1551:
25:
370:) required to make a dent 1 inch into a foam sample 500 mm × 500 mm × 100 mm (19.7 in × 19.7 in × 3.9 in) by a 323 cm (50 sq in, 8-inch-diameter) disc—known as IFD @ 25% compression. IFD ratings for memory foams range between super soft (IFD 10) and semi-rigid (IFD 12). Most memory foam mattresses are firm (IFD 12 to IFD 16).
233:
122:
1561:
348:(1.5 lb/ft) to 128kg/m (8 lb/ft) density. Most standard memory foam has a density of 16–80 kg/m (1 to 5 lb/ft). Most bedding, such as topper pads and comfort layers in mattresses, has a density of 48–72 kg/m (3 to 4.5 lb/ft). High densities such as 85 kg/m (5.3 lb/ft) are used infrequently.
286:
Memory foam was initially too expensive for widespread use, but became cheaper. Its most common domestic uses are mattresses, pillows, shoes, and blankets. It has medical uses, such as wheelchair seat cushions, hospital bed pillows and padding for people suffering long-term pain or postural problems.
252:
to improve the safety of aircraft cushions. The temperature-sensitive memory foam was initially referred to as "slow spring back foam"; most called it "temper foam". Created by feeding gas into a polymer matrix, it had an open-cell solid structure that matched pressure against it, yet slowly returned
211:
The pneumatic and adhesive effects are strongly correlated with the size of the pores within memory foam. Smaller pores lead to higher internal surface area and reduced air flow, increasing the adhesion and pneumatic effects. Thus the foam's properties can be controlled by changing its cell structure
459:
also irritates the nose and throat. The effects of chronic (long-term) exposure to methylene chloride in humans involve the central nervous system, and include headaches, dizziness, nausea, and memory loss. Animal studies indicate that inhalation of methylene chloride affects the liver, kidney, and
389:
products, can be combustible. Laws in several jurisdictions have been enacted to require that all bedding, including memory foam items, be resistant to ignition from an open flame such as a candle or cigarette lighter. US bedding laws that went into effect in 2010 change the Cal-117 Bulletin for FR
373:
Second and third generation memory foams have an open-cell structure that reacts to body heat and weight by molding to the sleeper's body, helping relieve pressure points, preventing pressure sores, etc. Manufacturers claim that this may help relieve pressure points to relieve pain and promote more
330:
has been used in woven mattress covers over memory foam beds to wick moisture away from the body to increase comfort. Phase-change materials (PCMs) have also been used in covers on memory foam pillows, beds, and mattress pads. Materials other than polyurethane also have the properties necessary to
219:
Memory foam's mechanical properties can affect the comfort of mattresses produced with it. There is also a trade-off between comfort and durability. Certain memory foams may have a more rigid cell structure, leading to a weaker distribution of weight, but better recovery of the original structure,
302:
particles fused with visco foam to reduce trapped body heat, speed up spring back time and help the mattress feel softer. This technology was originally developed and patented by
Peterson Chemical Technology, and gel mattresses became popular with the release of Serta's iComfort line and Simmons'
347:
A memory foam mattress is usually denser than other foam mattresses, making it both more supportive and heavier. Memory foam mattresses are often sold for higher prices than traditional mattresses. Memory foam used in mattresses is commonly manufactured in densities ranging from less than 24kg/m
168:
is the force working to restore the foam's structure when it is deformed. This effect is generated by the deformed porous material pushing outwards to restore its structure against an applied pressure. Three effects work against the network effect, slowing the regeneration of the foam's original
203:
The effects are temperature-dependent, so the temperature range at which memory foam retains its properties is limited. If it is too cold, it hardens. If it is too hot, it acts like conventional foams, quickly springing back to its original shape. The underlying physics of this process can be
944:
152:). The foam bubbles or ‘cells’ are open, effectively creating a matrix through which air can move. Higher-density memory foam softens in reaction to body heat, allowing it to mold to a warm body in a few minutes. Newer foams may recover their original shape more quickly.
455:. However, not all chemical emissions associated with the production of these material have been classified. Methylene chloride makes up over 98 percent of the total HAP emissions from this industry. Short-term exposure to high concentrations of
274:
Memory foam was subsequently used in medical settings. For example, when patients were required to lie immobile in bed, on a firm mattress, for an unhealthy period of time, the pressure on some of their body regions impaired blood flow, causing
941:
589:
Scarfato, Paola; Di Maio, Luciano; Incarnato, Loredana (16 October 2016). "Structure and physical-mechanical properties related to comfort of flexible polyurethane foams for mattress and effects of artificial weathering".
307:, achieved the desired temperature stabilization or cooling effect by changing from a solid to a liquid "state" within the capsule. Changing physical states can significantly alter an element's heat absorption properties.
460:
cardiovascular system. Developmental or reproductive effects of methylene chloride have not been reported in humans, but limited animal studies have reported lowered fetal body weights in exposed rats.
408:
295:
Heat retention can be a disadvantage when used in mattresses and pillows, so in second-generation memory foam, companies began using open cell structure to improve breathability.
377:
Memory foam mattresses retain body heat, so they can be excessively warm in hot weather. However, gel-type memory foams tend to be cooler due to their greater breathability.
507:
400:
Manufacturers caution about leaving babies and small children unattended on memory foam mattresses, as they may find it difficult to turn over and may suffocate.
404:
898:
397:
commonly used in memory foam could cause health problems for some users. PBDEs are no longer used in most bedding foams, especially in the
European Union.
188:, caused by the stickiness of the surfaces within the foam, which work against decompression as the internal pores within the foam are pressed together
561:
267:
was one of the few companies willing to work with it, as the manufacturing process remained difficult and unreliable. Their 1991 product, the
199:—limiting its mobility, forcing any change to be gradual, and slowing the expansion of the foam once the applied pressure has been removed
1605:
303:
Beautyrest line in 2011. Gel-infused memory foam was next developed with what were described as "beads" containing the gel which, as a
532:
1028:
484:
385:
Emissions from memory foam mattresses may directly cause more respiratory irritation than other mattresses. Memory foam, like other
108:
919:
620:
432:
673:"Experimental and spontaneous mucosal disease of cattle: a validation of Koch's postulates in the definition of pathogenesis"
256:
Later commercialisation of the foam included use in medical equipment such as X-ray table pads, and sports equipment such as
46:
642:
1595:
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719:
504:
89:
993:
974:
963:
352:
196:
61:
42:
894:
799:
332:
68:
335:, one such polymeric material, provides certain benefits over polyurethane, such as recyclability, lightness, and
35:
961:
Federal
Register / Vol. 61, No. 250 / Friday, December 27, 1996 / Proposed Rule: Environmental Protection Agency
1610:
351:
The firmness property (hard to soft) of memory foam is used in determining comfort. It is measured by a foam's
283:. Memory foam mattresses significantly decreased such events, as well as alternating pressure air mattresses.
75:
195:(the strongest of the three forces working against expansion), caused by the foam's material being near its
851:
1585:
829:
220:
leading to improved cyclability and durability. Denser cell structure can also resist the penetration of
1254:
1021:
304:
264:
57:
298:
In 2006, the third generation of memory foam was introduced. Gel visco or gel memory foam consists of
424:
249:
374:
restful sleep, although there are no objective studies supporting the mattresses' claimed benefits.
216:. Its glass transition temperature can also be modulated by using additives in the foam's material.
1564:
1307:
444:
205:
533:"The Adjustment of Physical Properties of Viscoelastic Foam – the Role of Different Raw Materials"
505:
Exhibitors emphasize value pricing in Vegas Foam trends, adjustables and top-of-bed also make news
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1000:
Federal
Register / Vol. 63, No. 194 /Wednesday, October 7, 1998 /Rules and Regulations
981:
Federal
Register / Vol. 63, No. 194 /Wednesday, October 7, 1998 /Rules and Regulations
603:
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Swedish
Mattress eventually led to the mattress and cushion company Tempur World.
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24:
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properties from several effects, due to the material's internal structure. The
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1521:
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1479:
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1208:
1171:
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1149:
1092:
920:"Federal Mattress Standard - Bureau of Home Furnishing and Thermal Insulation"
474:
355:(IFD) rating. However, it is not a complete measurement of a "soft" or "firm"
236:
Memory foam with a slower springback than the foam above. Note characteristic
232:
224:, leading to reduced weathering and better durability and overall appearance.
121:
990:
971:
960:
696:
1363:
1249:
1239:
1234:
1229:
411:(HAP) concerning hazardous emissions produced during the making of flexible
311:
137:
785:
748:
Santo, Loredana; Bellisario, Denise; Quadrini, Fabrizio (25 January 2018).
310:
Since the development of gel memory foam, other materials have been added.
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185:
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caused by the time it takes air to flow into the foam's porous structure.
807:
359:. A foam of higher IFD but lower density can feel soft when compressed.
263:
When NASA released memory foam to the public domain in the early 1980s,
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231:
120:
724:
Polyurethane Gel-Like
Polymers, Methods and Use in Flexible Foams
621:"spinoff 2005-Forty-Year-Old Foam Springs Back With New Benefits"
469:
394:
245:
149:
1010:
1046:
299:
18:
16:
Component primarily utilized for making cushions or mattresses
322:
have been combined with it to reduce odors and even provide
643:""Eight spin-offs from space" Article from Cosmos Magazine"
1006:
148:" polyurethane foam, or low-resilience polyurethane foam (
562:"The Importance of Cell Structure for Viscoelastic Foams"
409:
National
Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
393:
There is concern that high levels of the fire retardant
244:
Memory foam was developed in 1966 under a contract by
852:"Memory Foam Mattresses: Benefits and Disadvantages"
1514:
1444:
1349:
1321:
1263:
1222:
1190:
1044:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
415:foam products. The HAP emissions associated with
830:"Memory Foam Mattresses Guide For Side Sleepers"
526:
524:
874:SFGATE (website of the San Francisco Chronicle)
238:polyurethane yellowing caused by light exposure
1022:
405:United States Environmental Protection Agency
8:
136:with additional chemicals that increase its
1029:
1015:
1007:
863:
861:
775:
765:
615:
613:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
496:
518:. November 2009. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
895:"Is Memory-Foam Bedding a Fire Risk?"
7:
1560:
750:"Shape Memory Behavior of PET Foams"
671:Brownlie, J.; Clarke, M. C. (1993).
47:adding citations to reliable sources
258:American / Canadian football helmet
951:. Science. 12 Oct 2007: 194b-195b.
407:published two documents proposing
14:
604:10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.10.041
485:List of polyurethane applications
1559:
1550:
1549:
23:
991:Environmental Protection Agency
972:Environmental Protection Agency
901:from the original on 2015-07-26
800:"Polyurethane Foam Association"
433:methylene diphenyl diisocyanate
34:needs additional citations for
144:. It is often referred to as "
1:
647:The Healthy Foundations Blog
353:indentation force deflection
197:glass transition temperature
850:Annie Stuart (2010-02-08).
470:Low-resilience polyurethane
1627:
1606:NASA spin-off technologies
1384:Hudson's Bay point blanket
942:The Fire Retardant Dilemma
362:IFD measures the force in
333:Polyethylene terephthalate
1545:
966:January 9, 2012, at the
419:foam production include
160:Memory foam derives its
253:to its original shape.
204:described by polymeric
241:
126:
897:. 11 September 2011.
870:"Memory Foam Dangers"
767:10.3390/polym10020115
305:phase-change material
265:Fagerdala World Foams
235:
124:
1596:Non-Newtonian fluids
425:toluene diisocyanate
250:Ames Research Center
43:improve this article
1308:Orthopedic mattress
718:Peterson, Bruce W.
445:methyl ethyl ketone
132:consists mainly of
1469:Contour leg pillow
1454:Acupressure pillow
1298:Mattress protector
996:2012-01-09 at the
977:2012-01-09 at the
947:2009-06-05 at the
510:2014-02-03 at the
503:Nelles, Barbara. "
457:methylene chloride
421:methylene chloride
337:thermal insulation
331:make memory foam.
320:activated charcoal
242:
127:
1573:
1572:
1491:Orthopedic pillow
689:10.1159/000150295
631:on 20 March 2009.
592:Composites Part B
516:BedTimes Magazine
429:methyl chloroform
316:green tea extract
193:relaxation effect
175:pneumatic effect,
119:
118:
111:
93:
1618:
1563:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1436:Weighted blanket
1416:Security blanket
1379:Electric blanket
1031:
1024:
1017:
1008:
1001:
988:
982:
958:
952:
938:
932:
931:
926:. Archived from
916:
910:
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906:
891:
885:
884:
882:
880:
868:Laurie Brenner.
865:
856:
855:
847:
841:
840:
838:
836:
828:Strand, Andrea.
825:
819:
818:
816:
815:
806:. Archived from
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790:
789:
779:
769:
745:
739:
738:
736:
735:
726:. Archived from
715:
709:
708:
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662:
661:
659:
658:
649:. Archived from
639:
633:
632:
627:. Archived from
617:
608:
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586:
580:
579:
577:
575:
569:pu-additives.com
566:
557:
551:
550:
548:
546:
540:pu-additives.com
537:
531:Krebs, Michael.
528:
519:
501:
326:while sleeping.
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107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1611:Smart materials
1576:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1541:
1510:
1440:
1431:Sleeved blanket
1394:Patchwork quilt
1345:
1317:
1259:
1218:
1192:
1186:
1132:Lit à la Turque
1103:Four-poster bed
1049:
1040:
1035:
1005:
1004:
998:Wayback Machine
989:
985:
979:Wayback Machine
968:Wayback Machine
959:
955:
949:Wayback Machine
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512:Wayback Machine
502:
498:
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466:
437:propylene oxide
383:
345:
293:
230:
182:adhesive effect
158:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1524:
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1508:
1503:
1501:Speaker pillow
1498:
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1471:
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1421:Silk comforter
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1223:Bed components
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1002:
983:
953:
933:
930:on 2008-09-16.
911:
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683:(1–4): 51–59.
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609:
581:
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477:
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441:diethanolamine
382:
379:
344:
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277:pressure sores
229:
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201:
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189:
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166:network effect
157:
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117:
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99:September 2011
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29:
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1586:Polyurethanes
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1515:Related items
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1278:Cambodian mat
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810:on 2010-01-04
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730:on 2014-04-19
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677:Intervirology
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653:on 2014-02-01
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58:"Memory foam"
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32:This article
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1537:Blanket fort
1506:Throw pillow
1478:
1426:Sleeping bag
1408:
1336:Bunkie board
1302:
1293:Mattress pad
1273:Air mattress
1204:Cradle (bed)
1162:Platform bed
1154:
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1118:Hospital bed
1060:
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940:Arlene Blum
936:
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417:polyurethane
413:polyurethane
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134:polyurethane
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1459:Bamboo wife
1374:Duvet cover
1341:Storage bed
1303:Memory foam
1288:Mahjong mat
1214:Toddler bed
1191:Infant beds
1182:Trundle bed
222:water vapor
169:structure:
130:Memory foam
125:Memory foam
1580:Categories
1532:Nightstand
1522:Bed warmer
1496:Sex pillow
1486:Eye pillow
1480:Dakimakura
1331:Box-spring
1265:Mattresses
1209:Infant bed
1172:Sleigh bed
1167:Polish bed
1150:Murphy bed
1093:Canopy bed
905:2015-09-09
814:2010-01-15
734:2014-04-18
657:2014-01-25
491:References
475:Sorbothane
390:testing.
343:Mattresses
69:newspapers
1364:Comforter
1323:Bed bases
1255:Headboard
1250:Footboard
1240:Bed skirt
1235:Bed sheet
1230:Bed frame
1126:bed-stove
1052:bed sizes
835:17 August
697:0300-5526
598:: 45–52.
312:Aloe vera
156:Mechanics
138:viscosity
1555:Category
1351:Blankets
1313:Waterbed
1245:Cot side
1199:Bassinet
1177:Sofa bed
1138:Loft bed
1088:Camp bed
1083:Rope bed
1078:Cage bed
1073:Bunk bed
994:Archived
975:Archived
964:Archived
945:Archived
899:Archived
854:. WebMD.
786:30966151
754:Polymers
625:nasa.gov
508:Archived
480:Neoprene
464:See also
449:methanol
281:gangrene
260:liners.
214:porosity
186:adhesion
1601:Bedding
1565:Commons
1474:Cushion
1464:Bolster
1446:Pillows
1389:Lizhnyk
1144:Charpai
1113:Hammock
1068:Box-bed
1038:Bedding
804:pfa.org
777:6415055
705:8407250
453:toluene
381:Hazards
364:newtons
228:History
142:density
83:scholar
1359:Afghan
1156:Petate
1098:Daybed
1045:Adult
924:ca.gov
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545:21 May
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565:(PDF)
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970:and
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782:PMID
720:"Mr"
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693:ISSN
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