Journalism ethics and standards

1310:, by asking pointed questions and intensely probing certain questions. With outlets that otherwise strive for neutrality on political issues, the implied position is often uncontroversial—for example, that political corruption or abuse of children is wrong and perpetrators should be exposed and punished, that government money should be spent efficiently, or that the health of the public or workers or veterans should be protected. Advocacy journalists often use investigative journalism in support of a particular political position, or to expose facts that are only concerning to those with certain political opinions. Regardless of whether or not it is undertaken for a specific political faction, this genre usually puts a strong emphasis on factual accuracy, because the point of an in-depth investigation of an issue is to expose facts that spur change. Not all investigations seek to expose facts about a particular problem; some data-driven reporting does deep analysis and presents interesting results for the general edification of the audience which might be interpreted in different ways or which may contain a wealth of facts concerned with many different potential problems. A factually-constrained investigation with an implied public interest point of view may also find that the system under investigation is working well. 1459:

reporting of preliminary election results. In the United States, some news organizations feel that it is harmful to the democratic process to report exit poll results or preliminary returns while voting is still open. Such reports may influence people who vote later in the day, or who are in western time zones, in their decisions about how and whether or not to vote. There is also some concern that such preliminary results are often inaccurate and may be misleading to the public. Other outlets feel that this information is a vital part of the transparency of the election process, and see no harm (if not considerable benefit) in reporting it.

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journalism will continue to face challenges in the pursuit of that ideal, and the unbiased presentation of information must be a constant topic in editorial meetings and in frequent discussions between editors and reporters. The dissemination of information in today's journalism evolution means that newsrooms must be on point, not only for their own viability, but for the people who depend upon the information provided. Journalism, at its core, is a service occupation, meant to empower the populace with truth. The occupation carries with it an incredible onus, and one that no publisher, editor or journalist should ever take lightly.

42: 1443:, for instance, tends to print longer, more detailed, less speculative, and more thoroughly verified pieces a day or two later than many other newspapers. 24-hour television news networks tend to place much more emphasis on getting the "scoop". Here, viewers may switch channels at a moment's notice; with fierce competition for ratings and a large amount of airtime to fill, fresh material is very valuable. Because of the fast turn-around, reporters for these networks may be under considerable time pressure, which reduces their ability to verify information. 1300:

principle. It is the 14 Global Journalism Ethics ability to perceive and value our common humanity in the situations of life. It is respect for mankind's rational and moral capacities wherever and however, they are manifest. It is in our concrete dealings with others that we recognize humanity's common aspirations, vulnerabilities, and capacities, as well as its potential for suffering. In a fragmented world, cosmopolitanism focuses on what is fundamental—a common aspiration to life, liberty, justice, and goodness.

1416:. The South African Bill of Rights, and the constitutions of countries like Kenya which were inspired by the post-Apartheid constitution of South Africa, provide for rights to be limited in a similar manner to the Oakes test, as codified in section 36 of the South African Bill of Rights. In South Africa and the signatories to the ECHR, freedom of the press is also subject to specific enumerated limits prohibiting hate speech, propaganda for war, and defamation. 1750: 592: 747: 4909: 1284:, digression and other such techniques offer the reader insights not usually found in standard news reportage. However, authors in this branch of journalism still maintain ethical criteria such as factual and historical accuracy as found in standard news reporting. They venture outside the boundaries of standard news reporting in offering richly detailed accounts. One widely regarded author in the 1184: 861: 697:, crime victims' names, or information not materially related to the news report where the release of such information might, for example, harm someone's reputation or put them at undue risk. There has also been discussion and debate within the journalism community regarding appropriate reporting of suicide and mental health, particularly with regard to verbiage. 1557:

Offensive words may be partially obscured or bleeped. Potentially offensive images may be blurred or narrowly cropped. Descriptions may be substituted for pictures; graphic detail might be omitted. Disturbing content might be moved from a cover to an inside page, or from daytime to late evening when children are less likely to be watching.

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the depiction of war influences public opinion about the merits of continuing to fight, and about the policies or circumstances that precipitated the conflict. The amount of explicit violence and mutilation depicted in war coverage varies considerably from time to time, from organization to organization, and from country to country.

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feeds sometimes change the presentation of content depending on the consumer's expressed or inferred preferences or leanings. This has both been cheered as bypassing traditional "gatekeepers" and whatever biases they may have in favor of audience-centric selection criteria, but criticized as creating

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in the United Kingdom places a strong emphasis on political neutrality, but British newspapers more often tend to adopt political affiliations or leanings in both coverage and audience, sometimes explicitly. In the United States, major newspapers usually explicitly claim objectivity as a goal in news

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Publishers vigorously defend libel lawsuits filed against them. Truth is always a defense in libel. Courts in the U.S. generally do not rule in favor of the party claiming libel unless they can show that the journalist "published untrue information that hurt the reputation of an identifiable person,"

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in 2008 aimed at strengthening awareness of these issues within professional bodies. In 2013 the Ethical Journalism Network was founded by former IFJ General Secretary Aidan White. This coalition of international and regional media associations and journalism support groups campaigns for ethics, good

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that represent the official position of the organization. Despite the ostensible separation between editorial writing and news gathering, this practice may cause some people to doubt the political objectivity of the publication's news reporting. (Though usually unsigned editorials are accompanied by

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When certain distasteful or shocking material is considered important to the story, there are a variety of common methods for mitigating negative audience reaction. Advance warning of explicit or disturbing material may allow listeners or readers to avoid content they would rather not be exposed to.

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There are a number of finer points of journalistic procedure that foster disagreements in principle and variation in practice among "mainstream" journalists in the free press. Laws concerning libel and slander vary from country to country, and local journalistic standards may be tailored to fit. For

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whose role is, in part, to keep news organizations honest and accountable to the public. The ombudsman is intended to mediate in conflicts stemming from internal or external pressures, to maintain accountability to the public for news reported, to foster self-criticism, and to encourage adherence to

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For example, images and graphic descriptions of war are often violent, bloody, shocking and profoundly tragic. This makes certain content disturbing to some audience members, but it is precisely these aspects of war that some consider to be the most important to convey. Some argue that "sanitizing"

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are often focused on entertainment rather than news. A few have "news" stories that are so outrageous that they are widely read for entertainment purposes, not for information. Some tabloids do purport to maintain common journalistic standards but may fall far short in practice. Others make no such

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Anonymous sources are double-edged—they often provide especially newsworthy information, such as classified or confidential information about current events, information about a previously unreported scandal, or the perspective of a particular group that may fear retribution for expressing certain

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Cosmopolitan Journalism- The cosmopolitanism imperative that our primary ethical allegiance is to a borderless, moral community of humankind is often misunderstood. Therefore, it is important to say what it implies and what it does not. The claim of humanity is not the cognition of a cold abstract

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Every country presents its own unique aspects and sometimes challenges as far the codes correlated with Journalism codes today. "Truth", "accuracy", and "objectivity" are cornerstones of journalism ethics. Journalists are encouraged to maintain a degree of detachment from the religions, groups, or

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Journalism today is built off true, accurate and objective information. To remove those aspects would be damaging to the very core of not just journalism but also the very way information is spread and given to viewers and others all around the world. The audience will see the lack of ethics and

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Opinion surveys and statistical information deserve special treatment to communicate in precise terms any conclusions, to contextualize the results, and to specify accuracy, including estimated error and methodological criticism or flaws. Through this information can be properly analyzed and used

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ublic enlightenment is the forerunner of justice and the foundation of democracy. The duty of the journalist is to further those ends by seeking truth and providing a fair and comprehensive account of events and issues. Conscientious journalists from all media and specialties strive to serve the

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Other publications and many broadcast media only publish opinion pieces that are attributed to a particular individual (who may be an in-house analyst) or to an outside entity. One particularly controversial question is whether media organizations should endorse political candidates for office.

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simply due to the geographic distribution of the channels' respective audiences. It is a matter of debate whether this means that either network is less than objective, and that controversy is even more complicated when considering coverage of political stories for different audiences that have

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Despite modern journalism going back as far as 400 years ago, journalism became more of a necessity in some views in the 1900s. Newspapers function with the ideal of presenting "unbiased' information for the masses. The continual evolution of journalism, media and society as a whole, means that

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differ widely, and journalistic standards may vary accordingly. Different organizations may have different answers to questions about when it is journalistically acceptable to skirt, circumvent, or even break these regulations. Another example of differences surrounding harm reduction is the

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adopts a modified approach to objectivity; instead of being uninvolved spectators, the press is active in facilitating and encouraging public debate and examining claims and issues critically. This does not necessarily imply advocacy of a specific political party or position.

1368:, the above-described standards of journalism are less relevant for reporters than rules surrounding censorship and avoiding politically sensitive or taboo topics. Non-free media may be prohibited from criticising the national government, serve as a de facto distributor of 785:

Certain countries prefer to only have certain information put out and in certain contexts. In Islamic countries there is growing suspicion that journalism is fixed to only be positive for Islam, prompting Islam itself as the one and only truth its people should believe in.

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in the Bill of Rights. Under the First Amendment, the government is not allowed to censor the press. Unlike modern bills of rights like the Canadian Charter or the South African Bill of Rights, the rights enumerated in the US Constitution are written so as to be absolute.

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in search of justice. Harm limitation deals with the questions of whether everything learned should be reported and, if so, how. This principle of limitation means that some weight needs to be given to the negative consequences of full disclosure, creating a practical and

1479:. The degree to which these leanings influence cherry-picking of facts, factual accuracy, the predominance of non-news opinion and commentators, audience opinion of the issues and candidates covered, visual composition, tone and vocabulary of stories is hotly debated. 1485:

is generally used to select stories for print, broadcast, blogs, and web portals, including those that focus on a specific topic. To a large degree, news value depends on the target audience. For example, a minor story in the United States is more likely to appear on

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Accuracy is important as a core value and to maintain credibility, but especially in broadcast media, audience share often gravitates toward outlets that are reporting new information first. Different organizations may balance speed and accuracy in different ways.

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Another view is offered by Jesse Hearns-Branaman, he describes the basis of journalistic professionalism as a combination of professional socialisation and the capability for self criticism and scepticism while still following the idealised goals of journalism.

1713:'s Center for Ethics and Social Justice, provides some examples of typical ethical dilemmas reported to their ethical dilemma hotline and are typical of the kinds of questions faced by many professional journalists, including the following: 1467:

coverage, though most have separate editorial boards that endorse specific candidates and publish opinions on specific issues. Adherence to a claimed standard of objectivity is a constant subject of debate. For example, mainstream national

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Like many broader ethical systems, the ethics of journalism include the principle of "limitation of harm". This may involve enhanced respect for vulnerable groups and the withholding of certain details from reports, such as the names of

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Recognise that private people have a greater right to control information about themselves than do public officials and others who seek power, influence or attention. Only an overriding public need can justify intrusion into anyone's

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There are around 400 codes covering journalistic work around the world. While various codes may differ in the detail of their content and come from different cultural traditions, most share common elements including the principles of

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press has been criticized in recent years for excessive use of anonymous sources, in particular to report information that is later revealed to be unreliable. The use of anonymous sources increased markedly in the period before the

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hide their identities from the public because their statements would otherwise quickly be discredited. Thus, statements attributed to anonymous sources may carry more weight with the public than they might if they were attributed.

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images, etc.). Even with similar audiences, different organizations and even individual reporters have different standards and practices. These decisions often revolve around what facts are necessary for the audience to know.

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Freelance journalists and photographers accept cash to write about, or take photos of, events with the promise of attempting to get their work on the AP or other news outlets, from which they also will be paid. Is that

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Audiences have different reactions to depictions of violence, nudity, coarse language, or to people in any other situation that is unacceptable to or stigmatized by the local culture or laws (such as the consumption of

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is largely an information-gathering exercise, looking for facts that are not easy to obtain by simple requests and searches, or are actively being concealed, suppressed or distorted. Where investigative work involves

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The Action Plan, proposed, the EU authorities, is meant to propose a guide for identifying misinformation. The project seeks to target misinformation and produce unbiased and professional informational postings.

1096:, set up by UK newspapers and magazines. Such a body is capable of applying fairly consistent standards and of dealing with a higher volume of complaints but may not escape criticisms of being toothless. 2767: 1392:

on journalists. By interfering with the aforementioned obligations of journalistic ethics, these factors illustrate the extent to which ethics in journalism are shaped by the law surrounding journalism.

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Quality journalism that scrutinizes and criticizes social, political and economic authority is in a constant state of vulnerability to manipulation and censorship, particularly from those with money and

806:. The written codes and practical standards vary somewhat from country to country and organization to organization, but there is substantial overlap between mainstream publications and societies. The 782:

countries they are associated with, in order to minimize potential biases in their reporting. This separation is intended to mitigate the influence of personal biases on their journalistic writing.

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Defendants at trial are treated only as having "allegedly" committed crimes, until conviction, when their crimes are generally reported as fact (unless, that is, there is serious controversy about

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Events with a single eyewitness are reported with attribution. Events with two or more independent eyewitnesses may be reported as fact. Controversial facts are reported with attribution.

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in order to express themselves and reach a particular audience or market segment. These favor a subjective perspective and emphasize immersive experiences over objective facts.

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by another employee of the publisher is desirable. In 2018 "The Acton Plan" was created to help check information more effectively to hopefully get rid of false information.

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Should a reporter write a story about a local priest who confessed to a sex crime if it will cost the newspaper readers and advertisers who are sympathetic to the priest?

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which intentionally or unintentionally hides dissenting opinions and other content which might be important for the audience to see in order to avoid exposure bias and

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Private persons have privacy rights that must be balanced against the public interest in reporting information about them. Public figures have fewer privacy rights in

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which provides that rights are subject to such restrictions as can demonstrably be justified in a free and democratic society, from which courts have developed the

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Show compassion for those who may be affected adversely by news coverage. Use special sensitivity when dealing with children and inexperienced sources or subjects.

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Reporters have also been accused of indecency in the process of collecting news, namely that they are overly intrusive in the name of journalistic insensitivity.

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Corrections are published when errors are discovered. These corrections are called corrigendum in newspapers, they feature after on the next issue published.

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of ethics" and the "canons of journalism". The basic codes and canons commonly appear in statements by professional journalism associations and individual

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portal essentially chooses stories based on news value (though indirectly, through the choices of large numbers of independent outlets), users can set

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has reduced fidelity to the truth, and may contribute to a lack of needed context for public understanding. From outside the profession, the rise of

1988: 1331: 4710: 1798: 807: 1035:' code of ethics offers the following advice, which is representative of the practical ideas of most professional journalists. Quoting directly: 2663:

Hafez, Kai (April 2002). "Journalism Ethics Revisited: A Comparison of Ethics Codes in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Muslim Asia".

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There is often considerable controversy over these techniques, especially concern that obscuring or not reporting certain facts or details is

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have led the formulation and adoption of these standards, such codes can be found in news reporting organizations in most countries with

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Political endorsements create more opportunities to construe favoritism in reporting, and can create a perceived conflict of interest.

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Objectivity as a journalistic standard varies to some degree depending on the industry and country. For example, the government-funded

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Reporters are expected to be as accurate as possible given the time allotted to story preparation and the space available and to seek

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Is it ethical to make an appointment to interview an arsonist sought by police, without informing police in advance of the interview?

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to everyday questions such as accepting a dinner from a source, putting a bumper sticker on one's car, publishing a personal opinion

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Recognise that gathering and reporting information may cause harm or discomfort. Pursuit of the news is not a license for arrogance.

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Under what circumstances do you identify a person who was arrested as a relative of a public figure, such as a local sports star?

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Hearns-Branaman, Jesse Owen (February 17, 2013). "Journalistic professionalism as indirect control and fetishistic disavowal".

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Boswell, John; Corbett, Jack (June 2016). "How do journalists cope? Conspiracy in the everyday production of political news".

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may restrict reporting on issues the government deems sensitive. Similarly, media outlets reliant on corporate sponsorship,

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Can a journalist reveal a source of information after guaranteeing confidentiality if the source proves to be unreliable?

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to bring insight and depth into the often book-length treatment of the subjects about which they write. Such devices as

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are often accused of sacrificing accuracy and the personal privacy of their subjects in order to boost sales. The 2011

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Is it ethical for a reporter to write a news piece on the same topic after writing an opinion piece in the same paper?

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platforms can use criteria to choose stories which are different from traditional news values. For example, while the

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Many print publications take advantage of their wide readership and print persuasive pieces in the form of unsigned

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also reject some of the fundamental ethical traditions and will set aside the technical standards of journalistic

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There are also some wider concerns, as the media continues to change, that the brevity of news reports and use of

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public with thoroughness and honesty. Professional integrity is the cornerstone of a journalist's credibility.

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approved (in 1993) Resolution 1003 on the Ethics of Journalism, which recommends that journalists respect the

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During the normal course of an assignment a reporter might go about gathering facts and details, conducting

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Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe – Resolution 1003 (1993) on the ethics of journalism

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dealt with extremely difficult ethical dilemmas faced by journalists. Despite government intervention,

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channels in the United States claim political objectivity but to various degrees, Fox News has been

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both codified and uncodified ethics and standards. This position may be the same or similar to the

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Be sensitive when seeking or using interviews or photographs of those affected by tragedy or grief.

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may make it difficult or impossible for the reporter to verify the source's statements. Sometimes

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The primary themes common to most codes of journalistic standards and ethics are the following.

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and that the journalist was "either negligent or reckless in failing to check the information."

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One of the primary functions of journalism ethics is to aid journalists in dealing with many

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Ward, Stephen J. A. (March 2005). "Philosophical Foundations for Global Journalism Ethics".

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Some journalistic codes of ethics, notably some European codes, also include a concern with

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example, the United Kingdom has a broader definition of libel than does the United States.

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law, where reporters are immune from a civil case if they have reported without malice. In

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Balance a criminal suspect's fair trial rights with the public's right to be informed.

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that compromises objectivity and fidelity to the truth, and which does not serve the

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Be judicious about naming criminal suspects before the formal filing of charges.

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Reporting the truth is almost never libel, which makes accuracy very important.

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than a minor story in the Middle East which might be more likely to appear on

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In addition to codes of ethics, many news organizations maintain an in-house

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standards, making others question what is good, reliable information, or not.

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Be cautious about identifying juvenile suspects or victims of sex crimes.

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or even spying, it brings a large extra burden on ethical standards.

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Journal of Mass Media Ethics: Exploring Questions of Media Morality

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evacuees and shouted, "Anyone here been raped and speaks English?"

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In the United States, freedom of the press is protected under the

1321: 1285: 1019: 674: 2883:"Unnamed Sources: A Utilitarian Ex... preview & related info" 1450:, official secrets, and media disclosure of names and facts from 4481: 4397: 4243: 4238: 4198: 3415: 3220: 3171: 1673: 1627:, and even more if it resorts to covert methods more typical of 654: 548: 248: 51: 3720: 3118: 3065:

Editorial Guidelines – Section 1: The BBC's Editorial Standards

2700:"Press freedom in democratic South Africa is a fragile concept" 1495:

different political demographics (as with Fox News vs. MSNBC).

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UK – Press Complaints Commission – Codes of Practice

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on specific terms which define personal subjective interests.

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governance and self-regulation across all platforms of media.

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Italy – FNSI's La Carta dei Doveri (The Chart of Duties)

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opinions in the press. The downside is that the condition of

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Spain – FAPE's Código Deontológico (Deontological Code)

1126:

One of the most controversial issues in modern reporting is

649:

and good practice applicable to journalists. This subset of

4703:

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

1404:, and is protected as part of freedom of expression under 681:

and fact-based communications, independence, objectivity,

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a diversity of signed opinions from other perspectives.)

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section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

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section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

2197:

PACE Resolution 1003 (1993) on the Ethics of Journalism

758: 27:

Principles of ethics and of good practice in journalism

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often takes an implicit point of view on a particular

1153:

may be deliberately manipulated. Selective reporting (

1986:

Internews Europe: Media Awards – Good Journalism

1406:

Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights

1092:, an industry-wide self-regulation body, such as the 2484:

Vine, Josie; Batty, Craig; Muir, Rilke (July 2016).

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they may encounter. From highly sensitive issues of

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Show good taste. Avoid pandering to lurid curiosity.

4810: 4655: 4421: 4146: 4075: 3937: 3812: 3754: 3653: 3580: 3385: 3287: 3212: 3152: 2042:Ribeiro, Eudora; Granado, António (June 25, 2022). 2730:"What Does the First Amendment Mean to The Press?" 1161:) are very commonly alleged against newspapers. 1396:Freedom of the press is expressly protected by 722:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 2959:"Typical Questions Asked to Ethics AdviceLine" 1928:. Archived from the original on June 22, 2008. 3732: 3130: 2567:Writing and Reporting News: A Coaching Method 2377:Writing and Reporting News: A Coaching Method 1922:"APME – Statement of Ethical Principles" 830:. The Preamble to its Code of Ethics states: 822:on the subject of journalistic standards and 621: 8: 4679:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel 2595:(Podcast). Wondery. Event occurs at 40:01. 2214: 2212: 1582:recounts the story of a reporter during the 950:issue in the event of a wrongful conviction. 917:Accuracy and standards for factual reporting 738:Evolution and purpose of codes of journalism 2536:"Truth Is No Longer Absolute Libel Defense" 1212:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3739: 3725: 3717: 3137: 3123: 3115: 1892:"Global Charter of Ethics for Journalists" 1388:laws, the risk of lawsuit may also have a 685:, fairness, respect for others and public 628: 614: 29: 2639: 1961:Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ) 1719:Is lack of proper attribution plagiarism? 1428:Variations, violations, and controversies 1342:Some publications deliberately engage in 1232:Learn how and when to remove this message 1149:contributes to the real possibility that 901:Learn how and when to remove this message 841:Radio Television Digital News Association 1332:News International phone hacking scandal 728:, in particular in cases that are still 4711:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 3026:Statement of News Values and Principles 2770:from the original on September 23, 2019 2620:Australian Journal of Political Science 1866:American Society of News Editors (ASNE) 1850: 1799:International Federation of Journalists 1033:The Society of Professional Journalists 808:International Federation of Journalists 653:is known as journalism's professional " 530: 482: 411: 220: 124: 32: 2965:from the original on December 31, 2008 2939:from the original on February 13, 2010 2913:from the original on November 24, 2014 2465:from the original on November 23, 2021 2295:from the original on November 23, 2021 2265:from the original on November 23, 2021 2173:"Brazil – FENAJ's Code of Ethics" 2074:from the original on December 13, 2022 1931: 1856: 1854: 1806:, on the democratic role of journalism 1360:Relationship with freedom of the press 2961:. Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists. 2933:"New York Times Co. v. United States" 2435:from the original on October 27, 2023 1951: 1949: 1902:from the original on February 9, 2021 7: 3075:Journalistic Standards and Practices 2856:"In Praise of Insensitive Reporters" 2837:from the original on October 5, 2020 2710:from the original on January 3, 2022 1210:adding citations to reliable sources 1138:, regularly engage in the practice. 883:adding citations to reliable sources 4727:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 3059:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3036:Standards, Values & Style Guide 3020:Society of Professional Journalists 2740:from the original on April 26, 2017 2589:"All Children, Except One, Grow Up" 2516:from the original on April 17, 2023 2321:from the original on March 15, 2015 1967:from the original on March 20, 2018 1699:New York Times Co. v. United States 1165:Attempts to identify misinformation 828:Society of Professional Journalists 2698:Maharaj, Brij (October 18, 2021). 2599:from the original on July 31, 2023 2403:Cavaliere, Paolo (December 2020). 1272:and literary devices more akin to 25: 3095:Editorial Standards and Practices 3079:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 3055:Editorial Policies & Guidance 2546:from the original on June 7, 2010 2540:Media & Communications Policy 1707:Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists 1531:Taste, decency, and acceptability 818:One of the leading voices in the 643:Journalistic ethics and standards 4908: 4907: 3069:British Broadcasting Corporation 2795:The Journal of American Folklore 1748: 1182: 1100:Ethics and standards in practice 967:Slander and libel considerations 859: 745: 590: 40: 3045:Editorial and Ethical Standards 2992:Journalism ethics and standards 2935:. Legal Information Institute. 2178:(in Portuguese). Archived from 2121:(see item 12, "Discrimination") 870:needs additional citations for 4695:The Theory of Moral Sentiments 4065:Value monism – Value pluralism 2823:10.5406/jamerfolk.133.529.0329 2807:10.5406/jamerfolk.133.529.0329 1830:Organisation of News Ombudsmen 1789:History of American newspapers 1769:Chinese wall § Journalism 1083:Organisation of News Ombudsmen 1: 3202:Pundit / commentator 2632:10.1080/10361146.2016.1143447 2502:10.1080/14682753.2016.1248193 2421:10.1080/17577632.2020.1869486 2060:10.1080/1461670X.2022.2091642 1784:Ethical Journalism Initiative 1446:Laws with regard to personal 1174:Genres, ethics, and standards 812:Ethical Journalism Initiative 579:Pundit / commentator 4759:On the Genealogy of Morality 4719:Critique of Practical Reason 3006:Resources in other libraries 2899:10.1080/08900523.2011.606006 2593:Think Twice: Michael Jackson 2221:Journal of Mass Media Ethics 1660:Examples of ethical dilemmas 1473:accused of conservative bias 1402:South African Bill of Rights 1292:, as with her book on boxer 704:references in news based on 117:Index of journalism articles 3704:List of journalism articles 3099:Public Broadcasting Service 2233:10.1207/s15327728jmme2001_2 2032:) Retrieved on June 9, 2009 1586:who walked into a crowd of 1094:Press Complaints Commission 4950: 4687:A Treatise of Human Nature 1103: 970: 4903: 3701: 3001:Resources in your library 2677:10.1080/10584600252907461 2490:Journal of Media Practice 2187:(see Article 6, item XIV) 2030:Harm limitation principle 1995:Retrieved on June 9, 2009 1938:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1862:"Statement of Principles" 1840:Reporters Without Borders 1764:Brown envelope journalism 1711:Loyola University Chicago 1376:. Various other forms of 998:Harm limitation principle 794:While journalists in the 716:, and physical or mental 602:Category: Journalism 4038:Universal prescriptivism 2893:(4). Mendeley: 297–315. 2354:10.1177/1464884912474202 1825:Order of the Occult Hand 1820:Objectivity (journalism) 1616:Investigative journalism 1594:Campaigning in the media 1514:, news aggregators, and 1304:Investigative journalism 810:(IFJ) launched a global 726:presumption of innocence 3827:Artificial intelligence 3162:Journalists (reporters) 2881:Duffy, Matt J. (2011). 2861:April 20, 2007, at the 2665:Political Communication 1779:Code of ethics in media 1477:accused of liberal bias 1334:is an example of this. 645:comprise principles of 539:Journalists (reporters) 3273:Editorial independence 2315:"RTDNA Code of Ethics" 1400:and section 16 of the 1065: 837: 107:Editorial independence 4751:The Methods of Ethics 3989:Divine command theory 3984:Ideal observer theory 3629:Pink-slime journalism 3614:Horse race journalism 3089:National Public Radio 2789:Peck, Andrew (2020). 2766:. December 18, 2013. 2565:Rich, Carole (2013). 2375:Rich, Carole (2013). 2154:June 2, 2013, at the 2006:"Truth and the Media" 1963:. September 6, 2014. 1794:History of journalism 1654:2003 invasion of Iraq 1621:undercover journalism 1611:Investigative methods 1364:In countries without 1037: 832: 597:Journalism portal 460:Pink-slime journalism 445:Horse race journalism 4868:Political philosophy 3604:Freedom of the press 3049:Agence France-Presse 2409:Journal of Media Law 2160:Principios Generales 2136:(section "Principi") 1957:"SPJ Code of Ethics" 1835:Parachute journalism 1366:freedom of the press 1336:Supermarket tabloids 1245:Advocacy journalists 1206:improve this section 1132:checkbook journalism 1110:checkbook journalism 1088:An alternative is a 879:improve this article 804:freedom of the press 669:news organizations. 435:Freedom of the press 18:Media responsibility 4838:Evolutionary ethics 4799:Reasons and Persons 4775:A Theory of Justice 3929:Uncertain sentience 3666:Newspaper of record 3105:Editorial Standards 2459:web.p.ebscohost.com 2289:web.p.ebscohost.com 2259:web.p.ebscohost.com 2185:on October 3, 2009. 1815:New York Press Club 1687:The Washington Post 1372:, and/or engage in 1328:Tabloid journalists 1266:literary journalism 1262:Creative nonfiction 1106:journalism scandals 954:without heavy bias. 944:wrongful conviction 497:Newspaper of record 4833:Ethics in religion 4828:Descriptive ethics 4663:Nicomachean Ethics 2202:2009-06-26 at the 2117:2012-12-14 at the 2098:2009-06-26 at the 2048:Journalism Studies 1991:2009-12-15 at the 1774:Citizen journalism 1693:The New York Times 1629:private detectives 1440:The New York Times 800:European countries 757:. You can help by 714:sexual orientation 4934:Journalism ethics 4921: 4920: 4888:Social philosophy 4873:Population ethics 4863:Philosophy of law 4843:History of ethics 4326:Political freedom 4003:Euthyphro dilemma 3794:Suffering-focused 3714: 3713: 3692:Alternative media 3644:Yellow journalism 3278:Journalism school 3109:Radio New Zealand 2987:Library resources 2865:by Jack Schafer, 2587:(June 26, 2023). 2386:978-1-111-34444-3 2054:(11): 1377–1395. 2018:on March 30, 2012 1756:Journalism portal 1670:national security 1577:War correspondent 1382:sponsored content 1290:Joyce Carol Oates 1268:use the power of 1242: 1241: 1234: 1122:yellow journalism 1012:background checks 911: 910: 903: 790:Codes of practice 775: 774: 638: 637: 523:Alternative media 475:Yellow journalism 112:Journalism school 16:(Redirected from 4941: 4911: 4910: 4858:Moral psychology 4803: 4795: 4787: 4783:Practical Ethics 4779: 4771: 4767:Principia Ethica 4763: 4755: 4747: 4739: 4731: 4723: 4715: 4707: 4699: 4691: 4683: 4675: 4671:Ethics (Spinoza) 4667: 4306:Moral imperative 3764:Consequentialism 3741: 3734: 3727: 3718: 3639:Propaganda model 3634:Public relations 3139: 3132: 3125: 3116: 3030:Associated Press 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2878: 2872: 2871:, April 17, 2007 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2801:(529): 329–351. 2786: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2764:Democratic Audit 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2643: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2496:(2/3): 232–249. 2481: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2400: 2391: 2390: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2216: 2207: 2194: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2177: 2169: 2163: 2147: 2143: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2109: 2103: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2017: 2011:. Archived from 2010: 2002: 1996: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1953: 1944: 1943: 1937: 1929: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1888: 1882: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1872:on April 7, 2015 1868:. Archived from 1858: 1758: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1666:ethical dilemmas 1546:illegal drug use 1454:cases and civil 1354:April Fool's Day 1318:Gonzo journalism 1255:Civic journalism 1237: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1186: 1178: 1159:double standards 1018:, and recording 924:reliable sources 906: 899: 895: 892: 886: 863: 855: 770: 767: 749: 742: 630: 623: 616: 595: 594: 593: 470:Propaganda model 465:Public relations 44: 30: 21: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4899: 4806: 4801: 4793: 4785: 4777: 4769: 4761: 4753: 4745: 4737: 4729: 4721: 4713: 4705: 4697: 4689: 4681: 4673: 4665: 4651: 4424: 4417: 4341:Self-discipline 4301:Moral hierarchy 4249:Problem of evil 4194:Double standard 4184:Culture of life 4142: 4071: 4018:Non-cognitivism 3933: 3808: 3750: 3745: 3715: 3710: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3649: 3648: 3647: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3536:Photojournalism 3405:Interventionism 3381: 3380: 3379: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3208: 3207: 3206: 3148: 3143: 3085:Ethics Handbook 3012: 3011: 3010: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2916: 2914: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2863:Wayback Machine 2854: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2713: 2711: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2602: 2600: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2402: 2401: 2394: 2387: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2339: 2338: 2334: 2324: 2322: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2268: 2266: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2218: 2217: 2210: 2206:(see clause 22) 2204:Wayback Machine 2195: 2191: 2182: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2156:Wayback Machine 2145: 2144: 2140: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2119:Wayback Machine 2110: 2106: 2102:(see clause 33) 2100:Wayback Machine 2091: 2087: 2077: 2075: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1993:Wayback Machine 1984: 1980: 1970: 1968: 1955: 1954: 1947: 1930: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1905: 1903: 1890: 1889: 1885: 1875: 1873: 1860: 1859: 1852: 1848: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1702:, 403 U.S. 713. 1682:Pentagon Papers 1662: 1613: 1596: 1566:public interest 1562:self-censorship 1533: 1430: 1421:First Amendment 1390:chilling effect 1374:self-censorship 1362: 1308:public interest 1238: 1227: 1221: 1218: 1203: 1187: 1176: 1167: 1147:news management 1124: 1104:Main articles: 1102: 1070: 1068:Self-regulation 1029:ethical dilemma 1000: 975: 969: 919: 907: 896: 890: 887: 876: 864: 853: 851:Common elements 792: 771: 765: 762: 755:needs expansion 740: 634: 591: 589: 369:Photojournalism 238:Interventionism 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4947: 4945: 4937: 4936: 4926: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4890: 4885: 4883:Secular ethics 4880: 4878:Rehabilitation 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4796: 4788: 4780: 4772: 4764: 4756: 4748: 4743:Utilitarianism 4740: 4732: 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3976: 3975: 3974: 3972:Non-naturalism 3969: 3954: 3949: 3943: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3865: 3864: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3818: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3799:Utilitarianism 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3760: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3743: 3736: 3729: 3721: 3712: 3711: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3516:New Journalism 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3486:Human-interest 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3466:Digital/Online 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3398: 3393: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3268:Sensationalism 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3237:code of ethics 3233: 3223: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3192:News presenter 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3134: 3127: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3102: 3092: 3082: 3072: 3062: 3052: 3042: 3033: 3023: 3016:Code of Ethics 3009: 3008: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2981:External links 2979: 2977: 2976: 2950: 2924: 2873: 2848: 2781: 2751: 2721: 2704:Daily Maverick 2690: 2671:(2): 225–250. 2655: 2626:(2): 308–322. 2610: 2572: 2557: 2527: 2476: 2446: 2415:(2): 133–165. 2392: 2385: 2367: 2332: 2306: 2276: 2246: 2208: 2189: 2164: 2162:, item 7, "a") 2138: 2123: 2104: 2085: 2034: 1997: 1978: 1945: 1913: 1883: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1810:Munich Charter 1807: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1703: 1661: 1658: 1625:whistleblowers 1612: 1609: 1595: 1592: 1532: 1529: 1516:social network 1512:Search engines 1429: 1426: 1361: 1358: 1314:New Journalism 1240: 1239: 1190: 1188: 1181: 1175: 1172: 1166: 1163: 1136:sensationalism 1101: 1098: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1041: 999: 996: 995: 994: 990: 979: 968: 965: 964: 963: 959: 955: 951: 940: 937: 930: 927: 918: 915: 909: 908: 867: 865: 858: 852: 849: 791: 788: 773: 772: 752: 750: 739: 736: 702:discriminatory 695:minor children 687:accountability 636: 635: 633: 632: 625: 618: 610: 607: 606: 605: 604: 599: 584: 583: 582: 581: 576: 571: 569:News presenter 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 533: 532: 528: 527: 526: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 487: 486: 480: 479: 478: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 414: 413: 409: 408: 407: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 349:New Journalism 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 319:Human-interest 316: 311: 306: 301: 299:Digital/Online 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 231: 223: 222: 218: 217: 216: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 127: 126: 122: 121: 120: 119: 114: 109: 104: 102:Sensationalism 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 71:code of ethics 64: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4946: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4914: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4800: 4797: 4792: 4789: 4784: 4781: 4776: 4773: 4768: 4765: 4760: 4757: 4752: 4749: 4744: 4741: 4736: 4733: 4728: 4725: 4720: 4717: 4712: 4709: 4704: 4701: 4696: 4693: 4688: 4685: 4680: 4677: 4672: 4669: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4420: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4296:Moral courage 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4235: 4234:Good and evil 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4219:Family values 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4033:Quasi-realism 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3858: 3857:Environmental 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3779:Particularism 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3737: 3735: 3730: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3687:News agencies 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3623:False balance 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3594:Fourth Estate 3592: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3581:Social impact 3579: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3541:Press release 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3501:Investigative 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3476:Fact-checking 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3441:Collaborative 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3311:Entertainment 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3226:Writing style 3224: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3187:Meteorologist 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3128: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2980: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2925: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2785: 2782: 2774:September 23, 2769: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2752: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2611: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2585:Neyfakh, Leon 2582: 2576: 2573: 2568: 2561: 2558: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2480: 2477: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2382: 2378: 2371: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2333: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2193: 2190: 2181: 2174: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2089: 2086: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2014: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1987: 1982: 1979: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1935: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1914: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1887: 1884: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1804:Mediatization 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1746: 1741: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1542:homosexuality 1539: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1521:filter bubble 1517: 1513: 1509: 1508:Google Alerts 1505: 1501: 1500:digital media 1496: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1441: 1434: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1236: 1233: 1225: 1222:December 2009 1215: 1211: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1191:This section 1189: 1185: 1180: 1179: 1173: 1171: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1079:public editor 1075: 1067: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 997: 991: 988: 984: 980: 977: 976: 974: 966: 960: 956: 952: 949: 945: 941: 938: 935: 934:fact-checking 931: 928: 925: 921: 920: 916: 914: 905: 902: 894: 884: 880: 874: 873: 868:This section 866: 862: 857: 856: 850: 848: 844: 842: 836: 831: 829: 825: 821: 816: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 796:United States 789: 787: 783: 779: 769: 766:November 2021 760: 756: 753:This section 751: 748: 744: 743: 737: 735: 733: 732: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 698: 696: 690: 688: 684: 680: 676: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 631: 626: 624: 619: 617: 612: 611: 609: 608: 603: 600: 598: 588: 587: 586: 585: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 564:Meteorologist 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 536: 535: 534: 529: 524: 521: 519: 518:News agencies 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 498: 494: 491: 490: 489: 488: 485: 481: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 455: 454:False balance 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 425:Fourth Estate 423: 421: 418: 417: 416: 415: 412:Social impact 410: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 374:Press release 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 334:Investigative 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 309:Fact-checking 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 274:Collaborative 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 239: 235: 232: 230: 227: 226: 225: 224: 219: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 148:Entertainment 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 130: 129: 128: 123: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 72: 68: 65: 62: 58: 57:Writing style 55: 53: 50: 49: 48: 47: 43: 39: 38: 35: 31: 19: 4892: 4848:Human rights 4791:After Virtue 4517:Schopenhauer 4291:Moral agency 4164:Common sense 4060:Universalism 4028:Expressivism 4008:Intuitionism 3979:Subjectivism 3924:Terraforming 3899:Professional 3677:TV and radio 3609:Infotainment 3599:Fifth Estate 3496:Interpretive 3446:Comics-based 3197:Photographer 2991: 2969:December 26, 2967:. 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