517:
303:, a torsion powered catapult that dominated the Middle Ages both offensively and defensively. The trebuchet was known for its considerable force but required a longer loading time compared to other siege engines, sometimes taking up to an hour, which lead to some cities using catapults such as the mangonel and onager instead, which could put projectiles downrange much faster than the trebuchet. The trebuchet’s destructive force caused engineers to thicken walls, round out towers, and to redesign fortifications so that they could employ trebuchets for defense. The
336:
162:
558:
272:
903:
722:
757:
fortification as possible. Provided this was not so unnaturally contrived as to allow an attacker to drain the system, it served two defensive purposes. It made approaching the curtain wall of the castle more difficult and the undermining of the wall virtually impossible. To position a castle on a small island was very favorable from a defensive point of view, although it made deliveries of supplies and building materials more cumbersome and expensive.
802:
707:
601:
348:
569:
3124:
633:
781:
457:
36:
133:
232:
657:
549:
295 ft) in diameter. There was a tower on top of the motte. In most cases, the tower was made of timber, though some were also made of stones. Stone towers were found in natural mounds, as artificial ones were not strong enough to support stone towers. Larger mottes had towers with many rooms, including the great hall. Smaller ones had only a watch tower.
152:
484:. There is evidence that harbors were fortified, with wooden structures in the water creating a semi-circle around the harbor, or jetties, as seen in an artist's reconstruction of Hedeby, in Denmark, with an opening for ships to access the land. Usually, these wooden structures would have small bases at either end, creating a 'watch' and defense platform.
848:. In many cases, the medieval walls were dismantled and their stonework, which was still valuable as construction material, was reused in the construction of the new fortifications. The resulting space is often seen in old city centers of Europe even to this day, as broader streets often outline where the old wall once stood (evident for example in
733:
of multiple walls or ditches around an entrance would also make it difficult for defenders to use the entrance practically, necessitating better methods of control. Gates came in many forms, from the simple stone buttress and timber blocks, to the massive and imposing stone archways and thick wooden doors most associated with medieval citadels.
429:, but these belong mainly to the post-medieval periods. By 1600, the medieval wall is likely to have been seen more as a platform for displaying hangings and the pomery as a gathering ground for spectators, or as a source of building stone and a site for its use, respectively. However, a few, such as those of
365:, early in the period, walls were likely to have been constructed of wood and proofed against small forces. Especially where stone was readily available for building, the wood will have been replaced by stone to a higher or lower standard of security. This would have been the pattern of events in the
756:
A moat was a common addition to medieval fortifications, and the principal purpose was to simply increase the effective height of the walls and to prevent digging under the walls. In many instances, natural water paths were used as moats, and often extended through ditches to surround as much of the
741:
A killing field was an area between the main wall and a secondary wall, so when the first wall was breached the attackers would run into the killing field to be confronted by another wall from which soldiers bombarded them. Soldiers would be positioned atop the second wall and armed with any variety
548:
or a timber gate tower. Inside the bailey were stables, workshops, and a chapel. The motte was the final refuge in this type of castle. It was a raised earth mound, and varied considerably, with these mounds being 3 metres to 30 metres in height (10 feet to 100 feet), and from 30 to 90 metres (98 to
262:
were usually made of stone, wood or a combination of both (with a stone base supporting a wooden loft). Often toward the later part of the era they included battlements and arrow loops. Arrow loops were vertical slits in the wall through which archers inside shot arrows at the attackers, but made it
732:
Any entrance through a wall, being an opening, forms an obvious weak point. To be practical, the entryway would have to accommodate supplies being brought through, yet difficult for attackers to breach. For example, passage over ditches or moats would have to be withdrawn to deny attackers. The use
475:
or some sort of water access were often essential to the construction of medieval fortifications. It was a direct route for trading and fortification. Having direct access to a body of water provided a route for resupply in times of war, an additional method of transportation in times of peace, and
320:
near the beginning of 12th century CE, many torsion powered catapults became largely obsolete and cannons became commonplace medieval siege engines by the 15th century. While mostly used for offensive purposes, the first recorded use of a cannon in Europe was to defend the city of
Algeciras during
623:
Stone castles took years to construct depending on the overall size of the castle. Stone was stronger and of course much more expensive than wood. Most stone had to be quarried miles away, and then brought to the building site. But with the invention of the cannon and gunpowder, castles soon lost
311:
were another type of catapult utilized as a defensive weapon, however they were not often used. This is because their missiles sometimes lacked the force to dismantle enemy siege engines and their immobility confined them to the top of a city's towers were they could easily be taken out by enemy
619:
Materials that were used in the building of castles varied through history. Wood was used for most castles until 1066. They were cheap and were quick to construct. The reason wood fell into disuse as a material is that it is quite flammable. Soon stone became more popular.
771:
A keep is a strong central tower which normally forms the heart of a castle. Often the keep is the most defended area of a castle, and as such may form the main habitation area for a noble or lord, or contain important stores such as the armoury or the main well.
792:
Stairs were also constructed to contain trick or stumble steps. These were steps that had different rise height or tread depth from the rest and would cause anyone running up the stairs to stumble or fall, so slowing down the attackers' progress.
591:
had built were an exception in that he focused much of the resources of his kingdom on their speedy construction. In addition to paid workers, forced levies of labourers put thousands of men on each site and shortened construction to a few years.
543:
Motte-and-bailey was the prevalent form of castle during 11th and 12th centuries. A courtyard (called a bailey) was protected by a ditch and a palisade (strong timber fence). Often the entrance was protected by a lifting bridge, a
513:, and other buildings of religious function were often included within the walls of any fortification, be it temporary or permanent. A place to conduct religious services was usually essential to the morale of the soldiers.
1019:
275:
A depiction of the Siege of Lisbon in 1147 CE by Roque
Gameiro. There are catapults mounted on the towers of the city's walls. The type of catapult utilized is unknown but based on the appearance it is likely a
400:
An external pomoerium, stripped of bushes and building, gave defenders a clear view of what was happening outside and an unobstructed field of shot. An internal pomoerium gave ready access to the rear of the
1000:
These defenses were not only used as counter-measures against siege engines and were effective defenses against many other forms of attack including the dispatchment of attackers unshielded by siege engines.
416:
Also by that time, the medieval walls were no longer secure against a serious threat from an army, as they were not designed to be strong enough to resist cannon fire. They were sometimes rebuilt, as at
2518:
1044:
640:
Costs for the walls depended on the material used. Wood would cost very little and was quick to build, but was weak. Stone was strong but very expensive and time-consuming to construct.
480:
castle or fortification. The concept of rivers or harbors coming directly up to the walls of fortifications was especially used by the
English as they constructed castles throughout
361:
An exact nature of the walls of a medieval town or city would depend on the resources available for building them, the nature of the terrain, and the perceived threat. In northern
321:
the siege of 1343-44. However slow to load, cannons proved to be devastating weapons that could level a city's walls or destroy siege engines with only a single projectile.
312:
catapults, including offensive ballistas which were usually employed for the very reason of dismantling defenses on the top of towers and keeping defenders off of a wall's
844:. As a consequence of this, medieval walls were often upgraded with the addition of artillery platforms or bastions, and battlements were replaced by thick parapets with
840:
From the mid-15th century onwards, the power of cannons grew and medieval walls became obsolete as they were too thin to offer any realistic protection against prolonged
1130:
1093:
684:
out the latter, allowing defenders to throw stones, boiling water, and so forth, upon assailants below. Some castles featured additional inner walls, as additional
611:
Nature could provide very effective defenses for the castle. For this reason many castles were built on larger hills, cliffs, close to rivers, lakes or even caves.
307:
between 1196 and 1218 built towers mounted with massive trebuchets, which hypothetically would use their height advantage to take out opposing siege engines.
421:, or retained for use against thieves and other threats of a lower order. Very elaborate and complex schemes for town defenses were developed in the
1231:
53:
2334:
1203:
516:
2928:
2623:
100:
2743:
1173:
119:
2528:
299:
that would hurl stones and other missiles at enemy siege engines and soldiers. The most commonly used catapult for defense was the
72:
291:
were common during the Middle Ages and because of this many cities fortified their walls and castles to defend against the use of
961:- from 1996 to 2020 they will build a 13th-century castle exclusively using methods of that time. A lot of information regarding
664:
The height of walls varied widely by castle, but were often 2.5–6 m (8.2–19.7 ft) thick. They were usually topped with
2953:
821:. The two layers would be held together by iron studs, and the structure might be strengthened and stiffened with iron bands.
79:
3149:
57:
1145:
1104:
817:
planks. The grain of the wood would run vertically on the front layer and horizontally on the back, like a simple form of
2176:
1714:
1224:
402:
86:
2513:
1594:
864:
3154:
2109:
983:
68:
2558:
2183:
3055:
2133:
988:
860:
3102:
2877:
2583:
2578:
2498:
2295:
2242:
2212:
1969:
1899:
1843:
1420:
1217:
409:
to a point of need. By the end of the sixteenth century, the word had developed further in common use, into
335:
46:
3127:
2943:
2533:
2430:
2315:
3080:
2918:
2700:
2453:
2190:
2013:
1342:
161:
3065:
2593:
2219:
2018:
1984:
1384:
1266:
726:
195:
680:, approximately "neck-crusher") which consisted of openings between a wall and a parapet, formed by
271:
93:
2882:
2618:
1974:
1352:
902:
588:
183:
557:
3004:
2613:
2588:
2573:
2568:
2418:
2398:
2195:
1756:
1623:
1367:
521:
351:
958:
721:
3060:
3019:
2994:
2867:
2548:
2388:
2235:
1821:
1699:
1377:
1320:
1199:
1169:
1163:
502:
144:
824:
The studs themselves were pointed on the front so that attackers would damage their weapons (
3034:
3009:
2938:
2862:
2463:
2458:
2393:
1944:
1748:
1327:
948:
801:
538:
418:
386:. This was a strip of clear ground immediately adjacent the wall. The word is from the late
207:
203:
136:
706:
239:
2923:
2775:
2748:
2688:
2658:
2543:
2508:
2488:
2473:
2028:
2023:
1991:
1752:
1694:
1682:
1664:
1531:
1512:
1438:
1415:
892:
876:
853:
785:
604:
561:
445:
304:
281:
166:
600:
347:
3092:
3087:
2753:
2738:
2673:
2663:
2538:
2523:
2423:
2413:
2378:
2252:
2045:
1742:
1709:
1673:
1489:
1347:
1311:
978:
962:
330:
568:
343:, Germany. The downward slope on the outer side is hidden behind a fence and shrubbery
3143:
3097:
3050:
2958:
2948:
2902:
2872:
2857:
2826:
2807:
2668:
2608:
2563:
2478:
2437:
2247:
1880:
1875:
1608:
1571:
1556:
1507:
1452:
1431:
1240:
880:
685:
673:
493:
235:
187:
263:
extremely difficult for attackers to get many arrows back through at the defenders.
3075:
2933:
2897:
2852:
2836:
2764:
2717:
2693:
2683:
2678:
2493:
2310:
2171:
2138:
2003:
1939:
1914:
1826:
1800:
1768:
1762:
1704:
1643:
1613:
1461:
966:
953:
896:
665:
292:
859:
The transition between medieval and early modern fortification can be seen in the
520:
Where the fixed wooden bridge stands today over the precipice, at the entrance to
456:
1193:
17:
2974:
2831:
2800:
2782:
2770:
2712:
2707:
2648:
2643:
2603:
2503:
2468:
2364:
2267:
2038:
2008:
1998:
1904:
1793:
1601:
1410:
1357:
440:
Medieval walls that were no longer adequate for defending were succeeded by the
430:
422:
366:
199:
35:
632:
132:
2999:
2979:
2819:
2791:
2722:
2598:
2553:
2483:
2403:
2300:
2205:
2145:
2104:
2082:
2033:
1979:
1929:
1924:
1909:
1868:
1816:
1774:
1719:
1561:
1524:
1477:
545:
313:
250:
2408:
2339:
2166:
2161:
2094:
1735:
1648:
1578:
1536:
1362:
1332:
1293:
1259:
1165:
Medieval and
Renaissance Famagusta: Studies in Architecture, Art and History
972:
916:
845:
697:
572:
510:
441:
434:
382:
340:
300:
231:
780:
339:
Remains of a commandry (Order of
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem) wall in
656:
437:, survived fairly well and have been restored to a nearly complete state.
151:
2892:
2887:
2812:
2653:
2371:
2346:
2329:
2259:
2200:
2128:
2121:
1964:
1852:
1726:
1546:
1541:
1517:
1445:
1425:
1405:
1372:
936:
931:
926:
788:, Ireland. Note the canting, and the varied tread depth and riser height.
715:
701:
498:
406:
387:
308:
296:
277:
177:
170:
1162:
Walsh, Michael J. K.; Coureas, Nicholas; Edbury, Peter W., eds. (2012).
3024:
2989:
2984:
2322:
2305:
2290:
2274:
2226:
2154:
2099:
2089:
2057:
1959:
1934:
1919:
1689:
1633:
1551:
1398:
1391:
1337:
888:
818:
669:
587:
Construction could sometimes take decades. The string of Welsh castles
477:
465:
374:
370:
355:
243:
155:
3029:
2383:
1949:
1887:
1831:
1809:
1786:
1779:
1655:
1638:
1470:
1302:
1284:
1254:
1094:"Evolution of siege techniques: From the Catholic Monarchs to Vauban"
921:
884:
849:
681:
576:
525:
506:
472:
461:
426:
362:
317:
259:
211:
191:
380:
In many cases, the wall would have had an internal and an external
3070:
3014:
2758:
2283:
2114:
1954:
1275:
825:
800:
779:
720:
711:
705:
655:
648:
Manpower in the medieval era in Europe consisted mainly of serfs.
631:
599:
580:
567:
556:
515:
481:
455:
391:
334:
288:
270:
255:
230:
215:
140:
1209:
2052:
1894:
1861:
1836:
1628:
1618:
1587:
1566:
841:
810:
766:
751:
1213:
883:, medieval engineers used a number of obstacle types including
660:
SneĹľnik Castle protected by defensive wall in southern
Slovenia
829:
814:
564:, Jodhpur, which was built between the 15th and 17th centuries
29:
143:
was built in the late 13th century and is an example of
1135:
at Mdina? – Gunpowder fortifications in Late
Medieval Malta"
742:
of weapons, ranging from bows to crossbows to simple rocks.
688:
from which to mount a defense if outer walls were breached.
501:
was a central part of the lives of medieval soldiers, and
672:
that offered protection to defenders. Some also featured
879:
enhance field fortifications with obstacles such as
3043:
2967:
2911:
2845:
2731:
2636:
2446:
2357:
2073:
2066:
1498:
1247:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
202:. During this millennium, fortifications changed
1481:
186:military methods that cover the development of
2043:
1989:
1807:
1653:
2698:
2428:
2257:
2233:
1850:
1841:
1798:
1522:
1318:
1309:
1225:
8:
2817:
2798:
2789:
2780:
2369:
2344:
2320:
2281:
2272:
2224:
2210:
2181:
2152:
2143:
2119:
2080:
1885:
1866:
1784:
1733:
1724:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1599:
1585:
1576:
1459:
1436:
969:had already surfaced thanks to this project.
575:medieval fortress built on the banks of the
147:which developed in the late medieval period.
1468:
1450:
1396:
1382:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
813:might be made out of two or more layers of
27:Fortifications built during the middle ages
2070:
1232:
1218:
1210:
295:by their attackers. Many cities utilized
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1168:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 191.
901:
346:
206:, and in turn were modified to suit new
160:
150:
131:
1195:Castles: Their Construction and History
1010:
832:, etc.) while trying to break through.
448:, star forts became obsolete as well.
528:, castle used to have lifting bridge.
7:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2624:Weapons Storage and Security System
836:Transition to modern fortification
25:
1081:. Vol. 18. pp. 216–230.
975:replaced medieval fortifications.
636:Drawing of battlements on a tower
3123:
3122:
34:
1077:Avery, Michael (October 1986).
476:potential drinking water for a
194:, roughly from the fall of the
45:needs additional citations for
1103:. pp. 6–7. Archived from
1045:"The Development of Artillery"
405:to facilitate movement of the
1:
2519:British "hedgehog" road block
460:Fortifications of Várad (now
444:. After the invention of the
390:, derived from the classical
1129:Spiteri, Stephen C. (2009).
725:Travnik Gate in present day
2929:Cities with defensive walls
2514:Defensive fighting position
2429:
2234:
2044:
1990:
1851:
1842:
1808:
1799:
1654:
1142:Proceedings of History Week
906:The siege of Constantinople
865:fortifications of Famagusta
3171:
1092:Pañeda Ruiz, José Manuel.
1018:Brown, University (2008).
984:Rocca di Manerba del Garda
809:A typical exterior wooden
764:
749:
695:
607:was built next to the cave
536:
491:
328:
248:
3113:
2559:Hardened aircraft shelter
2534:Entry control point (ECP)
1144:: 150–159. Archived from
1049:Gibraltar National Museum
1043:Finlayson, Clive (2024).
316:. After the invention of
3056:Continuity of government
1101:MilitaryArchitecture.com
989:Castle Site of Montbazon
875:Just as modern military
861:fortifications of Rhodes
488:Churches and monasteries
190:construction and use in
69:"Medieval fortification"
2878:Motte-and-bailey castle
2584:Missile launch facility
2579:Main line of resistance
1274:
2954:Military installations
2818:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2699:
2370:
2345:
2321:
2311:Scarp and Counterscarp
2282:
2273:
2258:
2225:
2211:
2182:
2153:
2144:
2120:
2081:
1886:
1867:
1785:
1734:
1725:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1600:
1586:
1577:
1523:
1482:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1437:
1397:
1383:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1265:
907:
806:
789:
729:
718:
661:
637:
608:
584:
565:
529:
469:
358:
344:
285:
246:
173:
158:
148:
3150:Medieval architecture
2723:Floating water castle
2454:Admiralty scaffolding
1747:Fortified buildings (
905:
804:
783:
724:
709:
659:
635:
603:
571:
560:
519:
459:
397:("behind the wall").
350:
338:
274:
234:
164:
154:
135:
3066:Subterranean warfare
2019:Viking ring fortress
1192:Toy, Sidney. (1985)
805:Reinforced wood door
196:Western Roman Empire
54:improve this article
2883:Quadrangular castle
2619:Weapon storage area
1975:Quadrangular castle
871:Defensive obstacles
589:Edward I of England
222:Fortification types
2614:Underground hangar
2399:Fire control tower
2196:Gunpowder magazine
1624:Butter-churn tower
1020:"Part Two: Impact"
908:
863:in Greece and the
807:
790:
730:
719:
662:
638:
609:
585:
566:
533:Mottes and baileys
530:
470:
359:
352:Walls of Dubrovnik
345:
286:
247:
174:
159:
149:
145:concentric castles
3155:Medieval defences
3137:
3136:
3061:Military urbanism
2995:Fortified gateway
2868:Concentric castle
2632:
2631:
2549:Fire support base
2389:Coastal artillery
2264:(Spanish America)
1858:
1700:Concentric castle
1204:978-0-486-24898-1
1151:on 14 April 2016.
1110:on 10 August 2015
784:Stumble steps at
676:(from the French
468:) in a 1617 print
130:
129:
122:
104:
18:Medieval fortress
16:(Redirected from
3162:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3010:National redoubt
2939:Fortified estate
2863:Circular rampart
2823:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2704:
2464:Anti-tank trench
2459:Air raid shelter
2434:
2394:Disappearing gun
2375:
2350:
2326:
2287:
2278:
2263:
2239:
2230:
2216:
2187:
2158:
2149:
2125:
2086:
2071:
2049:
2029:Bailey (or ward)
1995:
1900:Motte-and-bailey
1891:
1872:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1813:
1804:
1790:
1739:
1730:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1605:
1591:
1582:
1528:
1485:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1442:
1402:
1388:
1328:Circular rampart
1324:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1211:
1180:
1179:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1139:
1133:Cubete Artillero
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1098:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1079:World Archeology
1074:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1015:
949:Medieval warfare
539:Motte-and-bailey
419:Berwick on Tweed
137:Beaumaris Castle
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3117:
3109:
3039:
2963:
2907:
2841:
2776:Imperial castle
2749:Coercion castle
2744:Coastal defence
2727:
2689:Promontory fort
2659:Hillside castle
2628:
2544:Fallout shelter
2509:Concertina wire
2489:Border security
2442:
2353:
2062:
1695:Coercion castle
1683:Cheval de frise
1665:Chemin de ronde
1513:Albarrana tower
1494:
1439:Schwedenschanze
1416:Promontory fort
1243:
1238:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1026:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1007:
997:
959:Guédelon Castle
945:
913:
893:cheval de frise
873:
854:Florence, Italy
838:
799:
786:Maynooth Castle
778:
769:
763:
754:
748:
739:
704:
694:
654:
646:
630:
617:
605:Predjama Castle
598:
562:Mehrangarh Fort
555:
541:
535:
496:
490:
454:
446:explosive shell
333:
327:
269:
253:
229:
224:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3168:
3166:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3142:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3093:Trench warfare
3090:
3088:Tunnel warfare
3085:
3084:
3083:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2944:Fortifications
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2796:
2787:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2761:
2756:
2754:Counter-castle
2751:
2746:
2741:
2739:Border barrier
2735:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2674:Lowland castle
2671:
2666:
2664:Hilltop castle
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2539:Electric fence
2536:
2531:
2529:Dragon's teeth
2526:
2524:Czech hedgehog
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2438:Wire obstacles
2435:
2426:
2424:Polygonal fort
2421:
2416:
2414:Martello tower
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2379:Border outpost
2376:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2265:
2255:
2253:Polygonal fort
2250:
2245:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2217:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2150:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1864:
1859:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1791:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1745:
1743:Flanking tower
1740:
1731:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1710:Counter-castle
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1597:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1500:Post-classical
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1490:Vitrified fort
1487:
1475:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1443:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1394:
1389:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1348:Defensive wall
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1241:Fortifications
1239:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1154:
1121:
1084:
1069:
1060:
1035:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
996:
993:
992:
991:
986:
981:
979:Encastellation
976:
970:
963:castrametation
956:
951:
944:
941:
940:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
912:
909:
872:
869:
837:
834:
798:
795:
777:
774:
765:Main article:
762:
759:
750:Main article:
747:
744:
738:
737:Killing fields
735:
693:
690:
686:fortifications
674:machicolations
653:
650:
645:
642:
629:
626:
616:
613:
597:
594:
554:
551:
537:Main article:
534:
531:
492:Main article:
489:
486:
453:
450:
331:Defensive wall
329:Main article:
326:
323:
268:
267:Siege Defenses
265:
228:
225:
223:
220:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3167:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3130:
3129:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3098:Urban warfare
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:Civil defense
3049:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:Bastion forts
2917:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2903:Z-plan castle
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:L-plan castle
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:Bridge castle
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2827:Refuge castle
2825:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:Military base
2806:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:Hunting lodge
2769:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:Moated castle
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2669:Island castle
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:By topography
2635:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:Submarine pen
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:Hesco bastion
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2479:Blast shelter
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Place-of-arms
2246:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1881:Machicolation
1879:
1877:
1876:L-plan castle
1874:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:Bridge castle
1607:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1572:Bent entrance
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1557:Battery tower
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:Advanced work
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1432:Refuge castle
1430:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1175:9781409435570
1171:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1125:
1122:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1025:
1024:www.brown.edu
1021:
1014:
1011:
1004:
999:
998:
994:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
964:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
942:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
910:
904:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
870:
868:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
835:
833:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
812:
803:
796:
794:
787:
782:
775:
773:
768:
760:
758:
753:
745:
743:
736:
734:
728:
723:
717:
713:
708:
703:
699:
691:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
658:
651:
649:
643:
641:
634:
627:
625:
624:their power.
621:
614:
612:
606:
602:
595:
593:
590:
582:
578:
574:
570:
563:
559:
552:
550:
547:
540:
532:
527:
523:
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
494:Castle chapel
487:
485:
483:
479:
474:
467:
463:
458:
451:
449:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
414:
412:
408:
404:
398:
396:
393:
389:
385:
384:
378:
376:
372:
368:
367:Five Boroughs
364:
357:
353:
349:
342:
337:
332:
324:
322:
319:
315:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:siege engines
290:
283:
279:
273:
266:
264:
261:
257:
252:
245:
241:
237:
236:Chindia Tower
233:
227:Archer towers
226:
221:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:fortification
185:
181:
180:fortification
179:
172:
168:
163:
157:
153:
146:
142:
138:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3121:
3076:Siege engine
3044:Other topics
2968:Related word
2934:Defense line
2898:Tower castle
2853:Bastion fort
2837:Urban castle
2765:Ganerbenburg
2763:
2718:Water castle
2694:Ridge castle
2679:Marsh castle
2494:Bomb shelter
2474:Belgian gate
2447:20th century
2358:19th century
2296:Retrenchment
2268:Punji sticks
2177:Entrenchment
2172:Device Forts
2139:Counterguard
2074:Early modern
2004:Tower castle
1940:Powder tower
1915:Outer bailey
1827:Inner bailey
1801:Gulyay-gorod
1769:Ganerbenburg
1767:
1763:Fujian tulou
1705:Corner tower
1644:Chamber gate
1614:Bridge tower
1499:
1462:Trou de loup
1194:
1187:Bibliography
1164:
1157:
1146:the original
1141:
1132:
1124:
1112:. Retrieved
1105:the original
1100:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1063:
1052:. Retrieved
1048:
1038:
1027:. Retrieved
1023:
1013:
967:castellology
954:Siege engine
897:trou de loup
874:
858:
839:
823:
808:
791:
770:
755:
740:
731:
677:
666:crenellation
663:
647:
639:
622:
618:
610:
586:
553:Construction
542:
497:
471:
464:/Nagyvárad,
439:
415:
410:
403:curtain wall
399:
394:
381:
379:
360:
287:
258:of medieval
254:
218:techniques.
176:
175:
116:
110:October 2015
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2975:Castle town
2832:Toll castle
2801:Lustschloss
2783:Kaiserpfalz
2713:Spur castle
2708:Rock castle
2649:Hill castle
2644:Cave castle
2604:Spider hole
2504:Bremer wall
2469:Barbed tape
2365:Barbed wire
2039:Witch tower
2009:Tower house
1999:Toll castle
1985:Shield wall
1905:Murder hole
1794:Guard tower
1411:Pincer gate
1358:Faussebraye
881:barbed wire
867:in Cyprus.
842:bombardment
678:machicoulis
511:monasteries
431:Carcassonne
423:Netherlands
314:battlements
200:Renaissance
3144:Categories
3000:Gatekeeper
2820:Ordensburg
2792:Landesburg
2599:Sentry gun
2554:Flak tower
2484:Blast wall
2404:Gun turret
2301:Sally port
2206:Kotta mara
2146:Couvreface
2110:Breastwork
2105:Blockhouse
2083:Abwurfdach
2034:Watchtower
2024:Wall tower
1980:Shell keep
1930:Portcullis
1925:Peel tower
1910:Neck ditch
1869:Landesburg
1817:Half tower
1775:Gate tower
1720:Drawbridge
1562:Battlement
1478:Wagon fort
1321:Chengqiang
1114:22 October
1067:Toy, p.52.
1054:2024-04-24
1029:2024-04-24
1005:References
911:Siegecraft
846:embrasures
696:See also:
682:corbelling
583:, Bulgaria
546:drawbridge
395:post murum
325:City walls
251:Watchtower
249:See also:
240:Târgoviște
182:refers to
165:Castle of
80:newspapers
3103:Guerrilla
2846:By design
2594:Revetment
2409:Land mine
2340:Star fort
2167:Crownwork
2162:Covertway
2095:Barricade
1736:Embrasure
1649:Chartaque
1579:Bergfried
1537:Arrowslit
1363:Gatehouse
1333:City gate
1294:Castellum
1260:Acropolis
973:Star fort
917:Trebuchet
877:engineers
698:City gate
615:Materials
573:Baba Vida
522:Srebrenik
442:star fort
435:Dubrovnik
383:pomoerium
341:Steinfurt
309:Ballistas
301:trebuchet
297:catapults
167:Topoľčany
3128:Category
3118:See also
3005:Loophole
2893:Ringwork
2888:Ringfort
2813:Obstacle
2654:Hillfort
2574:Loophole
2372:Barbette
2347:Tenaille
2330:Sea fort
2260:Presidio
2220:Magazine
2201:Hornwork
2134:Cavalier
2129:Casemate
2122:Caponier
1965:Ringwork
1853:Detinets
1822:Hoarding
1727:Enceinte
1602:Bretèche
1547:Bartizan
1542:Barbican
1518:Alcazaba
1446:Stockade
1426:Ringfort
1406:Palisade
1378:Landwehr
1373:Hillfort
943:See also
937:Catapult
932:Ballista
927:Mangonel
889:caltrops
716:Portugal
714:Castle,
710:Gate of
702:Barbican
670:parapets
644:Manpower
596:Location
503:churches
499:Religion
478:besieged
407:garrison
388:medieval
305:Ayyubids
278:mangonel
184:medieval
178:Medieval
171:Slovakia
3035:Vedette
3025:Schloss
2990:Festung
2985:Dungeon
2980:Château
2924:Castles
2732:By role
2589:Pillbox
2419:Outpost
2335:Station
2323:Schanze
2306:Sandbag
2291:Redoubt
2275:Ravelin
2243:Palanka
2227:Orillon
2213:Lunette
2155:Coupure
2100:Bastion
2090:Arsenal
2058:Zwinger
1970:Roundel
1960:Ricetto
1935:Postern
1920:Outwork
1844:Kremlin
1715:Curtain
1690:Citadel
1674:Chemise
1634:Caltrop
1552:Bastion
1525:Alcázar
1421:Rampart
1399:Oppidum
1392:Nuraghe
1338:Crannog
1312:Castros
1248:Ancient
819:plywood
507:chapels
473:Harbors
466:Romania
452:Harbors
375:England
371:Danelaw
369:of the
356:Croatia
318:cannons
260:castles
244:Romania
212:weapons
208:tactics
204:warfare
198:to the
156:Badajoz
94:scholar
3030:Trench
3020:Picket
2431:Sangar
2384:Bunker
2316:Sconce
2236:Ostrog
2184:Flèche
2067:Modern
2046:Yagura
2014:Turret
1950:Reduit
1888:Merlon
1832:Kasbah
1810:Gusuku
1787:Glacis
1780:Gabion
1749:church
1656:Chashi
1639:Castle
1483:Laager
1471:Vallum
1428:(Rath)
1303:Castra
1285:Burgus
1255:Abatis
1202:
1172:
922:Cannon
895:, and
885:abatis
850:Prague
826:swords
776:Stairs
577:Danube
526:Bosnia
462:Oradea
427:France
411:pomery
363:Europe
289:Sieges
282:onager
280:or an
256:Towers
192:Europe
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3071:Siege
3015:Palas
2959:Walls
2949:Forts
2912:Lists
2759:Fence
2701:Rocca
2569:Kabal
2284:Redan
2191:Gorge
2115:Canal
1992:Shiro
1955:Ribat
1945:Qalat
1757:Dzong
1753:house
1453:Sudis
1385:Limes
1343:Ditch
1276:Broch
1267:Agger
1149:(PDF)
1138:(PDF)
1108:(PDF)
1097:(PDF)
995:Notes
797:Doors
761:Keeps
746:Moats
727:Jajce
712:Tomar
692:Gates
652:Walls
628:Costs
581:Vidin
482:Wales
392:Latin
216:siege
141:Wales
101:JSTOR
87:books
3081:list
2499:Buoy
2053:Yett
1895:Moat
1862:Ksar
1837:Keep
1629:Caer
1619:Burh
1595:Boom
1588:Berm
1567:Bawn
1532:Amba
1368:Gord
1200:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1116:2015
965:and
852:and
830:axes
811:door
767:Keep
752:Moat
700:and
433:and
425:and
214:and
73:news
1353:Dun
1131:"A
856:).
815:oak
668:or
579:in
524:in
373:in
169:in
139:in
56:by
3146::
3120::
1755:,
1751:,
1140:.
1099:.
1047:.
1022:.
899:.
891:,
887:,
828:,
509:,
505:,
413:.
377:.
354:,
242:,
238:,
210:,
1857:)
1849:(
1759:)
1486:)
1480:(
1233:e
1226:t
1219:v
1206:.
1197:.
1178:.
1118:.
1057:.
1032:.
284:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
