127:
for media economics but they are not substitutable. Cultural economics includes a wide variety of activities that do not necessarily involve mediated dissemination such as museums, symphonies, operas, and festivals. At times these may cross over into media economic issues, such as when audio or video
420:
Quote – "Annually advertisers spend approximately $ 150 billion to sponsor TV and radio programs, in the hopes of making two-to-three times as much in return from media consumers who buy their products and services (Fox, 2002). From the 1970s to the 1990s, the daily number of ads targeted at the
115:
Within academia, the location of media economics research varies depending upon the tradition and history of the institution. In some universities it is located in schools of business or economics, whereas in others it is located in communication, media or journalism schools (or departments).
421:
average
American jumped from 560 to 3,000 (Fox, 2002). In that same time frame, the number of ads to which children were exposed increased from 20,000 per year (Adler et al., 1977) to more than 40,000 per year (Kunkel & Gantz, 1992; also see Strasburger, 2001).
88:, one of the founding fathers of the discipline. Since that time the field of inquiry has flourished and there are now hundreds of universities offering courses and programs in media economics. Other significant figures in the field have included
402:
In the United States, a report from the Radio
Advertising Bureau (RAB) states that in 2002, radio's revenue reached $ 19.4 billion, an increase of 5.7% from the $ 17.7 billion earned in 2001. For additional details see
78:, cultural, and economic implications. Regular study of media economic issues began in the 1970s but flourished in the 1980s with the addition of classes on the subject at U.S. and European universities.
148:
World Fact Book, which reports that "as of
January 2000, there are over 21,500 television stations and over 44,000 radio stations." (CIA World Fact Book references –
408:
802:
153:
149:
458:
672:
650:
624:
30:
of all types. Of particular concern to media economics are the economic policies and practices of media companies and disciplines including
141:
74:, competitive economic strategies, company economics, "media tax" and other issues are considered parts of the field. Media economics has
404:
771:
752:
733:
714:
691:
602:
579:
560:
541:
522:
503:
484:
160:
80:
807:
71:
787:
104:, Stuart McFadyen, Gillian Doyle, Karl Erik Gustafsson, Lucy Küng, Gregory Ferrell Lowe, Nadine Toussaint Desmoulins,
462:
436:
431:
171:
The
Commission has announced the following totals for broadcast stations licensed as of March 31, 2004
163:
provides a list of "Licensed
Broadcast Station Totals (Index) 1990 to Present," which may be found
513:
Alexander, Alison; Owers, James; Carveth, Rod; Hollifield, C. Ann; Greco, Albert N., eds. (2003).
97:
120:
101:
767:
748:
729:
710:
687:
668:
646:
620:
598:
575:
556:
537:
518:
499:
480:
89:
16:
Embodies economic theoretical and practical economic questions specific to media of all types
85:
63:
660:
639:
634:
612:
109:
796:
703:
591:
93:
43:
35:
140:
There is no definitive list of every radio and television station in the world. The
105:
67:
51:
164:
59:
31:
27:
457:
Bartholow, Bruce D.; Dill, Karen E.; Anderson, Kathryn B.; Lindsay, James J.
553:
Who Owns the Media: Competition and
Concentration in the Mass Media Industry
23:
55:
47:
684:
Corporate Media and the Threat to
Democracy (Open Media Pamphlet Series)
593:
The Media and
Entertainment Industries: Readings in Mass Communications
124:
145:
75:
705:
Rich Media, Poor
Democracy: Communication Politics in Dubious Times
128:
recordings are made of performances or museum holdings are put on
494:
Albarran, A. B.; Chan-Olmsted, S. M.; Wirth, M. O, eds. (2006).
477:
Media
Economics: Understanding Markets, Industries, and Concepts
439:, for the social and political consequences of media competition
39:
407:. Total broadcast revenues for 2001 were $ 54.4 billion, as
129:
70:
of media, media ownership and concentration, market share,
26:
theoretical and practical economic questions specific to
409:
reported by The Television Advertising Bureau (TVB)
702:
638:
590:
764:Media Firms: Structures, Operations, Performance
551:Compaine, Benjamin M.; Gomery, Douglas (2000).
726:The Economics and Financing of Media Companies
517:(3rd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
8:
358:
312:
274:
220:
174:
449:
617:The Television Will Be Revolutionized
7:
803:Economics of the arts and literature
745:Media Economics: Concepts and Issues
515:Media Economics: Theory and Practice
142:National Association of Broadcasters
84:began publishing in 1988, edited by
14:
459:"The Economics of Media Violence"
144:cites the estimate from the U.S.
709:. University of Illinois Press.
167:. According to the FCC report –
788:The Journal of Media Economics
762:Picard, Robert G., ed. (2002).
555:. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
498:. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
641:Understanding Media Industries
589:Greco, Albert N., ed. (1999).
326:FM TRANSLATORS & BOOSTERS
81:The Journal of Media Economics
1:
701:McChesney, Robert W. (1999).
682:McChesney, Robert W. (1997).
619:. New York University Press.
572:Understanding Media Economics
728:. Fordham University Press.
72:intellectual property rights
645:. Oxford University Press.
496:Handbook of Media Economics
479:(2nd ed.). Blackwell.
824:
743:Picard, Robert G. (1989).
724:Picard, Robert G. (2002).
637:; Havens, Timothy (2011).
532:Bagdikian, Ben H. (2004).
475:Albarran, Alan B. (2002).
663:; Gray, Jonathan (2011).
159:In the United States the
123:" is sometimes used as a
54:, mobile communications,
570:Doyle, Gillian (2002).
534:The New Media Monopoly
747:. Sage Publications.
597:. Allyn & Bacon.
574:. SAGE Publications.
437:Mediatization (media)
432:Broadcast syndication
405:RAB's Radio Fact Book
296:CLASS A VHF STATIONS
288:CLASS A UHF STATIONS
766:. Lawrence Erlbaum.
398:Advertising revenues
112:, and Stephen Lacy.
808:Mass media industry
415:Advertiser spending
360:
314:
276:
258:VHF EDUCATIONAL TV
250:UHF EDUCATIONAL TV
222:
176:
665:Television Studies
359:
313:
275:
242:VHF COMMERCIAL TV
234:UHF COMMERCIAL TV
221:
175:
121:cultural economics
102:Ghislain Deslandes
674:978-0-7456-5099-9
652:978-0-1953-9767-3
626:978-0-8147-5220-3
395:
394:
380:VHF LOW POWER TV
372:UHF LOW POWER TV
357:
356:
311:
310:
273:
272:
219:
218:
92:, Alan Albarran,
90:Steven S. Wildman
815:
777:
758:
739:
720:
708:
697:
678:
656:
644:
630:
608:
596:
585:
566:
547:
536:. Beacon Press.
528:
509:
490:
467:
466:
461:. Archived from
454:
361:
342:VHF TRANSLATORS
334:UHF TRANSLATORS
315:
277:
223:
177:
86:Robert G. Picard
64:public relations
823:
822:
818:
817:
816:
814:
813:
812:
793:
792:
784:
774:
761:
755:
742:
736:
723:
717:
700:
694:
681:
675:
661:Lotz, Amanda D.
659:
653:
635:Lotz, Amanda D.
633:
627:
613:Lotz, Amanda D.
611:
605:
588:
582:
569:
563:
550:
544:
531:
525:
512:
506:
493:
487:
474:
471:
470:
456:
455:
451:
446:
428:
417:
400:
204:FM EDUCATIONAL
138:
136:Worldwide media
20:Media economics
17:
12:
11:
5:
821:
819:
811:
810:
805:
795:
794:
791:
790:
783:
782:External links
780:
779:
778:
772:
759:
753:
740:
734:
721:
715:
698:
692:
686:. Open Media.
679:
673:
657:
651:
631:
625:
609:
603:
586:
580:
567:
561:
548:
542:
529:
523:
510:
504:
491:
485:
469:
468:
465:on 2003-07-28.
448:
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173:
172:
137:
134:
110:Amanda D. Lotz
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
820:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
798:
789:
786:
785:
781:
775:
773:0-8058-4165-2
769:
765:
760:
756:
754:0-8039-3502-1
750:
746:
741:
737:
735:0-8232-2174-1
731:
727:
722:
718:
716:0-252-02448-6
712:
707:
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693:1-888363-47-9
689:
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666:
662:
658:
654:
648:
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636:
632:
628:
622:
618:
614:
610:
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604:0-205-30010-3
600:
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587:
583:
581:0-7619-6874-1
577:
573:
568:
564:
562:0-8058-2936-9
558:
554:
549:
545:
543:0-8070-6187-5
539:
535:
530:
526:
524:0-8058-4580-1
520:
516:
511:
507:
505:0-8058-5004-X
501:
497:
492:
488:
486:0-8138-2124-X
482:
478:
473:
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328:
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252:
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157:
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147:
143:
135:
133:
131:
126:
122:
117:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:Bruce M. Owen
91:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:entertainment
41:
37:
36:news industry
33:
29:
25:
21:
763:
744:
725:
704:
683:
664:
640:
616:
592:
571:
552:
533:
514:
495:
476:
463:the original
452:
401:
158:
139:
118:
114:
106:Achour Fenni
98:Ben Compaine
79:
68:Deregulation
42:production,
19:
18:
60:advertising
797:Categories
667:. Polity.
444:References
119:The term "
46:programs,
32:journalism
196:FM RADIO
188:AM RADIO
52:broadcast
22:embodies
615:(2007).
426:See also
56:Internet
34:and the
24:economic
367:NUMBER
321:NUMBER
283:NUMBER
229:NUMBER
183:NUMBER
125:synonym
770:
751:
732:
713:
690:
671:
649:
623:
601:
578:
559:
540:
521:
502:
483:
388:TOTAL
350:TOTAL
304:TOTAL
266:TOTAL
215:13476
212:TOTAL
146:C.I.A.
76:social
391:2128
375:1605
364:TYPE
353:8579
345:2079
337:2658
329:3842
318:TYPE
280:TYPE
269:1744
226:TYPE
207:2471
199:6224
191:4781
180:TYPE
150:Radio
48:print
28:media
768:ISBN
749:ISBN
730:ISBN
711:ISBN
688:ISBN
669:ISBN
647:ISBN
621:ISBN
599:ISBN
576:ISBN
557:ISBN
538:ISBN
519:ISBN
500:ISBN
481:ISBN
383:523
307:610
299:112
291:498
261:127
253:255
245:589
237:773
165:here
62:and
40:film
161:FCC
152:,
130:CDs
799::
411:.
156:)
154:TV
132:.
108:,
100:,
96:,
66:.
58:,
50:,
38:,
776:.
757:.
738:.
719:.
696:.
677:.
655:.
629:.
607:.
584:.
565:.
546:.
527:.
508:.
489:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.