599:
end-stage kidney disease, or kidney disease severe enough to require dialysis. Because the above medications carry risk, treatment should not be initiated without careful consideration as to risk/benefit profile. Of note, corticosteroids (typically
Prednisone) alone are of little benefit. They should be combined with one of the other 5 medications, each of which, along with prednisone, has shown some benefit in slowing down progression of membranous nephropathy. It must be kept in mind, however, that each of the 5 medications also carry their own risks, on top of prednisone.
51:
412:
82:
533:. Given spontaneous remission is common, international guidelines recommend a period of watchful waiting before considering immunosuppressive treatment. Likelihood of achieving spontaneous remission is much higher if anti-proteinuric therapy with ace inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers is commenced.
1116:
Al-Rabadi, L. F.; Caza, T.; Trivin-Avillach, C.; Rodan, A. R.; Andeen, N.; Hayashi, N.; Williams, B.; Revelo, M. P.; Clayton, F.; Abraham, J.; Lin, E.; Liou, W.; Zou, C. J.; Ramkumar, N.; Cummins, T.; Wilkey, D. W.; Kawalit, I.; Herzog, C.; Storey, A.; Edmondson, R.; Sjoberg, R.; Yang, T.; Chien, J.;
1477:
Goumenos DS, Katopodis KP, Passadakis P, Vardaki E, Liakopoulos V, Dafnis E, Stefanidis I, Vargemezis V, Vlachojannis JG, Siamopoulos KC (2007). "Corticosteroids and ciclosporin A in idiopathic membranous nephropathy: higher remission rates of nephrotic syndrome and less adverse reactions than after
598:
Perhaps the most difficult aspect of membranous glomerulonephritis is deciding which people to treat with immunosuppressive therapy as opposed to simple "background" or anti-proteinuric therapies. A large part of this difficulty is due to a lack of ability to predict which people will progress to
434:(MAC) on the glomerular epithelial cells. This, in turn, stimulates release of proteases and oxidants by the mesangial and epithelial cells, damaging the capillary walls and causing them to become "leaky". In addition, the epithelial cells also seem to secrete an unknown mediator that reduces
239:
receptor are responsible around 60% of cases of membranous nephropathy. Testing for these anti-PLA2R has revolutionised diagnosis and treatment of this disease in antibody positive patients, and tracking titre level over time allows you to predict risk of disease progression and chance of
208:
Traditional definitions split membranous nephropathy into 'primary/idiopathic' or 'secondary'. It is likely that instead the field will move to novel classification on the basis of the specific autoantigen detected, though given the current lack of clinical assays (other than for PLA2R
499:. As the disease progresses, the deposits will eventually be cleared, leaving cavities in the basement membrane. These cavities will later be filled with basement membrane-like material, and if the disease continues even further, the glomeruli will become sclerosed and finally
610:
comparing treatments of membranous nephropathy showed that regimes comprising chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide, either alone or with steroids, were more effective than symptomatic treatment or treatment with steroids alone in inducing remission of the nephrotic syndrome.
251:
NELL-1 likely the second most common autoantibody with prevalence in MN of 5-10%. It has a heterogenous pattern of secondary association, from none to sarcoidosis, malignancy, drugs such as bucillamine, and infections. Like PLA2R, antibody titres go into remission with
122:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
1677:
1661:
673:, while membranous glomerulonephritis involves the basement membrane but not the mesangium. (Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis has the alternate name "mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis", to emphasize its mesangial character.)
243:
In 2014, a second autoantigen was discovered, the thrombospondin type 1 domain-containing 7A (THSD7A) system that might account for an additional 1% of membranous nephropathy cases, and appears to be associated with malignancies.
949:
Sethi, Sanjeev; Debiec, Hanna; Madden, Benjamin; Charlesworth, M. Cristine; Morelle, Johann; Gross, LouAnn; Ravindran, Aishwarya; Buob, David; Jadoul, Michel; Fervenza, Fernando C.; Ronco, Pierre (2020-01-01).
1048:
Sethi, Sanjeev; Madden, Benjamin J.; Debiec, Hanna; Charlesworth, M. Cristine; Gross, LouAnn; Ravindran, Aishwarya; Hummel, Amber M.; Specks, Ulrich; Fervenza, Fernando C.; Ronco, Pierre (2019-06-01).
128:
127:
124:
123:
129:
900:
Tomas NM, Beck LH, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Seitz-Polski B, Ma H, Zahner G, Dolla G, Hoxha E, Helmchen U, Dabert-Gay AS, Debayle D, Merchant M, Klein J, Salant DJ, Stahl RA, Lambeau G (December 2014).
261:
Semaphorin3B predominates in children, esp <2 years old. there can be a family history of MN in these patients, it frequently causes progressive disease and it can recur in kidney transplants.
287:
We include the traditional list of secondary causes, though as above nomenclature is moving towards an autoantibody specific approach. Membranous nephropathy is associated with the following:
654:(in which inflammation is implied, but the glomerulus not explicitly mentioned) is less common, but the phrase is occasionally encountered. These conditions are usually considered together.
247:
Further studies have identidied more novel auto-antigens responsible for causing a membranous nephropathy pattern of injury continue to be published, with antibodies discovered against:
521:
Treatment of secondary membranous nephropathy is guided by the treatment of the original disease. For treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy, the treatment options include
126:
1599:
Hallegua D, Wallace DJ, Metzger AL, Rinaldi RZ, Klinenberg JR (2016). "Cyclosporine for lupus membranous nephritis: experience with ten patients and review of the literature".
602:
The twin aims of treating membranous nephropathy are first to induce a remission of the nephrotic syndrome and second to prevent the development of end-stage kidney failure. A
200:, though given the very high specificity of anti-PLA2R antibody positivity this can sometimes be avoided in patients with nephrotic syndrome and preserved kidney function
1943:
264:
Protocadherin 7 (PCDH7) in 2020. It is generally described in older patients, who have less complement on renal biopsy and frequently have spontaneous remission.
255:
EXT1/EXT2 was reported in 2019. It is predominantly found in younger, female patients, and indeed 1/3 of patients with class V lupus nephritis are EXT positive
2082:
460:. Membranous nephropathy in particular is known to increase this risk more than other causes of nephrotic syndrome though the reason for this is not yet clear.
1874:
1938:
753:
Bobart, Shane A.; Vriese, An S. De; Pawar, Aditya S.; Zand, Ladan; Sethi, Sanjeev; Giesen, Callen; Lieske, John C.; Fervenza, Fernando C. (2019-02-01).
1766:
1948:
658:
125:
1800:
1796:
2060:
2033:
2021:
1999:
1990:
1258:
Ziakas PD, Giannouli S, Psimenou E, Nakopoulou L, Voulgarelis M (July 2004). "Membranous glomerulonephritis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia".
715:
44:
Membranous glomerulopathy, membranous nephritis, (epi)membranous nephropathy, extramembranous glomerulopathy, and perimembranous nephropathy.
1790:
1786:
1234:
1210:
1186:
1915:
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431:
415:
Immune complexes (black) are deposited in a thickened basement membrane creating a "spike and dome" appearance on electron microscopy.
149:
2072:
1867:
491:, subepithelial deposits that nestle against the glomerular basement membrane seems to be the cause of the thickening. Also, the
1521:
Passerini P, Ponticelli C (July 2003). "Corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, and chlorambucil therapy of membranous nephropathy".
2043:
1820:
1816:
530:
1810:
1806:
1759:
661:
has a similar name, but is considered a separate condition with a distinctly different causality. Membranoproliferative
469:
424:
399:
298:
1860:
607:
50:
1969:
1411:
2025:
509:
microscopy will reveal typical granular deposition of immunoglobulins and complement along the basement membrane.
2133:
2077:
2003:
1752:
1692:
853:"The anti-PLA2R antibody in membranous nephropathy: what we know and what remains a decade after its discovery"
430:
The immune complex serves as an activator that triggers a response from the C5b - C9 complements, which form a
411:
1104:
951:
852:
754:
441:
Within membranous glomerulonephritis, especially in cases caused by viral hepatitis, serum C3 levels are low.
427:. The antigens may be part of the basement membrane, or deposited from elsewhere by the systemic circulation.
1372:"Segmental membranous glomerulonephritis in children: comparison with global membranous glomerulonephritis"
2128:
1910:
449:
423:
formation in the glomerulus. The immune complexes are formed by binding of antibodies to antigens in the
1556:
Markowitz GS (May 2001). "Membranous glomerulopathy: emphasis on secondary forms and disease variants".
587:
513:
Although it usually affects the entire glomerulus, it can affect parts of the glomerulus in some cases.
468:
The defining point of MGN is the presence of subepithelial immunoglobulin-containing deposits along the
2011:
1964:
185:
755:"Noninvasive diagnosis of primary membranous nephropathy using phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies"
81:
1681:
488:
181:
1430:"Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome"
619:
About a third of untreated patients have spontaneous remission, another third progress to require
2107:
2102:
1985:
1930:
1902:
1893:
1840:
1836:
1624:
1581:
1503:
1283:
662:
506:
457:
161:
145:
1428:
von Groote TC, Williams G, Au EH, Chen Y, Mathew AT, Hodson EM, Tunnicliffe DJ (November 2021).
240:
spontaneous remission There is little secondary disease association with PLA2R autoantibodies.
556:: They have been tried with mixed results, with one study showing prevention of progression to
1703:
1616:
1573:
1538:
1495:
1459:
1393:
1332:
1275:
1148:
1087:
1069:
1030:
981:
973:
931:
882:
874:
833:
784:
776:
711:
666:
522:
379:
70:
1350:
1166:
188:
are often also present. Others may not have symptoms and may be picked up on screening, with
1608:
1565:
1530:
1487:
1449:
1441:
1383:
1322:
1314:
1267:
1138:
1130:
1077:
1061:
1020:
1012:
963:
921:
913:
864:
823:
815:
766:
703:
582:
537:
477:
370:
233:
1370:
Obana M, Nakanishi K, Sako M, Yata N, Nozu K, Tanaka R, Iijima K, Yoshikawa N (July 2006).
851:
Logt, Anne-Els van de; Fresquet, Maryline; Wetzels, Jack F.; Brenchley, Paul (2019-12-01).
275:
NDNF is associated with syphilis (close to 100% of membranous nephrology is NDNF positive).
2050:
2038:
1775:
952:"Neural epidermal growth factor-like 1 protein (NELL-1) associated membranous nephropathy"
620:
553:
736:
481:
62:
1883:
1454:
1429:
1327:
1302:
1143:
1118:
1082:
1025:
1000:
926:
901:
828:
640:
624:
557:
541:
420:
177:
1686:
1534:
17:
2122:
1569:
603:
526:
358:
346:
1628:
1585:
1303:"Membranous nephropathy in children: clinical presentation and therapeutic approach"
1287:
269:
FAT1 is associated with haemopoetic stem cell transplant, and responds to treatment
2064:
1852:
1507:
1445:
1119:"Serine Protease HTRA1 as a Novel Target Antigen in Primary Membranous Nephropathy"
644:
572:
567:
496:
395:
115:
103:
1732:
1697:
1049:
902:"Thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing 7A in idiopathic membranous nephropathy"
452:), membranous nephropathy is known to predispose affected individuals to develop
270:
265:
61:
of membranous nephropathy showing prominent glomerular basement membrane spikes.
803:
707:
636:
561:
391:
354:
322:
318:
256:
193:
165:
111:
1612:
968:
869:
771:
258:. Prognosis is good. A less common target antigen in lupus nephritis is NCAM1.
1708:
1318:
695:
691:
577:
453:
350:
292:
222:
189:
75:
58:
1073:
977:
878:
780:
1727:
1670:
741:
670:
651:
592:
362:
338:
305:
1620:
1577:
1542:
1499:
1463:
1397:
1336:
1279:
1152:
1134:
1105:
https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(20)31180-7/fulltext
1091:
1065:
1034:
985:
935:
886:
837:
819:
788:
1016:
917:
1388:
1371:
492:
310:
1653:
1117:
Merchant, M.; Arthur, J.; Klein, J.; Larsen, C.; Beck Jr, L. H. (2021).
623:
and the last third continue to have proteinuria, without progression of
500:
435:
314:
173:
1491:
1271:
1665:
480:, the basement membrane is observed to be diffusely thickened. Using
342:
197:
196:. A definitive diagnosis of membranous nephropathy requires a kidney
107:
99:
643:
both refer to a similar constellation but without the assumption of
1744:
410:
386:
169:
120:
694:; Cohen, Arthur H.; Jennette, J. Charles; Bruijn, Jan A. (eds.),
536:
Recommended first line immunosuppressive therapy often includes:
102:
affecting mostly people between ages of 30 and 50 years, usually
375:
333:
1856:
1748:
326:
225:(of unknown origin or cause). This can also be referred to as
1050:"Exostosin 1/Exostosin 2–Associated Membranous Nephropathy"
484:, the GBM appears to have a "spiked" or "holey" appearance.
525:
drugs and non-specific anti-proteinuric measures such as
1376:
Clinical
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
444:
Similar to other causes of nephrotic syndrome (e.g.,
209:
autoantibodies) this may be several years off still.
1643:
2095:
2059:
2020:
1998:
1982:
1957:
1929:
1901:
1890:
1718:
1647:
69:
40:
35:
398:; melanomas; hematological malignancies such as
217:Traditionally 85% of MGN cases are classified as
2083:Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
1868:
1760:
1478:traditional treatment with cytotoxic drugs".
1123:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
1054:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
808:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
221:—that is to say, the cause of the disease is
8:
1434:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1995:
1898:
1875:
1861:
1853:
1767:
1753:
1745:
1644:
804:"New 'Antigens' in Membranous Nephropathy"
702:, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 21–29,
152:(FSGS) recently becoming the most common.
80:
49:
32:
1453:
1387:
1326:
1142:
1081:
1024:
967:
925:
868:
827:
770:
194:high amounts of protein loss in the urine
98:) is a slowly progressive disease of the
659:membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
1949:Membranoproliferative/mesangiocapillary
1801:Mesangial proliferative lupus nephritis
682:
544:, also known as the Ponticelli regime.
144:It is the second most common cause of
1301:Menon S, Valentini RP (August 2010).
635:The closely related terms membranous
219:primary membranous glomerulonephritis
7:
1791:Minimal mesangial glomerulonephritis
906:The New England Journal of Medicine
446:focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
150:focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
25:
548:Immunosuppressive therapy options
390:, frequently solid tumors of the
227:idiopathic membranous nephropathy
2073:Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
1884:Disease of the kidney glomerules
1570:10.1097/00125480-200105000-00001
531:angiotensin II receptor blockers
1821:Diffuse proliferative nephritis
700:Fundamentals of Renal Pathology
1558:Advances in Anatomic Pathology
1480:American Journal of Nephrology
1446:10.1002/14651858.CD004293.pub4
1260:American Journal of Hematology
278:HTRA1, often in older persons.
92:Membranous glomerulonephritis
1:
1811:Focal proliferative nephritis
1535:10.1016/S0270-9295(03)00052-4
737:Membranous Glomerulonephritis
36:Membranous glomerulonephritis
1001:"The Many Faces of NELL1 MN"
608:randomized controlled trials
470:glomerular basement membrane
438:synthesis and distribution.
425:glomerular basement membrane
400:chronic lymphocytic leukemia
299:systemic lupus erythematosus
160:Most people will present as
1944:Endocapillary proliferative
708:10.1007/978-0-387-31127-2_2
696:"Membranous Glomerulopathy"
2150:
1613:10.1191/096120300680198935
969:10.1016/j.kint.2019.09.014
870:10.1016/j.kint.2019.07.014
772:10.1016/j.kint.2018.10.021
2026:Type III hypersensitivity
1782:
1319:10.1007/s00467-009-1324-5
57:
48:
2078:Microscopic polyangiitis
2004:Type II hypersensitivity
232:Antibodies to an M-type
1939:Mesangial proliferative
1005:Clinical Kidney Journal
999:Sethi, Sanjeev (2022).
802:Sethi, Sanjeev (2021).
690:Bruijn, Jan A. (2007),
560:without improvement in
432:membrane attack complex
1523:Seminars in Nephrology
1135:10.1681/ASN.2020101395
1066:10.1681/ASN.2018080852
820:10.1681/ASN.2020071082
450:minimal change disease
416:
141:
18:Membranous nephropathy
2044:diffuse proliferative
1412:"KDIGO GN guidelines"
918:10.1056/NEJMoa1409354
588:Mycophenolate mofetil
414:
139:
2012:Goodpasture syndrome
1831:Membranous nephritis
1389:10.2215/CJN.01211005
1307:Pediatric Nephrology
956:Kidney International
857:Kidney International
759:Kidney International
639:(MN) and membranous
164:, with the triad of
1017:10.1093/ckj/sfac237
540:alternating with a
489:electron microscopy
182:High blood pressure
2108:glomerulonephrosis
2103:glomerulonephritis
2034:Post-streptococcal
1841:Glomerulosclerosis
1719:External resources
663:glomerulonephritis
507:Immunofluorescence
417:
213:Primary/idiopathic
162:nephrotic syndrome
156:Signs and symptoms
146:nephrotic syndrome
142:
2116:
2115:
2091:
2090:
1978:
1977:
1903:Non-proliferative
1850:
1849:
1742:
1741:
1492:10.1159/000101367
1351:"Renal Pathology"
1272:10.1002/ajh.20109
1167:"Renal Pathology"
912:(24): 2277–2287.
717:978-0-387-31127-2
667:basement membrane
523:immunosuppressive
419:MGN is caused by
176:(with or without
140:Video explanation
137:
89:
88:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2141:
1996:
1899:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1854:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1746:
1645:
1633:
1632:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1457:
1440:(11): CD004293.
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1330:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1239:www.uptodate.com
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1215:www.uptodate.com
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1191:www.uptodate.com
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1146:
1129:(7): 1666–1681.
1113:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1060:(6): 1123–1136.
1045:
1039:
1038:
1028:
996:
990:
989:
971:
946:
940:
939:
929:
897:
891:
890:
872:
863:(6): 1292–1302.
848:
842:
841:
831:
799:
793:
792:
774:
750:
744:
733:
727:
726:
725:
724:
687:
583:Cyclophosphamide
538:cyclophosphamide
478:light microscopy
458:pulmonary emboli
402:are less common.
186:high cholesterol
148:in adults, with
138:
106:(i.e., those of
85:
84:
53:
33:
21:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2134:Kidney diseases
2119:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2087:
2055:
2016:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1953:
1925:
1916:Focal segmental
1892:
1886:
1881:
1851:
1846:
1778:
1776:Lupus nephritis
1773:
1743:
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1714:
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1193:
1185:
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1160:
1115:
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1110:
1103:
1099:
1047:
1046:
1042:
998:
997:
993:
948:
947:
943:
899:
898:
894:
850:
849:
845:
801:
800:
796:
752:
751:
747:
734:
730:
722:
720:
718:
689:
688:
684:
679:
633:
617:
554:Corticosteroids
550:
519:
466:
409:
285:
237:
234:phospholipase A
215:
206:
158:
121:
79:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2147:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2006:
1993:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1911:Minimal change
1907:
1905:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1834:
1824:
1814:
1804:
1794:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1700:
1689:
1674:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:Classification
1641:
1640:External links
1638:
1635:
1634:
1591:
1548:
1513:
1469:
1420:
1403:
1362:
1342:
1313:(8): 1419–28.
1293:
1250:
1226:
1202:
1178:
1158:
1108:
1097:
1040:
1011:(3): 442–446.
991:
962:(1): 163–174.
941:
892:
843:
814:(2): 268–278.
794:
765:(2): 429–438.
745:
728:
716:
692:Fogo, Agnes B.
681:
680:
678:
675:
641:glomerulopathy
632:
629:
625:kidney failure
616:
613:
596:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
558:kidney failure
549:
546:
542:corticosteroid
527:ACE inhibitors
518:
515:
511:
510:
504:
497:foot processes
485:
465:
462:
421:immune complex
408:
405:
404:
403:
383:
366:
330:
302:
284:
281:
280:
279:
276:
273:
267:
262:
259:
253:
235:
214:
211:
205:
202:
178:kidney failure
172:and low serum
157:
154:
112:Middle Eastern
87:
86:
73:
67:
66:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
27:Kidney disease
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2146:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:Inflammations
2127:
2126:
2124:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1931:Proliferative
1928:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1607:(4): 241–51.
1606:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1564:(3): 119–25.
1563:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1529:(4): 355–61.
1528:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1486:(3): 226–31.
1485:
1481:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1363:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
945:
942:
937:
933:
928:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
896:
893:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
847:
844:
839:
835:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
798:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
749:
746:
743:
739:
738:
732:
729:
719:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
686:
683:
676:
674:
672:
668:
665:involves the
664:
660:
657:By contrast,
655:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
630:
628:
626:
622:
614:
612:
609:
605:
604:meta-analysis
600:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
563:
559:
555:
552:
551:
547:
545:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
516:
514:
508:
505:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
483:
479:
475:
474:
473:
471:
463:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
439:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
413:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:
384:
381:
377:
373:
372:
367:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:penicillamine
344:
340:
336:
335:
331:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:
303:
300:
296:
294:
290:
289:
288:
282:
277:
274:
271:
268:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
250:
249:
248:
245:
241:
238:
230:
228:
224:
220:
212:
210:
203:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
155:
153:
151:
147:
119:
117:
116:North African
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
83:
77:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
2065:Pauci-immune
2061:Type III RPG
1958:By condition
1920:
1830:
1826:
1726:
1702:
1691:
1676:
1660:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1406:
1382:(4): 723–9.
1379:
1375:
1365:
1354:. Retrieved
1345:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1266:(3): 271–4.
1263:
1259:
1253:
1242:. Retrieved
1238:
1229:
1218:. Retrieved
1214:
1205:
1194:. Retrieved
1190:
1181:
1170:. Retrieved
1161:
1126:
1122:
1111:
1100:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1008:
1004:
994:
959:
955:
944:
909:
905:
895:
860:
856:
846:
811:
807:
797:
762:
758:
748:
735:
731:
721:, retrieved
699:
685:
656:
649:
645:inflammation
634:
618:
601:
597:
573:Cyclosporine
568:Chlorambucil
535:
520:
512:
482:Jones' stain
467:
443:
440:
429:
418:
407:Pathogenesis
385:
368:
332:
304:
291:
286:
246:
242:
231:
226:
218:
216:
207:
159:
143:
118:ancestry.).
104:white people
95:
91:
90:
63:Jones' stain
2022:Type II RPG
1970:Amyloidosis
650:Membranous
637:nephropathy
631:Terminology
562:proteinuria
495:lose their
454:blood clots
355:Bucillamine
323:hepatitis C
319:hepatitis B
166:albuminuria
41:Other names
2123:Categories
2000:Type I RPG
1921:Membranous
1704:DiseasesDB
1356:2008-11-25
1244:2019-05-11
1235:"UpToDate"
1220:2019-05-11
1211:"UpToDate"
1196:2019-05-11
1187:"UpToDate"
1172:2008-11-25
723:2021-05-16
677:References
578:Tacrolimus
501:hyalinized
464:Morphology
369:inorganic
351:probenecid
306:infections
295:conditions
293:autoimmune
252:treatment.
223:idiopathic
190:urinalysis
76:Nephrology
59:Micrograph
1986:nephritic
1983:Primarily
1894:nephrotic
1891:Primarily
1807:Class III
1728:eMedicine
1074:1046-6673
978:0085-2538
879:0085-2538
781:0085-2538
742:eMedicine
671:mesangium
652:nephritis
615:Prognosis
593:Rituximab
517:Treatment
493:podocytes
363:Tiopronin
361:therapy,
339:captopril
283:Secondary
71:Specialty
1965:Diabetic
1837:Class VI
1817:Class IV
1797:Class II
1629:20048968
1621:10866094
1586:39640332
1578:11345236
1543:12923723
1500:17389782
1464:34778952
1398:17699279
1337:19908069
1288:35937418
1280:15224365
1153:33952630
1092:31061139
1035:36865014
986:31901340
936:25394321
887:31611068
838:33380523
789:30665573
621:dialysis
606:of four
456:such as
359:Anti-TNF
311:syphilis
192:finding
108:European
2096:General
1827:Class V
1787:Class I
1733:med/885
1698:D015433
1508:1475371
1455:8591447
1328:2887508
1144:8425645
1083:6551791
1026:9972807
927:4278759
829:8054892
472:(GBM).
436:nephrin
380:mercury
337:(e.g.,
315:malaria
309:(e.g.,
297:(e.g.,
174:albumin
1627:
1619:
1584:
1576:
1541:
1506:
1498:
1462:
1452:
1396:
1335:
1325:
1286:
1278:
1151:
1141:
1090:
1080:
1072:
1033:
1023:
984:
976:
934:
924:
885:
877:
836:
826:
787:
779:
714:
387:tumors
374:(e.g.
343:NSAIDs
204:Causes
198:biopsy
100:kidney
78:
2039:Lupus
1687:583.1
1625:S2CID
1601:Lupus
1582:S2CID
1504:S2CID
1415:(PDF)
1284:S2CID
396:colon
371:salts
334:drugs
170:edema
114:, or
1709:7970
1693:MeSH
1682:9-CM
1617:PMID
1574:PMID
1539:PMID
1496:PMID
1460:PMID
1438:2021
1394:PMID
1333:PMID
1276:PMID
1149:PMID
1088:PMID
1070:ISSN
1031:PMID
982:PMID
974:ISSN
932:PMID
883:PMID
875:ISSN
834:PMID
785:PMID
777:ISSN
712:ISBN
669:and
394:and
392:lung
376:gold
184:and
180:).
2051:IgA
1991:RPG
1678:ICD
1671:N03
1662:ICD
1609:doi
1566:doi
1531:doi
1488:doi
1450:PMC
1442:doi
1384:doi
1323:PMC
1315:doi
1268:doi
1139:PMC
1131:doi
1078:PMC
1062:doi
1021:PMC
1013:doi
964:doi
922:PMC
914:doi
910:371
865:doi
824:PMC
816:doi
767:doi
740:at
704:doi
529:or
487:On
476:By
448:or
327:HIV
229:.
96:MGN
2125::
1731::
1707::
1696::
1685::
1673:.2
1669::
1666:10
1623:.
1615:.
1603:.
1580:.
1572:.
1560:.
1537:.
1527:23
1525:.
1502:.
1494:.
1484:27
1482:.
1458:.
1448:.
1436:.
1432:.
1392:.
1378:.
1374:.
1331:.
1321:.
1311:25
1309:.
1305:.
1282:.
1274:.
1264:76
1262:.
1237:.
1213:.
1189:.
1147:.
1137:.
1127:32
1125:.
1121:.
1086:.
1076:.
1068:.
1058:30
1056:.
1052:.
1029:.
1019:.
1009:16
1007:.
1003:.
980:.
972:.
960:97
958:.
954:.
930:.
920:.
908:.
904:.
881:.
873:.
861:96
859:.
855:.
832:.
822:.
812:32
810:.
806:.
783:.
775:.
763:95
761:.
757:.
710:,
698:,
647:.
627:.
382:).
378:,
365:).
357:,
353:,
349:,
345:,
341:,
329:).
325:,
321:,
317:,
313:,
301:).
168:,
110:,
2063:/
2024:/
2002:/
1988:,
1876:e
1869:t
1862:v
1843:)
1839:(
1833:)
1829:(
1823:)
1819:(
1813:)
1809:(
1803:)
1799:(
1793:)
1789:(
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1680:-
1664:-
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1631:.
1611::
1605:9
1588:.
1568::
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1533::
1510:.
1490::
1466:.
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1417:.
1400:.
1386::
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1359:.
1339:.
1317::
1290:.
1270::
1247:.
1223:.
1199:.
1175:.
1155:.
1133::
1094:.
1064::
1037:.
1015::
988:.
966::
938:.
916::
889:.
867::
840:.
818::
791:.
769::
706::
564:.
503:.
272:.
236:2
94:(
65:.
20:)
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