778:
magnesic and trioctahedral endmember at the coast, to palygorskite, the least magnesic endmember farthest inland. There are many instances of cemented sepiolite layers. The positive environment effect in the arid region is that sepiolite increases plant available water in the sandy soils. A negative effect is that the cemented sepiolite causes considerable geotechnical and geometallurgical difficulty for extracting the heavy minerals from the sepiolite-rich sands.
3044:
2896:
787:
590:
acid/alkali. Sepiolite-cemented material has been termed "sepiocrete" as calcrete, silcrete or ferricrete is used to refer to materials cemented by calcite, silica or iron . Soils that contain significant quantities of sepiolite may be more appropriately termed "sepiolitic" or "petrosepiolitic" depending on the degree of cementation.
634:. It occurs there in irregular nodular masses, in alluvial deposits, which are extensively worked for its extraction. It is said that in this district, there are 4000 shafts leading to horizontal galleries for extraction of the sepiolite. The principal workings are at Sepetçi Ocağı and Kemikçi Ocağı, about 20 miles southeast of
774:. Tanganyika Meerschaum is normally stained in shades of brown, black and yellow, and is considered to be somewhat inferior to Meerschaum from Turkey. The raw material was primarily mined by the Tanganyika Meerschaum Corporation and uncounted pipemakers throughout the world were supplied with Amboseli Meerschaum.
589:
When first extracted, sepiolite is soft. However, it hardens on exposure to sun heat or when dried in a warm room. Sepiolite can be distinguished from silica or calcite-cemented material by slaking: calcite-cemented material slakes in acid, and silica-cemented material slakes in alkali or alternating
777:
Significant quantities of sepiolite occur in soils of the arid west of South Africa. There is a geographic variation from the sepiolite-containing soils at the coast to palygorskite-containing soils inland that mirrors the sepiolite-palygorskite compositional continuum from sepiolite, the most
458:
The fibrous clay minerals have recently been shown to exist as a continuous polysomatic series where the endmembers are sepiolite and palygorskite. There is a continuous variation in chemical composition from sepiolite, the most magnesic and trioctahedral endmember, to palygorskite, the least
40:
880:
Sepiolite is renowned industrially for its water-holding and sorptive capacities. It is a common ingredient in cat litter and in agricultural applications such as seed coatings. Sepiolite increases plant available water in sandy soil.
739:; however, this is true of only a very rare form of sepiolite, as the two are formed in very different environments. Even where asbestos is not present, sepiolite is often mistaken for it. Careful analytical techniques such as
754:
has banned the exportation of meerschaum nodules, trying to set up a local meerschaum industry. The once famous manufacturers have therefore disappeared and
European pipe producers turned to other sources for their pipes.
585:
on the sample. A positive test result for sepiolite turns purple. This can distinguish calcite from sepiolite in the field: sepiolite reacts to change the methyl orange to a shade of purple where calcite remains orange.
1596:
541:
Sepiolite is opaque and off-white, grey or cream colour, breaking with a conchoidal or fine earthy fracture, and occasionally fibrous in texture. Due to the fact it can be readily scratched with the finger nail, its
960:. The Yoshida effect is the transfer of DNA to a bacterial cell using a mineral fibre that is a few billionths of a meter thick, essentially using the fibre as a tool to physically transfer the genetic material.
593:
Stabilization of nanosepiolite suspensions was improved using mechanical dispersion and bio-based and synthetic polyelectrolytes. Surface energy and nanoroughness were studied in two sepiolite samples.
844:
When smoked, meerschaum pipes gradually change colour, and old meerschaums will turn incremental shades of yellow, orange, red, and amber from the base up. When prepared for use as a pipe, the natural
403:
825:. The first recorded use of meerschaum for making pipes was around 1723 and quickly became prized as the perfect material for providing a cool, dry, flavourful smoke. The
606:. The Spanish deposits represent about half of the world's reserves of this mineral. The most important deposits, currently being exploited, are located in the provinces of
1368:
Francis, Michele Louise; Ellis, Freddie; V. Fey, Martin; Poch, Rosa María (2014-09-05). "Petroduric and 'petrosepiolitic' horizons in soils of
Namaqualand, South Africa".
915:
treated with paraffin and dyed with two types of coloured tree resins; Gamborge and Dragon's blood. Other methods of imitation are said to employ potatoes in the process.
1324:
Francis, M. L.; Ellis, F.; Lambrechts, J. J. N.; Poch, R. M. (2013-01-01). "A micromorphological view through a
Namaqualand termitaria (Heuweltjie, a Mima-like mound)".
618:
provinces.The best-known deposits of the material used in the manufacture of pipes and decorative objects (meerschaum) is obtained chiefly from the plain of
1255:
2072:
1421:
Francis, M.L.; Fey, M.V.; Prinsloo, H.P.; Ellis, F.; Mills, A.J.; Medinski, T.V. (September 2007). "Soils of
Namaqualand: Compensations for aridity".
2934:
833:
into the stone. Meerschaum became a premium substitute for the clay pipes of the day and remains prized to this day, though since the mid-1800s
1739:"The contributions of geometallurgy to the recovery of lithified heavy mineral resources at the Namakwa Sands mine, West Coast of South Africa"
1877:
1668:
1579:
3083:
1574:] (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Minas de Madrid. Fundación Gómez Pardo. pp. 553–559.
1839:
386:
361:
1818:Álvarez, Antonio; Santarén, Julio; Esteban-Cubillo, Antonio; Aparicio, Patricia (2011-01-01), Galàn, Emilio; Singer, Arieh (eds.),
106:
3078:
206:
3093:
2065:
529:
and rather suggestive of sea-foam, hence the German origin of the name as well as the French name for the same substance,
239:
3068:
2040:
3073:
2927:
1270:
Mifsud, A.; Huertas, F.; Barahona, E.; Linares, J.; Fornés, V. (September 1979). "Test de couleur pour la sepiolite".
1458:"Improving Colloidal Stability of Sepiolite Suspensions: Effect of the Mechanical Disperser and Chemical Dispersant"
116:
1160:
Suárez, Mercedes; García-Romero, Emilia (2013-10-01). "Sepiolite-Palygorskite: A Continuous
Polysomatic Series".
2197:
3088:
2058:
396:
525:
and its high porosity, it may float upon water, hence its German name. It is sometimes found floating on the
2172:
475:
96:
2920:
818:
791:
767:
467:
2187:
1819:
1773:"Effect of sepiolite and palygorskite on plant available water in Arenosols of Namaqualand, South Africa"
931:
3098:
2399:
2332:
1772:
554:
varies from 0.988 to 1.279, but the porosity of the mineral may lead to error. Sepiolite is a hydrous
2177:
1942:
1700:
1611:
1469:
1456:
Alves, Luís; Ferraz, Eduardo; Santarén, Julio; Rasteiro, Maria G.; Gamelas, José A. F. (2020-09-02).
1430:
1279:
1169:
1019:
2866:
2795:
2563:
2422:
2352:
1689:"A geographic expression of the sepiolite-palygorskite continuum in soils of northwest South Africa"
953:
2871:
2636:
2593:
2457:
2282:
2237:
2227:
2152:
2132:
771:
759:
643:
483:
229:
219:
2676:
2671:
2661:
2578:
2307:
2252:
1989:"Optimization of Bacterial Plasmid Transformation Using Nanomaterials Based on the Yoshida Effect"
1517:"Comparison of Surface Properties of Sepiolite and Palygorskite: Surface Energy and Nanoroughness"
2838:
2833:
2810:
2583:
2525:
2510:
2480:
2380:
2342:
2212:
2182:
2147:
2117:
1966:
1930:
1800:
1738:
1716:
1688:
1627:
1403:
1303:
1193:
1037:
725:
555:
2631:
2568:
2550:
2327:
2272:
2267:
2257:
2137:
674:
2772:
2598:
2322:
2162:
848:
are first scraped to remove the red earthy matrix, then dried, again scraped and polished with
479:
2608:
2588:
2515:
2347:
2277:
2242:
2097:
2020:
1958:
1915:
1873:
1835:
1792:
1664:
1656:
1575:
1548:
1497:
1395:
1341:
1295:
1185:
919:
814:
763:
740:
167:
2573:
2202:
1869:
2010:
2000:
1950:
1827:
1826:, Developments in Palygorskite-Sepiolite Research, vol. 3, Elsevier, pp. 281–298,
1784:
1750:
1708:
1619:
1538:
1528:
1487:
1477:
1438:
1385:
1377:
1333:
1287:
1177:
1027:
987:
912:
845:
822:
746:
Carved
Turkish meerschaum products traditionally were made in manufacturing centers such as
721:
670:
647:
581:
Sepiolite can be identified in hand specimen by applying a drop of a saturated solution of
551:
522:
432:
372:
335:
321:
267:
249:
62:
3048:
2994:
2900:
2861:
2641:
1249:
830:
804:
658:
487:
421:
325:
55:
1059:
1946:
1704:
1615:
1473:
1434:
1283:
1173:
1023:
735:
Owing to its fibrous mineral nature, sepiolite veins may contain the hazardous material
2959:
2686:
2317:
2302:
2081:
2015:
1988:
1831:
1543:
1516:
935:
702:
128:
39:
3062:
2876:
2848:
2337:
1970:
1862:
1804:
1720:
1631:
1515:
Almeida, Ricardo; Ferraz, Eduardo; Santarén, Julio; Gamelas, José A. F. (June 2021).
1407:
1307:
1244:
1197:
1041:
694:
611:
582:
499:
289:
196:
173:
140:
2045:
1909:
1058:
Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C. (2005).
3009:
2943:
2856:
2699:
2694:
2495:
2404:
2390:
2370:
2217:
1954:
1712:
1442:
975:
834:
698:
417:
413:
133:
1291:
635:
619:
521:, after a perceived resemblance of this mineral to cuttlebone. Because of its low
1788:
1754:
1337:
1121:
2790:
2762:
2709:
2666:
2622:
2530:
2500:
2485:
2475:
2437:
1687:
Francis, Michele Louise; Majodina, Thando
Olwethu; Clarke, Catherine E. (2020).
969:
946:
923:
861:
724:. It can occur as a precipitate in arid environments. It may be associated with
685:. Additionally, sepiolite is found to a limited extent at certain localities in
155:
1929:
Andrejkovičová, S.; Ferraz, E.; Velosa, A. L.; Silva, A. S.; Rocha, F. (2011).
1381:
786:
602:
From the perspective of its use as an absorbent, the main producing country is
3004:
2969:
2818:
2734:
2719:
2646:
2505:
2490:
2470:
2432:
2312:
2297:
2287:
2232:
2207:
2157:
2142:
2112:
1181:
1097:
547:
510:
506:
147:
1962:
1796:
1501:
1399:
1345:
1299:
1189:
2989:
2984:
2974:
2954:
2823:
2767:
2757:
2749:
2724:
2704:
2656:
2603:
2558:
2540:
2520:
2442:
2414:
2262:
2247:
1820:"Chapter 12 – Current Industrial Applications of Palygorskite and Sepiolite"
1623:
957:
905:
810:
639:
526:
425:
2024:
1597:"Characteristics and origin of sepiolite (Meerschaum) from Central Somalia"
1552:
1259:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 72–73.
191:
Grayish white, white, white with a yellowish or reddish tinge; bluish green
1657:"Preparation and properties of polyolefin/needle-like clay nanocomposites"
1492:
17:
3024:
3014:
2828:
2714:
2651:
2618:
2292:
2167:
2102:
2005:
1533:
1390:
1091:
908:. El Buur is also the place of origin of the local pipe-making industry.
889:
869:
865:
826:
736:
627:
615:
543:
491:
428:
409:
299:
1482:
1457:
1032:
1007:
2999:
2964:
2739:
2535:
2465:
2447:
2427:
2127:
2122:
901:
897:
893:
885:
857:
838:
714:
710:
690:
682:
1145:
2979:
2729:
2222:
2107:
927:
751:
747:
686:
678:
662:
654:
631:
623:
607:
455:
O, it can be present in fibrous, fine-particulate, and solid forms.
201:
Compact nodular, earthy, clayey, massive; rarely fine fibrous along
2050:
853:
785:
666:
603:
495:
1895:
Chips from the Earth's Crust or, Short studies in
Natural Science
1248:
3029:
2912:
2375:
2362:
2192:
2089:
981:
729:
706:
2916:
2054:
849:
344:
378:
350:
2889:
Structural groups mainly; based on rruff.info/ima, modified
809:
Meerschaum has occasionally been used as a substitute for
375:
347:
1931:"Fine sepiolite addition to air lime-metakaolin mortars"
1911:
720:
Sepiolite occurs as a secondary mineral associated with
459:
magnesic, most Al- Fe- bearing, dioctahedral endmember.
817:, and as a building material; but its chief use is for
387:
362:
27:
Soft and porous white magnesium silicate clay mineral
972: – A magnesium aluminium phyllosilicate mineral
952:
Processes for bacterial transformation based on the
653:
Sepiolite is also found, though less abundantly, in
2847:
2809:
2781:
2748:
2685:
2617:
2549:
2456:
2413:
2389:
2361:
2088:
1987:Tan, Haidong; Fu, Li; Seno, Masaharu (2010-12-03).
762:region, large deposits of meerschaum were found in
353:
341:
338:
308:
298:
288:
266:
258:
248:
238:
228:
218:
205:
195:
187:
182:
166:
154:
139:
127:
115:
105:
95:
61:
51:
46:
32:
1861:
978: – Magnesium aluminium phyllosilicate mineral
984: – Hydrated magnesium phyllosilicate mineral
646:), the primitive source of both minerals being a
1655:Bilotti, Emiliano; Ma, Jia; Peijs, Ton (2010).
1568:Minerales y Minas de España. Vol. IX. Silicatos
852:. The crudely shaped masses thus prepared are
743:(XRD) are able to easily distinguish the two.
2928:
2066:
1650:
1648:
904:, the latter of which serves as a center for
8:
900:burner. The mineral is mined in the town of
1993:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2935:
2921:
2913:
2073:
2059:
2051:
2046:International Programme on Chemical Safety
1908:Booth, James C.; Morfit, Campbell (1850).
1663:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 336.
1053:
1051:
945:In construction, sepiolite can be used in
701:(as at Nottingham, Chester County) and in
2014:
2004:
1897:. London: T. Nelson and Sons. p. 83.
1595:Singer, A.; Stahr, K.; Zarei, M. (1998).
1542:
1532:
1491:
1481:
1389:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1031:
1914:. Philadelphia: Henry C. Baird. p.
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1115:
1113:
1086:
1084:
829:nature of meerschaum draws moisture and
998:
1771:Francis, Michele Louise (2019-06-01).
837:have become the most common pipes for
29:
1982:
1980:
1766:
1764:
1737:Philander, C.; Rozendaal, A. (2011).
1732:
1730:
1682:
1680:
1661:Advances in Polyolefin Nanocomposites
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
956:can utilize sepiolite as an acicular
918:The soft, white, earthy mineral from
395:
304:Measured: 20° to 70°, Calculated: 18°
7:
1319:
1317:
1155:
1153:
1008:"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"
942:), is closely related to sepiolite.
509:" (the porous internal shell of the
254:2; dry porous masses float on water
1860:Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001).
1832:10.1016/b978-0-444-53607-5.00012-8
766:. The main deposit comes from the
25:
638:. The mineral is associated with
3042:
2894:
2041:IMA Europe – Sepiolite factsheet
892:, sepiolite is used to make the
371:
334:
178:c = 13.5 Å; Z = 4
38:
1566:Calvo Rebollar, Miguel (2018).
1370:Spanish Journal of Soil Science
1955:10.1180/claymin.2011.046.4.621
1864:Culture and customs of Somalia
1713:10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114615
1443:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.12.028
558:having the chemical formula Mg
1:
1292:10.1180/claymin.1979.014.3.10
697:, it occurs in serpentine in
478:in 1847 for an occurrence in
1824:Developments in Clay Science
1789:10.1016/j.geodrs.2019.e00222
1755:10.1016/j.mineng.2011.07.011
1423:Journal of Arid Environments
1338:10.1016/j.catena.2012.08.004
868:, and finally polished with
546:is ranked at about 2 on the
123:Palygorskite-sepiolite group
1572:Minerals and mines of Spain
750:. Since the 1970s, though,
3115:
3084:Minerals in space group 52
2198:Fluorotetraferriphlogopite
1659:. In Mittal, Vikas (ed.).
1382:10.3232/SJSS.2012.V2.N1.01
876:Other uses and substitutes
802:
3038:
2950:
2885:
1182:10.1346/CCMN.2013.0610505
1120:Barthelmy, David (2014).
1069:. Mineral Data Publishing
939:
37:
1122:"Sepiolite Mineral Data"
661:, and in the islands of
1624:10.1180/000985598545525
1256:Encyclopædia Britannica
1162:Clays and Clay Minerals
911:Imitations are made in
476:Ernst Friedrich Glocker
2173:Ferroaluminoceladonite
1868:. Greenwood. pp.
1067:Handbook of Mineralogy
1012:Mineralogical Magazine
795:
794:carved from meerschaum
770:basin surrounding the
498:. The name comes from
470:in 1788, it was named
468:Abraham Gottlob Werner
3079:Orthorhombic minerals
1893:John, Gibson (1887).
1146:Sepiolite: mindat.org
789:
416:, often used to make
107:Strunz classification
3094:Luminescent minerals
2006:10.3390/ijms11124962
1743:Minerals Engineering
1534:10.3390/nano11061579
949:as water reservoir.
669:. It occurs also in
412:"), is a soft white
397:[ˈmeːɐ̯ʃaʊm]
3069:Clay minerals group
3049:Minerals portal
2901:Minerals portal
2188:Fluorokinoshitalite
1947:2011ClMin..46..621A
1705:2020Geode.379k4615F
1616:1998ClMin..33..349S
1483:10.3390/min10090779
1474:2020Mine...10..779A
1435:2007JArEn..70..588F
1284:1979ClMin..14..247M
1174:2013CCM....61..461S
1033:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
1024:2021MinM...85..291W
1006:Warr, L.N. (2021).
864:, heated in wax or
760:African Great Lakes
713:it is mined in the
644:magnesium carbonate
505:(σήπιον), meaning "
484:Baldissero Canavese
176:, b = 26.73 Å
117:Dana classification
3074:Magnesium minerals
1250:"Meerschaum"
796:
689:, and is known in
556:magnesium silicate
259:Optical properties
145:Dipyramidal (mmm)
3056:
3055:
2910:
2909:
2400:Ferripyrophyllite
2243:Manganiceladonite
2098:Aluminoceladonite
1999:(12): 4962–4972.
1879:978-0-313-31333-2
1777:Geoderma Regional
1749:(12): 1357–1364.
1670:978-1-4398-1456-7
1581:978-84-8321-883-9
823:cigarette holders
741:X-ray diffraction
517:(λίθος), meaning
462:Originally named
315:
314:
16:(Redirected from
3106:
3047:
3046:
3045:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2914:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2333:Tetraferriannite
2193:Fluorophlogopite
2075:
2068:
2061:
2052:
2029:
2028:
2018:
2008:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1867:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1536:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1485:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1393:
1365:
1350:
1349:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1241:
1202:
1201:
1157:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1045:
1035:
1003:
988:List of Minerals
941:
913:plaster of Paris
896:, a traditional
860:, smoothed with
552:specific gravity
523:relative density
433:chemical formula
422:meerschaum pipes
407:
406:
405:
399:
394:
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
365:
360:
359:
356:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
320:, also known in
268:Refractive index
250:Specific gravity
211:
68:
67:(repeating unit)
42:
30:
21:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3089:Phyllosilicates
3059:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3043:
3041:
3034:
2995:Montmorillonite
2946:
2941:
2911:
2906:
2895:
2893:
2881:
2862:Franklinphilite
2843:
2805:
2777:
2744:
2681:
2642:Montmorillonite
2613:
2545:
2452:
2409:
2385:
2357:
2178:Ferroceladonite
2084:
2082:Phyllosilicates
2079:
2037:
2032:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1736:
1735:
1728:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1367:
1366:
1353:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1243:
1242:
1205:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1102:
1100:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1005:
1004:
1000:
996:
966:
878:
807:
805:Meerschaum pipe
801:
784:
600:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
539:
537:Characteristics
488:Torino Province
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:for which is Mg
402:
401:
400:
392:
374:
370:
363:
337:
333:
283:
279:
275:
209:
177:
150:: (2/m 2/m 2/m)
146:
122:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
66:
65:
56:Phyllosilicates
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3112:
3110:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3061:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2867:Lennilenapeite
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2849:Stilpnomelanes
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2796:Ferrisepiolite
2793:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2564:Brinrobertsite
2561:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2423:Bismutoferrite
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2353:Yangzhumingite
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2318:Siderophyllite
2315:
2310:
2305:
2303:Polylithionite
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2035:External links
2033:
2031:
2030:
1976:
1941:(4): 621–635.
1921:
1900:
1885:
1878:
1852:
1840:
1810:
1760:
1726:
1676:
1669:
1644:
1610:(2): 349–362.
1587:
1580:
1558:
1507:
1493:10400.26/38423
1448:
1429:(4): 588–603.
1413:
1351:
1313:
1278:(3): 247–248.
1262:
1247:, ed. (1911).
1245:Chisholm, Hugh
1203:
1168:(5): 461–472.
1149:
1138:
1126:Webmineral.com
1109:
1080:
1047:
1018:(3): 291–320.
997:
995:
992:
991:
990:
985:
979:
973:
965:
962:
954:Yoshida Effect
920:Långbanshyttan
877:
874:
815:fuller's earth
803:Main article:
800:
797:
783:
780:
703:South Carolina
599:
596:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
538:
535:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
313:
312:
310:
306:
305:
302:
296:
295:
292:
286:
285:
281:
277:
273:
270:
264:
263:
260:
256:
255:
252:
246:
245:
242:
236:
235:
232:
226:
225:
222:
216:
215:
212:
203:
202:
199:
193:
192:
189:
185:
184:
183:Identification
180:
179:
172:a = 5.21
170:
164:
163:
158:
152:
151:
143:
137:
136:
131:
129:Crystal system
125:
124:
119:
113:
112:
109:
103:
102:
99:
93:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3111:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3051:
3050:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2944:Clay minerals
2938:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2903:
2902:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2877:Stilpnomelane
2875:
2873:
2872:Parsettensite
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:Ferrosaponite
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:Lunijianlaite
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2338:Trilithionite
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:Oxyphlogopite
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:Luanshiweiite
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:Kinoshitalite
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:Chromphyllite
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:Boromuscovite
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1935:Clay Minerals
1932:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1856:
1853:
1843:
1841:9780444536075
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:Clay Minerals
1598:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1521:Nanomaterials
1518:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1391:10459.1/59295
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:Clay Minerals
1266:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
999:
993:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
967:
963:
961:
959:
955:
950:
948:
943:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
875:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:smoking pipes
816:
812:
806:
798:
793:
788:
781:
779:
775:
773:
772:Lake Amboseli
769:
765:
761:
756:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:United States
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
597:
595:
591:
587:
584:
583:methyl orange
579:
557:
553:
549:
545:
536:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
456:
434:
430:
427:
424:). A complex
423:
419:
418:tobacco pipes
415:
411:
404:
398:
390:
389:
383:
368:
367:
358:
331:
327:
323:
319:
311:
307:
303:
301:
297:
293:
291:
290:Birefringence
287:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
251:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
231:
227:
223:
221:
217:
213:
208:
204:
200:
198:
197:Crystal habit
194:
190:
186:
181:
175:
171:
169:
165:
162:
159:
157:
153:
149:
144:
142:
141:Crystal class
138:
135:
132:
130:
126:
121:74.03.01b.01
120:
118:
114:
110:
108:
104:
100:
98:
94:
70:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3099:Pipe smoking
3040:
3019:
3010:Palygorskite
2892:
2857:Bannisterite
2811:Pyrosmalites
2800:
2782:
2700:Borocookeite
2695:Baileychlore
2677:Yakhontovite
2672:Volkonskoite
2662:Swinefordite
2579:Hydrobiotite
2496:Cronstedtite
2405:Pyrophyllite
2391:Pyrophyllite
2371:Minnesotaite
2308:Preiswerkite
2253:Masutomilite
2218:Hendricksite
1996:
1992:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1910:
1903:
1894:
1888:
1863:
1855:
1845:, retrieved
1823:
1813:
1780:
1776:
1746:
1742:
1696:
1692:
1660:
1635:. Retrieved
1607:
1603:
1590:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1373:
1369:
1329:
1325:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1254:
1165:
1161:
1141:
1129:. Retrieved
1125:
1101:, retrieved
1092:
1071:. Retrieved
1066:
1015:
1011:
1001:
976:Palygorskite
951:
947:lime mortars
944:
917:
910:
883:
879:
843:
808:
799:Carved pipes
792:smoking pipe
782:Applications
776:
757:
745:
734:
719:
699:Pennsylvania
652:
601:
592:
588:
580:
540:
531:écume de mer
530:
518:
514:
502:
471:
463:
461:
457:
431:, a typical
414:clay mineral
388:-shəm
329:
317:
316:
224:Dull, earthy
160:
134:Orthorhombic
2839:Schallerite
2834:Pyrosmalite
2791:Falcondoite
2763:Chrysocolla
2710:Clinochlore
2667:Vermiculite
2623:vermiculite
2584:Karpinskite
2551:Corrensites
2526:Manandonite
2511:Guidottiite
2501:Fraipontite
2486:Caryopilite
2481:Brindleyite
2476:Berthierine
2458:Serpentines
2438:Hisingerite
2381:Willemseite
2343:Voloshinite
2213:Gorbunovite
2183:Fluorannite
2148:Chernykhite
2118:Balestraite
1637:16 February
1527:(6): 1579.
1060:"Sepiolite"
970:Attapulgite
930:, known as
862:glass-paper
835:briar pipes
831:tobacco tar
408:; meaning "
262:Biaxial (-)
240:Diaphaneity
156:Space group
3063:Categories
3005:Nontronite
2970:Halloysite
2819:Friedelite
2783:Sepiolites
2750:Allophanes
2735:Pennantite
2720:Donbassite
2647:Nontronite
2632:Beidellite
2569:Corrensite
2506:Greenalite
2491:Chrysotile
2471:Antigorite
2433:Halloysite
2415:Kaolinites
2328:Tainiolite
2313:Roscoelite
2298:Phlogopite
2288:Paragonite
2273:Norrishite
2268:Nanpingite
2258:Montdorite
2233:Lepidolite
2208:Glauconite
2158:Clintonite
2143:Celadonite
2138:Bramallite
2113:Aspidolite
1847:2022-05-22
1783:: e00222.
1699:: 114615.
1468:(9): 779.
1098:Mindat.org
994:References
764:Tanganyika
722:serpentine
717:district.
675:Hrubschitz
671:serpentine
648:serpentine
626:, between
548:Mohs scale
511:cuttlefish
507:cuttlebone
464:meerschaum
420:(known as
330:meerschaum
309:References
207:Mohs scale
148:H-M symbol
97:IMA symbol
18:Meerschaum
3020:Sepiolite
2990:Kaolinite
2985:Imogolite
2975:Hectorite
2955:Allophane
2824:Mcgillite
2801:Sepiolite
2773:Neotocite
2768:Imogolite
2758:Allophane
2725:Gonyerite
2705:Chamosite
2687:Chlorites
2657:Sauconite
2619:Smectites
2604:Saliotite
2599:Rectorite
2559:Aliettite
2541:Pecoraite
2521:Lizardite
2443:Kaolinite
2323:Suhailite
2263:Muscovite
2248:Margarite
2163:Eastonite
1971:130400577
1963:0009-8558
1805:133773908
1797:2352-0094
1721:224848436
1632:201732454
1502:2075-163X
1408:220755679
1400:2253-6574
1346:0341-8162
1332:: 57–73.
1308:129319856
1300:0009-8558
1198:101558291
1190:1552-8367
1093:Sepiolite
1042:235729616
958:nanofiber
932:aphrodite
906:quarrying
811:soapstone
693:. In the
640:magnesite
636:Eskişehir
620:Eskişehir
527:Black Sea
480:Bettolino
472:sepiolite
426:magnesium
318:Sepiolite
294:δ = 0.010
280:= 1.520 n
276:= 1.520 n
168:Unit cell
33:Sepiolite
3025:Smectite
3015:Saponite
2960:Chlorite
2829:Nelenite
2715:Cookeite
2652:Saponite
2609:Tosudite
2589:Kulkeite
2531:Népouite
2516:Kellyite
2348:Wonesite
2293:Phengite
2278:Orlovite
2168:Ephesite
2103:Anandite
2025:21614185
1693:Geoderma
1553:34208459
1462:Minerals
964:See also
940:sea foam
924:Värmland
890:Djibouti
870:bone ash
866:stearine
768:Amboseli
737:asbestos
726:dolomite
657:, as at
628:Istanbul
616:Zaragoza
598:Location
544:hardness
492:Piedmont
429:silicate
410:sea foam
300:2V angle
210:hardness
52:Category
3000:Nacrite
2965:Dickite
2740:Sudoite
2574:Dozyite
2536:Odinite
2466:Amesite
2448:Nacrite
2428:Dickite
2203:Garmite
2128:Biotite
2123:Bityite
2016:3100829
1943:Bibcode
1701:Bibcode
1612:Bibcode
1544:8235428
1470:Bibcode
1431:Bibcode
1376:: 142.
1280:Bibcode
1170:Bibcode
1131:28 July
1103:28 July
1073:28 July
1020:Bibcode
902:El Buur
898:incense
894:dabqaad
886:Somalia
872:, etc.
846:nodules
839:smoking
758:In the
715:El Buur
711:Somalia
691:Morocco
683:Moravia
393:German:
324:by the
322:English
284:= 1.530
111:9.EE.25
63:Formula
47:General
2980:Illite
2730:Nimite
2625:family
2393:series
2223:Illite
2108:Annite
2023:
2013:
1969:
1961:
1876:
1838:
1803:
1795:
1719:
1667:
1630:
1578:
1551:
1541:
1500:
1406:
1398:
1344:
1326:CATENA
1306:
1298:
1196:
1188:
1040:
928:Sweden
858:carved
854:turned
827:porous
752:Turkey
748:Vienna
687:France
679:Kromau
663:Euboea
659:Thebes
655:Greece
632:Ankara
624:Turkey
614:, and
612:Toledo
608:Madrid
550:. The
515:lithos
503:sepion
366:-shawm
326:German
244:Opaque
230:Streak
220:Luster
2363:Talcs
2090:Micas
1967:S2CID
1872:–99.
1801:S2CID
1717:S2CID
1628:S2CID
1600:(PDF)
1570:[
1404:S2CID
1304:S2CID
1194:S2CID
1063:(PDF)
1038:S2CID
936:Greek
922:, in
709:. In
677:near
667:Samos
604:Spain
519:stone
513:), +
500:Greek
496:Italy
328:name
234:White
188:Color
3030:Talc
2621:and
2376:Talc
2021:PMID
1959:ISSN
1874:ISBN
1836:ISBN
1793:ISSN
1665:ISBN
1639:2021
1576:ISBN
1549:PMID
1498:ISSN
1396:ISSN
1342:ISSN
1296:ISSN
1186:ISSN
1133:2022
1105:2022
1075:2022
982:Talc
888:and
856:and
821:and
730:opal
728:and
707:Utah
705:and
665:and
630:and
570:(OH)
447:(OH)
364:MEER
161:Pnna
83:(OH)
2011:PMC
2001:doi
1951:doi
1916:783
1828:doi
1785:doi
1751:doi
1709:doi
1697:379
1620:doi
1539:PMC
1529:doi
1488:hdl
1478:doi
1439:doi
1386:hdl
1378:doi
1334:doi
1330:100
1288:doi
1178:doi
1028:doi
884:In
850:wax
681:in
673:at
622:in
578:O.
574:·6H
474:by
466:by
451:·6H
345:ɪər
101:Sep
87:·6H
3065::
2019:.
2009:.
1997:11
1995:.
1991:.
1979:^
1965:.
1957:.
1949:.
1939:46
1937:.
1933:.
1870:98
1834:,
1822:,
1799:.
1791:.
1781:17
1779:.
1775:.
1763:^
1747:24
1745:.
1741:.
1729:^
1715:.
1707:.
1695:.
1691:.
1679:^
1647:^
1626:.
1618:.
1608:33
1606:.
1602:.
1547:.
1537:.
1525:11
1523:.
1519:.
1496:.
1486:.
1476:.
1466:10
1464:.
1460:.
1437:.
1427:70
1425:.
1402:.
1394:.
1384:.
1372:.
1354:^
1340:.
1328:.
1316:^
1302:.
1294:.
1286:.
1276:14
1274:.
1253:.
1206:^
1192:.
1184:.
1176:.
1166:61
1164:.
1152:^
1124:.
1112:^
1096:,
1083:^
1065:.
1050:^
1036:.
1026:.
1016:85
1014:.
1010:.
938::
926:,
841:.
813:,
790:A
732:.
650:.
610:,
568:15
562:Si
533:.
494:,
490:,
486:,
482:,
445:15
439:Si
391:;
379:əm
373:/-
369:,
351:ɔː
81:15
75:Si
71:Mg
2936:e
2929:t
2922:v
2074:e
2067:t
2060:v
2027:.
2003::
1973:.
1953::
1945::
1918:.
1882:.
1830::
1807:.
1787::
1757:.
1753::
1723:.
1711::
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1673:.
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1555:.
1531::
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1490::
1480::
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1445:.
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1433::
1410:.
1388::
1380::
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1348:.
1336::
1310:.
1290::
1282::
1200:.
1180::
1172::
1135:.
1077:.
1044:.
1030::
1022::
934:(
642:(
576:2
572:2
566:O
564:6
560:4
453:2
449:2
443:O
441:6
437:4
382:/
376:ʃ
357:/
354:m
348:ʃ
342:m
339:ˈ
336:/
332:(
282:γ
278:β
274:α
272:n
214:2
174:Å
91:O
89:2
85:2
79:O
77:6
73:4
20:)
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