava-Labe-Press AS acquires a minority stake in Prvni Novinova Spolecnost from Czech Republic
6750:
6568:
6543:
6456:
6363:
6343:
6307:
6287:
6272:
6188:
6167:
6146:
6115:
6105:
6084:
6063:
6042:
6021:
6000:
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5958:
5921:
5878:
5857:
5043:
4674:
3676:
3563:
3421:
3394:
3388:
3256:
3211:
3191:
2836:
In India a few political parties also own media organizations, for example the proprietors of
2816:
2641:
2630:
2576:
2547:
2351:
2346:
2269:
2016:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1859:
1843:
1675:
1609:
1537:
1502:
1382:
1241:
1118:
1111:
990:, funds directed to public service broadcasting have been stagnating or declining since 2012.
603:
529:
514:
481:
405:
395:
385:
285:
209:
199:
189:
118:
4866:
4411:
3415:
2997:
1377:, having filed for bankruptcy, sold its television assets to Shaw (through a new subsidiary,
6796:
6765:
6718:
6661:
6626:
6598:
6573:
6517:
6451:
6411:
6297:
6282:
5781:
5280:
4876:
4729:
4618:
4273:
4190:
4188:
4186:
3668:
3649:
3555:
3306:
3266:
3236:
3099:
3035:
3006:
broadcast radio network, creating a de facto media monopoly in many regions of the country.
2742:
2707:
2388:
2326:
2310:
2287:
2196:
2133:
2085:
1960:
1802:
1739:(MPM), a yearly monitoring carried out by the Centre for Media Pluralism and Freedom at the
1587:
1559:
1462:
1004:
765:
734:
702:
519:
476:
471:
400:
370:
320:
275:
174:
3844:
Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy - Independent Media Inquiry
3802:
3359:
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global Report 2017/2018
3357:
2376:
1689:
In 2007, reacting to concerns on media concentration and its repercussion on pluralism and
6806:
6671:
6641:
6593:
6370:
5657:
5362:
5259:
5184:
5145:
5050:
4928:
4034:
3850:
3774:
3251:
3221:
3087:
2865:
2807:
and others. National and local radio station ownership is dominated by the aforementioned
2804:
2713:
2667:
2552:
2421:
2334:
2114:
1945:
1855:
1847:
1701:
1633:
1555:
1545:
1524:
1409:
1331:
1245:
1107:
1095:
1075:
994:
894:
793:
726:
580:
375:
295:
149:
139:
5083:
1470:
Lima points to other factors that would make media concentration easier, particularly in
5811:
2192:
2105:. The national television market is dominated by four terrestrial stations, two public (
1175:. The remainder of the company officially merged with Sky Media Limited in 2005 to form
6631:
6613:
6578:
6533:
6512:
6396:
5951:
5550:
5228:
5078:
5061:
3079:
3003:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2750:
2728:
2718:
2693:
2520:
2425:
2398:
2293:
2263:
2162:
2138:
1835:
1613:
1490:
1273:
817:
812:
575:
355:
108:
4921:
6831:
6702:
6681:
6277:
6253:
5793:
5748:"Under the Macroscope: Convergence in the US Television Market between 2000 and 2014"
5252:
4845:
4741:
4444:
3669:
3577:
3524:
3331:
3138:
2988:
2678:
2600:
2570:
2306:
2088:
have defended foreign newspaper ownership as a manifestation of the principle of the
1987:
1978:
1866:
in 2015 and 2013 respectively. Several major media previously owned by Swiss company
1387:
1351:
1184:
1008:
869:
861:
570:
460:
431:
380:
315:
4667:"Regulating Media Concentration within the Council of Europe and the European Union"
4441:"Communications regulatory framework in Brazil: media, telecommunications, internet"
4347:
Mick, Jacques; Lima, Samuel (2006-08-30). Agência Experimental de Jornalismo (ed.).
3908:"Stuff-NZME merger would lead to 'substantial reduction' of journalists, court says"
1264:, ceased broadcasting in 2012 due to non-renewal of funding, and the youth-oriented
1074:, all the privately owned media outlets still compete with each other for exclusive
855:
argues that the concentration of media ownership is caused by a shift to neoliberal
6811:
6801:
6583:
6492:
6482:
6348:
6322:
5580:
4733:
4400:
3804:
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global Report 2017/2018
3493:
3349:
3201:
3107:
2966:
2877:
2852:
a Telugu channel in Andhra Pradesh is owned by ex-chief minister's son and family.
2837:
2800:
2672:
2660:
2594:
2564:
2537:
2281:
2208:
1775:
1629:
1617:
1471:
1393:
1370:
1362:
1299:
856:
829:
753:
565:
446:
436:
17:
5938:
5785:
5602:
4673:. CEUP collection. Budapest: Central European University Press. pp. 229–244.
3605:
Media Integrity Matters: Understanding the Meaning of and Risks to Media Integrity
651:
Media graphic showing the 2019 ownership of mass media groups in the United States
6182:
6161:
6078:
6057:
6036:
6015:
5994:
5973:
5915:
5872:
5851:
5177:
3653:
2640:, and control a large proportion of regional media, including through subsidiary
2177:, and is one of the biggest shareholder in the second-ranked private TV company,
962:(ASBU) counted 1,230 television stations broadcasting via Arab and international
6676:
6497:
6434:
6406:
6327:
3936:
3130:
3119:
2970:
2893:
2383:
2203:
2195:, Germany's biggest popular magazine publisher, including popular news magazine
2184:
1898:
1575:
1335:
1249:
742:
694:
666:, is a process wherein fewer individuals or organizations control shares of the
524:
93:
5720:
5531:
3622:
6755:
6588:
6439:
6312:
6292:
5576:"Alexander Lebedev's Evening Standard takeover: Dacre announces sale to staff"
4118:
3241:
3123:
2954:
In Mexico there are only two national broadcast television service companies,
2649:
2618:
2489:
2078:
1512:
1424:
1420:
else in the developed world a situation like the situation in New Brunswick."
1405:
1397:
1378:
1156:
1103:
955:
801:
777:
667:
545:
490:
456:
265:
219:
103:
63:
40:
5996:
Who owns the media?: competition and concentration in the mass media industry
4776:
1982:
1334:, media in Canada are primarily owned by a small number of groups, including
1133:(ABC), which is one of two government-administered channels, the other being
6735:
6444:
6317:
6302:
6119:
4671:
Media Freedom and Pluralism: Media Policy Challenges in the enlarged Europe
4622:
3286:
2849:
2746:
2732:
2689:
2559:
2531:
2393:
2367:
2330:
2188:
1787:
1674:
the peculiar evolution of the media industry in the digital environment and
1486:
963:
865:
781:
683:
675:
550:
499:
426:
3463:
2125:" has increased, lowering differentiation of content in Czech print media.
1208:, formerly privately held by the Wilson & Horton families, was sold to
647:
5650:
5407:
Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom (CMPF), 2017, Country Reports
5304:
Reinventing Public Service Communication: European Broadcasters and Beyond
4157:"Review media mergers - Senate group urges Grant Robertson and Simon Tuck"
3690:
Cooper, M. (2004). "Limits on Media Ownership Serve the Public Interest".
3559:
1700:
was proposed to set for all member states common and higher standards for
1594:, the trend of the political left in the entire Latin American continent.
6651:
6099:
5899:
5838:
4666:
4065:
4056:
3059:
2955:
2776:
2760:
2724:
2363:
2359:
2322:
2318:
2173:
2153:. Axel Springer also owns a number of regional newspapers, especially in
2149:
2118:
2010:
1863:
1586:
to manage the media. Attempts in this direction have been pointed by the
1498:
1494:
1195:
828:
Concentration of media ownership is very frequently seen as a problem of
679:
509:
2475:
Mass media in Belarus § Legislative framework and regulatory authorities
6760:
6666:
6621:
5460:"Свобода слова и право на информацию в «старой» и «новой» Конституциях"
5066:
4195:
Standing Senate Committee on Transport and Communications (June 2006).
4168:
3103:
2097:
1867:
1563:
979:
714:
560:
67:
2541:, in addition having also owned 39% of satellite broadcasting network
5895:
Policy Economic and Business Challenges of Media Ownership Regulation
4468:
4271:
Castro, D. (2003-03-10). "TV fatura R$ 5,7 bi e cresce 6% em 2002".
3640:
McChesney, R. (2001). "Global media, neoliberalism and imperialism".
3071:
3063:
3054:'s parent company merging their music division with Bertelsmann AG's
2178:
2154:
1791:
1771:
1712:
and rejected by just three votes. The directive was supported by the
1571:
1533:
1441:
1366:
1291:
1269:
1129:
is an independent media watchdog televised on the public broadcaster
987:
975:
585:
6101:
Manufacturing consent : the political economy of the mass media
6059:
Media, profit, and politics: competing priorities in an open society
5157:
2298:
2110:
2106:
1913:
and also partly controls the distribution of all the prints through
752:
As of 2022, the largest media conglomerates in terms of revenue are
5747:
4384:
Amaral, R.; Guimarães, C. (1994). Journal of Communications (ed.).
4369:
Amaral, R.; Guimarães, C. (1994). Journal of Communications (ed.).
2313:
an Irish billionaire with a fortune partly accumulated through the
1323:
Broadcasting and telecommunications in Canada are regulated by the
864:
and regulations harm consumers and domestic support in the form of
5939:
The Structure and Dynamics of Global Multi-Media Business Networks
5630:
Israel election's biggest battle being fought by newspaper tycoons
5084:
Město Brno pohledem lidí z různých oborů BA thesis by Michal Kárný
2542:
2488:
guarantees the rights of citizens to freedom of speech, prohibits
2037:
1265:
1261:
1070:. Although much of the everyday mainstream news is drawn from the
986:
have been struggling for funding. In Western, Central and Eastern
948:
942:
646:
6222:
5490:
5488:
5423:
Aija Krūtaine, Urmas Loit, Rytas Staselis, Evita Puriņa (2017).
5253:
Pre-workshop Report, Robert Schumann centre for Advanced Studies
3923:"Discovery takes 'bet on NZ' by buying television channel Three"
2873:
2442:
2167:
2143:
1810:
1790:, a Luxembourg-based media group operating in 10 countries, and
1253:
1229:
1213:
1052:
Controls over media ownership in Australia are laid down in the
706:
555:
255:
58:
6226:
2347:
Silvio Berlusconi § Media control and conflict of interest
943:
6017:
The business of media: corporate media and the public interest
5671:"Telecommunications: Mexico's New Reform | Americas Quarterly"
4399:
Herz, Daniel; Görgen, James; Osório, Pedro Luiz (2002-03-06).
3623:"The Impact of Media Concentration on Professional Journalism"
3133:(formerly Clear Channel Communications), especially since the
3067:
2967:
a controversial reform to the Federal Radio and Television Law
2887:
2820:
2772:
2645:
2358:, is the major shareholder of – by far – Italy's biggest (and
2302:
1858:), but were both later purchased by Czech-owned conglomerates
1171:
in 2002, and in 2003, sold its entire print media division to
4498:"Brazil's New Communications Minister Defends New Regulation"
4029:
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission.
2551:
hacking scandal and its closure in July 2011) leading to the
1616:(EU) have tried to formulate a distinctive and comprehensive
1489:
or monopoly produced within an area or industry; television (
4922:"Independent periodicals", Website of VLTAVA-LABE PRESS a.s.
4582:"Assusta-me que FHC assuma a bandeira da regulação da mídia"
3074:. In the case of Sony BMG, there existed a "Big Five" (now "
1536:(affiliated to TV Globo), with operations in the markets of
3675:. New York; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
1850:
were (completely or partly) controlled by the German group
1554:: reproduction into local level, of the particularities of
1325:
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
1085:, with significant holdings in all states and territories.
5696:"These 6 Corporations Control 90% Of The Media In America"
5418:
5416:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5313:
3979:"Sky TV adds to customer base - Business - NZ Herald News"
3550:
Woodhull, Nancy J.; Snyder, Robert W., eds. (2020-03-24).
5874:
European Institutions and the Regulation of Media Markets
5129:
Thomson Financial Mergers & Acquisitions. 08-06-2001
3589:
3587:
1997:, several web portals and partly controls, together with
1751:
Cross-media concentration across different media markets;
1272:. In addition, the now-defunct TVNZ channels Kidzone and
1236:
Commercial radio stations are largely divided up between
840:
Johannes von Dohnanyi, in a 2003 report published by the
686:
companies maintain a larger share of the overall market.
5975:
Media concentration and democracy: why ownership matters
5532:"Rupert Murdoch BSkyB takeover gets government go-ahead"
5138:
3671:
Media concentration and democracy: why ownership matters
2969:, seriously hampered the entry of new competitors, like
2612:
after they were accquired by Reach from Richard Desmond
2241:
to conglomerates with activities also in other sectors.
2013:, prior to its acquisition by Cyprus-registered Kaprain.
2819:
and the UK's only public service radio broadcaster the
2187:
is one of the world's largest media companies. It owns
1493:
or free) is the Brazilian classical model. In 2002 the
4005:"Media Concentration In Canada Is Worst In G8: Report"
3458:
3456:
3094:(which includes the ABC, ESPN, FX and Disney brands),
2840:
are close aides of Tamil Nadu's former Chief Minister
1852:
Rheinisch-Bergische Druckerei- und Verlagsgesellschaft
5363:"Media Concentration and Systemic Failures in Greece"
4323:"Formação de monopólio da RBS em SC será questionada"
4147:
4145:
4143:
4061:"Media convergence, acquisitions and sales in Canada"
2771:
who produce their own news service, most notably for
6104:. (Updated version of the 1988 original). New York.
4373:. Vol. 44 (4, Autumm ed.). pp. 30–32.
3627:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
2717:
are both partly owned by British-Russian media boss
2505:
Mass media in Slovenia § Concentration and pluralism
2226:
Mass media in Greece § Media ownership concentration
1870:
became Czech-owned through their acquisition by the
1268:
was rebranded as the short-lived commercial channel
982:
by state agencies. In almost all regions, models of
842:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
6784:
6728:
6690:
6612:
6561:
6526:
6470:
6427:
6420:
6384:
6336:
6260:
5898:. Journal of Business Media Studies. Archived from
2457:
Mass media in Romania § Concentration and pluralism
2147:, and one of Germany's most important broadsheets,
2141:). It publishes Germany's only nationwide tabloid,
1031:
Mass media in Armenia § Concentration and pluralism
1011:—and print—and introduced significant innovations.
5950:
4556:"FHC defende a regulação dos meios de comunicação"
4288:Ortiz, R.; et al. (1989). Brasiliense (ed.).
3518:
3516:
2171:, one of the nation's most important broadsheets,
1240:and NZME. MediaWorks' TV division, which includes
1212:in 1996. The long-running news syndication agency
2297:. Broadcast media is divided between state owned
1252:), were purchased by Discovery Networks in 2020.
5044:Company structure on VLTAVA-LABE-PRESS's website
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4388:. Vol. 44 (4, Autumm ed.). p. 30.
2424:(formerly known as Eesti Meedia until 2019) and
5993:Compaine, Benjamin M.; Gomery, Douglas (2000).
4702:Se il pluralismo scivola in fondo all’agenda Ue
3727:
3725:
3420:. Manchester University Press. pp. 86–87.
3417:Mass communications: a comparative introduction
2976:Televisa also owns subscription TV enterprises
2201:and a 26% share in investigative news magazine
1449:
1060:Australian Communications & Media Authority
860:support deregulation have argued that cultural
836:Freedom of the press and editorial independence
5937:Amelia Arsenault & Manuel Castells (2008)
5651:Permisos y concesiones de televisión en México
4554:Brant, João (2012-05-17). Maior, Carta (ed.).
4251:"Existe concentração na mídia brasileira? Sim"
3864:"Farewell NZPA, hello three new news services"
6238:
6077:Hassan, Robert; Thomas, Julian, eds. (2006).
5067:Website of VLTAVA-LABE PRESS a.s., "About us"
4897:Media ownership: towards Pan-European groups?
2081:, reaching approximately 3.2 million readers.
1797:Examples of such pan-European groups include
628:
8:
6163:Media ownership and concentration in America
5444:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4584:(in Portuguese). Carta Maior. Archived from
4222:"CBC: Feds must examine Irving media empire"
3488:
3486:
3348: This article incorporates text from a
2696:; on 1 May 2014 the channel was acquired by
884:affecting a wide range of critical thought.
6143:Corporate Media and the Threat to Democracy
5574:Brook, Stephen; Sweney, Mark (2009-01-21).
5271:
5269:
5267:
4604:
4602:
3963:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3616:
3614:
3034:and broadcasting and media assets going to
2922:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2864:owns the most widespread Hebrew newspaper,
2370:; and Italy's biggest advertising company,
1381:) and spun off its newspaper holdings into
947:Arab States Broadcasting Union building in
6424:
6245:
6231:
6223:
6181:Skinner, David; et al., eds. (2005).
6132:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5603:"The Independent bought by Lebedev for £1"
4302:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3414:Lorimer, Rowland; Scannell, Paddy (1994).
3247:Media cross-ownership in the United States
3016:Media cross-ownership in the United States
2480:Unlike other post-Soviet states after the
678:. However, since the proliferation of the
635:
621:
36:
6098:Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam (2002).
5892:Harcourt, Alison; Picard, Robert (2009).
5805:
5803:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4494:Center for International Media Assistance
4197:"Final report on the Canadian news media"
3940:"TVNZ and Sky TV too cosy, says industry"
3327:Transparency of media ownership in Europe
3021:Recent media mergers in the United States
2942:Learn how and when to remove this message
1770:A 2016 report based on data collected by
1260:role. Its primary public-service outlet,
1081:Rural and regional media is dominated by
6056:Harper, Joe; Yantek, Thom, eds. (2003).
6014:Croteau, David; Hoynes, William (2006).
4650:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4632:
2868:, the most widespread Russian newspaper
2211:, a book publisher, ranked first in the
1917:which was previously part of the German
1897:and other 26 weeklies and that is major
1708:. The proposal was put to a vote in the
1440:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1330:Apart from a relatively small number of
5178:The Czech media landscape - print media
4240:
4238:
3707:
3705:
3370:
2872:, the most popular Hebrew news website
1294:in New Zealand since its nearest rival
800:, making it resilient to institutional
537:
489:
418:
227:
131:
39:
6125:
5943:International Journal of Communication
5669:Howard, Caroline (December 12, 2016).
5437:
5368:International Journal of Communication
5120:
5118:
4349:"RBS e AN: os riscos da monopolização"
4295:
4099:from the original on 13 September 2010
4089:"BCE-CTV deal remakes media landscape"
4003:Howard, Caroline (December 12, 2016).
3956:
3770:
3759:
2412:Mass media in Latvia § Media ownership
676:a few companies own much of the market
5917:The No-nonsense Guide to Global Media
4119:"Web Exclusive: Media Guilty In G-20"
3797:
3795:
3793:
2763:, produces news for the most popular
2381:. One of Italy's nationwide dailies,
2305:, an Irish language broadcaster, and
7:
5721:"News Corp officially splits in two"
5518:
5479:
5103:from the original on 17 October 2015
2920:adding citations to reliable sources
2562:own five major national titles, the
2309:, a commercial television operator.
1977:, several monthly magazines, the TV
1952:(that owns the centre-right dailies
1645:Audiovisual Media Services Directive
1603:Council of Europe and European Union
893:concerns when it comes to assessing
5324:BÁRD, Petra; BAYER, Judith (2016).
3443:Electronic Theses and Dissertations
2700:for £450 million (US$ 759 million).
2261:owns many national newspapers: the
1198:region's sole daily newspaper. The
1131:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
30:For digital media convergence, see
5843:IREX Vibrant Information Barometer
5496:"Freedom of the Press 2015 Report"
5432:Baltic Centre for Media Excellence
5009:Region – Týdeník okresu Nový Jičín
4842:"MPM 2015 Market Plurality Domain"
3921:Tom Pullar-Strecker (2020-09-07).
3494:"Ultra Concentrated Media - Facts"
3390:The SAGE Handbook of Media Studies
2664:is owned by Guardian Media Group.
1003:by the founder of online retailer
25:
5774:Atlantic Journal of Communication
5551:"Why Comcast wanted Sky so badly"
5229:"The press in the Czech Republic"
5139:Website of VLTAVA-LABE PRESS a.s.
4722:Journal of Media Business Studies
4473:"Freedom of Expression in Brazil"
4245:Venício A. de Lima (2003-07-01).
2644:, in addition to large shares in
2315:Esat Digifone licence controversy
1532:." At a later stage appeared the
1290:has had an effective monopoly on
6838:Concentration of media ownership
6741:Concentration of media ownership
4611:Journal of Common Market Studies
4522:Rosenfield, Denis (2012-03-27).
4165:Friends of Canadian Broadcasting
3862:Stone, Andrew (31 August 2011).
3523:Ainger, Katharine (April 2001).
3343:
3126:), or some combination thereof.
3084:network (terrestrial) television
2892:
2809:Global Media & Entertainment
2503:This section is an excerpt from
2473:This section is an excerpt from
2455:This section is an excerpt from
2445:, which holds 70% of the market.
2410:This section is an excerpt from
2224:This section is an excerpt from
1029:This section is an excerpt from
656:Concentration of media ownership
597:
47:
6062:. Kent State University Press.
5949:Bagdikian, Benjamin H. (2004).
5877:. Manchester University Press.
5810:Howard, Caroline (2012-10-03).
4580:Mansur, Vinícius (2012-05-22).
4558:(in Portuguese). Archived from
4532:(in Portuguese). Archived from
4410:(in Portuguese). Archived from
4325:(in Portuguese). Archived from
3890:"NZME, Fairfax in merger talks"
3888:O'Sullivan, Fran (2016-05-11).
3621:von Dohnanyi, Johannes (2003).
3176:do not have a large following.
3155:Effect of ownership on coverage
2876:, and 17% of the cable TV firm
2482:dissolution of the Soviet Union
2362:only) private free TV company,
1930:(that controls also the German
1755:Transparency of media ownership
1385:, a new company founded by the
1182:When INL ceased publishing the
909:Determinants of media pluralism
5978:. Cambridge University Press.
5812:"In depth: Media in Venezuela"
5627:Verter, Yossi (Feb 10, 2015),
5208:"Ročenka Unie vydavatelů 2008"
5097:"Ročenka Unie vydavatelů 2007"
4734:10.1080/16522354.2009.11073486
4317:Schenkel, Laura (2006-09-12).
4290:Telenovela-História e Produção
3831:Broadcasting Services Act 1992
3322:Telecommunications Act of 1996
3135:Telecommunications Act of 1996
1580:Brazilian Constitution of 1988
1276:) were only available through
1153:Independent Newspapers Limited
1087:Daily Mail & General Trust
1055:Broadcasting Services Act 1992
960:Arab States Broadcasting Union
689:Globally, some.of the largest
1:
6141:McChesney, Robert W. (1997).
6083:. McGraw-Hill International.
6041:. McGraw-Hill International.
5786:10.1080/15456870.2020.1779725
5694:Lutz, Ashley (14 June 2012).
5306:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
3607:. Ljubljana: Peace Institute.
3197:Big Three television networks
2711:and former print publication
2366:; Italy's biggest publisher,
1741:European University Institute
1584:independent regulatory agency
1375:Canwest Global Communications
1155:(INL) formerly published the
914:Size and wealth of the market
808:Elimination of net neutrality
776:Media mergers occur when one
586:Pundit / commentator
5279:. 2009-03-19. Archived from
4997:Region – Opavský a Hlučínský
4844:. March 2016. Archived from
3985:. Nzherald.co.nz. 2001-12-22
3810:. UNESCO. 2018. p. 202.
3654:10.14452/MR-052-10-2001-03_1
3354:license statement/permission
3292:Partido da Imprensa Golpista
2759:, which has a contract with
2614:Daily Mail and General Trust
2291:. It also owns 29.9% of the
2259:Independent News & Media
1135:Special Broadcasting Service
1048:Media ownership in Australia
939:Pluralism in media ownership
124:Index of journalism articles
6166:. Oxford University Press.
6080:The new media theory reader
5425:"Baltic Media Health Check"
5258:September 29, 2011, at the
4492:Magro, Maira (2011-01-03).
4123:Articles – December 3, 2010
4087:Marlow, Iain (2010-09-10).
3603:Petković, Brankica (2015).
3387:Downing, John, ed. (2004).
2844:. So is also the case with
2739:Independent Television News
2523:owns best-selling tabloid
2387:, is owned by his brother,
2159:Hamburg Metropolitan Region
2005:, the distribution company
1964:, the local edition of the
1505:received 78% of the amount.
1404:launch a study of Canadian
1354:, and the government-owned
1072:Australian Associated Press
984:public service broadcasting
682:, smaller and more diverse
6869:
5549:Rajan, Amol (2018-09-24).
5013:Region – Frýdecko-Místecko
3525:"Empires of the Senseless"
3013:
2829:
2529:as well as the broadsheet
2502:
2472:
2454:
2409:
2344:
2223:
2009:) was previously owned by
1439:
1313:
1083:Australian Community Media
1045:
1028:
926:Consolidation of resources
29:
6209:The Canadian Encyclopedia
5871:Harcourt, Alison (2005).
5049:February 7, 2010, at the
4927:February 6, 2010, at the
3667:Baker, C. Edmund (2007).
3227:Lists of corporate assets
2765:commercial radio stations
1885:, that owns the tabloids
1724:, and was opposed by the
1454:technological convergence
1373:, respectively. In 2010,
1316:Media ownership in Canada
788:Risks for media integrity
609:Category: Journalism
32:Technological convergence
6817:Society of the Spectacle
5972:Baker, C. Edwin (2007).
5398:ROŽUKALNE, Anda (2017).
5361:LEANDROS, NIKOS (2010).
4993:Region – Krnovské noviny
4386:Media Monopoly in Brazil
4371:Media Monopoly in Brazil
4319:Observatório da Imprensa
4247:Observatório da Imprensa
3302:Prometheus Radio Project
3052:Sony Music Entertainment
2692:in 2018. He used to own
2634:, and free London daily
2519:In Britain and Ireland,
2257:In Ireland, the company
2207:. Bertelsmann also owns
2090:free movement of capital
2019:controls 16 Czech daily
1817:and benefit of specific
1698:European Union Directive
1622:environmental protection
1483:Horizontal concentration
6843:Anti-corporate activism
6698:Influence of mass media
6503:Narcotizing dysfunction
6145:. Seven Stories Press.
5850:Doyle, Gillian (2002).
4700:Pisanò, Alessio (2010)
4623:10.1111/1468-5965.00115
4524:"Liberdade e regulação"
3277:Monopolies of knowledge
3092:The Walt Disney Company
2991:, a publishing company
2486:constitution of Belarus
2437:pan-Baltic news agency
2356:Prime Minister of Italy
2215:and second in Germany.
1807:The Walt Disney Company
1737:Media Pluralism Monitor
1726:European People's Party
1338:, the Shaw family (via
1258:public service-oriented
816:also have control over
758:The Walt Disney Company
719:The Walt Disney Company
546:Journalists (reporters)
6359:Freedom of information
5953:The new media monopoly
5914:Steven, Peter (2004).
5302:Iosifidis, P. (2010).
5158:"Verlagsgruppe Passau"
5082:
5065:
4665:Gálik, Mihály (2010).
4437:University of Brasília
3944:The New Zealand Herald
3868:The New Zealand Herald
3769:Cite journal requires
3317:State controlled media
3297:Politico-media complex
3207:Democratic backsliding
3112:Warner Bros. Discovery
2757:Independent Radio News
2727:produces news for its
2434:country’s pharma king.
2397:, by his former wife,
2213:English-speaking world
2023:and weeklies (such as
1893:, 73 regional dailies
1799:Warner Bros. Discovery
1632:, but it has none for
1509:Vertical concentration
1468:
1332:community broadcasters
1288:Sky Network Television
1278:Sky Network Television
1254:Television New Zealand
1238:MediaWorks New Zealand
1191:The New Zealand Herald
1177:Sky Network Television
1058:, administered by the
951:
762:Warner Bros. Discovery
723:Warner Bros. Discovery
707:Sony Group Corporation
652:
114:Editorial independence
6848:Imperfect competition
6746:Exploitation of women
6160:Noam, Eli M. (2009).
5675:americasquarterly.org
5335:. European Parliament
3896:. New Zealand Herald.
3742:Doyle, 2002: p. 22–23
3560:10.4324/9781351309363
3393:. SAGE. p. 296.
3187:Agenda-setting theory
3116:E. W. Scripps Company
2345:Further information:
1901:of publishing houses
1706:freedom of expression
1691:freedom of expression
1592:freedom of expression
1476:broadcasting networks
1348:Rogers Communications
1296:Saturn Communications
1046:Further information:
1019:In particular nations
946:
745:(South America), and
731:Hearst Communications
650:
604:Journalism portal
467:Pink-slime journalism
452:Horse race journalism
27:Control of mass media
6020:. Pine Forge Press.
5999:. Psychology Press.
5033:Slovácké noviny plus
4529:O Estado de S. Paulo
4435:Murilo César Ramos.
4201:Parliament of Canada
3692:Television Quarterly
3530:New Internationalist
3499:New Internationalist
3469:New Internationalist
3312:Retail concentration
3217:Freedom of the press
2978:Cablevision (Mexico)
2916:improve this section
2688:. They were sold to
1920:Verlagsgruppe Passau
1304:Vodafone New Zealand
1210:APN News & Media
1205:New Zealand Listener
882:corporate censorship
754:Comcast NBCUniversal
442:Freedom of the press
6792:Advanced capitalism
6478:Cult of personality
6392:Advanced capitalism
6187:. Lexington Books.
6035:Dwyer, Tim (2010).
5235:. December 10, 2005
4989:Region – Bruntálský
4949:Týdeník Karlovarska
4877:Rtlgroup - About Us
4777:"Council of Europe"
4707:Il Fatto Quotidiano
4405:"Quem são os donos"
4171:on 18 November 2018
4117:McCurry, Lawrence.
4037:on 20 November 2011
4009:The Huffington Post
3377:Steven, 2009: p. 19
3356:). Text taken from
3096:National Amusements
2729:television channels
2580:, and the Scottish
2439:Baltic News Service
2113:) and two private (
1932:Neue Presse Verlags
1766:Pan-European groups
1710:European Parliament
1696:In October 2009, a
1663:European Parliament
1652:European Commission
1626:consumer protection
1552:Monopoly "in cross"
1518:Globo Organizations
1442:Brazil § Media
1344:Shaw Communications
1340:Corus Entertainment
1226:Fairfax New Zealand
1173:Fairfax New Zealand
1142:Finkelstein Inquiry
1064:News Corp Australia
1000:The Washington Post
853:Robert W. McChesney
832:media and society.
699:National Amusements
691:media conglomerates
672:highly concentrated
660:media consolidation
504:Newspaper of record
18:Media consolidation
6713:Semiotic democracy
6637:Civil disobedience
6549:Media manipulation
6539:Crowd manipulation
6462:Tabloid journalism
6376:Media transparency
6354:Media independence
6268:24-hour news cycle
5656:2011-08-24 at the
5183:2011-03-25 at the
5144:2009-04-30 at the
5017:Prostějovský týden
5001:Region – Karvinsko
4957:Týdeník Sokolovska
4941:Týdeník Domažlicko
4161:The Globe and Mail
4153:The Globe and Mail
4127:Canadian Dimension
4093:The Globe and Mail
3910:. RNZ. 2018-09-26.
3849:2012-03-06 at the
3629:. pp. 188–89.
3362:, 202, UNESCO.
3282:Network neutrality
3272:Media transparency
3262:Media manipulation
3232:Local News Service
3142:spectrum from the
2993:Editorial Televisa
2741:produces news for
2625:The Mail on Sunday
2276:Sunday Independent
2246:economies of scale
1948:, a subsidiary of
1909:and 100% owner of
1881:, a subsidiary of
1819:economies of scale
1780:Modern Times Group
1641:Amsterdam Protocol
1530:Diários Associados
1200:New Zealand Herald
1159:-based newspapers
1140:In late 2011, the
1091:Nova Entertainment
1068:Nine Entertainment
952:
798:democratic process
739:Amazon MGM Studios
653:
6825:
6824:
6751:Freedom of speech
6569:Theodor W. Adorno
6557:
6556:
6544:Managing the news
6364:Freedom of speech
6344:Media development
6308:News broadcasting
6288:Independent media
6273:Alternative media
6204:Media convergence
6194:978-0-7391-1306-6
6173:978-0-19-518852-3
6152:978-1-888363-47-0
6090:978-0-335-21710-6
6069:978-0-87338-754-5
6048:978-0-335-22873-7
6038:Media Convergence
6027:978-1-4129-1315-7
6006:978-0-8058-2936-5
5985:978-0-521-86832-7
5964:978-0-8070-6187-9
5927:978-1-85984-581-3
5884:978-0-7190-6645-0
5863:978-0-7619-6680-7
5746:Steiner, Tobias.
5283:on 5 January 2016
5196:Web page of MAFRA
5005:Region – Havířsko
4953:Týdeník Klatovska
4709:, August 16, 2010
4163:– republished by
4155:(June 22, 2006).
3427:978-0-7190-3946-1
3400:978-0-7619-2169-1
3257:Media imperialism
3212:Freedom of speech
3192:Alternative media
2952:
2951:
2944:
2817:News Broadcasting
2652:before it became
2642:Northcliffe Media
2631:Ireland on Sunday
2577:The Sunday People
2548:News of the World
2352:Silvio Berlusconi
2270:Irish Independent
2086:Czech governments
2017:Czech News Center
2003:Czech News Center
1999:Vltava-Labe-Press
1973:, the periodical
1883:Penta Investments
1879:Vltava Labe Media
1872:Czech News Center
1860:Penta Investments
1844:Vltava Labe Media
1714:liberal-centrists
1676:media convergence
1610:Council of Europe
1538:Rio Grande do Sul
1383:Postmedia Network
1119:Howard government
1112:Western Australia
664:media convergence
645:
644:
530:Alternative media
482:Yellow journalism
119:Journalism school
16:(Redirected from
6860:
6797:Culture industry
6766:Social influence
6719:The Lonely Crowd
6662:Political satire
6627:Call-out culture
6604:Jacques Rancière
6599:Marshall McLuhan
6574:Jean Baudrillard
6518:Viral phenomenon
6452:Public relations
6425:
6298:Mainstream media
6283:Electronic media
6247:
6240:
6233:
6224:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6198:
6177:
6156:
6137:
6131:
6123:
6094:
6073:
6052:
6031:
6010:
5989:
5968:
5957:. Beacon Press.
5956:
5931:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5888:
5867:
5846:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5822:
5807:
5798:
5797:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5700:Business Insider
5691:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5666:
5660:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5528:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5500:
5492:
5483:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5443:
5435:
5429:
5420:
5411:
5410:
5404:
5395:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5358:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5330:
5321:
5308:
5307:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5273:
5262:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5204:
5198:
5193:
5187:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5154:
5148:
5136:
5130:
5122:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5093:
5087:
5076:
5070:
5059:
5053:
5041:
5035:
4981:Znojemské noviny
4969:Vyškovské noviny
4961:Týdeník Vysočina
4937:Tachovská Jiskra
4919:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4892:
4879:
4874:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4848:on 15 March 2017
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4819:. Archived from
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4717:
4711:
4698:
4685:
4684:
4662:
4627:
4626:
4606:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4500:. Archived from
4489:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4449:
4443:. Archived from
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4416:
4409:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4301:
4293:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4277:(in Portuguese).
4274:Folha de S.Paulo
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4242:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4192:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4167:. Archived from
4149:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4033:. Archived from
4031:"About the CRTC"
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3962:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3859:
3853:
3841:
3835:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3799:
3788:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3757:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3734:
3729:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3709:
3700:
3699:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3674:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3618:
3609:
3608:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3490:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3347:
3307:Propaganda model
3267:Media proprietor
3237:Mainstream media
3137:, acquired many
3100:Paramount Global
3080:record companies
3070:merging to form
3066:and CBS Corp.'s
3036:21st Century Fox
3028:News Corporation
3001:
2986:
2947:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2927:
2896:
2888:
2708:Evening Standard
2389:Paolo Berlusconi
2380:
2288:Irish Daily Star
2134:Axel Springer AG
2101:is published by
2043:Blesk TV Magazin
1995:Rádio Classic FM
1950:Kaprain Chemical
1928:
1825:EU Member States
1803:Paramount Global
1682:within Europe."
1588:mainstream media
1560:Brazilian states
1546:Internet portals
1466:
1463:Folha de S.Paulo
1356:CBC/Radio-Canada
1165:The Evening Post
766:Paramount Global
703:Paramount Global
658:, also known as
637:
630:
623:
602:
601:
600:
477:Propaganda model
472:Public relations
51:
37:
21:
6868:
6867:
6863:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6857:
6828:
6827:
6826:
6821:
6807:Media franchise
6780:
6724:
6686:
6642:Culture jamming
6608:
6594:Walter Lippmann
6553:
6522:
6466:
6416:
6380:
6371:Media pluralism
6332:
6256:
6251:
6221:
6213:
6211:
6201:
6195:
6180:
6174:
6159:
6153:
6140:
6124:
6112:
6097:
6091:
6076:
6070:
6055:
6049:
6034:
6028:
6013:
6007:
5992:
5986:
5971:
5965:
5948:
5928:
5913:
5905:
5903:
5891:
5885:
5870:
5864:
5849:
5837:
5834:
5829:
5820:
5818:
5809:
5808:
5801:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5756:
5754:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5730:
5728:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5704:
5702:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5679:
5677:
5668:
5667:
5663:
5658:Wayback Machine
5649:
5645:
5636:
5634:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5612:
5610:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5587:
5585:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5559:
5557:
5548:
5547:
5543:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5517:
5513:
5504:
5502:
5501:. Freedom House
5498:
5494:
5493:
5486:
5478:
5474:
5465:
5463:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5436:
5427:
5422:
5421:
5414:
5402:
5397:
5396:
5387:
5377:
5375:
5360:
5359:
5348:
5338:
5336:
5328:
5323:
5322:
5311:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5286:
5284:
5275:
5274:
5265:
5260:Wayback Machine
5251:
5247:
5238:
5236:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5194:
5190:
5185:Wayback Machine
5176:
5172:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5146:Wayback Machine
5137:
5133:
5123:
5116:
5106:
5104:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5077:
5073:
5060:
5056:
5051:Wayback Machine
5042:
5038:
4985:Týdeník Ostrava
4945:Týdeník Chebsko
4929:Wayback Machine
4920:
4916:
4909:
4905:
4894:
4893:
4882:
4875:
4871:
4865:
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4851:
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4779:
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4754:
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4664:
4663:
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4507:
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4491:
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4477:
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4453:
4451:
4447:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4354:
4352:
4351:(in Portuguese)
4346:
4345:
4341:
4332:
4330:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4294:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4256:
4254:
4253:(in Portuguese)
4244:
4243:
4236:
4227:
4225:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4205:
4203:
4194:
4193:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4151:
4150:
4141:
4131:
4129:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4102:
4100:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4069:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4038:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4014:
4012:
4011:. Daniel Tencer
4002:
4001:
3997:
3988:
3986:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3955:
3948:
3946:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3872:
3870:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3851:Wayback Machine
3842:
3838:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3768:
3758:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3703:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3620:
3619:
3612:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3585:
3570:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3535:
3533:
3522:
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3514:
3505:
3503:
3492:
3491:
3484:
3475:
3473:
3462:
3461:
3454:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3341:
3336:
3252:Media democracy
3222:Gleichschaltung
3182:
3166:
3157:
3088:Fox Corporation
3044:
3023:
3018:
3012:
2995:
2980:
2948:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2913:
2897:
2886:
2866:Yediot Aharonot
2858:
2834:
2828:
2714:The Independent
2668:Richard Desmond
2616:(DMGT) own the
2553:Leveson Inquiry
2517:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2478:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2432:, known as the
2430:Margus Linnamäe
2422:Postimees Group
2415:
2407:
2391:, and another,
2374:
2349:
2343:
2335:SPIN South West
2255:
2250:
2249:
2229:
2221:
2131:
2077:) as well as 7
1938:and the Slovak
1922:
1856:Rheinische Post
1832:
1827:
1768:
1702:media pluralism
1634:media pluralism
1605:
1600:
1556:cross ownership
1525:Cross ownership
1467:
1460:
1445:
1438:
1410:Kent Commission
1318:
1312:
1298:(later part of
1280:and not on the
1233:small margin".
1150:
1108:South Australia
1096:New South Wales
1050:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1021:
995:cross-ownership
941:
928:
916:
911:
895:media pluralism
890:
888:Media pluralism
850:
838:
826:
810:
794:public interest
790:
774:
747:Lagardère Group
727:Fox Corporation
641:
598:
596:
376:Photojournalism
245:Interventionism
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6866:
6864:
6856:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6830:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6788:
6786:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6732:
6730:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6722:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6694:
6692:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6632:Cancel culture
6629:
6624:
6618:
6616:
6614:Counterculture
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6579:Edward Bernays
6576:
6571:
6565:
6563:
6559:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6534:Catch and kill
6530:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6515:
6513:Sensationalism
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6474:
6472:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6437:
6431:
6429:
6422:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6402:Bipartisanship
6399:
6397:American Dream
6394:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6351:
6346:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6242:
6235:
6227:
6220:
6219:
6199:
6193:
6178:
6172:
6157:
6151:
6138:
6110:
6095:
6089:
6074:
6068:
6053:
6047:
6032:
6026:
6011:
6005:
5990:
5984:
5969:
5963:
5946:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5926:
5911:
5889:
5883:
5868:
5862:
5847:
5839:"Belarus 2022"
5833:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5799:
5780:(5): 328–344.
5764:
5738:
5712:
5686:
5661:
5643:
5619:
5594:
5566:
5541:
5523:
5511:
5484:
5472:
5451:
5412:
5385:
5346:
5309:
5294:
5263:
5245:
5220:
5199:
5188:
5170:
5149:
5131:
5114:
5088:
5071:
5054:
5036:
5029:Moravský sever
5025:Hranický týden
5021:Nové Přerovské
4914:
4903:
4880:
4869:
4859:
4833:
4808:
4789:
4768:
4758:. Ec.europa.eu
4747:
4712:
4686:
4679:
4628:
4617:(3): 369–389.
4598:
4572:
4546:
4514:
4484:
4460:
4427:
4391:
4376:
4361:
4339:
4309:
4280:
4263:
4234:
4213:
4182:
4139:
4109:
4079:
4059:(2011-03-11).
4048:
4021:
3995:
3970:
3928:
3913:
3899:
3880:
3854:
3836:
3822:
3813:
3789:
3780:
3771:|journal=
3744:
3735:
3721:
3701:
3682:
3659:
3642:Monthly Review
3632:
3610:
3595:
3583:
3568:
3542:
3512:
3482:
3464:"Global Media"
3452:
3433:
3426:
3406:
3399:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3165:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3139:radio stations
3122:(now known as
3062:and Tribune's
3048:Edison's Trust
3043:
3040:
3022:
3019:
3014:Main article:
3011:
3008:
3004:Televisa Radio
2950:
2949:
2900:
2898:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2857:
2854:
2842:M. Karunanidhi
2832:Media of India
2827:
2824:
2733:radio stations
2719:Evgeny Lebedev
2521:Rupert Murdoch
2516:
2515:United Kingdom
2513:
2509:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2479:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2426:Ekspress Grupp
2416:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2399:Veronica Lario
2342:
2339:
2294:Sunday Tribune
2264:Evening Herald
2254:
2251:
2230:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2163:ProSiebenSat.1
2139:Springerpresse
2130:
2127:
2123:tabloidization
2083:
2082:
2047:Blesk pro ženy
2014:
1988:radio stations
1943:
1854:(Mediengruppe
1836:Czech Republic
1831:
1830:Czech Republic
1828:
1826:
1823:
1815:digitalization
1767:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1614:European Union
1612:(CoE) and the
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1590:as attacks on
1568:
1567:
1549:
1542:Santa Catarina
1521:
1506:
1495:cable networks
1458:
1437:
1434:
1314:Main article:
1311:
1308:
1274:TVNZ Heartland
1149:
1146:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
968:state channels
940:
937:
927:
924:
915:
912:
910:
907:
889:
886:
862:trade barriers
849:
846:
837:
834:
825:
822:
818:internet usage
813:Net neutrality
809:
806:
789:
786:
773:
770:
643:
642:
640:
639:
632:
625:
617:
614:
613:
612:
611:
606:
591:
590:
589:
588:
583:
578:
576:News presenter
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
540:
539:
535:
534:
533:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
494:
493:
487:
486:
485:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
421:
420:
416:
415:
414:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
356:New Journalism
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
326:Human-interest
323:
318:
313:
308:
306:Digital/Online
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
238:
230:
229:
225:
224:
223:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
134:
133:
129:
128:
127:
126:
121:
116:
111:
109:Sensationalism
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
78:code of ethics
71:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6865:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6783:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6727:
6721:
6720:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6708:Mediatization
6706:
6704:
6703:Media studies
6701:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6689:
6683:
6682:Strike action
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6647:Demonstration
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6560:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6525:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6469:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6419:
6413:
6412:Pensée unique
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6383:
6377:
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6365:
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6360:
6357:
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6355:
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6350:
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6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6278:Digital media
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6254:Media culture
6248:
6243:
6241:
6236:
6234:
6229:
6228:
6225:
6210:
6206:
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6200:
6196:
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6179:
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6164:
6158:
6154:
6148:
6144:
6139:
6135:
6129:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6111:0-375-71449-9
6107:
6103:
6102:
6096:
6092:
6086:
6082:
6081:
6075:
6071:
6065:
6061:
6060:
6054:
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6044:
6040:
6039:
6033:
6029:
6023:
6019:
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6002:
5998:
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5991:
5987:
5981:
5977:
5976:
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5966:
5960:
5955:
5954:
5947:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5935:
5929:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5912:
5902:on 2011-07-23
5901:
5897:
5896:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5855:
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5632:
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5604:
5598:
5595:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5570:
5567:
5556:
5552:
5545:
5542:
5538:. 2011-03-03.
5537:
5533:
5527:
5524:
5521:, p. 16.
5520:
5515:
5512:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5482:, p. 11.
5481:
5476:
5473:
5461:
5455:
5452:
5447:
5441:
5433:
5426:
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5417:
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4907:
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4887:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4847:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4823:on 2017-03-23
4822:
4818:
4812:
4809:
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4800:
4793:
4790:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4757:
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4703:
4697:
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4682:
4680:9786155211850
4676:
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4620:
4616:
4612:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4588:on 2013-01-18
4587:
4583:
4576:
4573:
4562:on 2012-10-22
4561:
4557:
4550:
4547:
4536:on 2012-06-01
4535:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4518:
4515:
4504:on 2013-10-29
4503:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4485:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4450:on 2013-10-29
4446:
4442:
4438:
4431:
4428:
4417:on 2011-11-13
4413:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4392:
4387:
4380:
4377:
4372:
4365:
4362:
4350:
4343:
4340:
4329:on 2013-12-12
4328:
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3617:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3599:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3569:9781351309363
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3552:Media Mergers
3546:
3543:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3489:
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3380:
3374:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3338:
3333:
3332:Western media
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
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3258:
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3250:
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3208:
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3200:
3198:
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3193:
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3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:Film industry
3041:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3020:
3017:
3010:United States
3009:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2946:
2943:
2935:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2901:This section
2899:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2779:but also for
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2679:Daily Express
2675:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2648:and formerly
2647:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2601:Daily Express
2597:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2571:Sunday Mirror
2567:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2413:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2354:, the former
2353:
2348:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2327:Dublin's 98FM
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:Denis O'Brien
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2193:Gruner + Jahr
2190:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2103:Respekt Media
2100:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2076:
2075:Sport Magazin
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:Nedělní Sport
2060:
2059:Nedělní Blesk
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1979:music channel
1976:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1961:Lidové noviny
1957:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:, the Polish
1933:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1763:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
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1745:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1557:
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1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
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1479:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1457:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1388:National Post
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1185:Auckland Star
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:Dominion Post
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:
996:
993:New types of
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
969:
965:
961:
957:
950:
945:
938:
936:
933:
932:consolidation
925:
923:
921:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
896:
887:
885:
883:
877:
873:
872:regulations.
871:
870:protectionist
867:
863:
858:
854:
847:
845:
843:
835:
833:
831:
823:
821:
819:
814:
807:
805:
803:
799:
795:
787:
785:
783:
779:
771:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
649:
638:
633:
631:
626:
624:
619:
618:
616:
615:
610:
607:
605:
595:
594:
593:
592:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
571:Meteorologist
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
542:
541:
536:
531:
528:
526:
525:News agencies
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
505:
501:
498:
497:
496:
495:
492:
488:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
462:
461:False balance
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
432:Fourth Estate
430:
428:
425:
424:
423:
422:
419:Social impact
417:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
381:Press release
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
341:Investigative
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
316:Fact-checking
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
281:Collaborative
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
246:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
232:
231:
226:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
155:Entertainment
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
136:
135:
130:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
64:Writing style
62:
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6812:Post-Fordism
6802:Mass society
6771:Transparency
6740:
6717:
6584:Noam Chomsky
6562:Philosophers
6508:Recuperation
6493:Media circus
6483:Dumbing down
6349:Media policy
6323:Social media
6212:. Retrieved
6203:
6183:
6162:
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6100:
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5900:the original
5894:
5873:
5852:
5842:
5832:Bibliography
5819:. Retrieved
5815:
5777:
5773:
5767:
5755:. Retrieved
5752:academia.edu
5751:
5741:
5729:. Retrieved
5727:. 2013-06-28
5724:
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5699:
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5678:. Retrieved
5674:
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5635:, retrieved
5629:
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5611:. Retrieved
5609:. 2010-03-25
5606:
5597:
5586:. Retrieved
5581:The Guardian
5579:
5569:
5558:. Retrieved
5554:
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5454:
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5281:the original
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4821:the original
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4502:the original
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4445:the original
4430:
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4412:the original
4401:CartaCapital
4394:
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4364:
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4342:
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4327:the original
4312:
4292:. São Paulo.
4289:
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4255:. Retrieved
4226:. Retrieved
4224:. 2007-10-12
4216:
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4130:. Retrieved
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4039:. Retrieved
4035:the original
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4008:
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3943:
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3528:
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3502:. April 2001
3497:
3474:. Retrieved
3472:. April 2001
3467:
3446:
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3436:
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3409:
3389:
3382:
3373:
3358:
3350:free content
3342:
3202:Deregulation
3174:
3167:
3158:
3128:
3108:NBCUniversal
3106:(which owns
3098:(which owns
3078:") of major
3045:
3024:
2975:
2964:
2953:
2938:
2929:
2914:Please help
2902:
2859:
2838:Kalaignar TV
2835:
2801:Capital Xtra
2755:
2737:
2723:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2683:
2677:
2673:OK! magazine
2671:
2670:used to own
2666:
2661:The Guardian
2659:
2658:
2654:Global Radio
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
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2605:
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2595:OK! magazine
2593:
2589:Daily Record
2587:
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2565:Daily Mirror
2563:
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2538:Sunday Times
2536:
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2282:Sunday World
2280:
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2202:
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1990:
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1936:Polskapresse
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1630:human rights
1618:media policy
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1472:broadcasting
1469:
1465:, 10/14/2001
1450:
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1394:Paul Godfrey
1386:
1371:Osprey Media
1363:CHUM Limited
1360:
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1300:TelstraClear
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830:contemporary
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581:Photographer
515:TV and radio
447:Infotainment
437:Fifth Estate
336:Interpretive
286:Comics-based
6691:In academia
6677:Review bomb
6498:Media event
6435:Advertising
6407:Consumerism
6328:State media
5637:October 19,
4965:Týden u nás
4728:(3): 1–17.
4095:. Toronto.
3131:iHeartMedia
3120:Cablevision
2996: [
2981: [
2971:Cadena Tres
2932:August 2010
2862:Arnon Mozes
2860:In Israel,
2813:Bauer Media
2811:as well as
2583:Sunday Mail
2384:Il Giornale
2375: [
2204:Der Spiegel
2185:Bertelsmann
2157:and in the
2095:The weekly
2079:web portals
2051:Blesk Hobby
1991:Expresradio
1940:Petit Press
1923: [
1899:shareholder
1513:soap operas
1336:Bell Canada
1250:The Edge TV
1194:became the
1148:New Zealand
1126:Media Watch
1076:pop culture
956:Arab region
743:Grupo Globo
695:Bertelsmann
566:Copy editor
396:Underground
311:Explanatory
236:Adversarial
205:Video games
160:Environment
99:Attribution
94:News values
89:Objectivity
6853:Media bias
6832:Categories
6756:Media bias
6657:Occupation
6589:Guy Debord
6471:Techniques
6440:Propaganda
6337:Principles
6313:News media
6293:Mass media
6214:2011-05-02
5906:2011-09-05
5821:2016-12-12
5680:2016-12-12
5613:2010-03-25
5588:2009-01-21
5560:2020-08-22
5505:2024-03-17
5466:2024-03-17
5239:2008-12-13
4973:Nový život
4827:2017-03-23
4762:2013-10-06
4592:2013-01-01
4566:2012-10-16
4540:2013-01-01
4508:2012-10-16
4478:2012-10-16
4454:2012-10-16
4421:2012-04-05
4355:2012-04-08
4333:2012-04-08
4257:2012-04-08
4228:2016-03-24
4206:10 October
4175:10 October
4132:14 January
4103:2010-09-11
4072:24 October
4041:23 October
4015:2016-12-12
3989:2013-04-30
3536:2009-10-10
3506:2009-10-10
3476:2009-10-10
3242:Media bias
3124:Altice USA
3002:, and the
2830:See also:
2805:Classic FM
2781:Capital FM
2685:Daily Star
2682:, and the
2650:GCap Media
2619:Daily Mail
2607:Daily Star
2604:, and the
2490:censorship
2372:Publitalia
1574:office in
1503:affiliates
1425:amendments
1406:news media
1398:Bell Media
1379:Shaw Media
1284:platform.
1157:Wellington
1104:Queensland
1037:pluralism.
964:satellites
802:corruption
668:mass media
500:Newspapers
491:News media
457:Media bias
361:Non-profit
346:Multimedia
266:Churnalism
195:Technology
104:Defamation
41:Journalism
6736:Anonymity
6445:Fake news
6421:Deception
6318:Old media
6303:New media
6128:cite book
5920:. Verso.
5794:225628947
5705:9 January
5633:, Haaretz
5519:IREX 2022
5480:IREX 2022
5287:9 January
5213:9 January
5163:9 January
5107:9 January
4900:. MAVISE.
4782:9 January
4742:167929232
4298:cite book
3983:NZ Herald
3959:cite news
3949:9 January
3894:NZ Herald
3873:31 August
3648:(10): 1.
3578:241334318
3287:Old media
3164:Venezuela
3032:News Corp
2903:does not
2850:Sakshi TV
2751:Channel 5
2747:Channel 4
2694:Channel 5
2690:Reach plc
2532:The Times
2394:Il Foglio
2368:Mondadori
2331:SPIN 1038
2189:RTL Group
2111:Czech TV2
2107:Czech TV1
1966:freesheet
1915:PNS, a.s.
1891:ŠÍP EXTRA
1874:in 2013.
1534:RBS Group
1487:oligopoly
1188:in 1991,
1179:Limited.
1042:Australia
920:pluralism
866:subsidies
782:oligopoly
711:News Corp
684:new media
551:Columnist
510:Magazines
427:Fake news
351:Narrative
331:Immersion
291:Community
261:Broadcast
6785:Synonyms
6776:Violence
6652:Graffiti
6385:Ideology
6120:47971712
5856:. SAGE.
5816:BBC News
5731:June 29,
5725:BBC News
5654:Archived
5607:BBC News
5584:. London
5555:BBC News
5536:BBC News
5378:24 March
5339:24 March
5256:Archived
5233:BBC News
5181:Archived
5142:Archived
5101:Archived
5047:Archived
4977:Slovácko
4933:CV Týden
4925:Archived
4852:12 March
4097:Archived
4066:CBC News
3925:. Stuff.
3847:Archived
3352:work. (
3180:See also
3076:Big Four
3060:Sony BMG
3058:to form
2956:Televisa
2777:LBC News
2761:Sky News
2725:BBC News
2498:Slovenia
2364:Mediaset
2360:de facto
2323:Today FM
2319:Newstalk
2174:Dziennik
2150:Die Welt
2119:Prima TV
2025:24 hodin
2021:tabloids
2011:Agrofert
1911:Metropol
1903:Astrosat
1864:Agrofert
1720:and the
1576:Brasília
1501:and its
1499:TV Globo
1461:Lobato,
1459:—
1352:Quebecor
1302:and now
1282:Freeview
1202:and the
1196:Auckland
1100:Victoria
980:boycotts
693:include
680:Internet
520:Internet
411:Watchdog
301:Database
256:Blogging
251:Analytic
241:Advocacy
180:Politics
170:Medicine
145:Business
6761:Privacy
6667:Protest
6622:Boycott
6488:Framing
5845:. 2022.
4805:. 2009.
4496:(ed.).
4471:(ed.).
4439:(ed.).
4403:(ed.).
4321:(ed.).
4249:(ed.).
4057:CBCNews
3339:Sources
3148:markets
3104:Comcast
2924:removed
2909:sources
2797:Radio X
2526:The Sun
2468:Belarus
2450:Romania
2253:Ireland
2129:Germany
2115:NOVA TV
2098:Respekt
1907:Melinor
1868:Ringier
1834:In the
1564:O Globo
1137:(SBS).
1024:Armenia
772:Mergers
715:Comcast
556:Blogger
391:Tabloid
366:Opinion
271:Citizen
215:Weather
200:Traffic
185:Science
165:Fashion
84:Culture
68:Five Ws
6729:Issues
6527:Others
6191:
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6108:
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3072:The CW
3064:The WB
2960:Azteca
2884:Mexico
2856:Israel
2846:Sun TV
2789:Smooth
2769:Global
2698:Viacom
2676:, the
2598:, the
2405:Latvia
2219:Greece
2179:Polsat
2155:Saxony
2067:Reflex
1986:, the
1838:about
1805:, and
1792:Sanoma
1772:MAVISE
1722:greens
1716:, the
1643:, the
1598:Europe
1572:UNESCO
1436:Brazil
1392:s CEO
1367:CityTV
1310:Canada
1292:pay TV
1270:TVNZ U
1078:news.
1005:Amazon
988:Europe
976:Africa
958:, the
824:Issues
764:, and
735:Amazon
674:where
561:Editor
406:Visual
386:Sensor
228:Genres
190:Sports
74:Ethics
6428:Forms
6261:Media
5790:S2CID
5757:4 Aug
5499:(PDF)
5434:: 32.
5428:(PDF)
5403:(PDF)
5329:(PDF)
5079:Czech
5062:Czech
4803:(PDF)
4738:S2CID
4448:(pdf)
4415:(PDF)
4408:(PDF)
3808:(PDF)
3716:(PDF)
3574:S2CID
3449:: 31.
3366:Notes
3000:]
2985:]
2870:Vesty
2826:India
2785:Heart
2637:Metro
2560:Reach
2543:BSkyB
2463:risk.
2379:]
2341:Italy
2198:Stern
2071:Sport
2038:Blesk
1975:14dní
1970:Metro
1946:Mafra
1927:]
1895:Deník
1848:Mafra
1266:TVNZ6
1262:TVNZ7
1248:(now
949:Tunis
778:media
538:Roles
401:Video
371:Peace
321:Gonzo
276:Civic
220:World
175:Music
132:Areas
6672:Punk
6457:Spin
6189:ISBN
6168:ISBN
6147:ISBN
6134:link
6116:OCLC
6106:ISBN
6085:ISBN
6064:ISBN
6043:ISBN
6022:ISBN
6001:ISBN
5980:ISBN
5959:ISBN
5922:ISBN
5879:ISBN
5858:ISBN
5759:2015
5733:2013
5707:2016
5639:2015
5446:link
5380:2017
5341:2017
5289:2016
5215:2016
5165:2016
5109:2016
4854:2017
4784:2016
4675:ISBN
4304:link
4208:2009
4177:2009
4134:2012
4074:2011
4043:2011
3965:link
3951:2016
3875:2011
3775:help
3756:(5).
3564:ISBN
3422:ISBN
3395:ISBN
2987:and
2958:and
2907:any
2905:cite
2874:Ynet
2793:Gold
2775:and
2749:and
2731:and
2705:The
2622:and
2586:and
2574:and
2535:and
2443:LETA
2333:and
2285:and
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2144:Bild
2117:and
2109:and
2033:Aha!
2001:and
1993:and
1983:Óčko
1955:Dnes
1905:and
1889:and
1862:and
1846:and
1811:IPTV
1704:and
1628:and
1570:The
1540:and
1369:and
1342:and
1244:and
1230:NZME
1228:and
1222:NZME
1214:NZPA
1163:and
1110:and
1066:and
930:The
796:and
296:Data
150:Data
140:Arts
59:News
5782:doi
4730:doi
4619:doi
3650:doi
3556:doi
3170:VTV
3144:FCC
3110:),
3102:),
3068:UPN
3056:BMG
2989:SKY
2918:by
2878:HOT
2821:BBC
2773:LBC
2743:ITV
2646:ITN
2307:TV3
2303:TG4
2299:RTÉ
2029:Abc
2007:PNS
1887:ŠÍP
1840:80%
1788:RTL
1784:CME
1491:pay
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