251:
of individual countries, accompanied by the increasing migration of population to large industrial centers, has resulted in the intensive development and consolidation of cities, as well as the increasingly ill, exposed to poor hygienic conditions in factories and workers' settlements. Under the new conditions, a stronger development of museums is occurring as part of the general culture and memory of a people, and among them the first medical museums aimed at the general public, among other things, with the aim of enlightening the population. In medical museums, visitors were required to acquire new knowledge about the structure of the human body, the functioning of organs and organ systems, and information about healthy lifestyles, infectious diseases and their prevention. In order to bring their exhibitions closer to the numerous visitors of different educational levels, interactive museum exhibits were used, using modern technical means of communication with the public - sound conferences with recorded contents, diaries and slides, films, models of the human body and more.
25:
37:
17:
141:
187:
171:
idea of forming a library containing universal works is linked to the expansionist policy of
Alexander the Great, which was close to the Ptolemies. Alexander believed that the domination of the world required learning about the thinking and languages of different civilizations through the study of their texts.
211:
In 2002, eleven stores of glass and concrete were erected on the coast where the ruins were located. On the granite wall facing south, the letters of most of the scriptures are engraved, which is a kind of promotion of national, cultural and linguistic diversity preserved in this building. It has the
250:
In the late 19th and early 20th century, a new concept of medical museums was developed, largely influenced by the development of education and industrialization, which, unlike education, had a detrimental effect on the life and health of the working class of the
Western world. The industrialization
174:
Not only mathematicians, physicists, astronomers, inventors and philosophers, such as
Archimedes, Aristarchus of Samos, Euclid and Eratosthenes, have found fame in the Alexandrian Museum throughout history, but also physicians. Thanks to Herophil of Chalcedon (335 - 280 BC) and Erasistratus of Samos
114:
In addition to collecting rare and marvelous things, collectors also collected medical items, and so many artifacts were found not only in collectors' collections of doctors and pharmacists, but, more or less sporadically, in many offices, churches and even individual homes. This primarily refers to
104:
A collection is a precondition for the existence of a museum, and the collection and preservation of certain objects is a precondition for the creation of a collection. In this sense, collecting has often been the basis on which significant collections have been formed throughout history. Thus, e.g.
194:
The museum in
Alexandria was, as an integral part of an academy or university, a meeting place of different cultures, scientific debates and discoveries, a place of learning and "concentrating" the knowledge of the Hellenistic world, because, as Pomjan says, it was not a museum in today's sense of
118:
Collections, which at the beginning of the development of human civilization was religious medicine, as one of the earliest represented forms of healing, in
Mesopotamia in ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, etc., the first collectors' collections were formed even before the emergence of Renaissance
170:
Also, the literature states that
Demetrius of Phaleron, a peripatetic philosopher and disciple of Theophrastus, and perhaps Aristotle, who began to collect books for library from all over the world during the reign of Ptolemy I Soter, played an important role in the founding of the Library. . The
221:
A rarity cabinet, or
Italian studios, originated in the Renaissance cultural milieu and thus established a new model of collecting. As the Renaissance period was crucial for the development of medical sciences, primarily anatomy, which was still based on Galen's second-century teachings, medical
48:
is an institution that stores and exhibits objects of historical, scientific, artistic, or cultural interest that have a link to medicine or health. Displays often include models, instruments, books and manuscripts, as well as medical images and the technologies used to capture them (such as
119:
cabinets of rarity - considered the forerunners of modern museums. Institutionalization
Although collecting alone does not always and necessarily lead to its institutionalization, on the basis of current knowledge, studies on presenting the museum's past, these problems are interconnected.
122:
Accordingly, the museums of medicine have found out of individuals' preferences for collecting, which has most often been the basis on which significant medical collections have been formed throughout history, and subsequently the medical museums we know today.
195:
the word, and therefore "no owes its glory to no collection, but rather to its library and the team of scientists who have formed a community within its walls, " though in terms of art collecting There are different opinions in the
Alexandrian Museum.
109:
After the conquest of Greece and Asia in the second century BC, and great interest for the Greek cultural heritage that was transferred to Rome resulted in the creation of not only private but also public collections, libraries and botanical gardens.
92:
Many medical museums have links with medical training providers, such as medical schools or colleges, and often their collections were used in medical education. They were often private, "granting access only to students and practising physicians".
222:
subjects in the
Renaissance offices were more numerous and varied than in medieval treasuries. In addition to mummified parts of the human body and skeletal remains, there were more and more medical and scientific instruments in the collections.
225:
Otherwise, the cabinet of rarities themselves was usually one or more square or rectangular rooms, interconnected, holding art and natural objects that had "rare and unusual features", with the division of collections into artistic
178:
Within this Museum, the Alexandria Medical School was created and became famous for its achievements, especially in the field of anatomy and physiology. Heprophy, most likely influenced by the Egyptian tradition of body
206:
what to do with the museum and library, or books. He gave the famous answer: "They are either contrary to the Koran, which means that they are heretical, or they agree with him, which means that they are superfluous."
131:
Similar to Aristotle's Lyceum, similar establishments were established in Alexandria, Pergamon, Syracuse, Sicily, and Rhodes, but of which Alexandria, known as the Museum of Alexandria, reached its greatest glory.
278:
have engaged with such controversy and used it as a platform to "examine our attitudes towards difference and aim to stimulate debate around the implications of a society that values some lives more than others."
267:, have spurred debate as to the ethics and value of such displays. Historians such as Samuel Alberti have sought to place this "tension between education and sensation" into a broader historical context of
212:
largest public reading room in the world, as well as specialized ones: children's books, rare books, manuscripts and microfilms. An integral part of it is the Museum, also modeled after ancient times.
562:
Jelena T. Jovanovic Simic Mein Collections and Museums in Serbia: A Historical Review, Classification and Museological Conservation, FLOGISTON Journal of the History of Science No. 23 - 2015. p. 174.
24:
165:
and the Medical Museum, there is doubt as to whether it was a unified institution or not. It is also uncertain whether their founder was Ptolemy I Soter 20 or his son Ptolemy Philadelphia.
96:
The starting point of all considerations on the historical development of modern museums is contained in the solution of two problems; collecting problem and institutionalization problem.
105:
collecting a wide variety of objects, from works of art, through scientific instruments, technical inventions to natural rarities, was closely linked to Roman conquests, which ...
183:, was the first physician to investigate the human body through autopsy and vivisection, establishing a scientific method and describing the structure of many organs.
81:
190:
The Alexandriks Library was a treasure trove of about 700,000 written rolls (of all the richest human knowledge so far, the richest in the world).
115:
objects that have been attributed to magical, religious and therapeutic properties (relics, bezoars, corals and objects of Narwhal tusk), etc.
461:, in From Private to Public: Natural Collections and Museums, ed. Marco Beretta (Sagamore Beach, MA: Science History Publications, 2005), 2.
36:
635:
680:
508:
Jelena Jovanovic Simic, Musealization of the History of Medicine in Serbia - doctoral thesis, University of the Belgrade, 2015. p. 21
669:
553:
Jelena Jovanović Simić, Musealization of the History of Medicine in Serbia - PhD thesis, University of Belgrade, 2015. p. 27-32
397:
158:
152:
708:
631:"The Development of Medical Museums in the Antebellum American South: Slave Bodies in Networks of Anatomical Exchange"
713:
703:
661:
599:
288:
264:
162:
16:
199:
314:
140:
72:
Professional organisations of medical museums include the Medical Museums Association, who publish
644:
147:, is the city where the empiricist school was founded, which also had its own medical collection
665:
29:
329:
293:
198:
When the Muslim army conquered Alexandria in 642, after defeating the Byzantine army at
235:
227:
540:
697:
50:
685:
157:
One of the first museums to have a medical collection was a library established at
186:
600:"Exceptional & Extraordinary: Unruly bodies and minds in the medical museum"
260:
203:
573:
448:: An Encyclopedia (New York & London: Garland Publishing, Inc .; 1996), 31.
681:"'Macabre curiosities': top US medical museum confronts skeletons of its past"
268:
144:
541:"Library of Alexandria: A Century of Knowledge and toil Destroyed in One Day"
180:
334:
66:
62:
648:
630:
349:
658:
Bone rooms : from scientific racism to human prehistory in museums
58:
54:
40:
A skeleton in the Iranian National Museum of Medical Sciences, Tehran
574:"Morbid Curiosities: Medical Museums in Nineteenth-Century Britain"
185:
139:
35:
23:
15:
78:
Archivists and Librarians in the History of the Health Sciences
373:
496:
Di Pasquale, 'The Museum of Alexandria: Myth and Model ”, 2.
53:). Some museums reflect specialized medical areas, such as
322:
Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
28:
Exhibition in the History Museum of Medicine of the
530:Belgrade: Faculty of Philosophy / Plato, 1992, 19.
435:- PhD thesis, University of Belgrade, 2015. p. 22
528:Museology and protection of cultural monuments
209:
107:
433:Musealizing the History of Medicine in Serbia
8:
246:Museums in the 19th and early 20th centuries
504:
502:
82:The London Museums of Health & Medicine
427:
425:
423:
421:
419:
417:
315:"A history of Edinburgh's medical museums"
459:The Museum of Alexandria: Myth and Model
333:
259:High-profile medical exhibitions such as
20:The History of Medicine Museum, Stockholm
604:University of Leicester: Museum Studies
305:
517:Pomian, Collectors and Curiosities, 13
472:Erasistratus of Samos: Ancient Harvey
543:. Chronograph net. February 26, 2017.
7:
636:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
580:. Institute of Historical Research
474:(Zemun: Amber group, 2007), 46-49.
76:(the quarterly publication of the
14:
572:Wallis, Jennifer (January 2012).
679:Helmore, Edward (13 Aug 2023).
276:Exceptional & Extraordinary
1:
354:medicalmuseumsassociation.org
350:"Medical Museums Association"
159:Alexandria School of Medicine
153:Alexandria School of Medicine
660:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
444:Joseph James Chambliss, ed.
402:MNN - Mother Nature Network
398:"7 unusual medical museums"
61:, this history of specific
730:
656:Redman, Samuel J. (2016).
629:Kenny, Stephen C. (2013).
485:The Musaeum of Alexandria
150:
606:. University of Leicester
662:Harvard University Press
446:Philosophy of Education
431:Jelena Jovanovic Simic,
289:List of medical museums
457:Giovanni Di Pasquale,
335:10.4997/JRCPE.2016.311
313:Alberti, SJMM (2016).
271:and anatomy displays.
265:Bodies: The Exhibition
239:
234:and natural rarities (
231:
214:
202:, the commander asked
191:
148:
112:
41:
33:
21:
189:
163:Library of Alexandria
143:
39:
27:
19:
232:curiosa) artificalia
200:Battle of Heliopolis
709:History of medicine
526:Mio rag Jovanovic,
578:Reviews in History
378:medicalmuseums.org
192:
149:
42:
34:
22:
374:"Medical Museums"
274:Projects such as
240:curiosa naturalia
161:. Concerning the
136:Alexandria Museum
30:Tehran University
721:
714:Types of museums
690:
675:
652:
616:
615:
613:
611:
596:
590:
589:
587:
585:
569:
563:
560:
554:
551:
545:
544:
537:
531:
524:
518:
515:
509:
506:
497:
494:
488:
481:
475:
468:
462:
455:
449:
442:
436:
429:
412:
411:
409:
408:
394:
388:
387:
385:
384:
370:
364:
363:
361:
360:
346:
340:
339:
337:
319:
310:
175:(330 - 250 BC).
169:
729:
728:
724:
723:
722:
720:
719:
718:
704:Medical museums
694:
693:
678:
672:
655:
628:
625:
623:Further reqding
620:
619:
609:
607:
598:
597:
593:
583:
581:
571:
570:
566:
561:
557:
552:
548:
539:
538:
534:
525:
521:
516:
512:
507:
500:
495:
491:
482:
478:
469:
465:
456:
452:
443:
439:
430:
415:
406:
404:
396:
395:
391:
382:
380:
372:
371:
367:
358:
356:
348:
347:
343:
317:
312:
311:
307:
302:
294:Hospital museum
285:
257:
255:Ethical debates
248:
219:
217:Rarity Cabinets
166:
155:
138:
129:
102:
90:
65:, and historic
12:
11:
5:
727:
725:
717:
716:
711:
706:
696:
695:
692:
691:
676:
670:
653:
624:
621:
618:
617:
591:
564:
555:
546:
532:
519:
510:
498:
489:
476:
470:Eduard Daich,
463:
450:
437:
413:
389:
365:
341:
304:
303:
301:
298:
297:
296:
291:
284:
281:
256:
253:
247:
244:
218:
215:
151:Main article:
137:
134:
128:
125:
101:
98:
89:
86:
51:X-ray machines
46:medical museum
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
726:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
701:
699:
688:
687:
682:
677:
673:
671:9780674660410
667:
663:
659:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:
632:
627:
626:
622:
605:
601:
595:
592:
579:
575:
568:
565:
559:
556:
550:
547:
542:
536:
533:
529:
523:
520:
514:
511:
505:
503:
499:
493:
490:
486:
480:
477:
473:
467:
464:
460:
454:
451:
447:
441:
438:
434:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
414:
403:
399:
393:
390:
379:
375:
369:
366:
355:
351:
345:
342:
336:
331:
327:
323:
316:
309:
306:
299:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
282:
280:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
254:
252:
245:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
223:
216:
213:
208:
205:
201:
196:
188:
184:
182:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
154:
146:
142:
135:
133:
127:First Museums
126:
124:
120:
116:
111:
106:
99:
97:
94:
87:
85:
83:
79:
75:
74:The Watermark
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
38:
31:
26:
18:
686:The Guardian
684:
657:
643:(1): 32–62.
640:
634:
608:. Retrieved
603:
594:
582:. Retrieved
577:
567:
558:
549:
535:
527:
522:
513:
492:
484:
479:
471:
466:
458:
453:
445:
440:
432:
405:. Retrieved
401:
392:
381:. Retrieved
377:
368:
357:. Retrieved
353:
344:
325:
321:
308:
275:
273:
258:
249:
224:
220:
210:
197:
193:
177:
173:
167:
156:
130:
121:
117:
113:
108:
103:
95:
91:
77:
73:
71:
45:
43:
483:Young Lee,
328:: 187–197.
269:freak shows
261:Body Worlds
204:Caliph Umar
698:Categories
610:2 November
584:2 November
407:2016-11-02
383:2016-11-02
359:2016-11-02
300:References
145:Alexandria
100:Collecting
67:pharmacies
181:embalming
63:hospitals
55:dentistry
649:26296837
283:See also
88:History
80:), and
59:nursing
668:
647:
487:, 391.
645:JSTOR
318:(PDF)
236:Latin
228:Latin
666:ISBN
612:2016
586:2016
263:and
330:doi
242:).
700::
683:.
664:.
641:87
639:.
633:.
602:.
576:.
501:^
416:^
400:.
376:.
352:.
326:46
324:.
320:.
238::
230::
84:.
69:.
57:,
44:A
689:.
674:.
651:.
614:.
588:.
410:.
386:.
362:.
338:.
332::
226:(
32:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
