574:. People with retrograde amnesia are more likely to remember general knowledge rather than specifics. Recent memories are less likely to be recovered, but older memories will be easier to recall due to strengthening over time. Retrograde amnesia is usually temporary and can be treated by exposing them to memories from the loss. Another type of consolidation (process by which memories become stable in the brain) occurs over much longer periods of time/days, weeks, months and years and likely involves transfer of information from the hippocampus to more permanent storage site in the cortex. The operation of this longer-term consolidation process is seen in the retrograde amnesia of patients with hippocampal damage who can recall memories from childhood relatively normally, but are impaired when recalling experiences that occurred just a few years prior to the time they became amnesic. In the case of LSJ, her case shows that retrograde amnesia can affect many different parts of knowledge. LSJ was not able to remember things from her child or adult life. She was not able to remember things that most people pick up in everyday life such as logos or the names of common songs.
807:(otherwise known as depression-related cognitive dysfunction) is a condition where mental cognition can be temporarily decreased. The term pseudodementia is applied to the range of functional psychiatric conditions such as depression and schizophrenia, that may mimic organic dementia, but are essentially reversible on treatment. Pseudodementia typically involves three cognitive components: memory issues, deficits in executive functioning, and deficits in speech and language. Specific cognitive symptoms might include trouble recalling words or remembering things in general, decreased attention, control and concentration, difficulty completing tasks or making decisions, decreased speed and fluency of speech, and impaired processing speed. People with pseudodementia are typically very distressed about the cognitive impairment they experience. With in this condition, there are two specific treatments that have been found to be effective for the treatment of depression, and these treatments may also be beneficial in the treatment of pseudodementia.
616:(formerly "psychogenic fugue") is also known as fugue state. It is caused by psychological trauma, is usually temporary and unresolved, and therefore, may return. It must exist outside the influence of pre-existing medical conditions, such as a lobotomy, and immediate influence of any mind-altering substances, such as alcohol or drugs. An individual with dissociative fugue disorder either completely forgets or is confused about their identity, and may even assume a new one. They can travel hundreds miles from their home or work; they can also engage in other uncharacteristic, and occasionally unsafe, behavior. For example, two men in a study of five individuals with dissociative fugue had engaged in criminal activity while in their fugue state, having had no criminal record before the episodes. While popular in fiction, this type of amnesia is extremely rare.
918:
temporal lobectomy. His epilepsy did improve, but
Molaison lost the ability to form new long-term memories (anterograde amnesia). He exhibited normal short-term memory ability. If he was given a list of words, he would forget them in about a minute's time. In fact, he would forget that he had even been given a list in the first place. However, H.M.'s working and short-term memory seemed to be intact. He had a normal digit span and could hold a conversation that did not require him to recall past parts of the conversation. Once Molaison stopped thinking about the lists he was unable to recall them again from long-term memory. This gave researchers evidence that short-term and long-term memory are in fact two different processes. Even though he forgot about the lists, he was still able to learn things through his
938:. Clive Wearing was a conductor and musician who contracted herpes simplex virus. This virus affected the hippocampal regions of the brain. Because of this damage, Wearing was unable to remember information for more than a few moments. Wearing's non-declarative memory was still functioning but his declarative memory was impaired. To him, he felt that he had just come to consciousness for the first time every time he was unable to hold on to information. This case also can be used as evidence that there are different memory systems for declarative and non-declarative memory. This case was more evidence that the hippocampus is an important part of the brain in remembering past events and that declarative and non-declarative memories have different processes in different parts of the brain.
926:
happened since his surgery. However, he could still remember things that had happened prior to the operation. Researchers also found that, when asked, Molaison could answer questions about national or international events, but he could not remember his own personal memories. After his death
Molaison donated his brain to science, where they were able to discover the areas of the brain that had the lesions which caused his amnesia, particularly the medial temporal lobe. This case study provided important insight to the areas of the brain that are affected in anterograde amnesia, as well as how amnesia works. H.M.'s case showed that memory processes are consolidated into different parts of the brain and that short-term and working memory are not usually impaired in cases of amnesia.
676:, which may be why people do not easily remember pre-language events. Some research states that most adults cannot remember memories as early as two or three years old. Research suggests there are cultural influences that affect memories that are recalled. Researchers have found that implicit memories cannot be recalled or described. Remembering how to play the piano is a common example of implicit memory, as are walking, speaking, and other everyday activities that would be difficult to focus on if they had to be relearned every time one got up in the morning. Explicit memories, on the other hand, can be recalled and described in words. Remembering the first time meeting a teacher is an example of an explicit memory.
967:. He also had a left thyroid lobectomy because of severe loss of blood in his left lobe. He began having cardiac problems as a result of the surgery and became very agitated. Even five days after being released from the hospital he was unable to remember what had happened to him. Aside from memory impairment, none of his other cognitive processes seemed to be affected. He did not want to be involved in much research, but through memory tests he took with doctors, they were able to ascertain that his memory problems were present for the next 9.5 years until his death. After he died, his brain was donated to science, photographed, and preserved for future study.
399:. Another example demonstrated by some patients, such as K.C. and H.M, who have medial temporal damage and anterograde amnesia, still have perceptual priming. Priming was accomplished in many different experiments of amnesia, and it was found that the patients can be primed; they have no conscious recall of the event, but the response is there. Those patients did well in the word fragment completion task. There is some evidence that non-declarative memory can be held onto in the form of motor skills. This idea was disputed, though, because it is argued that motor skills require both declarative and non-declarative information.
922:. The psychologists would ask him to draw something on a piece of paper, but to look at the paper using a mirror. Though he could never remember ever doing that task, he would improve after doing it over and over again. This showed the psychologists that he was learning and remembering things unconsciously. In some studies it was found that H.M.'s perceptual learning was intact and that his other cognitive skills were working appropriately. It was also found that some people with declarative information amnesia are able to be primed.
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temporal lobe damage, but she was still able to remember how to perform some declarative skills. She was able to remember how to read music and the techniques used in art. She had preserved skill-related declarative memory for some things even though she had deficits in other declarative memory tasks. She even scored higher on skill-related declarative memory than the control in watercolor techniques, a technique that she used in her professional career before she acquired amnesia.
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anterograde memory, but almost no loss of retrograde memory, with the exception of a couple of years before his surgery, and presented no sign of any other cognitive impairment. It was not until after his death that researchers had the chance to examine his brain, when they found his lesions were restricted to the CA1 portion of the hippocampus. This case study led to important research involving the role of the hippocampus and the function of memory.
590:, such as a car accident that results in no more than mild whiplash, might cause the occupant of a car to have no memory of the moments just before the accident due to a brief interruption in the short/long-term memory transfer mechanism. The patient may also lose knowledge of who people are. Having longer periods of amnesia or consciousness after an injury may be an indication that recovery from remaining concussion symptoms will take much longer.
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temporary case of amnesia, it still shows the importance of the CA1 region of the hippocampus in memory. Episodic memory loss is most likely to occur when there has been damage to the hippocampus. There is evidence that damage to the medial temporal lobe correlates to a loss of autobiographical episodic memory.
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episode (an interruption of the blood flow to the brain), an MRI of patient R.B. following surgery showed his hippocampus to be intact except for a specific lesion restricted to the CA1 pyramidal cells. In one instance, transient global amnesia was caused by a hippocampal CA1 lesion. While this was a
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are forgotten, or where memories are unable to be recalled. The failure to remember those events is induced by suggestions made during the hypnosis. Some characteristics of posthypnotic amnesia include inability to remember specific events while under hypnotic influence, reversibility, and having no
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and medial diencephalon. Anterograde amnesia cannot be treated with pharmacological methods due to neuronal loss. However, treatment exists in educating patients to define their daily routines and after several steps they begin to benefit from their procedural memory. Procedural memory can be intact
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sequences experiment just as healthy people; therefore, procedural learning can proceed independently of the brain system required for declarative memory. Some patients with amnesia are able to remember skills that they had learned without being able to consciously recall where they had learned that
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Individuals with amnesia can learn new information, particularly if the information is non-declarative knowledge. However, in some situations, people with dense anterograde amnesia do not remember the episodes during which they previously learned or observed the information. Some people with amnesia
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Case studies have played a large role in the discovery of amnesia and the parts of the brain that were affected. The studies gave important insight into how amnesia affects the brain. The studies also gave scientists the resources into improving their knowledge about amnesia and insight into a cure
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deficiency and will be progressive if alcohol intake and nutrition pattern are not modified. Other neurological problems are likely to be present in combination with this type of amnesia, such as problems with the medial temporal lobe and frontal lobe dysfunction. Korsakoff's syndrome is also known
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Traumatic events are more subjective. What is traumatic is dependent on what the person finds to be traumatic. Regardless, a traumatic event is an event where something so distressing occurs that the mind chooses to forget rather than deal with the stress. A common example of amnesia that is caused
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Another coping mechanism is taking advantage of technological assistance, such as a personal digital device to keep track of day-to-day tasks. Reminders can be set up for appointments when to take medications, birthdays and other important events. Many pictures can also be stored to help amnesiacs
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is the inability to recall information, usually about stressful or traumatic events in persons' lives, such as a violent attack or disaster. The memory is stored in long-term memory, but access to it is impaired because of psychological defense mechanisms. Persons retain the capacity to learn new
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results from a psychological cause as opposed to direct damage to the brain caused by head injury, physical trauma or disease, which is known as organic amnesia. Individuals with organic amnesia have difficulty with emotion expression as well as undermining the seriousness of their condition. The
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in 1957. He was a patient who had severe epilepsy attributed to a bicycle accident at the age of nine. Physicians were unable to control his seizures with drugs, so the neurosurgeon
Scoville tried a new approach involving brain surgery. He removed his medial temporal lobe bilaterally by doing a
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Many forms of amnesia fix themselves without being treated. However, there are a few ways to cope with memory loss if treatment is needed. Since there are a variety of causes that form different amnesia, there are different methods that response better with the certain type of amnesia. Emotional
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information, even though it might be more difficult and might remain rather unrelated to more general knowledge. H.M. could accurately draw a floor plan of the home in which he lived after surgery, even though he had not lived there in years. There is evidence that the hippocampus and the medial
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Patient R.B. was a normally functioning man until the age of 52. At age 50, he had been diagnosed with angina and had surgery for heart problems on two occasions. After an ischemic episode (reduction of blood to the brain) that was caused from a heart bypass surgery, R.B. demonstrated a loss of
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which states that there is a time gradient in retrograde amnesia. The law follows a logical progression of memory loss due to disease. First, a patient loses the recent memories, then personal memories, and finally intellectual memories. He implied that the most recent memories were lost first.
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and replacing this vitamin by consuming thiamin-rich foods such as whole-grain cereals, legumes (beans and lentils), nuts, lean pork, and yeast can help treat it. Treating alcoholism and preventing alcohol and illicit drug use can prevent further damage, but in most cases will not recover lost
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Studies were completed consistently throughout
Molaison's lifetime to discover more about amnesia. Researchers did a 14-year follow-up study on Molaison. They studied him for a period of two weeks to learn more about his amnesia. After 14 years, Molaison still could not recall things that had
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One technique for amnesia treatment is cognitive or occupational therapy. In therapy, amnesiacs will develop the memory skills they have and try to regain some they have lost by finding which techniques help retrieve memories or create new retrieval paths. This may also include strategies for
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While a patient with amnesia might have a loss of declarative memory, this loss might vary in severity as well as the declarative information that it affects, depending on many factors. For example, LSJ was a patient who had retrograde declarative memory loss as the result of bilateral medial
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temporal lobe may help to consolidate semantic memories, but then they are more correlated with the neocortex. While lesions of the hippocampus normally lead to the loss of episodic memory, if there is any effect on semantic memory, it is more varied and usually does not last as long.
730:. The person's short-term memory may appear to be normal, but the person may have a difficult time attempting to recall a past story, or with unrelated words, as well as complicated patterns. Korsakoff's syndrome is unique because it involves both anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
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is inability to recall memories before onset of amnesia. One may be able to encode new memories after the incident. Retrograde is usually caused by head trauma or brain damage to parts of the brain besides the hippocampus. The hippocampus is responsible for encoding new memory.
586:. Traumatic amnesia is often transient, but may be permanent or either anterograde, retrograde, or mixed type. The extent of the period covered by the amnesia is related to the degree of injury and may give an indication of the prognosis for recovery of other functions.
1017:. Amnesia is so often used as a plot device in films, that a widely recognized stereotypical dialogue has even developed around it, with the victim melodramatically asking "Where am I? Who am I? What am I?", or sometimes inquiring of their own name, "Bill? Who's Bill?"
811:(CBT) involves exploring and changing thought patterns and behaviors in order to improve one's mood. Interpersonal therapy focuses on the exploration of an individual's relationships and identifying any ways in which they may be contributing to feelings of depression.
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Rosenbaum, R. Shayna; Moscovitch, Morris; Foster, Jonathan K.; Schnyer, David M.; Gao, Fuqiang; Kovacevic, Natasha; Verfaellie, Mieke; Black, Sandra E.; Levine, Brian (August 2008). "Patterns of
Autobiographical Memory Loss in Medial-Temporal Lobe Amnesic Patients".
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Real, diagnosable amnesia – people getting knocked on the head and forgetting their names – is mostly just a rumor in the world. It's a rare condition, and usually a brief one. In books and movies, though, versions of amnesia lurk everywhere, from episodes of
696:(DWI). Symptoms typically last for less than a day and there is often no clear precipitating factor or any other neurological deficits. The cause of this syndrome is not clear. The hypothesis of the syndrome includes transient reduced blood flow, possible
423:
Head trauma is a very broad range as it deals with any kind of injury or active action toward the brain which might cause amnesia. Retrograde and anterograde amnesia is more often seen from events like this, an exact example of a cause of the two would be
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and the supplementary motor area, regions which are not normally associated with the formation of declarative memories. This type of dissociation between declarative and procedural memory can also be found in patients with diencephalic amnesia such as
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Although improvements occur when patients receive certain treatments, there is still no actual cure remedy for amnesia so far. To what extent the patient recovers and how long the amnesia will continue depends on the type and severity of the lesion.
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is the inability to remember information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an accident or operation. In some cases, the memory loss can extend back decades, while in other cases, people may lose only a few months of
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is still retained, and they may still be able to form new memories. However, a severe reduction in the ability to learn new material and retrieve old information can be observed. People can learn new procedural knowledge. In addition,
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to metafictional and absurdist masterpieces, with dozens of stops in between. Amnesiacs might not much exist, but amnesiac characters stumble everywhere through comic books, movies, and our dreams. We've all met them and been
4920:
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is the inability to remember where, when or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge. When individuals are unable to remember, false memories can occur and cause great
289:
knowledge. Individuals with amnesia also retain substantial intellectual, linguistic, and social skills despite profound impairments in the ability to recall specific information encountered in prior learning episodes.
779:. It has been claimed that it involves a narrowing of consciousness with attention focused on central perceptual details and/or that the emotional or traumatic events are processed differently from ordinary memories.
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may also be used for this application. Memories of the short time-frame in which the procedure was performed are permanently lost or at least substantially reduced, but once the drug wears off, memory is no longer
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about one specific event. It is a type of amnesia that leaves a lacuna (a gap) in the record of memory in the cortex region of the brain. The cause of this type of amnesia is the result of brain damage to the
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Gregory, Emma; McCloskey, Michael; Ovans, Zoe; Landau, Barbara (18 May 2016). "Declarative memory and skill-related knowledge: Evidence from a case study of amnesia and implications for theories of memory".
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is the inability to create new memories due to brain damage, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact. The brain damage can be caused by the effects of long-term alcoholism, severe
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Some retrograde and anterograde amnesiacs are capable of non-declarative memory, including implicit learning and procedural learning. For example, some patients show improvement on the
436:, which occurs when the person forgets an event that has deeply disturbed them. An example would be a person forgetting a fatal and graphic car accident involving their loved ones.
276:. Scientists were able to find that mice with damaged memory have a lower level of RbAp48 protein compared to normal, healthy mice. In people with amnesia, the ability to recall
419:). The majority of amnesia and related memory issues derive from the first two categories as these are more common and the third could be considered a subcategory of the first.
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While there are no medications available to treat amnesia, underlying medical conditions can be treated to improve memory. Such conditions include but are not limited to low
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Declarative memory can be broken down into semantic memory and episodic memory. Semantic memory being that of facts, episodic memory being that of memory related to events.
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1197:"Amnesia." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 4th ed. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2008. 182–184. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
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for those with anterograde amnesia. Fentanyl use by opioid users has been identified as a potential cause in a cluster of cases that occurred in Boston, Massachusetts.
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Physical deficiencies are different from head trauma because physical deficiencies lean more toward passive physical issues. Examples of physical deficiencies include
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2696:"A Case of Probable Korsakoff's Syndrome: A Syndrome of Frontal Lobe and Diencephalic Structural Pathogenesis and a Comparison with Medial Temporal Lobe Dementias"
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Barash, Jed A.; Ganetsky, Michael; Boyle, Katherine; Raman, Vinod; Toce, Michael S.; Kaplan, Scott; Lev, Michael H.; Worth, Jonathan L.; DeMaria, Alfred (2018).
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is intentionally caused by injection of an amnestic drug to help a patient forget surgery or medical procedures, particularly those not performed under full
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information. For example, they may learn to do a task and then be able to perform the task later without any recollection of learning the task. According to
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Pavlopoulos, Elias; Jones, Sidonie; Kosmidis, Stylianos; Close, Maggie; Kim, Carla; Kovalerchik, Olga; Small, Scott A.; Kandel, Eric R. (28 August 2013).
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show abnormal amount of memory loss, confusion, and difficulty recalling other people or places. People who recover often do not remember having amnesia.
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1028:, it is often depicted that a second blow to the head, similar to the first one which caused the amnesia, will then cure it. In reality, however, repeat
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affects semantic memory and primarily expresses itself in the form of problems with language use and acquisition. Semantic amnesia can lead to dementia.
2279:"memory abnormality." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 21 April 2012.
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in which seizures are electrically induced in patients for therapeutic effect can have acute effects including both retrograde and anterograde amnesia.
1065:, fictional organizations can induce deliberate amnesia via drugs or advanced technology to wipe the minds of those that view supernatural phenomena.
2168:
Van Der Hart, Onno; Nijenhuis, Ellert (October 2001). "Generalized
Dissociative Amnesia: Episodic, Semantic and Procedural Memories lost and found".
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relation between the implicit and explicit memory. Research has shown that there could be selectivity with amnesia when posthypnotic amnesia occurs.
791:, which is typically an episodic isolated memory loss. It has been recognized as a treatment-responsive syndrome congenial to anti-epileptic drugs.
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Kosmidis, Stylianos; Polyzos, Alexandros; Harvey, Lucas; Youssef, Mary; Denny, Christine A.; Dranovsky, Alex; Kandel, Eric R. (23 October 2018).
1992:
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3376:"Human amnesia and the medial temporal region: Enduring memory impairment following a bilateral lesion limited to field CA1 of the hippocampus"
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Carlson, N. R. (19992000). Memory. Psychology: the science of behaviour (Canadian ed., p. 250). Scarborough, Ontario: Allyn and Bacon Canada.
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Gazzaniga, M., Ivry, R., & Mangun, G. (2009) Cognitive
Neuroscience: The biology of the mind. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
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even when other forms of memory is not, although not always the case. Likewise, social and emotional support is critical to improving
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411:(example: head injuries), traumatic events (example: seeing something devastating to the mind), or physical deficiencies (example:
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1751:"CA1 neurons in the human hippocampus are critical for autobiographical memory, mental time travel, and autonoetic consciousness"
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The loss of semantic information in amnesia is most closely related with damage to the medial temporal lobe or to the neocortex.
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Global amnesia is a common motif in fiction despite being extraordinarily rare in reality. In the introduction to his anthology
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704:. Patients are typically amnestic of events more than a few minutes in the past, though immediate recall is usually preserved.
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742:, or likely to be particularly traumatic. Such drugs are also referred to as "premedicants". Most commonly, a 2-halogenated
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Hamann, Stephan B.; Squire, Larry R. (November 1997). "Intact
Priming for Novel Perceptual Representations in Amnesia".
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information and there may be some later partial or complete recovery of memory. Formerly known as "Psychogenic amnesia".
477:
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Buckley, Mark J. (July 2005). "The Role of the
Perirhinal Cortex and Hippocampus in Learning, Memory, and Perception".
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Butters, N; Delis, D C; Lucas, J A (January 1995). "Clinical
Assessment of Memory Disorders in Amnesia and Dementia".
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Goodwin DW; Crane JB; Guze SB (August 1969). "Alcoholic "blackouts": a review and clinical study of 100 alcoholics".
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is a well-described medical and clinical phenomenon. This form of amnesia is distinct in that abnormalities in the
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Coons, Philip M. (1 September 2016). "Psychogenic or Dissociative Fugue: A Clinical Investigation of Five Cases".
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There are three generalized categories in which amnesia could be acquired by a person. The three categories are
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909:, formerly known as H.M., changed the way people thought of memory. The case was first reported in a paper by
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organizing information to remember it more easily and for improving understanding of lengthy conversation.
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1302:"RbAp48 Protein Is a Critical Component of GPR158/OCN Signaling and Ameliorates Age-Related Memory Loss"
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3431:"Three cases of enduring memory impairment after bilateral damage limited to the hippocampal formation"
656:(also known as infantile amnesia) is the common inability to remember events from one's own childhood.
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Enea Violeta, Dafinoiu Ion (2008). "Posthypnotic amnesia and autobiographical memory in adolescents".
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Parker ES; Birnbaum IM; Noble EP (December 1976). "Alcohol and memory: Storage and state dependency".
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can result from long-term alcoholism or malnutrition. It is caused by brain damage due to a vitamin B
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drugs. The memory can be either wholly or partially lost due to the extent of damage that is caused.
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Kopelman, Michael; Morton, John (28 January 2005), "Psychogenic Amnesias: Functional Memory Loss",
1818:"Transient global amnesia with intracranial vertebral artery dissection and hippocampal CA1 lesion"
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Bartsch, Thorsten; Döhring, Juliane; Rohr, Axel; Jansen, Olav; Deuschl, Günther (18 October 2011).
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Patient G.D. was a white male born in 1940 who served in the Navy. He was diagnosed with chronic
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or prevention. There are several extremely important case studies: Henry Molaison, R.B, and G.D.
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3171:"Further Analysis of the Hippocampal Amnesic Syndrome: 14-Year Follow-up Study on Patient H.M."
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Masferrer, Roberto; Masferrer, Mauricio; Prendergast, Virginia; Harrington, Timothy R (2000).
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support and love as well as medication and psychological therapy have been proven effective.
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2018:
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1996:
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1007:, among others, fueled in large part by the seeping into popular culture of the work of
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store. People with anterograde amnesia cannot remember things for long periods of time.
3578:
3574:
3143:
3116:
2620:
2517:
Wang, Qi (January 2003). "Infantile amnesia reconsidered: A cross-cultural analysis".
1433:
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6083:
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4692:
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3112:
3077:
3053:
2057:
1977:
Myers, David G. Psychology. fifth ed. New York: Worth Publishers, 1998. N. pag. Print
1492:
1476:
1245:"Molecular mechanism for age-related memory loss: the histone-binding protein RbAp48"
1140:
1135:
1008:
935:
914:
841:
833:
and photographs of people and places are low-tech memory aids that can help as well.
830:
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727:
657:
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387:
257:
213:
126:
50:
3642:
2827:
2554:
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2117:
1945:
1678:
1623:
1449:
356:
One reason that patients could not form new episodic memories is likely because the
6155:
6119:
6073:
5983:
5826:
5641:
5596:
5583:
5573:
5533:
5253:
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treatment for the rest of his life. In 1983, he went to the hospital for elective
3593:
2372:
1318:
1260:
1217:
6013:
5884:
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5209:
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4580:
4311:
4042:
3792:
3612:
2811:
1000:
685:
612:
509:
416:
408:
272:
are damaged, amnesia can occur. Recent studies have shown a correlation between
261:
253:
These two types are not mutually exclusive; both can also occur simultaneously.
3006:
2841:
Murray, B. D.; Kensinger, E. A. (2012). "Semantic Memory in Profound Amnesia".
2363:
Loewenstein, Richard J. (1996). "Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Fugue".
1359:
Dewar, Michaela; Della Sala, Sergio; Beschin, Nicoletta; Cowan, Nelson (2010).
285:(both perceptual and conceptual) can assist amnesiacs in the learning of fresh
256:
Case studies also show that amnesia is typically associated with damage to the
17:
6048:
5911:
5478:
5199:
5177:
5172:
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5025:
5010:
4947:
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3712:
3559:
2435:
2093:
1921:
1145:
1029:
1025:
861:
829:
remember names of friends, family, and co-workers. Notebooks, wall calendars,
364:, and thus the hippocampus could not make connections to the cortex. After an
189:
3229:
3061:
2762:
2659:
2538:
2484:
2315:
2246:
2189:
2181:
2101:
1929:
1886:
1843:
1834:
1784:
1719:
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1607:
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1327:
1268:
771:
can arise in a variety of circumstances (for example, committing an offence,
5284:
5204:
5147:
5109:
5081:
5015:
4981:
4971:
4963:
4955:
4850:
4782:
4600:
4059:
3797:
3722:
3347:
2605:"Retrieval without recollection: an experimental analysis of source amnesia"
1775:
1711:
1418:"Prose recall and amnesia: implications for the structure of working memory"
1361:"Profound retroactive interference in anterograde amnesia: What interferes?"
1113:
1033:
1013:
747:
193:
3324:
3237:
3152:
3018:
2819:
2780:
2735:
Arts, Nicolaas JM; Walvoort, Serge JW; Kessels, Roy PC (27 November 2017).
2721:
2651:
2589:
2546:
2443:
2349:
2254:
2197:
2109:
1937:
1851:
1802:
1727:
1670:
1615:
1441:
1402:
1345:
1286:
268:) are involved with memory. Research has also shown that when areas of the
3466:
3411:
2677:
2030:
2022:
1894:
664:, while modern scientific approaches generally attribute it to aspects of
5773:
5167:
5162:
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1484:
1080:
788:
755:
701:
625:
365:
344:
221:
217:
2753:
2267:
Mastin, L. (2010). The human memory: Retrograde amnesia. Retrieved from
5194:
5152:
5059:
5046:
5034:
4951:
1075:
869:
697:
528:
or other trauma. The two brain regions related with this condition are
469:
412:
90:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
2640:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2530:
4303:
4118:
3554:
3303:
Rosenbaum, R. S.; Murphy, K. J.; Rich, J. B. (2012). "The amnesias".
2966:
Mandal, A. (n.d) Treatment of Amnesia. News Medical. Retrieved From:
1376:
1044:. Fictional depictions of amnesia are almost universally retrograde;
1021:
849:
754:
is the drug of choice, although other strongly amnesic drugs such as
640:
599:
damage to the memory is permanent. Dissociative amnesia can include:
505:
361:
205:
3542:
3316:
3288:
3263:
2604:
2581:
5189:
5054:
4081:
2336:
Bourget Dominique, Whitehurst Laurie (2007). "Amnesia and crime".
1654:
559:
5069:
2338:
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online
2143:
Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry
776:
383:
5226:
5222:
4916:
4871:
4739:
4674:
4526:
4253:
4098:
4008:
3828:
3689:
3646:
3633:
1986:
Benbow, SM (2004) "Adverse effects of ECT". In AIF Scott (ed.)
386:
studies, the acquisition of procedural memories activates the
343:
Some patients with anterograde amnesia can still acquire some
216:, but it can also be temporarily caused by the use of various
55:
1816:
Yokota, Hiroshi; Yokoyama, Kazuhiro; Iwasaki, Satoru (2015).
1057:
that hides magical or alien societies from humanity, such as
889:
was among the first scientists to study amnesia. He proposed
2968:
http://www.news-medical.net/health/Treatment-of-amnesia.aspx
1089:
1036:
problems, and in extremely rare cases may even cause deadly
3117:"Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions"
2221:"Acute Amnestic Syndrome Associated with Fentanyl Overdose"
428:, which would cause both briefly for the receiving patient.
3208:
Eichenbaum, Howard (January 2013). "What H.M. taught us".
2082:
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B
2568:
Hayne, Harlene; Jack, Fiona (2011). "Childhood amnesia".
3005:
Akhouri, Shweta; Kuhn, James; Newton, Edward J. (2023),
1999:
London: The Royal College of Psychiatrists, pp. 170–174.
37:"Amnesiac" redirects here. For the Radiohead album, see
3094:
Diseases of Memory: An essay in the positive psychology
2603:
Schacter, D.L.; Harbluk, J.L.; McLachlen, D.R. (1984).
87:
934:
Another famous historical case of amnesia was that of
241:
is the inability to transfer new information from the
2269:
http://www.human-memory.net/disorders_retrograde.html
1523:
Short-term memory processes and the amnesiac syndrome
1050:
is a rare example of anterograde amnesia in fiction.
1011:, which also strongly influenced genre films such as
3532:
3257:
3255:
688:
can sometimes be visualized using a special form of
459:
Among specific causes of amnesia are the following:
27:
Cognitive disorder where memory is disturbed or lost
6133:
6102:
5961:
5954:
5847:
5819:
5751:
5708:
5680:
5640:
5582:
5477:
5383:
5358:
5310:
5303:
5260:
5123:
5100:
5045:
4962:
4843:
4812:
4781:
4760:
4639:
4616:
4570:
4537:
4444:
4411:
4359:
4302:
4293:
4274:
4215:
4147:
4109:
3969:
3944:
3841:
3753:
3700:
3603:
3536:
183:
175:
170:
3305:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science
3164:
3162:
3122:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
2570:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science
2170:Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
1580:
1578:
1576:
1416:Baddeley, Alan; Wilson, Barbara A. (April 2002).
1216:David X. Cifu; Henry L. Lew (10 September 2013).
787:is a rare and unrecognized form of temporal lobe
3342:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 219–243,
2884:. Cleveland Clinic. 29 July 2020. Archived from
3013:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1755:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
999:Lethem traces the roots of literary amnesia to
985:
554:. The damage is usually caused by head trauma,
2857:"Semantic Variant Primary Progressive Aphasia"
2794:Walsh RD, Jr; Wharen RE, IV; Tatum WO (2011).
2609:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
2046:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
1219:Handbook of Polytrauma Care and Rehabilitation
86:Please review the contents of the article and
5238:
4928:
3658:
3340:Recovered Memories: Seeking the Middle Ground
2937:
2935:
2933:
2397:"Dissociative Fugue. Retrieved 7 August 2012"
8:
1959:Services, Department of Health & Human.
1554:Services, Department of Health & Human.
1508:The episodic-semantic distinction in amnesia
274:deficiency of RbAp48 protein and memory loss
5369:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
3169:Corkin, S.; Milner, B.; Teuber, H. (1968).
2845:. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 3022–3025.
1549:
1547:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
5958:
5307:
5245:
5231:
5223:
4935:
4921:
4913:
4868:
4757:
4736:
4671:
4562:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
4534:
4523:
4299:
4271:
4250:
4106:
4095:
4005:
3838:
3825:
3697:
3686:
3665:
3651:
3643:
3630:
3533:
2905:
2903:
2367:. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 307–336.
2129:
2127:
167:
3478:
3476:
3456:
3401:
3287:
3142:
2770:
2752:
2737:"Korsakoff's syndrome: a critical review"
2711:
2667:
2636:"Source monitoring and memory distortion"
2500:Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies
2236:
1833:
1792:
1774:
1392:
1335:
1317:
1276:
4825:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
4421:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
3507:"Special Report: Cumulative Concussions"
2843:Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning
2399:. My.clevelandclinic.org. Archived from
2300:"Grading Scale for Cerebral Concussions"
1540:. Sc alzheimerience. pp. 221:380–2.
1032:may cause cumulative deficits including
1510:. New York: Guilford Press. p. 55.
1172:
1020:In movies and television, particularly
3635:Articles and topics related to Amnesia
2741:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
1525:. New York: Academic. pp. 258–91.
1104:List of films featuring mental illness
227:There are two main types of amnesia:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3038:Benson DF (October 1978). "Amnesia".
2796:"Complex transient epileptic amnesia"
2689:
2687:
1692:
1690:
1688:
445:neurological paraneoplastic syndromes
260:. In addition, specific areas of the
7:
2700:Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience
1463:Benson, D. Frank (1978). "Amnesia".
1452:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
648:which control memories and emotions.
4528:Physiological and physical behavior
2882:"Amnesia: Management and Treatment"
2467:Psychology the Science of Behaviour
1879:10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.002425
1637:Buckner, Randy L. (November 2000).
550:is more likely to be affected than
4474:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
3868:Emotional and behavioral disorders
3449:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-16-05233.1996
3394:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-10-02950.1986
3097:. London: D. Appleton and company.
2924:10.1097/01.NNN.0000333846.54546.f8
25:
5650:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
4654:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
3210:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
2634:Johnson, M K (29 November 1997).
2469:. Toronto: Pearson. p. 283.
1989:The ECT Handbook, second edition.
1910:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
1700:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
6195:
6183:
3954:X-linked intellectual disability
3054:10.1097/00007611-197810000-00011
1639:"Neural origins of 'I remember'"
1477:10.1097/00007611-197810000-00011
1206:Schacter, Daniel. L "Psychology"
297: 'forgetfulness'; from
152:
60:
3783:Intermittent explosive disorder
3708:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
3264:"Neuroscience: Losing the past"
2943:"Amnesia - Symptoms and causes"
2225:New England Journal of Medicine
1053:In science fiction involving a
660:notoriously attributed this to
449:anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
5860:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
5733:Memory and social interactions
4426:Dissociative identity disorder
3691:Adult personality and behavior
2694:Spiegel, David R (June 2011).
1249:Science Translational Medicine
88:add the appropriate references
1:
3425:Rempel-Clower, NL; Zola, SM;
3007:"Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome"
2621:10.1016/s0022-5371(84)90373-6
1600:10.1080/02643294.2016.1172478
1434:10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00146-4
5569:Retrieval-induced forgetting
4830:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
4367:Generalized anxiety disorder
4100:Neurological and symptomatic
3745:Sexual relationship disorder
3190:10.1016/0028-3932(68)90021-3
2373:10.1007/978-1-4899-0310-5_15
2058:10.1016/0022-5371(76)90061-X
1319:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.077
1261:10.1126/scitranslmed.3006373
1222:. Demos Medical Publishing.
809:Cognitive behavioral therapy
304: 'without' and
5133:Sensory processing disorder
4606:REM sleep behavior disorder
4075:Seasonal affective disorder
3873:Separation anxiety disorder
3487:The Vintage Book of Amnesia
3436:The Journal of Neuroscience
3381:The Journal of Neuroscience
2812:10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.12.026
1965:www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au
1867:Annual Review of Psychology
1560:www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au
1124:Transient epileptic amnesia
977:The Vintage Book of Amnesia
866:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
784:Transient epileptic amnesia
518:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
478:effects on memory formation
373:Non-declarative information
73:reliable medical references
6255:
5907:Levels of Processing model
5832:World Memory Championships
5665:Lost in the mall technique
5512:dissociative (psychogenic)
4873:Symptoms and uncategorized
3974:developmental disabilities
3740:Sexual maturation disorder
1538:Forms of cognitive failure
768:Situation-specific amnesia
694:diffusion-weighted imaging
690:magnetic resonance imaging
624:occurs when events during
36:
29:
6178:
4878:
4867:
4835:Simple-type schizophrenia
4804:Schizophreniform disorder
4756:
4735:
4688:
4670:
4533:
4522:
4270:
4249:
4182:Mild cognitive impairment
4167:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
4105:
4094:
4065:Major depressive disorder
4018:
4004:
3970:Psychological development
3837:
3824:
3696:
3685:
3640:
2436:10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3.881
2094:10.1080/02724990444000186
1922:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.6.699
1588:Cognitive Neuropsychology
700:or an atypical type of a
464:Electroconvulsive therapy
426:electroconvulsive therapy
360:of the hippocampus has a
79:or relies too heavily on
41:. For the 2014 film, see
5945:The Seven Sins of Memory
5890:Intermediate-term memory
5695:Indirect tests of memory
5672:Recovered-memory therapy
5622:Misattribution of memory
4883:Impulse-control disorder
4799:Schizoaffective disorder
4794:Brief reactive psychosis
4491:Mass psychogenic illness
4454:Body dysmorphic disorder
4233:Post-concussion syndrome
3843:Emotional and behavioral
3489:New York: Vintage, 2000
3041:Southern Medical Journal
2365:Handbook of dissociation
2182:10.1080/0004867010060506
1835:10.4103/0028-3886.162077
1465:Southern Medical Journal
911:William Beecher Scoville
681:Transient global amnesia
670:developmental psychology
32:Amnesia (disambiguation)
5632:Source-monitoring error
4820:Childhood schizophrenia
4172:Frontotemporal dementia
4129:High-functioning autism
3946:Intellectual disability
3348:10.1002/0470013486.ch11
2984:Linus Pauling Institute
2861:Memory and Aging Center
2800:Epilepsy & Behavior
2134:Erdogan, Serap (2010).
1776:10.1073/pnas.1110266108
1712:10.1162/jocn.2008.20105
1536:H, Weingartner (1983).
432:by traumatic events is
324:Declarative information
6039:George Armitage Miller
5999:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
5142:Auditory hallucination
4337:Specific social phobia
4228:Organic brain syndrome
4070:Melancholic depression
3831:Childhood and learning
2652:10.1098/rstb.1997.0156
2465:Carlson, Neil (2007).
1521:M, Kinsbourne (1975).
1042:second-impact syndrome
997:
692:of the brain known as
582:is generally due to a
579:Post-traumatic amnesia
522:cerebrovascular events
453:vitamin B12 deficiency
6202:Philosophy portal
6190:Psychology portal
6054:Henry L. Roediger III
5655:False memory syndrome
5627:Misinformation effect
5607:Imagination inflation
4893:Psychomotor agitation
4683:and substance-related
4626:Postpartum depression
4506:Somatization disorder
4392:Acute stress reaction
4157:AIDS dementia complex
3429:; Amaral, DG (1996).
3374:; Amaral, DG (1986).
3262:Draaisma, D. (2013).
2424:Psychological Reports
2136:"Anterograde Amnesia"
2023:10.1176/ajp.126.2.191
1995:21 April 2012 at the
1038:swelling of the brain
887:Theodule-Armand Ribot
726:to be connected with
476:and have deleterious
293:The term is from
278:immediate information
5559:Motivated forgetting
4888:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
4718:Substance dependence
4631:Postpartum psychosis
4177:Huntington's disease
3959:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
3808:Personality disorder
3222:10.1162/jocn_a_00285
3135:10.1136/jnnp.20.1.11
2910:"Treating Amnesia".
2238:10.1056/NEJMc1716355
1506:LS., Cermak (1984).
885:French psychologist
735:Drug-induced amnesia
718:Korsakoff's syndrome
674:language development
621:Posthypnotic amnesia
595:Dissociative amnesia
530:medial temporal lobe
434:dissociative amnesia
397:Korsakoff's syndrome
352:Episodic information
336:Semantic information
258:medial temporal lobe
30:For other uses, see
6234:Cognitive disorders
6069:Arthur P. Shimamura
5969:Richard C. Atkinson
5786:Effects of exercise
5660:Memory implantation
5544:Interference theory
5460:Selective retention
5440:Meaningful learning
4999:Anterograde amnesia
4768:Delusional disorder
4713:Stimulant psychosis
4703:Physical dependence
4557:Rumination syndrome
4459:Conversion disorder
4436:Psychogenic amnesia
4286:with depressed mood
4284:Adjustment disorder
4187:Parkinson's disease
4162:Alzheimer's disease
4055:Atypical depression
3891:Social functioning
3766:Munchausen syndrome
3761:Factitious disorder
3280:2013Natur.497..313D
2888:on 29 November 2020
2754:10.2147/NDT.S130078
2646:(1362): 1733–1745.
2288:Kirwan et al., 2008
1767:2011PNAS..10817562B
1761:(42): 17562–17567.
1643:Nature Neuroscience
868:involves a lack of
497:Anterograde amnesia
441:Alzheimer's disease
239:Anterograde amnesia
6166:Andriy Slyusarchuk
5989:Hermann Ebbinghaus
5895:Involuntary memory
5796:Memory improvement
5781:Effects of alcohol
5743:Transactive memory
5721:Politics of memory
5690:Exceptional memory
5004:Retrograde amnesia
4944:Signs and symptoms
4787:schizophrenia-like
4431:Dissociative fugue
3880:Movement disorders
3604:External resources
3091:Ribot, T. (1882).
2403:on 4 November 2012
1119:Repressed memories
1099:Gollin figure test
1086:Emotion and memory
991:Mission Impossible
773:child sexual abuse
613:Dissociative fugue
572:chronic alcoholism
558:accident, stroke,
542:Retrograde amnesia
315:Signs and symptoms
232:Retrograde amnesia
6216:
6215:
6210:
6209:
6174:
6173:
6161:Cosmos Rossellius
6009:Marcia K. Johnson
5880:Exosomatic memory
5865:Context-dependent
5855:Absent-mindedness
5738:Memory conformity
5716:Collective memory
5617:Memory conformity
5554:Memory inhibition
5473:
5472:
5465:Tip of the tongue
5220:
5219:
5092:Suicidal ideation
4910:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4731:
4730:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4407:
4406:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4202:Vascular dementia
4124:Asperger syndrome
4090:
4089:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3934:Tourette syndrome
3820:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3627:
3626:
3443:(16): 5233–5255.
3388:(10): 2950–2967.
3357:978-0-470-01348-9
3274:(7449): 313–314.
3048:(10): 1221–1227.
2986:. 12 October 2021
2531:10.1080/741938173
2476:978-0-205-64524-4
2382:978-1-4899-0310-5
2231:(12): 1157–1158.
2088:(3–4b): 246–268.
1649:(11): 1068–1069.
1471:(10): 1221–1227.
1428:(10): 1737–1743.
1312:(4): 959–973.e6.
1255:(200): 200ra115.
1229:978-1-61705-100-5
965:parathyroidectomy
666:brain development
662:sexual repression
653:Childhood amnesia
199:
198:
165:Medical condition
161:
160:
137:
16:(Redirected from
6246:
6239:Memory disorders
6200:
6199:
6198:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6141:Jonathan Hancock
6094:Robert Stickgold
6064:Richard Shiffrin
6019:Elizabeth Loftus
5959:
5875:Childhood memory
5682:Research methods
5564:Repressed memory
5539:Forgetting curve
5527:transient global
5398:Autobiographical
5308:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5224:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4914:
4869:
4758:
4737:
4672:
4547:Anorexia nervosa
4535:
4524:
4501:Psychogenic pain
4469:Globus pharyngis
4317:Childhood phobia
4300:
4272:
4251:
4107:
4096:
4006:
3905:Selective mutism
3856:Conduct disorder
3839:
3826:
3803:Trichotillomania
3778:Gender dysphoria
3773:Fear of intimacy
3730:Sexual anhedonia
3698:
3687:
3674:Mental disorders
3667:
3660:
3653:
3644:
3631:
3534:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3503:
3497:
3483:Lethem, Jonathan
3480:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3370:Zola-Morgan, S;
3367:
3361:
3360:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3205:
3194:
3193:
3178:Neuropsychologia
3175:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3146:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2939:
2928:
2927:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2756:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2240:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2006:
2000:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1837:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1796:
1778:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1706:(8): 1490–1506.
1694:
1683:
1682:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1594:(3–4): 220–240.
1582:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1422:Neuropsychologia
1413:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1377:10.1037/a0018207
1356:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1321:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1280:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1090:
1040:associated with
858:bipolar disorder
838:thyroid function
796:Semantic amnesia
604:Repressed memory
311: 'memory'.
204:is a deficit in
179:Amnesic syndrome
168:
156:
155:
147:
144:
138:
136:
95:
64:
63:
56:
39:Amnesiac (album)
21:
6254:
6253:
6249:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6243:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6211:
6206:
6196:
6194:
6184:
6182:
6170:
6151:Dominic O'Brien
6129:
6098:
6079:Susumu Tonegawa
6059:Daniel Schacter
6034:Eleanor Maguire
6024:Geoffrey Loftus
5979:Stephen J. Ceci
5974:Robert A. Bjork
5950:
5869:state-dependent
5843:
5815:
5747:
5728:Cultural memory
5704:
5700:Memory disorder
5676:
5636:
5578:
5469:
5379:
5354:
5299:
5256:
5251:
5221:
5216:
5119:
5096:
5041:
5030:Lightheadedness
4958:
4941:
4911:
4902:
4874:
4855:
4839:
4808:
4786:
4777:
4752:
4727:
4684:
4681:substance abuse
4658:
4635:
4612:
4566:
4552:Bulimia nervosa
4529:
4510:
4486:Hypochondriasis
4481:False pregnancy
4464:Ganser syndrome
4446:Somatic symptom
4440:
4403:
4355:
4344:Specific phobia
4289:
4266:
4237:
4211:
4143:
4139:Savant syndrome
4111:Autism spectrum
4101:
4086:
4014:
3992:
3971:
3965:
3940:
3833:
3812:
3788:Dermatillomania
3749:
3735:Sexual anorexia
3692:
3681:
3671:
3636:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3599:
3598:
3545:
3531:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3481:
3474:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3317:10.1002/wcs.155
3302:
3301:
3297:
3289:10.1038/497313a
3261:
3260:
3253:
3207:
3206:
3197:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3021:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2941:
2940:
2931:
2918:(4): 37. 2008.
2909:
2908:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2582:10.1002/wcs.107
2567:
2566:
2562:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2477:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2011:Am J Psychiatry
2008:
2007:
2003:
1997:Wayback Machine
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1822:Neurology India
1815:
1814:
1810:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1696:
1695:
1686:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1584:
1583:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1365:Neuropsychology
1358:
1357:
1353:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1088:
1071:
981:Jonathan Lethem
973:
953:
944:
932:
920:implicit memory
904:
883:
818:
775:) resulting in
724:
639:is the loss of
636:Lacunar amnesia
556:cerebrovascular
552:semantic memory
548:Episodic memory
535:quality of life
492:
487:
472:can both cause
405:
392:premotor cortex
375:
354:
338:
326:
317:
287:non-declarative
245:store into the
166:
157:
153:
148:
142:
139:
96:
85:
81:primary sources
65:
61:
54:
43:Amnesiac (film)
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Memory problems
15:
12:
11:
5:
6252:
6250:
6242:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6221:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6192:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6146:Paul R. McHugh
6143:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6004:Ivan Izquierdo
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5965:
5963:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5941:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5862:
5857:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5823:
5821:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5771:
5761:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5686:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5657:
5652:
5646:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5602:Hindsight bias
5599:
5594:
5588:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5549:Memory erasure
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5507:post-traumatic
5504:
5499:
5494:
5483:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5445:Personal-event
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5400:
5395:
5389:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5375:Working memory
5372:
5364:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5345:Motor learning
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5316:
5314:
5305:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5264:
5262:
5261:Basic concepts
5258:
5257:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5227:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5187:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5145:
5135:
5129:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5115:Russell's sign
5112:
5106:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5023:
5021:Disequilibrium
5013:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4968:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4917:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4762:
4754:
4753:
4740:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4708:Rebound effect
4705:
4700:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4675:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4649:Hypersexuality
4645:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4622:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4588:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4543:
4541:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4417:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4384:
4382:Panic disorder
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4349:Claustrophobia
4341:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4332:Anthropophobia
4324:
4322:Social anxiety
4319:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4280:
4278:
4268:
4267:
4254:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4192:Pick's disease
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4009:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3683:
3682:
3678:Classification
3672:
3670:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3585:
3562:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:Classification
3530:
3529:External links
3527:
3525:
3524:
3498:
3472:
3417:
3362:
3356:
3330:
3295:
3251:
3195:
3184:(3): 215–234.
3158:
3109:Scoville, W.B.
3100:
3083:
3030:
2997:
2971:
2959:
2929:
2899:
2873:
2848:
2833:
2806:(2): 410–413.
2786:
2727:
2683:
2626:
2615:(5): 593–611.
2595:
2576:(2): 136–145.
2560:
2509:
2490:
2475:
2457:
2430:(3): 881–886.
2414:
2388:
2381:
2355:
2344:(4): 469–480.
2328:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2260:
2211:
2176:(5): 589–600.
2160:
2123:
2072:
2063:
2052:(6): 691–702.
2036:
2001:
1979:
1970:
1951:
1916:(6): 699–713.
1900:
1873:(1): 493–523.
1857:
1808:
1741:
1684:
1629:
1572:
1543:
1528:
1513:
1498:
1455:
1408:
1371:(3): 357–367.
1351:
1292:
1235:
1228:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1109:Memory erasure
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1063:SCP Foundation
1005:Samuel Beckett
972:
969:
957:kidney failure
952:
949:
943:
940:
931:
928:
907:Henry Molaison
903:
902:Henry Molaison
900:
882:
879:
864:in the brain.
846:kidney disease
831:pill reminders
817:
814:
813:
812:
804:Pseudodementia
800:
792:
780:
764:
744:benzodiazepine
731:
722:
714:
709:Source amnesia
705:
677:
649:
632:
631:
630:
617:
609:
591:
575:
538:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
481:
467:
457:
456:
437:
429:
404:
401:
374:
371:
353:
350:
337:
334:
325:
322:
316:
313:
251:
250:
236:
214:brain diseases
197:
196:
187:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
164:
159:
158:
151:
149:
68:
66:
59:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6251:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6203:
6193:
6191:
6181:
6180:
6177:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6132:
6126:
6125:Clive Wearing
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6089:Endel Tulving
6087:
6085:
6084:Anne Treisman
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6044:Brenda Milner
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6029:James McGaugh
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5994:Sigmund Freud
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5957:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5938:retrospective
5935:
5932:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5917:Muscle memory
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5837:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5764:Art of memory
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5612:Memory biases
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5592:Confabulation
5590:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5584:Memory errors
5581:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5502:post-hypnotic
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5455:Rote learning
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5430:Hyperthymesia
5428:
5426:
5423:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5393:Active recall
5391:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5290:Consolidation
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5248:
5243:
5241:
5236:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5138:Hallucination
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4933:
4931:
4926:
4924:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4870:
4866:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:Schizophrenia
4811:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4742:Schizophrenia
4738:
4734:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4693:Drug overdose
4691:
4690:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4641:Sexual desire
4638:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4525:
4521:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4327:Social phobia
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4262:-related and
4261:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4093:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3968:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3632:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3495:0-375-70661-5
3492:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3296:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3034:
3031:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2912:Neurology Now
2906:
2904:
2900:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2747:: 2875–2890.
2746:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2415:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2304:BNI Quarterly
2301:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1795:
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1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1141:Clive Wearing
1139:
1137:
1136:Benjaman Kyle
1134:
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1018:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1009:Sigmund Freud
1006:
1002:
996:
993:
992:
984:
982:
978:
970:
968:
966:
962:
959:and received
958:
950:
948:
941:
939:
937:
936:Clive Wearing
930:Clive Wearing
929:
927:
923:
921:
916:
915:Brenda Milner
912:
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752:flunitrazepam
749:
745:
741:
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736:
732:
729:
728:confabulation
720:
719:
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706:
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687:
683:
682:
678:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:Sigmund Freud
655:
654:
650:
647:
646:limbic system
642:
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627:
623:
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389:
388:basal ganglia
385:
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295:Ancient Greek
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107:
104: –
103:
99:
98:Find sources:
93:
89:
83:
82:
78:
74:
69:This article
67:
58:
57:
52:
51:Amnesiac gene
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
6156:Ben Pridmore
6074:Larry Squire
5984:Susan Clancy
5943:
5827:Memory sport
5752:Other topics
5642:False memory
5597:Cryptomnesia
5574:Weapon focus
5534:Decay theory
5486:
5295:Neuroanatomy
5254:Human memory
5087:Irritability
4993:
4946:relating to
4773:Folie à deux
4698:Intoxication
4679:substances,
4677:Psychoactive
4596:Night terror
4413:Dissociative
4377:Panic attack
3929:Tic disorder
3611:
3587:
3564:
3549:
3515:. Retrieved
3513:. 6 May 2014
3510:
3501:
3486:
3440:
3434:
3420:
3385:
3379:
3365:
3339:
3333:
3311:(1): 47–63.
3308:
3304:
3298:
3271:
3267:
3216:(1): 14–21.
3213:
3209:
3181:
3177:
3129:(1): 11–21.
3126:
3120:
3103:
3093:
3086:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3022:, retrieved
3010:
3000:
2988:. Retrieved
2983:
2974:
2962:
2950:. Retrieved
2946:
2915:
2911:
2890:. Retrieved
2886:the original
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2860:
2851:
2842:
2836:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2706:(6): 15–19.
2703:
2699:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2525:(1): 65–80.
2522:
2518:
2512:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2466:
2460:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2401:the original
2391:
2364:
2358:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2319:. Retrieved
2307:
2303:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2263:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2149:(2): 174–189
2146:
2142:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2066:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2017:(2): 191–8.
2014:
2010:
2004:
1988:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1954:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1828:(4): 604–5.
1825:
1821:
1811:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1703:
1699:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1591:
1587:
1563:. Retrieved
1559:
1537:
1531:
1522:
1516:
1507:
1501:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1309:
1306:Cell Reports
1305:
1295:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1218:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1161:Sywald Skeid
1156:Scott Bolzan
1151:KC (patient)
1129:
1128:
1094:False memory
1059:Men in Black
1052:
1045:
1019:
1012:
998:
989:
986:
976:
974:
961:hemodialysis
954:
951:Patient G.D.
945:
942:Patient R.B.
933:
924:
905:
896:
884:
875:
835:
827:
823:
819:
802:
794:
782:
766:
733:
716:
707:
679:
672:, including
651:
634:
619:
611:
602:
593:
577:
568:encephalitis
540:
514:encephalitis
502:malnutrition
495:
458:
406:
379:pseudorandom
376:
355:
342:
339:
330:
327:
318:
308:
305:
301:
298:
292:
277:
270:diencephalon
255:
252:
226:
210:brain damage
201:
200:
162:
140:
130:
123:
116:
109:
97:
77:verification
70:
46:
6014:Eric Kandel
5962:Researchers
5934:Prospective
5885:Free recall
5839:Shas Pollak
5492:anterograde
5408:Declarative
5210:Hypergeusia
5185:Synesthesia
4746:schizotypal
4581:Hypersomnia
4571:Nonorganic
4312:Agoraphobia
4043:Cyclothymia
4038:Bipolar NOS
4013:(affective)
3885:Stereotypic
3793:Kleptomania
3613:MedlinePlus
2947:Mayo Clinic
2407:22 December
2153:27 November
1030:concussions
1026:soap operas
1001:Franz Kafka
891:Ribot's Law
862:blood clots
760:scopolamine
686:hippocampus
588:Mild trauma
584:head injury
516:, surgery,
510:head trauma
417:hippocampus
409:head trauma
262:hippocampus
176:Other names
71:needs more
6223:Categories
6049:Lynn Nadel
5927:intertrial
5912:Metamemory
5900:flashbacks
5820:In society
5517:retrograde
5479:Forgetting
5450:Procedural
5360:Short-term
5330:Eyewitness
5200:Hypogeusia
5178:Hyperosmia
5173:Phantosmia
5125:Perception
5065:Depression
5026:Presyncope
5011:Convulsion
4948:perception
4898:Stereotypy
4761:Delusional
4750:delusional
4723:Withdrawal
4591:Parasomnia
4496:Nosophobia
4276:Adjustment
4264:somatoform
4197:Sundowning
4050:Depression
4033:Bipolar II
3922:Stuttering
3917:Cluttering
3713:Paraphilia
3427:Squire, LR
3372:Squire, LR
3113:Milner, B.
3011:StatPearls
2866:3 December
2321:5 February
1565:3 December
1168:References
1146:Doug Bruce
1055:masquerade
971:In fiction
854:depression
740:anesthesia
713:confusion.
358:CA1 region
266:CA1 region
243:short-term
208:caused by
190:Psychiatry
143:March 2019
113:newspapers
49:gene, see
47:Drosophila
45:. For the
5801:Nutrition
5709:In groups
5522:selective
5497:childhood
5425:Flashbulb
5385:Long-term
5285:Attention
5205:Dysgeusia
5110:Verbosity
5082:Hostility
5016:Dizziness
4982:Psychosis
4972:Confusion
4964:Cognition
4956:behaviour
4851:Catatonia
4783:Psychosis
4618:Postnatal
4601:Nightmare
4207:Wandering
4060:Dysthymia
4028:Bipolar I
3983:Pervasive
3798:Pyromania
3723:Voyeurism
3718:Fetishism
3517:8 October
3511:BrainLine
3230:1530-8898
3078:220554752
3062:0038-4348
3024:6 January
2990:6 January
2980:"Thiamin"
2952:6 January
2892:22 August
2763:1176-6328
2660:0962-8436
2539:0965-8211
2506:(2): 201.
2485:441151384
2316:0894-5799
2247:1533-4406
2190:0004-8674
2102:0272-4995
1961:"Amnesia"
1930:0898-929X
1887:0066-4308
1844:0028-3886
1785:0027-8424
1720:0898-929X
1663:1097-6256
1608:0264-3294
1556:"Amnesia"
1493:220554752
1385:1931-1559
1328:2211-1247
1269:1946-6242
1130:Amnesiacs
1114:Nostalgia
1034:cognitive
1014:film noir
816:Treatment
763:affected.
748:midazolam
485:Diagnosis
474:blackouts
247:long-term
194:neurology
185:Specialty
102:"Amnesia"
6103:Patients
5774:mnemonic
5769:chunking
5435:Implicit
5418:Semantic
5413:Episodic
5403:Explicit
5268:Encoding
5168:Parosmia
5163:Dysosmia
5158:Hyposmia
5102:Behavior
5075:Paranoia
4987:Delusion
4977:Delirium
4586:Insomnia
4256:Neurotic
4223:Delirium
4149:Dementia
3988:Specific
3325:26302472
3238:22905817
3153:13406589
3115:(1957).
3019:28613480
2828:32333979
2820:21262589
2781:29225466
2722:21779537
2590:26302005
2555:40591244
2547:12653489
2452:39673692
2444:10408212
2350:18086739
2255:29562161
2198:11551273
2118:21091079
2110:16194968
1993:Archived
1946:13097336
1938:23964593
1852:26238898
1803:21987814
1728:18303977
1679:29593573
1671:11036258
1624:39581659
1616:27315433
1450:22404837
1442:11992661
1403:20438213
1346:30355501
1287:23986399
1081:Betrayal
1069:See also
983:writes:
873:memory.
789:epilepsy
756:propofol
746:such as
702:migraine
626:hypnosis
447:such as
366:ischemic
345:semantic
309:(mnesis)
222:hypnotic
218:sedative
6229:Amnesia
5922:Priming
5848:Related
5791:Emotion
5487:Amnesia
5325:Eidetic
5312:Sensory
5273:Storage
5195:Ageusia
5153:Anosmia
5060:Anxiety
5047:Emotion
5035:Vertigo
4994:Amnesia
4952:emotion
4295:Anxiety
4134:PDD-NOS
4023:Bipolar
3676: (
3594:D000647
3558:: F04,
3467:8756452
3458:6579309
3412:3760943
3403:6568782
3276:Bibcode
3246:7900357
2772:5708199
2713:3140893
2678:9415926
2669:1692093
2206:1443531
2031:5804804
1895:7872736
1794:3198338
1763:Bibcode
1736:1097954
1394:2864945
1337:7725275
1278:4940031
1076:Aphasia
1061:or the
1047:Memento
1022:sitcoms
881:History
870:thiamin
698:seizure
564:hypoxia
470:Alcohol
415:of the
413:atrophy
283:priming
235:memory.
202:Amnesia
171:Amnesia
127:scholar
92:removed
5955:People
5940:memory
5871:memory
5811:Trauma
5350:Visual
5340:Iconic
5335:Haptic
5320:Echoic
5278:Recall
4539:Eating
4387:Stress
4304:Phobia
4260:stress
4119:Autism
3912:Speech
3701:Sexual
3618:003257
3583:780.93
3493:
3485:(ed.)
3465:
3455:
3410:
3400:
3354:
3323:
3268:Nature
3244:
3236:
3228:
3151:
3144:497229
3141:
3076:
3070:360401
3068:
3060:
3017:
2826:
2818:
2779:
2769:
2761:
2720:
2710:
2676:
2666:
2658:
2588:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2519:Memory
2483:
2473:
2450:
2442:
2379:
2348:
2314:
2253:
2245:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2029:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1893:
1885:
1850:
1842:
1801:
1791:
1783:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1491:
1485:360401
1483:
1448:
1440:
1401:
1391:
1383:
1344:
1334:
1326:
1285:
1275:
1267:
1226:
850:stroke
641:memory
526:anoxia
506:stroke
451:, and
403:Causes
390:, the
362:lesion
307:μνήσις
206:memory
129:
122:
115:
108:
100:
6134:Other
5806:Sleep
5759:Aging
5304:Types
5190:Taste
5148:Smell
5055:Anger
4844:Other
4573:sleep
4360:Other
4216:Other
4082:Mania
3754:Other
3579:780.9
3575:294.0
3560:R41.3
3242:S2CID
3174:(PDF)
3074:S2CID
2824:S2CID
2551:S2CID
2448:S2CID
2310:(1).
2202:S2CID
2139:(PDF)
2114:S2CID
1942:S2CID
1732:S2CID
1675:S2CID
1620:S2CID
1489:S2CID
1446:S2CID
995:them.
842:liver
570:, or
560:tumor
490:Types
264:(the
134:JSTOR
120:books
5936:and
5867:and
5070:Fear
4954:and
4748:and
4397:PTSD
4011:Mood
3851:ADHD
3589:MeSH
3570:9-CM
3519:2020
3491:ISBN
3463:PMID
3408:PMID
3352:ISBN
3321:PMID
3234:PMID
3226:ISSN
3149:PMID
3066:PMID
3058:ISSN
3026:2024
3015:PMID
2992:2024
2954:2024
2894:2020
2868:2019
2816:PMID
2777:PMID
2759:ISSN
2718:PMID
2674:PMID
2656:ISSN
2586:PMID
2543:PMID
2535:ISSN
2481:OCLC
2471:ISBN
2440:PMID
2409:2012
2377:ISBN
2346:PMID
2323:2017
2312:ISSN
2251:PMID
2243:ISSN
2194:PMID
2186:ISSN
2155:2011
2106:PMID
2098:ISSN
2027:PMID
1934:PMID
1926:ISSN
1891:PMID
1883:ISSN
1848:PMID
1840:ISSN
1799:PMID
1781:ISSN
1724:PMID
1716:ISSN
1667:PMID
1659:ISSN
1612:PMID
1604:ISSN
1567:2019
1481:PMID
1438:PMID
1399:PMID
1381:ISSN
1342:PMID
1324:ISSN
1283:PMID
1265:ISSN
1224:ISBN
1024:and
1003:and
913:and
860:and
777:PTSD
384:fMRI
302:(a-)
220:and
106:news
75:for
4785:and
4372:OCD
3900:RAD
3895:DAD
3861:ODD
3566:ICD
3551:ICD
3453:PMC
3445:doi
3398:PMC
3390:doi
3344:doi
3313:doi
3284:doi
3272:497
3218:doi
3186:doi
3139:PMC
3131:doi
3050:doi
2920:doi
2808:doi
2767:PMC
2749:doi
2708:PMC
2664:PMC
2648:doi
2644:352
2617:doi
2578:doi
2527:doi
2432:doi
2369:doi
2233:doi
2229:378
2178:doi
2090:doi
2054:doi
2019:doi
2015:126
1918:doi
1875:doi
1830:doi
1789:PMC
1771:doi
1759:108
1708:doi
1651:doi
1596:doi
1473:doi
1430:doi
1389:PMC
1373:doi
1332:PMC
1314:doi
1273:PMC
1257:doi
844:or
758:or
750:or
668:or
212:or
6225::
6120:NA
6115:KC
6110:HM
4950:,
4744:,
4258:,
3616::
3592::
3581:,
3577:,
3573::
3555:10
3509:.
3475:^
3461:.
3451:.
3441:16
3439:.
3433:.
3406:.
3396:.
3384:.
3378:.
3350:,
3319:.
3307:.
3282:.
3270:.
3266:.
3254:^
3240:.
3232:.
3224:.
3214:25
3212:.
3198:^
3180:.
3176:.
3161:^
3147:.
3137:.
3127:20
3125:.
3119:.
3111:;
3072:.
3064:.
3056:.
3046:71
3044:.
3009:,
2982:.
2945:.
2932:^
2914:.
2902:^
2859:.
2822:.
2814:.
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