560:
person is severely frail and terminally ill. This scale is an efficient way to measure a persons frailty level and can be used in clinics relatively quickly. The nine-point system breaks down into the following categories: 1-point: Very fit; this person is very fit for their age. 2-points: Well; This person has no serious health problems and is slightly less fit than category 1, with moderate or seasonal physical activity. 3-points: Managing Well; This person has health problems which are under control, but is not very physically active. 4-points: Living with Very Mild
Frailty; This person is limited by their health conditions but does not need help carrying out daily activities. 5-points: Living with Mild Frailty; This person moves more slowly than category 4 and requires some help with difficult daily living activities. 6-points: Living with Moderate Frailty; This person needs help with all activities outside of the home. 7-points; Living with Severe Frailty; This person is completely dependent for help in mental and physical regions of care. This person is stable and not likely to fall terminally ill in the next 6 months. 8-points: Living with Very Severe Frailty; This person is completely dependent and is nearing the end of life, recovery from minor illnesses would be difficult for this person. 9-points: Terminally Ill; This person is at the end of life with a life expectancy of less than six months, this category falls under all who are terminally ill, this person may be someone able to exercise regularly who may or may not be frail.
833:
also in the underlying pathophysiology. Studies have found that incidence of frailty was related to comorbidities. One study found incidences of frailty was higher in female older adults who also happened to have higher incidences of comorbidities. In recent research where muscle-biopsies were taken from fit and weak older adults of both sexes, it was shown that there were sex-specific alterations in muscle content in association with frailty-related physical weakness. In other words, studied found differences in frailty between male and female older adults through examinations of muscles. Incidence of symptoms also differed between sexes with sarcopenia being more common in male older adults while osteoporosis more common in female older adults. These findings indicate the male-female health-survival paradox, since the lifespan of females is longer compared to males, yet the prevalence of frailty is higher in females compared to males. Future research has yet to reveal where the origin of the higher prevalence of frailty in females can be found.
394:
cytokine, IL-6 was found to be common in older adults with frailty. IL-6 is typically up-regulated by inflammatory mediators, such as C-reactive protein, released in the presence of chronic disease. Increased levels of inflammatory mediators is often associated with chronic disease; however, previous studies have shown levels to be elevated even in the absence of chronic disease. Sarcopenia, anemia, anabolic hormone deficiencies, and excess exposure to catabolic hormones such as stress (cortisol) have been associated with an increased likelihood of frailty. Some other mechanisms associated with frailty include insulin resistance, increased glucose levels, compromised immune function, micronutrient deficiencies, and oxidative stress.
407:
frailty increases with age and with the incidence of diseases. Beyond that, there is now strong evidence to support the theory that the development of frailty involves declines in energy production, energy utilization and repair systems in the body, resulting in declines in the function of many different physiological systems. This decline in multiple systems affects the normal complex adaptive behavior that is essential to health and eventually results in frailty typically manifesting as a syndrome of a constellation of weakness, slowness, reduced activity, low energy and unintended weight loss. When most severe, i.e. when 3 or more of these manifestations are present, the individual is at a high risk of death.
756:
suggested that frailty scales can be used in preoperative assessments for patient at risk of the syndrome. However, other studies make note that the various different frailty scales can create complications predicting accurate outcomes for individuals undergoing surgical procedures. Neither of the scales listed previously consider both co-morbid conditions as well as signs of frailty, such as weight loss, at the same time. Both of these situations are relevant in determining the presence of frailty in an individual. This suggests that predicting the frailty outcomes of individuals undergoing surgery should not be fully based on frailty scales with limitations, but a multitude of factors needs to be considered.
578:
person has is given a point and the more deficits the person is experiencing the more likely they are frail or will experience frailty in the future. To calculate the score, you take the total number of deficits counted, and divide that number by thirty-six. Then, a frailty category is assigned to four groups with the cutoffs going as follows: A person with a score of 0.00β0.12 is in the "Fit" category. A person with a score of 0.13β0.24 is in the "Mild" category. A person with a score of 0.25β0.36 is in the "Moderate" category. Finally, a person with the score of 0.36 and above is considered to be in the "Severe" category.
608:
syndrome. Therefore, exercise regimens consisting of walking, strength training, and self-directed physical activity, have been examined in a number of studies as an intervention to prevent frailty. A randomized control trial published in 2017 found significantly lower rates of frailty in older adults who were assigned an exercise regimen vs those who were in the control group. In this study, 15.3% of the control group became frail in the time frame of the study, in comparison to 4.9% of the exercise group. The exercise group also received a nutritional assessment, which is another target in frailty prevention.
45:
118:
skeletal muscle mass or bone mineral density can lead to frailty and have both been identified as contributors to disability and frailty. The development of
Sarcopenia or Osteoporosis alone do not establish frailty automatically in patients, as there are many factors that are taken into account during the assessment of frailty. Studies suggest that frailty is a result of multiple body systems experiencing dysregulation, and the more body systems that begin to develop dysregulation, the higher the risk is for developing frailty.
773:
phenotype framework proposed by Fried et al. (2001), prevalence estimates of 7β16% have been reported in non-institutionalized, community-dwelling older adults. In a systemic review exploring the prevalence of frailty based on geographical location it was found that on the basis of physical frailty, Africa and
America had the largest prevalence at 22% and 17% respectively. On the other end, Europe had the lowest prevalence at 8%. This data was taken from individuals over the age of 50 years old.
499:
frailty (see
Rockwood, Andrew, and Mitnitski, 2007, for a contrast of the two approaches). This approach was developed by Dr. Rockwood and colleagues at Dalhousie University. This index scores people on measurements of frailty by giving them a zero out of one score if they do not possess that physical deficit, a one out of one if they do possess the deficit, or a fraction of a score if they possess the deficit to some degree.
351:
100:
diagnosed; there are a combination of signs and symptoms that can lead to a diagnosis of frailty. Evaluations can be done on physical staus, weight fluctuations, or subjective symptoms. Frailty most commonly refers to physical status and is not a syndrome of mental capacity such as dementia, which is a decline in cognitive function. Although, frailty can be a risk factor for the development of
239:
630:
plan to ensure patient compliance, leading to better health outcomes. In clinical practice, guidelines developed by
International Conference on Frailty and Sarcopenia Research (ICFSR) can be used to identify and manage frailty based on classification. The recommendations are also labeled based on low, medium, or high certainty of evidence-based literature.
156:
508:
development of a frailty model, finding even predictive capability across 3 outcomes of care. In the care home setting, one study indicated that not all four domains of frailty were routinely assessed in residents, giving evidence to suggest that frailty may still primarily be viewed only in terms of physical health.
823:
Overall, understanding what factors lead to frailty can help individuals, health care professionals, and public health officials identify preventative measures to combat that causes. Due to the impacts on the health and well-being of individuals living with frailty, steps taken to prevent and control
616:
Nutrition has also been a major target in the prevention of frailty. A healthy dietary pattern consisting of high consumption of healthy fats, fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy products, and whole grains can contribute to maintaining a healthy weight and postpone frailty. A 2019 review paper examined
586:
As frailty arises as a result of reduced reserve capacity in a biological system and causes an individual to have heightened vulnerability to stress, avoiding known stressors (ie. surgeries, infections, etc.) and understanding mechanisms to reduce frailty can help older adults prevent worsening their
629:
Frailty management largely depends on an individual's classification (i.e. non-frail, pre-fail, and frail) and treatment needs. Currently, there is a lack of strong evidence-based treatment and management plans for frailty. Physicians must work closely with patients to develop a realistic management
481:
These five dimensions form specific criteria indicating adverse functioning, which are implemented using a combination of self-reported and performance-based measures. Those who meet at least three of the criteria are defined as "frail", while those not matching any of the five criteria are defined
397:
Researchers found that individual abnormal body functions may not be the best predictor of risk of frailty. However, they did conclude that once the number of conditions reaches a certain threshold, the risk of frailty increases. This finding suggests that treatment of frailty syndrome should not be
384:
People who had mental disorders were found to have frailty more often than people who did not have those disorders. Under the age of 60, these patterns are the most noticeable, and above the age of 60 years old these differences narrow down, although there is still some noticeable difference between
86:
Frailty can have impacts on public health due to the factors that comprise the syndrome affecting physical and mental health outcomes. There are several ways to identify, prevent, and mitigate the prevalence of frailty and the evaluation of frailty can be done through clinical assessments created to
77:
is a common and clinically significant grouping of symptoms that occurs in aging and older adults. These symptoms can include decreased physical abilities such as walking, excessive fatigue, and weight and muscle loss leading to declined physical status. In addition, frailty encompasses a decline in
751:
An individual without one of these conditions would be given a score of 0 for the condition absent. An individual who does have one of the conditions would be given a score of 1 for each of the conditions present. In an initial study using the mFI-5 scale, individuals with a sum mFI-5 score of 2 or
693:
may be helpful for individuals who are experiencing an advanced state of frailty with possible other co-morbidities. Improving quality of life by reducing pain and other harmful symptoms is the goal with palliative care. One study showed the cost reduction by focusing on palliative care rather
642:
As discussed previously, exercise is one of the major targets to prevent and manage frailty in older adults to improve and maintain mobility. Individuals partaking in exercise appear to have potential in preventing frailty. In 2018, a systemic review concluded that group exercise had the benefit of
633:
In addition, there is currently no FDA-approved pharmacological intervention for frailty as there is insufficient evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of a medication on improving frailty. Moreover, frailty does not qualify as an acceptable condition for pharmacological intervention by the Food
448:
The syndrome of geriatric frailty is hypothesized to reflect impairments in the regulation of multiple physiologic systems, embodying a lack of resilience to physiologic challenges and thus elevated risk for a range of deleterious endpoints. Generally speaking, the empirical assessment of geriatric
366:
can be identified. Such etiology depends on the type of muscle weakness, which can be true or perceived as well as variable topically. True weakness is substantial, while perceived rather is a sensation of having to put more effort to do the same task. On the other hand, various topic locations for
819:
Based on the clinical frailty scale, those living with mild frailty to very severe frailty require partial to complete dependence on aid for daily tasks and personal care. A study done, comparing case management trials to standard care for people living with frailty in high-income countries, found
755:
As noted, these frailty scales can be used to predict the risk of frailty in patients before and after surgery. One study examines frailty risk in patients post-kidney transplant. Researchers found there is an association between patients with frailty and kidney transplant recipients. This finding
577:
The electronic Frail Scale (eFI) is a scale weighted out of 36 deficit points where the higher the number in the score will represent the more frail, or more prone to experience frailty the person is. This scale works similar to other scales mentioned before, where each frailty-related deficit the
498:
Another notable approach to the assessment of geriatric frailty (if not also to some degree its conceptualization) is that of
Rockwood and Mitnitski (2007) in which frailty is viewed in terms of the number of health "deficits" that are manifest in the individual, leading to a continuous measure of
406:
Recent work on frailty has sought to characterize both the underlying changes in the body and the manifestations that make frailty recognizable. It is well-agreed upon that declines in physiologic reserves and resilience is the essence of being frail. Similarly, scientists agree that the risk of
832:
Meta-analyses have shown that the prevalence of frailty is higher in female older adults, compared to male older adults. This sex difference was consistently found in pre-clinical research models as well, indicating a conserved sexual dimorphism in the onset of frailty across species, and perhaps
727:
A healthy person scores 0; a very frail person scores 5. Compared to non-frail elderly people, people with intermediate frailty scores (2 or 3) are twice as likely to have post-surgical complications, spend 50% more time in the hospital, and are three times as likely to be discharged to a skilled
811:
in those people with diabetes. On the one hand, chronic lower limb ischemia may predispose to the development of frailty, on the other hand, the presence of the frailty may affect the prognosis in patients with peripheral arterial disease. In addition, there is a correlation between a history of
702:
Frail elderly people are at significant risk of post-surgical complications and the need for extended care. Frailty more than doubles the risk of morbidity and mortality from surgery and cardiovascular conditions. Assessment of older patients before elective surgeries can accurately predict the
95:
Frailty refers to an age-related functional decline and heightened state of vulnerability. It is a worsening of functional status compared to the normal physiological process of aging. It can refer to the combination of a decline of physical and physiological aspects of a human body. The reduced
783:
Advances about potentially modifiable risk factors for frailty now offer the basis for translational research effort aimed at prevention and treatment of frailty in older adults. Epidemiologic research to date has led to the identification of a number of risk factors for frailty, including: (a)
607:
A significant target in the prevention of frailty is physical activity. As people age, physical activity markedly drops, with the steepest declines seen in adolescence and continuing on throughout life. The lower levels of physical activity and are associated with and a key component of frailty
559:
The
Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) is a scale used to assess frailty which was evolved from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. It is a 9-point scale used to assess a persons frailty level, where a score of 1 point would mean a person is very fit and robust, to a score of 9 points meaning the
815:
In regards to mental health, there has been shown to be an association between severe mental health conditions and the development of frailty. There is an understanding that mental health can have an impact on the development of multiple comorbidities and increased mortality. This intersection
568:
The
Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS) is another method used to screen frailty. This scale is given scores of up to 17 points. It has been assessed to screen all domains of frailty, and is said to be easy to perform by clinicians. Specific tests used in this scaling system are walking tests and clock
117:
Decreases in skeletal muscle mass and/or bone density are two major contributors to developing frailty in older adults. In early to middle age, bone density and muscle mass are closely related. As adults progress in age, one or both of these factors may begin to decline. This decline in either
82:
is associated with increased risk of heart disease, falls, hospitalization, and death. In addition, it has been shown that adults living with frailty face more anxiety and depression symptoms than those who do not. The presence of frailty varies based on the assessment technique, however it is
647:
countries using data from twelve randomized clinical trials found evidence that mobility training can increase mobility level and functioning in older adults living in community-dwellings, such as a nursing home. However, the review also concluded little to no difference in the risk of falls.
646:
Individualized physical therapy programs developed by physicians can help improve frail status. For example, progressive resistance strength training for older adults can be used in clinical practice or at-home as a way to regain mobility. A systematic review conducted in 2022 across multiple
507:
A model consisting of four domains of frailty was proposed in response to an article in the BMJ. This conceptualisation could be viewed as blending the phenotypic and index models. Researchers tested this model for signal in routinely collected hospital data, and then used this signal in the
393:
It has been suggested that the causes of frailty are multifactorial involving dysregulation across many physiological systems. An example of dysregulation across a physiological system may include a proinflammatory state. A common interleukin elevated in this state is IL-6. A pro-inflammatory
836:
Frailty syndrome has shown differences in incidence outside of just sex. One study on racial and ethnic variations in frailty found that non-Hispanic Black-Americans and
Hispanic-Americans have a higher incidence of frailty compared to non-Hispanic White-Americans. More research is needed in
772:
in older populations may vary according to a number of factors, including the setting in which the prevalence is being estimated β e.g., nursing home (higher prevalence) vs. community (lower prevalence) β and the operational definition used for defining frailty. Using the widely used frailty
99:
Older age by itself is not what defines frailty, it is however a syndrome found in older adults. Many adults over 65 are not living with frailty. Frailty is not one specific disease, however is a combination of many factors. Frailty does not have a specific universal criteria on which it is
375:
Frailty is also common in people who have experienced Heart
Failure before. Both frailty and heart failure share similar methods of progressive health decline and often lead to worsened health conditions when combined. Frailty is a common condition in older people with heart failure.
587:
frail status. Some signs of frailty include: unwanted weight loss, muscle weakness, low energy, and low grip strength. Currently, preventative interventions focus on minimizing muscle loss and improvement of overall well-being in older adults or individuals with chronic illnesses.
670:
Frailty can involve changes such as weight loss. Interventions should focus on any difficulties with supplementation and diet. For those who may be undernourished and not acquiring adequate calories, oral nutritional supplements in between meals may decrease nutritional deficits.
595:
When considering prevention of frailty, it is important to understand the risk factors that contribute to frailty and identify them early on. Early identification of risk factors allows for preventative interventions, reducing risks of future complications.
2253:
Kravvariti E, Ntouros PA, Vlachogiannis NI, Pappa M, Souliotis VL, Sfikakis PP (March 2023). "Geriatric Frailty Is Associated With Oxidative Stress, Accumulation, and Defective Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks Independently of Age and Comorbidities".
1645:
Walston J, McBurnie MA, Newman A, Tracy RP, Kop WJ, Hirsch CH, et al. (November 2002). "Frailty and activation of the inflammation and coagulation systems with and without clinical comorbidities: results from the Cardiovascular Health Study".
96:
reserve capacity of organ systems, muscle, and bone create a state where the body is not capable of coping with stressors such as illness or falls. Frailty can lead to increased risk of adverse side effects, complications, and mortality.
3704:
Weaver DJ, Malik AT, Jain N, Yu E, Kim J, Khan SN (April 2019). "The Modified 5-Item Frailty Index: A Concise and Useful Tool for Assessing the Impact of Frailty on Postoperative Morbidity Following Elective Posterior Lumbar Fusions".
1681:
Ferrucci L, Penninx BW, Volpato S, Harris TB, Bandeen-Roche K, Balfour J, et al. (December 2002). "Change in muscle strength explains accelerated decline of physical function in older women with high interleukin-6 serum levels".
728:
nursing facility instead of to their own homes. Frail elderly patients (score of 4 or 5) have even worse outcomes, with the risk of being discharged to a nursing home rising to twenty times the rate for non-frail elderly people.
133:
mass, quality, and strength associated with aging. The rate of muscle loss is dependent on exercise level, co-morbidities, nutrition and other factors. Sarcopenia can lead to reduction in functional status and cause significant
460:
A popular approach to the assessment of geriatric frailty encompasses the assessment of five dimensions that are hypothesized to reflect systems whose impaired regulation underlies the syndrome. These five dimensions are:
367:
muscle weakness are central, neural and peripheral. Central muscle weakness is an overall exhaustion of the whole body, while peripheral weakness is an exhaustion of individual muscles. Neural weakness is somewhere between.
776:
Awareness of the causes and prevalence of frailty can aid in the path of treatment. Epidemiologic data can have a potential impact of future incidence rates of frailty among older adults as the treatment landscape adapts.
4620:
O'Caoimh R, Sezgin D, O'Donovan MR, Molloy DW, Clegg A, Rockwood K, et al. (January 2021). "Prevalence of frailty in 62 countries across the world: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-level studies".
3824:
O'Caoimh R, Sezgin D, O'Donovan MR, Molloy DW, Clegg A, Rockwood K, et al. (January 2021). "Prevalence of frailty in 62 countries across the world: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-level studies".
516:
The SHARE-Frailty Index (SHARE-FI) was originally developed by Romero-Ortuno (2010) and researchers as part of the Survey of Healthy Ageing and Retirement in Europe. It consists of five domains of the frailty phenotype:
138:
from increased weakness. The muscle loss is related to changes in muscle synthesis signalling pathways although is incompletely understood. The cellular mechanisms are distinct from other types of muscle atrophy such as
449:
frailty in individuals seeks ultimately to capture this or related features, though distinct approaches to such assessment have been developed in the literature (see de Vries et al., 2011 for a comprehensive review).
816:
between frailty and mental health can have a combined impact on the life expectancy of individuals living with both. Mental health treatment has the potential to improve population health with its link to frailty.
837:
analyzing the differences in incidence of frailty syndrome in other social aspects of society. Such studies have importance in highlighting the disparities in health and the changes needed to solve these issues.
346:
and a decrease in activity, such as after a long bout of bedrest as a result of an illness. There is also a gradual onset of muscle weakness as a result of sarcopenia β the age-related loss of skeletal muscle.
3429:
De Coninck L, Bekkering GE, Bouckaert L, Declercq A, Graff MJ, Aertgeerts B (August 2017). "Home- and Community-Based Occupational Therapy Improves Functioning in Frail Older People: A Systematic Review".
385:
the two. The proposed reason is that frailty is a condition that involves a decrease in reserve capacity, and having certain disorders can decrease this reserve over time and eventually lead to frailty.
803:
A recent systematic review found that exercise interventions can increase muscle strength and improve physical function; however, results are inconsistent in frail older adults living in the community.
780:
The development of frailty occurs most often in individuals with low socio-economic status, those living with obesity, female sex, a history of smoking, limited activity levels, and older age.
486:
et al. (2006), though some of the exact criteria and measures differ (see Table 1 in the paper for this contrast). Other studies in the literature have also adopted the general approach of
599:
A 2005 observational study found associations between frailty and a number of risk factors such as: low income, advanced age, chronic medical conditions, lack of education, and smoking.
3147:
Cadore EL, SΓ‘ez de Asteasu ML, Izquierdo M (July 2019). "Multicomponent exercise and the hallmarks of frailty: Considerations on cognitive impairment and acute hospitalization".
2289:
de Vries NM, Staal JB, van Ravensberg CD, Hobbelen JS, Olde Rikkert MG, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MW (January 2011). "Outcome instruments to measure frailty: a systematic review".
4199:
Blaum CS, Xue QL, Michelon E, Semba RD, Fried LP (June 2005). "The association between obesity and the frailty syndrome in older women: the Women's Health and Aging Studies".
2827:"Frailty transitions and prevalence in an ageing population: longitudinal analysis of primary care data from an open cohort of adults aged 50 and over in England, 2006-2017"
3740:
Garonzik-Wang JM, Govindan P, Grinnan JW, Liu M, Ali HM, Chakraborty A, et al. (February 2012). "Frailty and delayed graft function in kidney transplant recipients".
1094:
617:
a variety of studies and found evidence of nutritional intervention as an effective way of preventing frailty. Specifically, multiple studies showed adherence to the
4442:
Newman AB, Gottdiener JS, Mcburnie MA, Hirsch CH, Kop WJ, Tracy R, et al. (March 2001). "Associations of subclinical cardiovascular disease with frailty".
3650:
Makary MA, Segev DL, Pronovost PJ, Syin D, Bandeen-Roche K, Patel P, et al. (June 2010). "Frailty as a predictor of surgical outcomes in older patients".
731:
Another tool that has been used to predict frailty outcome post-surgery is the Modifies Frailty Index, or mFI-5. This scale consists of 5 key co-morbidities:
3063:
Nascimento CM, Ingles M, Salvador-Pascual A, Cominetti MR, Gomez-Cabrera MC, ViΓ±a J (February 2019). "Sarcopenia, frailty and their prevention by exercise".
915:
WHO Clinical Consortium on Healthy Ageing: Topic focus: frailty and intrinsic capacity: Report of consortium meeting 1β2 December 2016 in Geneva, Switzerland
3929:
Garcia-Garcia FJ, Gutierrez Avila G, Alfaro-Acha A, Amor Andres MS, De Los Angeles De La Torre Lanza M, Escribano Aparicio MV, et al. (December 2011).
3108:"Effectiveness of an intervention to prevent frailty in pre-frail community-dwelling older people consulting in primary care: a randomised controlled trial"
4344:"Prevalence of and interventions for sarcopenia in ageing adults: a systematic review. Report of the International Sarcopenia Initiative (EWGSOP and IWGS)"
4062:"Frailty and activation of the inflammation and coagulation systems with and without clinical comorbidities: results from the Cardiovascular Health Study"
768:
syndrome. Due to the nature of not having international criteria to diagnose frailty, the prevalence estimates may not be accurate. Estimates of frailty
1048:
NΓ MhaolΓ‘in AM, Fan CW, Romero-Ortuno R, Cogan L, Cunningham C, Kenny RA, et al. (August 2012). "Frailty, depression, and anxiety in later life".
3872:"Determinants of frailty development and progression using a multidimensional frailty index: Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing"
852:
the use of "pre-habilitation," an exercise regimen used before transplant surgery, to prevent the frailty effects of kidney transplant in recipients
4577:
Gordon EH, Peel NM, Samanta M, Theou O, Howlett SE, Hubbard RE (March 2017). "Sex differences in frailty: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
4152:"Frailty and impaired cardiac autonomic control: new insights from principal components aggregation of traditional heart rate variability indices"
4892:
for "Persistent Inflammation, Immunosuppression and Catabolism Syndrome (PICS): A New Horizon for Surgical Critical Care and Induced Frailty" at
178:(BMD) is reduced, bone microarchitecture is disrupted, and the amount and variety of proteins in bone is altered. Osteoporosis is defined by the
1732:"Impact of anemia and cardiovascular disease on frailty status of community-dwelling older women: the Women's Health and Aging Studies I and II"
4804:"Dissecting the Racial/Ethnic Disparity in Frailty in a Nationally Representative Cohort Study with Respect to Health, Income, and Measurement"
658:(ADLs) include activities that are necessary to sustain life. Examples are brushing teeth, getting out of bed, dressing oneself, bathing, etc.
414:
from frail older individuals to such cells from healthy younger individuals showed evidence in the frail older individuals of increased
214:
551:
The SHARE-FI has good clinical utility as it provides relatively quick assessment of frailty in often time-poor healthcare settings.
78:
both overall physical function and physiologic reserve of organ systems resulting in worse health outcomes for this population. This
443:
411:
322:
256:
1547:"Nonlinear multisystem physiological dysregulation associated with frailty in older women: implications for etiology and treatment"
3522:
Montero-Odasso M, Duque G (June 2005). "Vitamin D in the aging musculoskeletal system: an authentic strength preserving hormone".
2652:"What do care home managers believe constitutes an 'assessment for frailty' of care home residents in North-West London? A survey"
4928:
for "Physical Performance Testing and Frailty in Prediction of Early Postoperative Course After Cardiac Surgery (Cardiostep)" at
3380:
Treacy D, Hassett L, Schurr K, Fairhall NJ, Cameron ID, Sherrington C, et al. (Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group) (June 2022).
788:, depression, and cognitive impairment; (b) physiologic impairments, such as activation of inflammation and coagulation systems,
752:
greater were predicted to experience post-surgery complications due to frailty, which was supported by the results of the study.
423:
187:
1323:"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People"
913:"Guidelines on Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE): Guidance for Person-Centred Assessment and Pathways in Primary Care".
303:
4479:"Frailty in individuals with depression, bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders: longitudinal analyses of all-cause mortality"
1491:"Frailty in individuals with depression, bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders: longitudinal analyses of all-cause mortality"
1413:"Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group".
275:
260:
205:
It may also develop in men. Osteoporosis may also occur in anyone in the presence of particular hormonal disorders and other
4303:"Life-space constriction, development of frailty, and the competing risk of mortality: the Women's Health And Aging Study I"
3972:"Functional capacity, muscle fat infiltration, power output, and cognitive impairment in institutionalized frail oldest old"
1024:
4060:
Walston J, McBurnie MA, Newman A, Tracy RP, Kop WJ, Hirsch CH, et al. (Cardiovascular Health Study) (November 2002).
1828:"Multiple hormonal deficiencies in anabolic hormones are found in frail older women: the Women's Health and Aging studies"
2159:"Stimulus-response paradigm for characterizing the loss of resilience in homeostatic regulation associated with frailty"
282:
44:
869:
Physical Performance Testing and Frailty in Prediction of Early Postoperative Course After Cardiac Surgery (Cardiostep)
2974:"Frailty: emergence and consequences in women aged 65 and older in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study"
452:
Two most widely used approaches, different in their nature and scopes, are discussed below. Other approaches follow.
3970:
Casas-Herrero A, Cadore EL, Zambom-Ferraresi F, Idoate F, Millor N, MartΓnez-Ramirez A, et al. (October 2013).
3333:"Effectiveness of interventions to prevent pre-frailty and frailty progression in older adults: a systematic review"
2703:"A frailty instrument for primary care: findings from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE)"
655:
289:
249:
179:
398:
focused on a single condition, but a multitude in order to increase the likelihood of better treatment results.
338:(or lack of strength), also known as muscle fatigue, refers to the inability to exert force with one's skeletal
4753:"Evidence for sex-specific intramuscular changes associated to physical weakness in adults older than 75 years"
4021:"Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: implications for improved targeting and care"
3681:
4103:"Physiological complexity underlying heart rate dynamics and frailty status in community-dwelling older women"
2008:"Thyroid autoantibodies are associated with a reduced prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older women"
914:
4910:
for "Alleviation by Fisetin of Frailty, Inflammation, and Related Measures in Older Adults (AFFIRM-LITE)" at
4751:
de Jong JC, Verschuren L, Caspers MP, van der Hoek MD, van der Leij FR, Kleemann R, et al. (July 2023).
271:
217:(SIOP or GIOP). Given its influence in the risk of fragility fracture, osteoporosis may significantly affect
1370:
Peterson SJ, Mozer M (February 2017). "Differentiating Sarcopenia and Cachexia Among Patients With Cancer".
4393:"Chronic Lower Extremity Ischemia and Its Association with the Frailty Syndrome in Patients with Diabetes"
3931:"The prevalence of frailty syndrome in an older population from Spain. The Toledo Study for Healthy Aging"
1442:"Frailty Is Intertwined With Heart Failure: Mechanisms, Prevalence, Prognosis, Assessment, and Management"
785:
820:
that there was no difference in reducing cost or improving patient outcomes between the two approaches.
3282:
Dent E, Morley JE, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Woodhouse L, RodrΓguez-MaΓ±as L, Fried LP, et al. (2019-11-01).
4856:
for "Frailty and Physician Modified Fenestrated Endograft for Thoracoabdominal Aortic Pathologies" at
4252:
Shardell M, Hicks GE, Miller RR, Kritchevsky S, Andersen D, Bandinelli S, et al. (January 2009).
3284:"Physical Frailty: ICFSR International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Identification and Management"
537:
The SHARE-FI calculator is freely available to use online. The calculator classifies individuals as:
4964:
3883:
2752:
797:
659:
175:
3331:
ApΓ³stolo J, Cooke R, Bobrowicz-Campos E, Santana S, Marcucci M, Cano A, et al. (January 2018).
4959:
2209:
2154:
483:
4929:
4911:
4893:
4875:
4857:
4602:
4342:
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Landi F, Schneider SM, ZΓΊΓ±iga C, Arai H, Boirie Y, et al. (November 2014).
4234:
3455:
3213:
3088:
3001:
2314:
1707:
1395:
618:
206:
191:
183:
1321:
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, et al. (July 2010).
4101:
Chaves PH, Varadhan R, Lipsitz LA, Stein PK, Windham BG, Tian J, et al. (September 2008).
1918:"Insulin resistance and inflammation as precursors of frailty: the Cardiovascular Health Study"
925:
682:
supplementation may provide the benefits of improving stability and muscle strength retention.
354:
Muscle weakness makes it difficult to perform everyday activities, like getting into a bathtub.
4833:
4784:
4733:
4689:
4648:
4594:
4559:
4510:
4459:
4424:
4373:
4324:
4283:
4226:
4181:
4132:
4083:
4042:
4001:
3952:
3911:
3852:
3806:
3757:
3722:
3667:
3629:
3580:
3539:
3504:
3447:
3411:
3362:
3313:
3264:
3205:
3164:
3129:
3080:
3042:
2993:
2972:
Woods NF, LaCroix AZ, Gray SL, Aragaki A, Cochrane BB, Brunner RL, et al. (August 2005).
2954:
2905:
2856:
2807:
2734:
2683:
2632:
2583:
2527:
2488:
2447:
2403:
2355:
2306:
2271:
2235:
2188:
2135:
2104:
Semba RD, Ferrucci L, Sun K, Walston J, Varadhan R, Guralnik JM, et al. (December 2007).
2086:
2037:
1988:
1939:
1898:
1857:
1805:
1753:
1699:
1663:
1627:
1576:
1522:
1471:
1422:
1387:
1352:
1303:
1252:
1203:
1150:
1075:
1006:
970:
800:
in men, and environment-related factors such as life space and neighborhood characteristics.
296:
61:
53:
2603:"Developing and validating a risk prediction model for acute care based on frailty syndromes"
2380:
Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. (March 2001).
849:
the impact of frailty on clinical outcomes of patients treated for abdominal aortic aneurysms
807:
A review looked at the relationship between the frailty syndrome and chronic lower extremity
4823:
4815:
4774:
4764:
4723:
4679:
4638:
4630:
4586:
4549:
4541:
4528:
Sadler E, Khadjesari Z, Ziemann A, Sheehan KJ, Whitney J, Wilson D, et al. (May 2023).
4500:
4490:
4451:
4414:
4404:
4363:
4355:
4314:
4273:
4265:
4216:
4208:
4171:
4163:
4122:
4114:
4073:
4032:
3991:
3983:
3942:
3901:
3891:
3842:
3834:
3796:
3788:
3749:
3714:
3659:
3619:
3611:
3570:
3531:
3494:
3486:
3439:
3401:
3393:
3352:
3344:
3303:
3295:
3254:
3244:
3195:
3156:
3119:
3072:
3032:
2985:
2944:
2936:
2895:
2887:
2846:
2838:
2797:
2789:
2724:
2714:
2673:
2663:
2622:
2614:
2573:
2565:
2519:
2478:
2437:
2393:
2345:
2298:
2263:
2225:
2178:
2170:
2125:
2117:
2076:
2068:
2027:
2019:
1978:
1970:
1929:
1888:
1847:
1839:
1795:
1787:
1743:
1730:
Chaves PH, Semba RD, Leng SX, Woodman RC, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, et al. (June 2005).
1691:
1655:
1617:
1607:
1566:
1558:
1545:
Fried LP, Xue QL, Cappola AR, Ferrucci L, Chaves P, Varadhan R, et al. (October 2009).
1512:
1502:
1461:
1453:
1379:
1342:
1334:
1293:
1283:
1242:
1234:
1140:
1132:
1065:
1057:
960:
952:
921:
415:
3231:
Ni Lochlainn M, Cox NJ, Wilson T, Hayhoe RP, Ramsay SE, Granic A, et al. (July 2021).
2334:"The frailty phenotype and the frailty index: different instruments for different purposes"
994:
4874:
for "Structured Program of Exercise for Recipients of Kidney Transplantation (SPaRKT)" at
4150:
Varadhan R, Chaves PH, Lipsitz LA, Stein PK, Tian J, Windham BG, et al. (June 2009).
3598:
Afilalo J, Alexander KP, Mack MJ, Maurer MS, Green P, Allen LA, et al. (March 2014).
690:
335:
222:
218:
130:
3557:
Manfredi PL, Morrison RS, Morris J, Goldhirsch SL, Carter JM, Meier DE (September 2000).
2825:
Walsh B, Fogg C, Harris S, Roderick P, de Lusignan S, England T, et al. (May 2023).
4779:
4752:
4554:
4530:"Case management for integrated care of older people with frailty in community settings"
4529:
3887:
3382:"Mobility training for increasing mobility and functioning in older people with frailty"
3076:
2851:
2826:
2552:
Soong J, Poots AJ, Scott S, Donald K, Woodcock T, Lovett D, et al. (October 2015).
1916:
Barzilay JI, Blaum C, Moore T, Xue QL, Hirsch CH, Walston JD, et al. (April 2007).
4828:
4803:
4802:
Usher T, Buta B, Thorpe RJ, Huang J, Samuel LJ, Kasper JD, et al. (January 2021).
4505:
4478:
4419:
4392:
4368:
4343:
4278:
4253:
4176:
4151:
4127:
4102:
3996:
3971:
3906:
3871:
3801:
3777:"Frailty Is Associated With Adverse Postoperative Outcomes After Lung Cancer Resection"
3776:
3624:
3599:
3499:
3474:
3406:
3381:
3357:
3332:
3308:
3283:
3259:
3232:
2949:
2924:
2900:
2875:
2802:
2777:
2729:
2702:
2678:
2651:
2627:
2602:
2578:
2553:
2183:
2158:
2130:
2105:
2081:
2056:
2032:
2007:
1983:
1958:
1852:
1827:
1800:
1775:
1622:
1595:
1571:
1546:
1517:
1490:
1466:
1441:
1347:
1322:
1298:
1271:
1247:
1222:
1145:
1120:
965:
940:
487:
343:
210:
3663:
3575:
3559:"Palliative care consultations: how do they impact the care of hospitalized patients?"
3558:
2874:
Whitson HE, Cohen HJ, Schmader KE, Morey MC, Kuchel G, Colon-Emeric CS (August 2018).
2507:
939:
Whitson HE, Cohen HJ, Schmader KE, Morey MC, Kuchel G, Colon-Emeric CS (August 2018).
4953:
4212:
4118:
3217:
3106:
Serra-Prat M, Sist X, Domenich R, Jurado L, Saiz A, Roces A, et al. (May 2017).
3037:
3020:
2989:
2006:
Wang GC, Talor MV, Rose NR, Cappola AR, Chiou RB, Weiss C, et al. (March 2010).
1695:
1399:
845:
As of September 2021, ongoing clinical trials on frailty syndrome in the US include:
439:
171:
3459:
3092:
2318:
1711:
720:
slowed walking speed, defined as lowest population quartile on 4-minute walking test
350:
4710:
Zeidan RS, McElroy T, Rathor L, Martenson MS, Lin Y, Mankowski RT (December 2023).
4606:
4545:
3490:
3397:
3021:"Age-related decline in physical activity: a synthesis of human and animal studies"
3005:
884:
793:
675:
163:
4924:
4906:
4888:
4870:
4852:
4238:
2212:, Xue QL, Ferrucci L, Walston J, Guralnik JM, Chaves P, et al. (March 2006).
1875:
Varadhan R, Walston J, Cappola AR, Carlson MC, Wand GS, Fried LP (February 2008).
1119:
Xue QL, Tian J, Walston JD, Chaves PH, Newman AB, Bandeen-Roche K (January 2020).
744:
Individuals needing additional assistance to perform everyday activities of living
4078:
4061:
3896:
3792:
3348:
2793:
2121:
1659:
83:
estimated that 4-16% of the population over 65 years old is living with frailty.
4728:
4711:
4590:
4254:"Association of low vitamin D levels with the frailty syndrome in men and women"
3475:"Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition"
3200:
3183:
3160:
2618:
2569:
2214:"Phenotype of frailty: characterization in the women's health and aging studies"
723:
low physical activity such that persons would only rarely undertake a short walk
238:
4808:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
4769:
4668:"Sex differences in frailty: Comparisons between humans and preclinical models"
4495:
4455:
4444:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
4258:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
4156:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
4037:
4025:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
4020:
3753:
3718:
3615:
2940:
2471:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
2430:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
2398:
2386:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
2381:
2218:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
2072:
1963:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
1934:
1917:
1881:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
1832:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
1791:
1736:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
1551:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
1507:
1457:
1195:
17:
4684:
4667:
3947:
3930:
3535:
3299:
2668:
2483:
2466:
2442:
2425:
2302:
2230:
2213:
2174:
1893:
1877:"Higher levels and blunted diurnal variation of cortisol in frail older women"
1876:
1748:
1731:
1061:
890:
769:
765:
714:
427:
135:
126:
66:
4819:
4634:
3838:
2842:
2267:
1383:
1288:
1238:
4359:
4269:
4167:
3124:
3107:
2973:
2719:
2350:
2333:
1974:
1843:
1562:
1338:
1136:
703:
patients' recovery trajectories. One frailty scale consists of five items:
679:
359:
198:
4837:
4788:
4737:
4693:
4652:
4598:
4563:
4514:
4463:
4428:
4409:
4377:
4328:
4287:
4230:
4185:
4136:
4087:
4046:
4005:
3956:
3915:
3856:
3810:
3761:
3726:
3671:
3633:
3584:
3543:
3508:
3451:
3415:
3366:
3317:
3268:
3209:
3168:
3133:
3084:
3046:
2997:
2958:
2909:
2860:
2811:
2738:
2687:
2636:
2587:
2531:
2492:
2451:
2407:
2359:
2310:
2275:
2239:
2192:
2139:
2090:
2041:
1992:
1943:
1902:
1861:
1809:
1757:
1703:
1667:
1631:
1580:
1526:
1475:
1391:
1356:
1307:
1256:
1207:
1154:
1079:
1010:
974:
3987:
1426:
1168:
4319:
4302:
4221:
2023:
808:
363:
186:
below peak bone mass (20-year-old healthy female average) as measured by
144:
140:
101:
79:
1121:"Discrepancy in Frailty Identification: Move Beyond Predictive Validity"
155:
4944:
4643:
4019:
Fried LP, Ferrucci L, Darer J, Williamson JD, Anderson G (March 2004).
3847:
3249:
2467:"A comparison of two approaches to measuring frailty in elderly people"
1957:
Zaslavsky O, Walker RL, Crane PK, Gray SL, Larson EB (September 2016).
1612:
1221:
Ward DD, Ranson JM, Wallace LM, Llewellyn DJ, Rockwood K (April 2022).
863:
4705:
4703:
3443:
2891:
2523:
1272:"Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia Increase Frailty Syndrome in the Elderly"
1070:
956:
878:
856:
789:
339:
662:
provided modest improvements in elderly adults mobility to do ADLs.
3233:"Nutrition and Frailty: Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment"
621:
is associated with a decreased risk of incident frailty in the US.
2650:
Sunkersing D, Martin FC, Reed J, Woringer M, Bell D (March 2019).
2106:"Oxidative stress and severe walking disability among older women"
349:
154:
4397:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
694:
than expensive treatments that may be unnecessary and unhelpful.
190:; the term "established osteoporosis" includes the presence of a
4301:
Xue QL, Fried LP, Glass TA, Laffan A, Chaves PH (January 2008).
3188:
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
167:
3600:"Frailty assessment in the cardiovascular care of older adults"
2701:
Romero-Ortuno R, Walsh CD, Lawlor BA, Kenny RA (August 2010).
741:
Chronic Obstruction Pulmonary Disease or pneumonia in the past
419:
232:
3337:
JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports
2601:
Soong J, Poots AJ, Scott S, Donald K, Bell D (October 2015).
159:
Osteoporosis causes a hunched-over appearance in some people.
147:-mediated degradation although both conditions may co-exist.
4391:
Jakubiak GK, Pawlas N, CieΕlar G, Stanek A (December 2020).
2554:"Quantifying the prevalence of frailty in English hospitals"
784:
chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes,
2778:"Preoperative frailty screening, assessment and management"
2332:
Cesari M, Gambassi G, van Kan GA, Vellas B (January 2014).
2204:
2202:
812:
congestive heart failure and the development if frailty.
482:
as "robust". Additional work on the construct is done by
2876:"Physical Resilience: Not Simply the Opposite of Frailty"
941:"Physical Resilience: Not Simply the Opposite of Frailty"
3870:
Niederstrasser NG, Rogers NT, Bandelow S (2019-10-30).
3473:
Milne AC, Potter J, Vivanti A, Avenell A (April 2009).
2057:"Inflammation and immune system alterations in frailty"
2925:"The frailty syndrome: definition and natural history"
747:
High blood pressure that is controlled with medication
4477:
Mutz J, Choudhury U, Zhao J, Dregan A (August 2022).
2426:"Frailty in relation to the accumulation of deficits"
1725:
1723:
1721:
1489:
Mutz J, Choudhury U, Zhao J, Dregan A (August 2022).
707:
unintentional weight loss >4.5 kg in the past year
380:
Depression, Bipolar Disorder, & Anxiety Disorders
209:
diseases or as a result of medications, specifically
2012:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1270:
Greco EA, Pietschmann P, Migliaccio S (2019-04-24).
993:
Allison R, Assadzandi S, Adelman M (February 2021).
643:
delaying frailty in older adults aged 65 and above.
2382:"Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype"
263:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
60:
37:
3058:
3056:
1227:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
735:Congestive heart failure within 1 month of surgery
87:combine recognized signs and symptoms of frailty.
2776:Cappe M, Laterre PF, Dechamps M (February 2023).
1415:World Health Organization Technical Report Series
1189:
1187:
1185:
1171:. National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2022-08-11
1025:"How to avoid frailty and stay strong as you age"
1821:
1819:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1223:"Frailty, lifestyle, genetics and dementia risk"
855:defining the acute changes in frailty following
824:the syndrome can affect future indicence rates.
4712:"Sex differences in frailty among older adults"
2465:Rockwood K, Andrew M, Mitnitski A (July 2007).
1440:Pandey A, Kitzman D, Reeves G (December 2019).
1202:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
866:, in reducing frailty markers in elderly adults
1826:Cappola AR, Xue QL, Fried LP (February 2009).
988:
986:
984:
3775:Lee AC, Lee SM, Ferguson MK (November 2022).
3604:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
2419:
2417:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
182:(WHO) in women as a bone mineral density 2.5
8:
3935:The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging
3288:The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging
1769:
1767:
862:the efficacy of the anti-inflammatory drug,
4534:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3652:Journal of the American College of Surgeons
3479:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3386:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3025:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
2508:"Re: Functional assessment in older people"
920:(Report). World Health Organization. 2017.
908:
906:
197:Osteoporosis is most common in women after
4201:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
4107:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
3645:
3643:
3432:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
3184:"Nutrition and frailty: Current knowledge"
2978:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
2880:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
1684:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
945:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
418:, increased apurinic/pyrimidinic sites in
358:A test of strength is often used during a
43:
34:
4827:
4778:
4768:
4727:
4683:
4642:
4553:
4504:
4494:
4418:
4408:
4367:
4318:
4277:
4220:
4175:
4126:
4077:
4036:
3995:
3946:
3905:
3895:
3846:
3800:
3623:
3574:
3498:
3405:
3356:
3307:
3258:
3248:
3199:
3123:
3036:
2948:
2899:
2850:
2801:
2728:
2718:
2677:
2667:
2626:
2577:
2482:
2441:
2397:
2349:
2229:
2182:
2129:
2080:
2031:
1982:
1933:
1892:
1851:
1799:
1747:
1621:
1611:
1570:
1516:
1506:
1465:
1346:
1297:
1287:
1246:
1144:
1069:
964:
323:Learn how and when to remove this message
213:, when the disease is called steroid- or
881:β the normal process of growing older.
1194:Mendiratta P, Schoo C, Latif R (2024).
902:
389:Biological and physiological mechanisms
4666:Kane AE, Howlett SE (September 2021).
3563:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
2055:Yao X, Li H, Leng SX (February 2011).
143:, in which muscle is degraded through
108:Geriatric syndromes related to frailty
3699:
3697:
2424:Rockwood K, Mitnitski A (July 2007).
1594:Chen X, Mao G, Leng SX (2014-03-19).
7:
4672:Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
2163:Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
1959:"Glucose Levels and Risk of Frailty"
995:"Frailty: Evaluation and Management"
796:, hormonal abnormalities, obesity,
261:adding citations to reliable sources
3077:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.035
3065:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
2753:"Tools for Clinical History-Taking"
215:glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis
170:that leads to an increased risk of
494:Frailty index/deficit accumulation
412:peripheral blood mononuclear cells
362:of a muscular disorder before the
52:A woman supporting herself with a
25:
3781:JTO Clinical and Research Reports
3664:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.01.028
2782:Current Opinion in Anesthesiology
926:10665/272437/WHO-FWC-ALC-17.2-eng
444:Physiological functional capacity
4307:American Journal of Epidemiology
4213:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53300.x
4119:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01858.x
3038:10.1097/00005768-200009000-00012
2990:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53405.x
2153:Varadhan R, Seplaki CL, Xue QL,
2110:The American Journal of Medicine
1696:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50605.x
237:
1600:Clinical Interventions in Aging
1596:"Frailty syndrome: an overview"
634:and Drug Administration (FDA).
248:needs additional citations for
4546:10.1002/14651858.CD013088.pub2
3491:10.1002/14651858.CD003288.pub3
3398:10.1002/14651858.CD010494.pub2
1372:Nutrition in Clinical Practice
1050:International Psychogeriatrics
760:Epidemiology and public health
591:Identification of risk factors
1:
4066:Archives of Internal Medicine
3576:10.1016/s0885-3924(00)00163-9
3524:Molecular Aspects of Medicine
2929:Clinics in Geriatric Medicine
2256:J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
2061:Clinics in Geriatric Medicine
1922:Archives of Internal Medicine
1780:Clinics in Geriatric Medicine
1648:Archives of Internal Medicine
1125:J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
166:is an age-related disease of
113:Major Contributors to Frailty
4079:10.1001/archinte.162.20.2333
3897:10.1371/journal.pone.0223799
3793:10.1016/j.jtocrr.2022.100414
3682:"Who Thrives After Surgery?"
3680:Span P (December 28, 2010).
3349:10.11124/JBISRIR-2017-003382
3019:Sallis JF (September 2000).
2794:10.1097/ACO.0000000000001221
2157:, Fried LP (November 2008).
2122:10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.07.028
1660:10.1001/archinte.162.20.2333
1093:Waltson JD (June 12, 2023).
573:Electronic Frail Scale (eFI)
422:, increased accumulation of
203:postmenopausal osteoporosis.
129:is the degenerative loss of
4729:10.1016/j.exger.2023.112333
4591:10.1016/j.exger.2016.12.021
3201:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109703
3161:10.1016/j.exger.2019.04.007
2619:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008457
2570:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008456
893:β decline of muscle mass.
666:Nutritional supplementation
474:slowness while walking, and
4981:
4770:10.1186/s13293-023-00531-w
4757:Biology of Sex Differences
4496:10.1186/s12916-022-02474-2
3754:10.1001/archsurg.2011.1229
3719:10.1016/j.wneu.2018.12.168
3616:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.070
2941:10.1016/j.cger.2010.08.009
2757:British Geriatrics Society
2073:10.1016/j.cger.2010.08.002
1935:10.1001/archinte.167.7.635
1792:10.1016/j.cger.2010.08.005
1508:10.1186/s12916-022-02474-2
1458:10.1016/j.jchf.2019.10.005
1276:Frontiers in Endocrinology
828:Sex differences in frailty
656:Activities of daily living
465:unintentional weight loss,
456:Physical frailty phenotype
437:
27:Weakness in elderly person
4685:10.1016/j.mad.2021.111546
3948:10.1007/s12603-011-0075-8
3536:10.1016/j.mam.2005.01.005
3300:10.1007/s12603-019-1273-z
3182:Feart C (December 2019).
2669:10.1186/s12877-019-1083-5
2303:10.1016/j.arr.2010.09.001
2175:10.1016/j.mad.2008.09.013
1062:10.1017/S1041610211002110
999:American Family Physician
674:With age comes decreased
402:Theoretical understanding
342:. Weakness often follows
180:World Health Organization
51:
42:
4716:Experimental Gerontology
4579:Experimental Gerontology
4456:10.1093/gerona/56.3.M158
4038:10.1093/gerona/59.3.m255
3149:Experimental Gerontology
2923:Xue QL (February 2011).
2399:10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146
1774:Roy CN (February 2011).
1384:10.1177/0884533616680354
1289:10.3389/fendo.2019.00255
1239:10.1136/jnnp-2021-327396
1196:"Clinical Frailty Scale"
710:self-reported exhaustion
2720:10.1186/1471-2318-10-57
2484:10.1093/gerona/62.7.738
2443:10.1093/gerona/62.7.722
2291:Ageing Research Reviews
2231:10.1093/gerona/61.3.262
1894:10.1093/gerona/63.2.190
1749:10.1093/gerona/60.6.729
887:β weakening of bones.
841:Ongoing clinical trials
625:Non-surgical management
530:Functional difficulties
503:Four domains of frailty
477:low levels of activity.
426:and reduced ability to
4922:Clinical trial number
4904:Clinical trial number
4886:Clinical trial number
4868:Clinical trial number
4850:Clinical trial number
4820:10.1093/gerona/glaa061
4635:10.1093/ageing/afaa219
4410:10.3390/ijerph17249339
3839:10.1093/ageing/afaa219
2843:10.1093/ageing/afad058
2268:10.1093/gerona/glac214
786:chronic kidney disease
555:Clinical Frailty Scale
430:double-strand breaks.
355:
174:. In osteoporosis the
160:
4360:10.1093/ageing/afu115
4270:10.1093/gerona/gln007
4168:10.1093/gerona/glp013
3988:10.1089/rej.2013.1438
3976:Rejuvenation Research
3125:10.1093/ageing/afw242
2351:10.1093/ageing/aft160
1975:10.1093/gerona/glw024
1844:10.1093/gerona/gln026
1563:10.1093/gerona/glp076
1339:10.1093/ageing/afq034
1137:10.1093/gerona/glz052
794:autonomic dysfunction
438:Further information:
424:endogenous DNA damage
353:
158:
2024:10.1210/jc.2009-1991
764:Frailty is a common
713:<20th population
660:Occupational therapy
651:Occupational therapy
564:Edmonton Frail Scale
257:improve this article
201:, when it is called
176:bone mineral density
3888:2019PLoSO..1423799N
3742:Archives of Surgery
1776:"Anemia in frailty"
1446:JACC. Heart Failure
928:. WHO/FWC/ALC/17.2.
792:, atherosclerosis,
512:SHARE Frailty Index
184:standard deviations
4930:ClinicalTrials.gov
4912:ClinicalTrials.gov
4894:ClinicalTrials.gov
4876:ClinicalTrials.gov
4858:ClinicalTrials.gov
4320:10.1093/aje/kwm270
3707:World Neurosurgery
3686:The New York Times
3250:10.3390/nu13072349
1613:10.2147/CIA.S45300
619:Mediterranean diet
547:non-frail / robust
434:Frailty assessment
356:
272:"Frailty syndrome"
192:fragility fracture
161:
3444:10.1111/jgs.14889
2892:10.1111/jgs.15233
2524:10.1136/bmj.d4681
2506:Soong JT (2011).
1452:(12): 1001β1011.
957:10.1111/jgs.15233
798:hypovitaminosis D
738:Diabetes mellitus
717:for grip strength
698:Surgical outcomes
533:Physical activity
333:
332:
325:
307:
72:
71:
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4972:
4932:
4920:
4914:
4902:
4896:
4884:
4878:
4866:
4860:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4831:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4782:
4772:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4731:
4707:
4698:
4697:
4687:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4646:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4557:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4508:
4498:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4450:(3): M158βM166.
4439:
4433:
4432:
4422:
4412:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4371:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4322:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4281:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4224:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4179:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4130:
4113:(9): 1698β1703.
4098:
4092:
4091:
4081:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4040:
4016:
4010:
4009:
3999:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3950:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3909:
3899:
3882:(10): e0223799.
3867:
3861:
3860:
3850:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3804:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3701:
3692:
3689:
3678:Lay summary in:
3675:
3647:
3638:
3637:
3627:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3578:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3502:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3262:
3252:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3203:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3127:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3040:
3031:(9): 1598β1600.
3016:
3010:
3009:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2722:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2681:
2671:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2630:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2445:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2392:(3): M146βM156.
2377:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2233:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1896:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1751:
1727:
1716:
1715:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1615:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1542:
1531:
1530:
1520:
1510:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1291:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1250:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1191:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1021:
1015:
1014:
990:
979:
978:
968:
936:
930:
929:
919:
910:
524:Loss of appetite
471:muscle weakness,
416:oxidative stress
410:A comparison of
328:
321:
317:
314:
308:
306:
265:
241:
233:
47:
38:Frailty syndrome
35:
21:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4950:
4949:
4941:
4936:
4935:
4921:
4917:
4903:
4899:
4885:
4881:
4867:
4863:
4849:
4845:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4709:
4708:
4701:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4540:(5): CD013088.
4527:
4526:
4522:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4072:(20): 2333β41.
4059:
4058:
4054:
4018:
4017:
4013:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3703:
3702:
3695:
3679:
3649:
3648:
3641:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3485:(2): CD003288.
3472:
3471:
3467:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3392:(6): CD010494.
3379:
3378:
3374:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3062:
3061:
3054:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2761:
2759:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2613:(10): e008457.
2600:
2599:
2595:
2564:(10): e008456.
2551:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2379:
2378:
2367:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2210:Bandeen-Roche K
2208:
2207:
2200:
2169:(11): 666β670.
2155:Bandeen-Roche K
2152:
2151:
2147:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1729:
1728:
1719:
1690:(12): 1947β54.
1680:
1679:
1675:
1654:(20): 2333β41.
1644:
1643:
1639:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1557:(10): 1049β57.
1544:
1543:
1534:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1421:: 1β129. 1994.
1412:
1411:
1407:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1193:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1018:
992:
991:
982:
938:
937:
933:
917:
912:
911:
904:
899:
876:
843:
830:
762:
700:
691:Palliative care
688:
686:Palliative care
668:
653:
640:
627:
614:
605:
593:
584:
575:
566:
557:
514:
505:
496:
458:
446:
436:
404:
391:
382:
373:
336:Muscle weakness
329:
318:
312:
309:
266:
264:
254:
242:
231:
229:Muscle weakness
223:quality of life
219:life expectancy
211:glucocorticoids
153:
131:skeletal muscle
124:
115:
110:
93:
33:
28:
23:
22:
18:Medically frail
15:
12:
11:
5:
4978:
4976:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4940:
4939:External links
4937:
4934:
4933:
4915:
4897:
4879:
4861:
4843:
4794:
4743:
4699:
4658:
4623:Age and Ageing
4612:
4569:
4520:
4469:
4434:
4383:
4354:(6): 748β759.
4348:Age and Ageing
4334:
4293:
4244:
4207:(6): 927β934.
4191:
4142:
4093:
4052:
4031:(3): 255β263.
4011:
3982:(5): 396β403.
3962:
3921:
3862:
3827:Age and Ageing
3816:
3787:(11): 100414.
3767:
3732:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3639:
3610:(8): 747β762.
3590:
3569:(3): 166β173.
3549:
3530:(3): 203β219.
3514:
3465:
3421:
3372:
3343:(1): 140β232.
3323:
3294:(9): 771β787.
3274:
3223:
3174:
3139:
3112:Age and Ageing
3098:
3052:
3011:
2984:(8): 1321β30.
2964:
2915:
2886:(8): 1459β61.
2866:
2837:(5): afad058.
2831:Age and Ageing
2817:
2768:
2744:
2707:BMC Geriatrics
2693:
2656:BMC Geriatrics
2642:
2593:
2544:
2498:
2477:(7): 738β743.
2457:
2413:
2365:
2338:Age and Ageing
2324:
2297:(1): 104β114.
2281:
2262:(4): 603β610.
2245:
2198:
2145:
2116:(12): 1084β9.
2096:
2047:
1998:
1949:
1928:(7): 635β641.
1908:
1867:
1815:
1763:
1742:(6): 729β735.
1717:
1673:
1637:
1586:
1532:
1481:
1432:
1405:
1362:
1333:(4): 412β423.
1327:Age and Ageing
1313:
1262:
1233:(4): 343β350.
1213:
1181:
1160:
1131:(2): 387β393.
1111:
1085:
1056:(8): 1265β74.
1040:
1016:
1005:(4): 219β226.
980:
951:(8): 1459β61.
931:
901:
900:
898:
895:
875:
872:
871:
870:
867:
860:
859:in the abdomen
853:
850:
842:
839:
829:
826:
761:
758:
749:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
725:
724:
721:
718:
711:
708:
699:
696:
687:
684:
667:
664:
652:
649:
639:
636:
626:
623:
613:
610:
604:
601:
592:
589:
583:
580:
574:
571:
565:
562:
556:
553:
549:
548:
545:
542:
535:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
513:
510:
504:
501:
495:
492:
490:et al. (2001)
488:Linda P. Fried
479:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
457:
454:
435:
432:
403:
400:
390:
387:
381:
378:
372:
369:
344:muscle atrophy
331:
330:
245:
243:
236:
230:
227:
152:
149:
123:
120:
114:
111:
109:
106:
92:
89:
70:
69:
64:
58:
57:
49:
48:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4977:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4847:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4798:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4744:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4662:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4629:(1): 96β104.
4628:
4624:
4616:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4573:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4524:
4521:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4470:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4338:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4297:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4248:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4223:
4222:2027.42/65446
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3941:(10): 852β6.
3940:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3833:(1): 96β104.
3832:
3828:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3713:: e626βe632.
3712:
3708:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3438:(8): 1863β9.
3437:
3433:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:(3): 1161β8.
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:(9): 1223β9.
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1030:
1029:www.heart.org
1026:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
987:
985:
981:
976:
972:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
935:
932:
927:
923:
916:
909:
907:
903:
896:
894:
892:
888:
886:
882:
880:
873:
868:
865:
861:
858:
854:
851:
848:
847:
846:
840:
838:
834:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
810:
805:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
781:
778:
774:
771:
767:
759:
757:
753:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
733:
732:
729:
722:
719:
716:
712:
709:
706:
705:
704:
697:
695:
692:
685:
683:
681:
678:. Therefore,
677:
672:
665:
663:
661:
657:
650:
648:
644:
637:
635:
631:
624:
622:
620:
611:
609:
602:
600:
597:
590:
588:
581:
579:
572:
570:
563:
561:
554:
552:
546:
543:
540:
539:
538:
532:
529:
527:Grip strength
526:
523:
520:
519:
518:
511:
509:
502:
500:
493:
491:
489:
485:
484:Bandeen-Roche
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
463:
462:
455:
453:
450:
445:
441:
440:Frailty index
433:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
401:
399:
395:
388:
386:
379:
377:
371:Heart Failure
370:
368:
365:
361:
352:
348:
345:
341:
337:
327:
324:
316:
305:
302:
298:
295:
291:
288:
284:
281:
277:
274: β
273:
269:
268:Find sources:
262:
258:
252:
251:
246:This article
244:
240:
235:
234:
228:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
157:
150:
148:
146:
142:
137:
132:
128:
121:
119:
112:
107:
105:
103:
97:
90:
88:
84:
81:
76:
68:
65:
63:
59:
55:
54:walking frame
50:
46:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4923:
4918:
4905:
4900:
4887:
4882:
4869:
4864:
4851:
4846:
4814:(1): 69β76.
4811:
4807:
4797:
4760:
4756:
4746:
4719:
4715:
4675:
4671:
4661:
4626:
4622:
4615:
4582:
4578:
4572:
4537:
4533:
4523:
4486:
4483:BMC Medicine
4482:
4472:
4447:
4443:
4437:
4403:(24): 9339.
4400:
4396:
4386:
4351:
4347:
4337:
4313:(2): 240β8.
4310:
4306:
4296:
4264:(1): 69β75.
4261:
4257:
4247:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4162:(6): 682β7.
4159:
4155:
4145:
4110:
4106:
4096:
4069:
4065:
4055:
4028:
4024:
4014:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3938:
3934:
3924:
3879:
3875:
3865:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3748:(2): 190β3.
3745:
3741:
3735:
3710:
3706:
3685:
3658:(6): 901β8.
3655:
3651:
3607:
3603:
3593:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3482:
3478:
3468:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3118:(3): 401β7.
3115:
3111:
3101:
3068:
3064:
3028:
3024:
3014:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2788:(1): 83β88.
2785:
2781:
2771:
2760:. Retrieved
2756:
2747:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2535:. Retrieved
2515:
2511:
2501:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2436:(7): 722β7.
2433:
2429:
2389:
2385:
2344:(1): 10β12.
2341:
2337:
2327:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2224:(3): 262β6.
2221:
2217:
2166:
2162:
2148:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2067:(1): 79β87.
2064:
2060:
2050:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1887:(2): 190β5.
1884:
1880:
1870:
1838:(2): 243β8.
1835:
1831:
1786:(1): 67β78.
1783:
1779:
1739:
1735:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1554:
1550:
1498:
1495:BMC Medicine
1494:
1484:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1378:(1): 30β39.
1375:
1371:
1365:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1210:. NBK559009.
1199:
1173:. Retrieved
1163:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1102:. Retrieved
1098:
1088:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1032:. Retrieved
1028:
1019:
1002:
998:
948:
944:
934:
889:
885:Osteoporosis
883:
877:
844:
835:
831:
822:
818:
814:
806:
802:
782:
779:
775:
763:
754:
750:
730:
726:
701:
689:
676:bone density
673:
669:
654:
645:
641:
632:
628:
615:
606:
598:
594:
585:
576:
567:
558:
550:
536:
515:
506:
497:
480:
459:
451:
447:
409:
405:
396:
392:
383:
374:
357:
334:
319:
310:
300:
293:
286:
279:
267:
255:Please help
250:verification
247:
202:
196:
164:Osteoporosis
162:
151:Osteoporosis
125:
116:
98:
94:
85:
74:
73:
29:
4965:Gerontology
4925:NCT05166863
4907:NCT03675724
4889:NCT02711709
4871:NCT04954690
4853:NCT04524247
4644:10468/11159
3848:10468/11159
3243:(7): 2349.
2935:(1): 1β15.
1606:: 433β441.
569:drawing.
468:exhaustion,
91:Definitions
4960:Geriatrics
4954:Categories
4722:: 112333.
4678:: 111546.
4489:(1): 274.
3194:: 109703.
2762:2024-07-31
1501:(1): 274.
1200:StatPearls
1175:2024-07-26
1071:2262/67243
1034:2024-07-25
897:References
891:Sarcopenia
770:prevalence
715:percentile
582:Prevention
428:repair DNA
283:newspapers
136:disability
127:Sarcopenia
122:Sarcopenia
67:Geriatrics
4763:(1): 45.
4585:: 30β40.
3237:Nutrients
3218:197464368
3155:: 10β14.
3071:: 42β49.
2713:(1): 57.
2662:(1): 62.
2518:: d4681.
1400:206555460
1095:"Frailty"
766:geriatric
680:vitamin D
612:Nutrition
544:pre-frail
360:diagnosis
199:menopause
62:Specialty
4838:32147727
4789:37430322
4780:10332038
4738:37993077
4694:34324923
4653:33068107
4599:28043934
4564:37218645
4555:10204122
4515:36038880
4464:11253157
4429:33327401
4378:25241753
4329:17906296
4288:19164273
4231:15935013
4186:19223607
4137:19166446
4088:12418947
4047:15031310
4006:23822577
3957:22159772
3916:31665163
3876:PLOS ONE
3857:33068107
3811:36340797
3762:22351919
3727:30639495
3672:20510798
3634:24291279
3585:11018334
3544:15811435
3509:19370584
3460:25247416
3452:28369719
3416:35771806
3367:29324562
3318:31641726
3269:34371858
3210:31325470
3169:30995516
3134:28064172
3093:52147328
3085:30176345
3047:10994911
2998:16078957
2959:21093718
2910:29577234
2861:37140052
2852:10158172
2812:36476726
2739:20731877
2688:30823874
2637:26490098
2607:BMJ Open
2588:26490097
2558:BMJ Open
2532:21859792
2493:17634321
2452:17634318
2408:11253156
2360:24132852
2319:28785385
2311:20850567
2276:36209410
2240:16567375
2193:18938195
2140:18060930
2091:21093724
2042:20061418
1993:26933160
1944:17420420
1903:18314456
1862:19182229
1810:21093723
1758:15983175
1712:30586299
1704:12473005
1668:12418947
1632:24672230
1581:19567825
1527:36038880
1476:31779921
1392:28124947
1357:20392703
1308:31068903
1257:34933996
1208:32644435
1155:30789645
1104:July 26,
1099:UpToDate
1080:22333477
1011:33587574
975:29577234
874:See also
809:ischemia
638:Exercise
603:Exercise
364:etiology
313:May 2023
172:fracture
145:cytokine
141:cachexia
102:dementia
80:syndrome
4945:Frailty
4829:7756712
4607:4652963
4506:9425946
4420:7764849
4369:4204661
4279:2691187
4177:2679422
4128:2848445
3997:3804230
3907:6821067
3884:Bibcode
3802:9634029
3625:4571179
3500:7144819
3407:9245897
3358:5771690
3309:6800406
3260:8308545
3006:2191077
2950:3028599
2901:6157007
2803:9794163
2730:2939541
2679:6397475
2628:4621379
2579:4621378
2537:9 March
2184:2650618
2131:2423489
2082:3011971
2033:2841533
1984:4978362
1853:2655016
1801:2998908
1623:3964027
1572:2737590
1518:9425946
1467:7098068
1427:7941614
1348:2886201
1299:6491670
1282:: 255.
1248:8921595
1146:7176056
966:6157007
864:Fisetin
521:Fatigue
340:muscles
297:scholar
207:chronic
75:Frailty
4836:
4826:
4787:
4777:
4736:
4692:
4651:
4605:
4597:
4562:
4552:
4513:
4503:
4462:
4427:
4417:
4376:
4366:
4327:
4286:
4276:
4239:231645
4237:
4229:
4184:
4174:
4135:
4125:
4086:
4045:
4004:
3994:
3955:
3914:
3904:
3855:
3809:
3799:
3760:
3725:
3670:
3632:
3622:
3583:
3542:
3507:
3497:
3458:
3450:
3414:
3404:
3365:
3355:
3316:
3306:
3267:
3257:
3216:
3208:
3167:
3132:
3091:
3083:
3045:
3004:
2996:
2957:
2947:
2908:
2898:
2859:
2849:
2810:
2800:
2737:
2727:
2686:
2676:
2635:
2625:
2586:
2576:
2530:
2491:
2450:
2406:
2358:
2317:
2309:
2274:
2238:
2191:
2181:
2138:
2128:
2089:
2079:
2040:
2030:
1991:
1981:
1942:
1901:
1860:
1850:
1808:
1798:
1756:
1710:
1702:
1666:
1630:
1620:
1579:
1569:
1525:
1515:
1474:
1464:
1425:
1398:
1390:
1355:
1345:
1306:
1296:
1255:
1245:
1206:
1153:
1143:
1078:
1009:
973:
963:
857:sepsis
790:anemia
299:
292:
285:
278:
270:
4603:S2CID
4235:S2CID
3456:S2CID
3214:S2CID
3089:S2CID
3002:S2CID
2315:S2CID
1708:S2CID
1396:S2CID
1169:"Age"
918:(PDF)
879:Aging
541:frail
304:JSTOR
290:books
4834:PMID
4785:PMID
4734:PMID
4690:PMID
4649:PMID
4595:PMID
4560:PMID
4538:2023
4511:PMID
4460:PMID
4425:PMID
4374:PMID
4325:PMID
4284:PMID
4227:PMID
4182:PMID
4133:PMID
4084:PMID
4043:PMID
4002:PMID
3953:PMID
3912:PMID
3853:PMID
3807:PMID
3758:PMID
3723:PMID
3668:PMID
3630:PMID
3581:PMID
3540:PMID
3505:PMID
3483:2009
3448:PMID
3412:PMID
3390:2022
3363:PMID
3314:PMID
3265:PMID
3206:PMID
3165:PMID
3130:PMID
3081:PMID
3043:PMID
2994:PMID
2955:PMID
2906:PMID
2857:PMID
2808:PMID
2735:PMID
2684:PMID
2633:PMID
2584:PMID
2539:2024
2528:PMID
2489:PMID
2448:PMID
2404:PMID
2356:PMID
2307:PMID
2272:PMID
2236:PMID
2189:PMID
2136:PMID
2087:PMID
2038:PMID
1989:PMID
1940:PMID
1899:PMID
1858:PMID
1806:PMID
1754:PMID
1700:PMID
1664:PMID
1628:PMID
1577:PMID
1523:PMID
1472:PMID
1423:PMID
1388:PMID
1353:PMID
1304:PMID
1253:PMID
1204:PMID
1151:PMID
1106:2024
1076:PMID
1007:PMID
971:PMID
442:and
276:news
221:and
168:bone
4824:PMC
4816:doi
4775:PMC
4765:doi
4724:doi
4720:184
4680:doi
4676:198
4639:hdl
4631:doi
4587:doi
4550:PMC
4542:doi
4501:PMC
4491:doi
4452:doi
4415:PMC
4405:doi
4364:PMC
4356:doi
4315:doi
4311:167
4274:PMC
4266:doi
4217:hdl
4209:doi
4172:PMC
4164:doi
4123:PMC
4115:doi
4074:doi
4070:162
4033:doi
3992:PMC
3984:doi
3943:doi
3902:PMC
3892:doi
3843:hdl
3835:doi
3797:PMC
3789:doi
3750:doi
3746:147
3715:doi
3711:124
3660:doi
3656:210
3620:PMC
3612:doi
3571:doi
3532:doi
3495:PMC
3487:doi
3440:doi
3402:PMC
3394:doi
3353:PMC
3345:doi
3304:PMC
3296:doi
3255:PMC
3245:doi
3196:doi
3157:doi
3153:122
3120:doi
3073:doi
3069:132
3033:doi
2986:doi
2945:PMC
2937:doi
2896:PMC
2888:doi
2847:PMC
2839:doi
2798:PMC
2790:doi
2725:PMC
2715:doi
2674:PMC
2664:doi
2623:PMC
2615:doi
2574:PMC
2566:doi
2520:doi
2516:343
2512:BMJ
2479:doi
2438:doi
2394:doi
2346:doi
2299:doi
2264:doi
2226:doi
2179:PMC
2171:doi
2167:129
2126:PMC
2118:doi
2114:120
2077:PMC
2069:doi
2028:PMC
2020:doi
1979:PMC
1971:doi
1930:doi
1926:167
1889:doi
1848:PMC
1840:doi
1796:PMC
1788:doi
1744:doi
1692:doi
1656:doi
1652:162
1618:PMC
1608:doi
1567:PMC
1559:doi
1513:PMC
1503:doi
1462:PMC
1454:doi
1419:843
1380:doi
1343:PMC
1335:doi
1294:PMC
1284:doi
1243:PMC
1235:doi
1141:PMC
1133:doi
1066:hdl
1058:doi
1003:103
961:PMC
953:doi
922:hdl
420:DNA
259:by
188:DXA
4956::
4832:.
4822:.
4812:76
4810:.
4806:.
4783:.
4773:.
4761:14
4759:.
4755:.
4732:.
4718:.
4714:.
4702:^
4688:.
4674:.
4670:.
4647:.
4637:.
4627:50
4625:.
4601:.
4593:.
4583:89
4581:.
4558:.
4548:.
4536:.
4532:.
4509:.
4499:.
4487:20
4485:.
4481:.
4458:.
4448:56
4446:.
4423:.
4413:.
4401:17
4399:.
4395:.
4372:.
4362:.
4352:43
4350:.
4346:.
4323:.
4309:.
4305:.
4282:.
4272:.
4262:64
4260:.
4256:.
4233:.
4225:.
4215:.
4205:53
4203:.
4180:.
4170:.
4160:64
4158:.
4154:.
4131:.
4121:.
4111:56
4109:.
4105:.
4082:.
4068:.
4064:.
4041:.
4029:59
4027:.
4023:.
4000:.
3990:.
3980:16
3978:.
3974:.
3951:.
3939:15
3937:.
3933:.
3910:.
3900:.
3890:.
3880:14
3878:.
3874:.
3851:.
3841:.
3831:50
3829:.
3805:.
3795:.
3783:.
3779:.
3756:.
3744:.
3721:.
3709:.
3696:^
3684:.
3666:.
3654:.
3642:^
3628:.
3618:.
3608:63
3606:.
3602:.
3579:.
3567:20
3565:.
3561:.
3538:.
3528:26
3526:.
3503:.
3493:.
3481:.
3477:.
3454:.
3446:.
3436:65
3434:.
3410:.
3400:.
3388:.
3384:.
3361:.
3351:.
3341:16
3339:.
3335:.
3312:.
3302:.
3292:23
3290:.
3286:.
3263:.
3253:.
3241:13
3239:.
3235:.
3212:.
3204:.
3192:95
3190:.
3186:.
3163:.
3151:.
3128:.
3116:46
3114:.
3110:.
3087:.
3079:.
3067:.
3055:^
3041:.
3029:32
3027:.
3023:.
3000:.
2992:.
2982:53
2980:.
2976:.
2953:.
2943:.
2933:27
2931:.
2927:.
2904:.
2894:.
2884:66
2882:.
2878:.
2855:.
2845:.
2835:52
2833:.
2829:.
2806:.
2796:.
2786:36
2784:.
2780:.
2755:.
2733:.
2723:.
2711:10
2709:.
2705:.
2682:.
2672:.
2660:19
2658:.
2654:.
2631:.
2621:.
2609:.
2605:.
2582:.
2572:.
2560:.
2556:.
2526:.
2514:.
2510:.
2487:.
2475:62
2473:.
2469:.
2446:.
2434:62
2432:.
2428:.
2416:^
2402:.
2390:56
2388:.
2384:.
2368:^
2354:.
2342:43
2340:.
2336:.
2313:.
2305:.
2295:10
2293:.
2270:.
2260:78
2258:.
2234:.
2222:61
2220:.
2216:.
2201:^
2187:.
2177:.
2165:.
2161:.
2134:.
2124:.
2112:.
2108:.
2085:.
2075:.
2065:27
2063:.
2059:.
2036:.
2026:.
2016:95
2014:.
2010:.
1987:.
1977:.
1967:71
1965:.
1961:.
1938:.
1924:.
1920:.
1897:.
1885:63
1883:.
1879:.
1856:.
1846:.
1836:64
1834:.
1830:.
1818:^
1804:.
1794:.
1784:27
1782:.
1778:.
1766:^
1752:.
1740:60
1738:.
1734:.
1720:^
1706:.
1698:.
1688:50
1686:.
1662:.
1650:.
1626:.
1616:.
1602:.
1598:.
1575:.
1565:.
1555:64
1553:.
1549:.
1535:^
1521:.
1511:.
1499:20
1497:.
1493:.
1470:.
1460:.
1448:.
1444:.
1417:.
1394:.
1386:.
1376:32
1374:.
1351:.
1341:.
1331:39
1329:.
1325:.
1302:.
1292:.
1280:10
1278:.
1274:.
1251:.
1241:.
1231:93
1229:.
1225:.
1198:.
1184:^
1149:.
1139:.
1129:75
1127:.
1123:.
1097:.
1074:.
1064:.
1054:24
1052:.
1027:.
1001:.
997:.
983:^
969:.
959:.
949:66
947:.
943:.
905:^
225:.
194:.
104:.
4840:.
4818::
4791:.
4767::
4740:.
4726::
4696:.
4682::
4655:.
4641::
4633::
4609:.
4589::
4566:.
4544::
4517:.
4493::
4466:.
4454::
4431:.
4407::
4380:.
4358::
4331:.
4317::
4290:.
4268::
4241:.
4219::
4211::
4188:.
4166::
4139:.
4117::
4090:.
4076::
4049:.
4035::
4008:.
3986::
3959:.
3945::
3918:.
3894::
3886::
3859:.
3845::
3837::
3813:.
3791::
3785:3
3764:.
3752::
3729:.
3717::
3688:.
3674:.
3662::
3636:.
3614::
3587:.
3573::
3546:.
3534::
3511:.
3489::
3462:.
3442::
3418:.
3396::
3369:.
3347::
3320:.
3298::
3271:.
3247::
3220:.
3198::
3171:.
3159::
3136:.
3122::
3095:.
3075::
3049:.
3035::
3008:.
2988::
2961:.
2939::
2912:.
2890::
2863:.
2841::
2814:.
2792::
2765:.
2741:.
2717::
2690:.
2666::
2639:.
2617::
2611:5
2590:.
2568::
2562:5
2541:.
2522::
2495:.
2481::
2454:.
2440::
2410:.
2396::
2362:.
2348::
2321:.
2301::
2278:.
2266::
2242:.
2228::
2195:.
2173::
2142:.
2120::
2093:.
2071::
2044:.
2022::
1995:.
1973::
1946:.
1932::
1905:.
1891::
1864:.
1842::
1812:.
1790::
1760:.
1746::
1714:.
1694::
1670:.
1658::
1634:.
1610::
1604:9
1583:.
1561::
1529:.
1505::
1478:.
1456::
1450:7
1429:.
1402:.
1382::
1359:.
1337::
1310:.
1286::
1259:.
1237::
1178:.
1157:.
1135::
1108:.
1082:.
1068::
1060::
1037:.
1013:.
977:.
955::
924::
326:)
320:(
315:)
311:(
301:Β·
294:Β·
287:Β·
280:Β·
253:.
56:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.