750:
1114:
124:
727:
1127:
474:. The component that needs to be transported must first be dissolved in the membrane. The general approach of the solution-diffusion model is to assume that the chemical potential of the feed and permeate fluids are in equilibrium with the adjacent membrane surfaces such that appropriate expressions for the chemical potential in the fluid and membrane phases can be equated at the solution-membrane interface. This principle is more important for
320:
738:
36:
328:
693:
Generally, dead-end filtration is used for feasibility studies on a laboratory scale. The dead-end membranes are relatively easy to fabricate which reduces the cost of the separation process. The dead-end membrane separation process is easy to implement and the process is usually cheaper than cross-flow membrane filtration. The dead-end filtration process is usually a
673:
77:
681:
1089:, and membrane contactors. All processes except for pervaporation involve no phase change. All processes except electrodialysis are pressure driven. Microfiltration and ultrafiltration is widely used in food and beverage processing (beer microfiltration, apple juice ultrafiltration), biotechnological applications and
202:
of the membrane are smaller than the diameter of the undesired substance, such as a harmful microorganism. Membrane technology is commonly used in industries such as water treatment, chemical and metal processing, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, the food industry, as well as the removal of environmental pollutants.
1599:
After casting and synthesis of membrane there is need to characterize the prepared membrane to know more details about membrane parameters, like pore size, functional groups, wettability, surface charge, etc. It is important to know membrane properties so we are able to remove and treat a particulate
717:
Flat plates are usually constructed as circular thin flat membrane surfaces to be used in dead-end geometry modules. Spiral wounds are constructed from similar flat membranes but in the form of a "pocket" containing two membrane sheets separated by a highly porous support plate. Several such pockets
692:
to the surface of the membrane, retentate is removed from the same side further downstream, whereas the permeate flow is tracked on the other side. In dead-end filtration, the direction of the fluid flow is normal to the membrane surface. Both flow geometries offer some advantages and disadvantages.
920:
property and is expected to be fairly constant and independent of the driving force, Δp. R is related to the type of membrane foulant, its concentration in the filtering solution, and the nature of foulant-membrane interactions. Darcy's law allows for calculation of the membrane area for a targeted
201:
encompasses the scientific processes used in the construction and application of membranes. Membranes are used to facilitate the transport or rejection of substances between mediums, and the mechanical separation of gas and liquid streams. In the simplest case, filtration is achieved when the pores
1455:
When choosing membranes selectivity has priority over a high permeability, as low flows can easily be offset by increasing the filter surface with a modular structure. In gas phase filtration different deposition mechanisms are operative, so that particles having sizes below the pore size of the
1291:
The form and shape of the membrane pores are highly dependent on the manufacturing process and are often difficult to specify. Therefore, for characterization, test filtrations are carried out and the pore diameter refers to the diameter of the smallest particles which could not pass through the
1048:
Membrane separation processes have a very important role in the separation industry. Nevertheless, they were not considered technically important until the mid-1970s. Membrane separation processes differ based on separation mechanisms and size of the separated particles. The widely used membrane
722:
modules consist of an assembly of self-supporting fibers with dense skin separation layers, and a more open matrix helping to withstand pressure gradients and maintain structural integrity. The hollow fiber modules can contain up to 10,000 fibers ranging from 200 to 2500 μm in diameter; The main
709:
and particle backflow (concentration polarization). The tangential flow devices are more cost and labor-intensive, but they are less susceptible to fouling due to the sweeping effects and high shear rates of the passing flow. The most commonly used synthetic membrane devices (modules) are flat
383:
but such separations can be achieved using membrane technology. Depending on the type of membrane, the selective separation of certain individual substances or substance mixtures is possible. Important technical applications include the production of drinking water by
205:
After membrane construction, there is a need to characterize the prepared membrane to know more about its parameters, like pore size, function group, material properties, etc., which are difficult to determine in advance. In this process, instruments such as the
506:). Concentration polarization is, in principle, reversible by cleaning the membrane which results in the initial flux being almost totally restored. Using a tangential flow to the membrane (cross-flow filtration) can also minimize concentration polarization.
1435:
holes) is assumed. Such methods are used for membranes whose pore geometry does not match the ideal, and we get "nominal" pore diameter, which characterizes the membrane, but does not necessarily reflect its actual filtration behavior and selectivity.
892:
768:
The selection of synthetic membranes for a targeted separation process is usually based on few requirements. Membranes have to provide enough mass transfer area to process large amounts of feed stream. The selected membrane has to have high
697:-type process, where the filtering solution is loaded (or slowly fed) into the membrane device, which then allows passage of some particles subject to the driving force. The main disadvantage of dead-end filtration is the extensive membrane
1537:
is then subjected to a number of treatments, such as chemical or heat treatments, to improve its properties. One of the challenges in the fabrication of biomass-based membranes is to create a membrane with the desired properties.
1666:, the pores in the membrane are sized such that only particles smaller than the pores can pass through. The pores in the membrane are sized such that only water molecules can pass through, leaving dissolved contaminants behind.
518:. This requires the size of the pores to be smaller than the diameter of the two separate components. Membranes that function according to this principle are used mainly in micro- and ultrafiltration. They are used to separate
1109:
from air, organic vapor removal from air or a nitrogen stream) and sometimes in membrane distillation. The later process helps in the separation of azeotropic compositions reducing the costs of distillation processes.
400:
can be very effective in removing colloids and macromolecules from wastewater. This is needed if wastewater is discharged into sensitive waters especially those designated for contact water sports and recreation.
1141:. It describes the maximum pore size distribution and gives only vague information about the retention capacity of a membrane. The exclusion limit or "cut-off" of the membrane is usually specified in the form of
1311:. These methods are used mainly to measure membranes for ultrafiltration applications. Another testing method is the filtration of particles with defined size and their measurement with a particle sizer or by
1439:
The selectivity is highly dependent on the separation process, the composition of the membrane and its electrochemical properties in addition to the pore size. With high selectivity, isotopes can be enriched
1468:
and natural membrane. synthetic membranes further classified in organic and inorganic membranes. Organic membrane sub classified polymeric membranes and inorganic membrane sub classified ceramic polymers.
244:. In general, mechanical separation processes for separating gaseous or liquid streams use membrane technology. In recent years, different methods have been used to remove environmental pollutants, like
2421:
Yaqoob, Asim Ali; Serrà, Albert; Bhawani, Showkat Ahmad; Ibrahim, Mohamad Nasir
Mohamad; Khan, Anish; Alorfi, Hajer S.; Asiri, Abdullah M.; Hussein, Mahmoud Ali; Khan, Imran; Umar, Khalid (2022-02-21).
1101:, the microelectronics industry, and others. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes are mainly used for water purification purposes. Dense membranes are utilized for gas separations (removal of CO
270:
to maintain and prevent the harmful chemical release into the environment. Make sure to do prevention & safety processes after that industries are able to release their waste in the environment.
371:
industries. Furthermore, using membranes enables separations to take place that would be impossible using thermal separation methods. For example, it is impossible to separate the constituents of
1827:
Clean Air Act : hearings before the
Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress, first session ...
2048:
760:
The Disc tube module uses a cross-flow geometry and consists of a pressure tube and hydraulic discs, which are held by a central tension rod, and membrane cushions that lie between two discs.
1032:
1040:
which is the volumetric flow rate per unit of membrane area. The solute sieving coefficient and hydraulic permeability allow the quick assessment of the synthetic membrane performance.
2237:
975:
1168:, which is then expressed in a metric unit. In practice the MWCO of the membrane should be at least 20% lower than the molecular weight of the molecule that is to be separated.
781:
and to have high mechanical stability. It also needs to be reproducible and to have low manufacturing costs. The main modeling equation for the dead-end filtration at constant
1942:
Mukherjee, Debarati; Bhattacharya, Priyankari; Jana, Animesh; Bhattacharya, Sandipan; Sarkar, Subhendu; Ghosh, Sourja; Majumdar, Swachchha; Swarnakar, Snehasikta (May 2018).
749:
790:
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2617:
2529:
542:). Here, the liquid to be filtered flows along the front of the membrane and is separated by the pressure difference between the front and back of the membrane into
2533:
987:
are the solute concentrations in feed and permeate respectively. Hydraulic permeability is defined as the inverse of resistance and is represented by the equation:
276:-based Membrane technology is one of the most promising technologies for use as a pollutants removal weapon because it has low cost, more efficiency, & lack of
1295:
The rejection can be determined in various ways and provides an indirect measurement of the pore size. One possibility is the filtration of macromolecules (often
688:
There are two main flow configurations of membrane processes: cross-flow (or tangential flow) and dead-end filtrations. In cross-flow filtration the feed flow is
705:. The fouling is usually induced faster at higher driving forces. Membrane fouling and particle retention in a feed solution also builds up a concentration
1171:
Using track etched mica membranes Beck and
Schultz demonstrated that hindered diffusion of molecules in pores can be described by the Rankin equation.
2315:"Incorporation of Biomass-Based Carbon Nanoparticles into Polysulfone Ultrafiltration Membranes for Enhanced Separation and Anti-Fouling Performance"
2059:
98:
85:
1616:
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synthesis is the solution to protected environments which have largely comprehensive performance. Biomass is used in the form of activated carbon
215:
723:
advantage of hollow fiber modules is the very large surface area within an enclosed volume, increasing the efficiency of the separation process.
538:) on the membrane, and this blockage of the membrane hampers the filtration. This blockage can be reduced by the use of the cross-flow method (
2642:
2593:
2566:
2492:
2424:"Utilizing Biomass-Based Graphene Oxide–Polyaniline–Ag Electrodes in Microbial Fuel Cells to Boost Energy Generation and Heavy Metal Removal"
2234:
1897:"Biomass-Based Synthesis of Green and Biodegradable Molecularly Imprinted Membranes for Selective Recognition and Separation of Tetracycline"
1312:
339:
Membrane separation processes operate without heating and therefore use less energy than conventional thermal separation processes such as
49:
2481:
editor., Hilal, Nidal, editor. Ismail, Ahmad Fauzi, editor. Matsuura, Takeshi, 1936- editor. Oatley-Radcliffe, Darren (18 February 2017).
145:
1944:"Synthesis of ceramic ultrafiltration membrane and application in membrane bioreactor process for pesticide remediation from wastewater"
618:
409:
332:
264:
because more than 70% of environmental pollution occurs due to industries. It is their responsibility to follow government rules of the
2794:
Templin T., Johnston D., Singh V., Tumbleson M.E., Belyea R.L. Rausch K.D. Membrane separation of solids from corn processing streams.
2847:
2832:
2817:
1795:
1161:
of a globular molecule that is retained to 90% by the membrane. The cut-off, depending on the method, can by converted to so-called
185:
167:
63:
1529:
of a pure biomass-based membrane is a complex process that involves a number of steps. The first step is to create a slurry of the
311:
material with the help of naturally available material such as biomass-based membrane synthesis can be used to remove pollutants.
1610:
1335:
211:
344:
1137:
The pore sizes of technical membranes are specified differently depending on the manufacturer. One common distinction is by
1113:
1517:
A biomass-based membrane is a membrane made from organic materials such as plant fibers. These membranes are often used in
1663:
1315:(LIBS). A vivid characterization is to measure the rejection of dextran blue or other colored molecules. The retention of
1308:
380:
376:
2863:
1604:
207:
1824:
Environment., United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and
Commerce. Subcommittee on Health and the (1982).
1533:. This slurry is then cast onto a substrate, such as a glass or metal plate. The cast is then dried, and the resulting
1895:
Xing, Wendong; Wu, Yilin; Lu, Jian; Lin, Xinyu; Yu, Chao; Dong, Zeqing; Yan, Yongsheng; Li, Chunxiang (January 2020).
1526:
1600:
pollutant, which causes pollution in the environment. For characterization following different instruments are used:
138:
132:
2083:
Fleischer, R. L.; Price, P. B.; Walker, R. M. (May 1963). "Method of
Forming Fine Holes of Near Atomic Dimensions".
462:
In real membranes, these two transport mechanisms certainly occur side by side, especially during ultra-filtration.
1427:(mercury, liquid-liquid porosimeter and Bubble Point Test) are also used, but a certain form of the pores (such as
702:
499:
2126:
Beck, R. E.; Schultz, J. S. (1970-12-18). "Hindered
Diffusion in Microporous Membranes with Known Pore Geometry".
90:
992:
149:
1150:
420:
55:
933:
916:
can be interpreted as a membrane resistance to the solvent (water) permeation. This resistance is a membrane
404:
About half of the market is in medical applications such as artificial kidneys to remove toxic substances by
1090:
737:
288:
1734:
531:
491:
296:
238:
1776:"Nanomaterials for membrane synthesis: Introduction, mechanism, and challenges for wastewater treatment"
719:
711:
659:
539:
1658:
is any process that improves the quality of water to make it more acceptable for a specific end-use.
359:) can be obtained as useful products. Cold separation using membrane technology is widely used in the
2135:
2092:
1955:
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1408:
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603:
523:
261:
253:
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1746:
1573:
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1428:
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1300:
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The pore distribution of a fictitious ultrafiltration membrane with the nominal pore size and the D
1126:
887:{\displaystyle {\frac {dV_{p}}{dt}}=Q={\frac {\Delta p}{\mu }}\ A\left({\frac {1}{R_{m}+R}}\right)}
770:
639:
634:
432:
277:
234:
2313:
Zheng, Zhiyu; Chen, Jingwen; Wu, Jiamin; Feng, Min; Xu, Lei; Yan, Nina; Xie, Hongde (2021-09-04).
726:
718:
are then wound around a tube to create a tangential flow geometry and to reduce membrane fouling.
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2611:
2510:
2403:
2167:
1924:
1801:
1751:
1465:
1851:"Panel Discussion: Impact of the Resource and Recovery Act on Power Generation and Incineration"
1662:
can be used to remove particulates from water by either size exclusion or charge separation. In
534:
or remove bacteria. During this process, the retained particles or molecules form a pulpy mass (
543:
2843:
2828:
2813:
2738:
2700:
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2295:
2277:
2256:"Membrane Distillation: Recent Configurations, Membrane Surface Engineering, and Applications"
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2198:
2159:
2151:
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1971:
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1635:
1629:
1588:
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1441:
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905:
644:
300:
219:
1323:, the so-called "bacteria challenge test", can also provide information about the pore size.
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2344:
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2143:
2100:
1963:
1908:
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1518:
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The importance of membrane technology is growing in the field of environmental protection (
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which create harmful environmental pollution. Researchers are trying to find a solution to
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and R are the respective resistances of membrane and growing deposit of the foulants. R
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2423:
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Experience and potential application of nanofiltration - University of Linz (German) (
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519:
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1774:
Sonawane, Shriram; Thakur, Parag; Sonawane, Shirish H.; Bhanvase, Bharat A. (2021),
2680:
1867:
1850:
1730:
1702:
1506:
1505:, larger pore size, more and lower surface roughness therefore, the separation and
1490:
1347:
1086:
1066:
551:
340:
2718:
2147:
237:
approaches for the transport of substances between two fractions with the help of
27:
Transport of substances between two fractions with the help of permeable membranes
17:
2187:"Filtration, diffusion, and molecular sieving through porous cellulose membranes"
1943:
1569:
1486:
1424:
1378:
566:
According to the driving force of the operation, it is possible to distinguish:
535:
389:
304:
284:
1967:
1896:
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2390:
2373:
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1912:
1550:
1203:
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689:
515:
502:
and, occurring during the filtration, leads to a reduced trans-membrane flow (
483:
443:
Two basic models can be distinguished for mass transfer through the membrane:
352:
245:
2742:
2704:
2652:
2603:
2548:
2449:
2399:
2340:
2281:
2202:
2155:
2112:
1975:
1920:
1876:
2801:
Ripperger S., Schulz G. Microporous membranes in biotechnical applications.
917:
706:
649:
471:
428:
372:
327:
307:
an eco-friendly membrane which avoids environmental pollution. Synthesis of
249:
2467:
2358:
2299:
2220:
2163:
1835:
1444:
in nuclear engineering or industrial gases like nitrogen can be recovered (
904:
respectively (proportional to same characteristics of the feed flow), μ is
295:
are used in the membrane preparation process. These membrane materials are
76:
2558:
2440:
479:
2372:
Li, Youjing; Li, Fen; Yang, Ying; Ge, Baocai; Meng, Fanzhu (2021-03-09).
2331:
1659:
1534:
1320:
1296:
547:
495:
241:
774:
1718:
1420:
1304:
1174:
Filter membranes are divided into four classes according to pore size:
925:
778:
698:
672:
527:
273:
2482:
2374:"Research and application progress of lignin-based composite membrane"
2104:
2011:
2632:
2583:
1432:
922:
498:
which cannot pass through the membrane. The effect is referred to as
482:
such as those used for reverse osmosis and in fuel cells. During the
680:
1825:
550:(filtrate) on the back. The tangential flow on the front creates a
514:
Transport through pores – in the simplest case – is done
392:
treatment, membrane technology is becoming increasingly important.
2770:, Principles and Applications., New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc,1996.
1482:
1125:
1112:
725:
679:
671:
413:
326:
318:
1721:
Membrane gas separation more effective then commercial membrane.
2254:
Parani, Sundararajan; Oluwafemi, Oluwatobi Samuel (2021-11-26).
1583:
1037:
503:
351:. The separation process is purely physical and both fractions (
117:
70:
29:
1717:), harmful gasses can be removed to protect the environment.
755:
Separation of air into oxygen and nitrogen through a membrane
252:, and membrane separation. Different pollution occurs in the
427:
techniques, membranes are increasingly used, for example in
1737:
to remove waste products and excess fluids from the blood.
1546:
List of instruments used in membrane synthesis procedures:
1509:
performance of membranes are also improved simultaneously.
222:, and Liquid–Liquid Displacement Porosimetry are utilized.
1097:
production, protein purification), water purification and
470:
In the solution-diffusion model, transport occurs only by
2787:
Van Reis R., Zydney A. Bioprocess membrane technology.
900:
and Q are the volume of the permeate and its volumetric
1769:
1767:
2012:"RCDT Module - Radial Channel Disc Tube (RCDT) Module"
995:
936:
793:
777:) properties for certain particles; it has to resist
2585:
Industrial wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse
1247:bacteria, macromolecules, proteins, larger viruses
1780:Handbook of Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment
1026:
969:
886:
1674:Utilization of membranes in gas separation, like
2777:, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, 1996.
2553:. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1855:Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association
1501:of corn stalks etc. which improve surface
267:Air Pollution Control & Prevention Act 1981
2550:Nanostructured Polymer Membranes: Applications
1890:
1888:
1886:
1464:Bio-Membrane is classified in two categories,
1641:Liquid–Liquid Displacement Porosimetry (LLDP)
1542:Equipment and instruments used in the process
625:Operations in an electric potential gradient
8:
2665:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2616:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2547:Visakh, P.M.; Nazarenko, Olga (2016-08-29).
1307:), another is measurement of the cut-off by
764:Membrane performance and governing equations
554:that cracks the filter cake and reduces the
260:etc. As per industry requirement to prevent
1948:Process Safety and Environmental Protection
1027:{\displaystyle L_{p}={\frac {J}{\Delta p}}}
546:(the flowing concentrate) on the front and
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2532:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1513:Fabrication of pure biomass based membrane
1452:can be enriched with a suitable membrane.
908:of permeating fluid, A is membrane area, R
2528:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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2439:
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186:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
1681:
1325:
1176:
970:{\displaystyle S={\frac {C_{p}}{C_{f}}}}
928:coefficient is defined by the equation:
412:for bubble-free supply of oxygen in the
131:This article includes a list of general
101:of all important aspects of the article.
2775:Basic Principles of Membrane Technology
1763:
1617:Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
733:
216:Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
2658:
2609:
2518:
2508:
2058:(in German). p. 6. Archived from
2016:Radial Channel Disc Tube (RCDT) Module
1145:(nominal molecular weight cut-off, or
97:Please consider expanding the lead to
1493:, like using cellulose based biomass
656:Operations in a temperature gradient
7:
2763:, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc,1992.
2049:"2 Principles of Membrane Processes"
2001:, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc,1992.
1313:laser induced breakdown spectroscopy
1117:Ranges of membrane based separations
921:separation at given conditions. The
2766:Zeman, Leos J., Zydney, Andrew L.,
2719:"Virus removal from blood products"
2036:Membrane Formation and Modification
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
668:Membrane shapes and flow geometries
333:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
323:Ultrafiltration for a swimming pool
2768:Microfiltration and Ultrafitration
1788:10.1016/b978-0-12-821496-1.00009-x
1456:membrane can be retained as well.
1228:larger bacteria, yeast, particles
1015:
833:
710:sheets/plates, spiral wounds, and
137:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2808:Thomas Melin, Robert Rautenbach,
2191:The Journal of General Physiology
45:This article has multiple issues.
2185:Renkin, Eugene M. (1954-11-20).
2085:Review of Scientific Instruments
1611:Transmission electron Microscope
1497:, hazelnut shell, walnut shell,
1419:To determine the pore diameter,
1157:). It is defined as the minimum
748:
736:
600:Concentration driven operations
212:Transmission electron Microscope
122:
75:
34:
2761:Membrane Science and Technology
1999:Membrane Science and Technology
1285:salts, small organic molecules
785:is represented by Darcy's law:
89:may be too short to adequately
53:or discuss these issues on the
2378:Journal of Polymer Engineering
1868:10.1080/00022470.1981.10465270
1782:, Elsevier, pp. 537–553,
1478:The composite biomass membrane
1105:from natural gas, separating N
375:liquids or solutes which form
99:provide an accessible overview
1:
2840:Membranen und Membranprozesse
2697:10.1016/s0958-2118(00)89231-9
2148:10.1126/science.170.3964.1302
1646:Biomass Membrane Applications
1473:Synthesis of Biomass Membrane
1309:gel permeation chromatography
1044:Membrane separation processes
2735:10.1016/0958-2118(91)90133-f
1605:Scanning Electron Microscope
743:Hollow fiber membrane module
730:Spiral wound membrane module
490:forms on the membrane. This
379:crystals by distillation or
208:Scanning Electron Microscope
2812:, Springer, Germany, 2007,
2034:Pinnau, I., Freeman, B.D.,
1849:Bates, Dennis (July 1981).
633:membrane electrolysis e.g.
570:Pressure-driven operations
2885:
2691:(89): 14. September 1997.
2582:V., Ranade, Vivek (2014).
1968:10.1016/j.psep.2018.01.010
703:concentration polarization
500:concentration polarization
478:membranes without natural
421:Nano-Mem-Pro IPPC Database
256:like air pollution, waste
2784:, Springer, Germany, 2006
2759:Osada, Y., Nakagawa, T.,
2631:L., Kohl, Arthur (1997).
2588:. Butterworth-Heinemann.
2484:Membrane characterization
2391:10.1515/polyeng-2020-0268
2273:10.3390/membranes11120934
1997:Osada, Y., Nakagawa, T.,
1913:10.1142/s1793292020500046
1595:Membrane Characterization
1122:Pore size and selectivity
2825:Handbuch Ultrafiltration
1733:is a process of using a
1729:Membrane application in
1266:viruses, 2- valent ions
1151:molecular weight cut off
1036:where J is the permeate
466:Solution-diffusion model
449:solution-diffusion model
2798:. 97(2006): 1536-1545.
1622:Atomic force microscopy
1460:Membrane Classification
1091:pharmaceutical industry
289:polyvinylidene fluoride
152:more precise citations.
2729:(11): 13. March 1991.
1735:semipermeable membrane
1348:Acholeplasma laidlawii
1134:
1118:
1028:
971:
888:
731:
685:
677:
492:concentration gradient
336:
324:
2559:10.1002/9781118831823
2441:10.3390/polym14040845
1274:< 100 Da
1214:> 0.1 μm
1129:
1116:
1029:
972:
889:
729:
683:
675:
660:membrane distillation
635:chloralkaline process
540:cross-flow filtration
330:
322:
2332:10.3390/nano11092303
1523:wastewater treatment
1442:(uranium enrichment)
1409:Lactobacillus brevis
1379:Pseudomonas diminuta
1225:< 2 bar
1099:wastewater treatment
1081:, vapor permeation,
993:
934:
791:
640:electrode ionization
433:osmotic power plants
278:secondary pollutants
262:industrial pollution
2864:Membrane technology
2791:. 297(2007): 16-50.
2723:Membrane Technology
2685:Membrane Technology
2140:1970Sci...170.1302B
2134:(3964): 1302–1305.
2097:1963RScI...34..510F
1960:2018PSEP..116...22M
1747:Particle deposition
1630:streaming potential
1625:Contact angle meter
1574:measuring cylinders
1560:Plane casting glass
1499:agricultural wastes
1394:Serratia marcescens
1301:polyethylene glycol
1271:< 1 nm
676:Cross-flow geometry
562:Membrane operations
231:Membrane technology
199:Membrane technology
2782:Sterile Filtration
2780:Jornitz, Maik W.,
2681:"Acid gas removal"
2521:has generic name (
2240:2013-04-05 at the
1752:Synthetic membrane
1525:applications. The
1466:synthetic membrane
1217:> 5000 kDa
1197:> 10
1135:
1119:
1049:processes include
1024:
967:
884:
732:
686:
678:
645:electro filtration
510:Hydrodynamic model
456:hydrodynamic model
423:). Even in modern
337:
325:
18:Membrane processes
2838:Eberhard Staude,
2805:. 1(1986): 43-49.
2644:978-0-08-050720-0
2595:978-0-444-63403-0
2568:978-1-118-83182-3
2494:978-0-444-63791-8
2105:10.1063/1.1718419
1636:X-ray Diffraction
1589:Mortar and pestle
1531:organic materials
1448:). Ideally, even
1417:
1416:
1363:Bacillus subtilis
1329:Nominal pore size
1289:
1288:
1139:nominal pore size
1022:
965:
906:dynamic viscosity
878:
847:
843:
819:
684:Dead-end geometry
381:recrystallization
315:Membrane Overview
301:non-biodegradable
220:X-ray Diffraction
196:
195:
188:
178:
177:
170:
116:
115:
68:
16:(Redirected from
2876:
2810:Membranverfahren
2747:
2746:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2656:
2634:Gas purification
2628:
2622:
2621:
2615:
2607:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2506:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2461:
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2411:
2393:
2369:
2363:
2362:
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2293:
2275:
2251:
2245:
2231:
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2214:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2056:TU Berlin script
2053:
2045:
2039:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2008:
2002:
1995:
1980:
1979:
1939:
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1932:
1892:
1881:
1880:
1870:
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1840:
1839:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1771:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1684:
1628:Zeta potential (
1564:Magnetic Stirrer
1519:water filtration
1431:or concatenated
1423:methods such as
1326:
1177:
1159:molecular weight
1153:, with units in
1033:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1010:
1005:
1004:
976:
974:
973:
968:
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963:
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893:
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856:
845:
844:
839:
831:
820:
818:
810:
809:
808:
795:
752:
740:
331:Venous-arterial
191:
184:
173:
166:
162:
159:
153:
148:this article by
139:inline citations
126:
125:
118:
111:
108:
102:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2854:
2853:
2823:Munir Cheryan,
2756:
2751:
2750:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2657:
2645:
2630:
2629:
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2608:
2596:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2546:
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2527:
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2507:
2495:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2242:Wayback Machine
2232:
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2184:
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2125:
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2120:
2082:
2081:
2077:
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2020:
2018:
2010:
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2005:
1996:
1983:
1941:
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1727:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1687:Nitrogen oxides
1683:
1679:
1672:
1656:Water treatment
1653:
1651:Water treatment
1648:
1597:
1556:Casting Machine
1544:
1515:
1480:
1475:
1462:
1278:reverse osmosis
1240:ultrafiltration
1236:5-5000 kDa
1221:microfiltration
1166:
1133:
1124:
1108:
1104:
1075:electrodialysis
1063:reverse osmosis
1055:ultrafiltration
1051:microfiltration
1046:
1014:
996:
991:
990:
986:
982:
955:
945:
932:
931:
915:
911:
899:
861:
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851:
832:
811:
800:
796:
789:
788:
766:
756:
753:
744:
741:
670:
629:electrodialysis
619:artificial lung
614:forward osmosis
589:reverse osmosis
579:ultrafiltration
574:microfiltration
564:
512:
468:
441:
425:energy recovery
410:artificial lung
398:microfiltration
386:reverse osmosis
361:food technology
349:crystallization
317:
258:water pollution
228:
192:
181:
180:
179:
174:
163:
157:
154:
144:Please help to
143:
127:
123:
112:
106:
103:
96:
84:This article's
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2882:
2880:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2836:
2827:, Behr, 1990,
2821:
2806:
2803:Bioprocess Eng
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2710:
2672:
2643:
2623:
2594:
2574:
2567:
2539:
2493:
2473:
2413:
2384:(4): 245–258.
2364:
2305:
2246:
2226:
2197:(2): 225–243.
2177:
2118:
2091:(5): 510–512.
2075:
2040:
2027:
2003:
1981:
1934:
1907:(1): 2050004.
1882:
1861:(7): 747–751.
1841:
1816:
1796:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1726:
1723:
1711:
1703:Sulphur oxides
1695:
1676:carbon dioxide
1671:
1670:Gas separation
1668:
1664:size exclusion
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1543:
1540:
1514:
1511:
1503:hydrophilicity
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1461:
1458:
1446:gas separation
1415:
1414:
1412:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1332:micro-organism
1330:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:10-80 bar
1280:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1259:nanofiltration
1256:
1255:0.1-5 kDa
1253:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:Molecular mass
1181:
1164:
1131:
1123:
1120:
1106:
1102:
1079:gas separation
1059:nanofiltration
1045:
1042:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1003:
999:
984:
980:
962:
958:
952:
948:
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653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
631:
623:
622:
621:
616:
611:
606:
598:
597:
596:
594:gas separation
591:
586:
584:nanofiltration
581:
576:
563:
560:
520:macromolecules
511:
508:
494:is created by
488:boundary layer
467:
464:
460:
459:
452:
440:
437:
369:pharmaceutical
316:
313:
239:semi-permeable
227:
224:
194:
193:
176:
175:
158:September 2011
130:
128:
121:
114:
113:
93:the key points
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2881:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2849:
2848:3-527-28041-3
2845:
2842:, VCH, 1992,
2841:
2837:
2834:
2833:3-925673-87-3
2830:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2818:3-540-00071-2
2815:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
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2783:
2779:
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2757:
2753:
2744:
2740:
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2702:
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2694:
2690:
2686:
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2662:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2640:
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2627:
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2619:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2578:
2575:
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2564:
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2556:
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2535:
2531:
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2512:
2504:
2500:
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2365:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:Nanomaterials
2316:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
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2157:
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2129:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2065:on 2014-04-16
2061:
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1799:
1797:9780128214961
1793:
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1539:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:coconut shell
1492:
1491:nanoparticles
1488:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1447:
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1437:
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1372:
1368:
1366:
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1357:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1317:bacteriophage
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1263:3-20 bar
1262:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1244:1-10 bar
1243:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1233:100-2 nm
1232:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:pervaporation
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1018:
1011:
1006:
1001:
997:
988:
977:
960:
956:
950:
946:
940:
937:
929:
927:
924:
919:
907:
903:
894:
880:
874:
871:
866:
862:
857:
852:
848:
840:
836:
827:
824:
821:
815:
812:
805:
801:
797:
786:
784:
783:pressure drop
780:
776:
772:
763:
761:
751:
746:
739:
734:
728:
724:
721:
715:
713:
712:hollow fibers
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
682:
674:
667:
661:
658:
657:
655:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
632:
630:
627:
626:
624:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
609:pervaporation
607:
605:
602:
601:
599:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
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559:
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541:
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501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
465:
463:
457:
453:
450:
446:
445:
444:
439:Mass transfer
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
402:
399:
395:
391:
387:
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366:
365:biotechnology
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
334:
329:
321:
314:
312:
310:
309:biodegradable
306:
302:
298:
297:non-renewable
294:
293:polypropylene
290:
286:
281:
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58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2839:
2824:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2726:
2722:
2713:
2688:
2684:
2675:
2637:. Gulf Pub.
2633:
2626:
2584:
2577:
2549:
2542:
2487:. Elsevier.
2483:
2476:
2431:
2427:
2416:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2229:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2067:. Retrieved
2060:the original
2055:
2043:
2038:, ACS, 1999.
2035:
2030:
2019:. Retrieved
2015:
2006:
1998:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1904:
1900:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1830:U.S. G.P.O.
1826:
1819:
1809:, retrieved
1779:
1731:hemodialysis
1728:
1725:Hemodialysis
1673:
1654:
1598:
1568:Glass ware:
1545:
1516:
1507:anti-fouling
1487:Bio-membrane
1485:membrane or
1481:
1463:
1454:
1438:
1418:
1407:
1404:0.65 μm
1392:
1389:0.45 μm
1377:
1361:
1346:
1338:root number
1294:
1290:
1173:
1170:
1162:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1087:distillation
1067:electrolysis
1047:
1035:
989:
978:
930:
895:
787:
767:
759:
720:Hollow fiber
716:
687:
565:
552:shear stress
516:convectively
513:
475:
469:
461:
455:
448:
442:
418:
406:hemodialysis
403:
341:distillation
338:
282:
272:
266:
265:
230:
229:
226:Introduction
204:
198:
197:
182:
164:
155:
136:
107:October 2022
104:
88:
86:lead section
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2796:Biores Tech
2773:Mulder M.,
2519:|last=
2325:(9): 2303.
2266:(12): 934.
1527:fabrication
1429:cylindrical
1425:porosimeter
1374:0.5 μm
1358:0.3 μm
1343:0.1 μm
1252:2-1 nm
1192:Removal of
1085:, membrane
771:selectivity
536:filter cake
390:waste water
345:sublimation
285:polysulfone
254:environment
235:engineering
233:covers all
150:introducing
2869:Filtration
2858:Categories
2754:References
2503:1296133285
2434:(4): 845.
2069:2013-09-06
2021:2016-05-11
1811:2022-11-01
1551:Centrifuge
1292:membrane.
1202:"Classic"
1189:Filtration
1095:antibiotic
690:tangential
532:dispersion
486:process a
484:filtration
429:fuel cells
377:isomorphic
373:azeotropic
305:synthesize
283:Typically
246:adsorption
133:references
50:improve it
2789:J Mem Sci
2743:0958-2118
2705:0958-2118
2661:cite book
2653:154316990
2612:cite book
2604:884647664
2511:cite book
2450:2073-4360
2408:232144492
2400:2191-0340
2341:2079-4991
2282:2077-0375
2260:Membranes
2203:0022-1295
2156:0036-8075
2113:0034-6748
1976:0957-5820
1954:: 22–33.
1929:214180993
1921:1793-2920
1877:0002-2470
1806:236721397
1701:),
1660:Membranes
1433:spherical
1180:Pore size
1016:Δ
918:intrinsic
902:flow rate
841:μ
834:Δ
775:rejection
707:gradients
650:fuel cell
544:retentate
524:solutions
496:molecules
472:diffusion
357:retentate
250:oxidation
242:membranes
91:summarize
56:talk page
2468:35215758
2428:Polymers
2359:34578619
2300:34940435
2238:Archived
2221:13211998
2172:43124555
2164:17829429
1741:See also
1535:membrane
1450:racemics
1421:physical
1321:bacteria
1071:dialysis
604:dialysis
548:permeate
528:colloids
353:permeate
2459:8963014
2350:8469414
2291:8708938
2212:2147404
2136:Bibcode
2128:Science
2093:Bibcode
1956:Bibcode
1836:8547707
1719:Biomass
1570:Beakers
1305:albumin
1297:dextran
1186:Process
979:where C
926:sieving
896:where V
779:fouling
699:fouling
556:fouling
530:from a
431:and in
408:and as
274:Biomass
146:improve
2846:
2831:
2816:
2741:
2703:
2651:
2641:
2602:
2592:
2565:
2501:
2491:
2466:
2456:
2448:
2406:
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2347:
2339:
2298:
2288:
2280:
2219:
2209:
2201:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2111:
1974:
1927:
1919:
1875:
1834:
1804:
1794:
1619:(FTIR)
1399:14756
1384:19146
1365:spores
1353:23206
1204:filter
1155:Dalton
923:solute
846:
335:scheme
291:, and
214:, the
210:, the
135:, but
2404:S2CID
2168:S2CID
2063:(PDF)
2052:(PDF)
1925:S2CID
1802:S2CID
1758:Notes
1638:(XRD)
1613:(TEM)
1607:(SEM)
1578:flask
1483:Green
983:and C
695:batch
522:from
480:pores
476:dense
414:blood
394:Ultra
388:. In
2844:ISBN
2829:ISBN
2814:ISBN
2739:ISSN
2727:1991
2701:ISSN
2689:1997
2667:link
2649:OCLC
2639:ISBN
2618:link
2600:OCLC
2590:ISBN
2563:ISBN
2534:link
2530:link
2523:help
2499:OCLC
2489:ISBN
2464:PMID
2446:ISSN
2396:ISSN
2355:PMID
2337:ISSN
2296:PMID
2278:ISSN
2217:PMID
2199:ISSN
2160:PMID
2152:ISSN
2109:ISSN
1972:ISSN
1917:ISSN
1901:Nano
1873:ISSN
1832:OCLC
1792:ISBN
1584:Oven
1580:etc.
1521:and
1336:ATCC
1319:and
1147:MWCO
1143:NMWC
1038:flux
701:and
504:flux
454:the
447:the
367:and
355:and
299:and
2731:doi
2693:doi
2555:doi
2454:PMC
2436:doi
2386:doi
2345:PMC
2327:doi
2286:PMC
2268:doi
2235:PDF
2207:PMC
2144:doi
2132:170
2101:doi
1964:doi
1952:116
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