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1070:, an organizer who would later become an advocate for Native Americans at the federal level as Assistant Secretary of Indian Affairs (1993–1997). In 1970 the activists formed a group called the Determination of Rights and Unity for Menominee Stockholders (DRUMS). They blocked the proposed sale of tribal land by MEI to non-Indian developers, and successfully gained control of the MEI board of directors. They also persuaded Congress to restore their status as a federally recognized sovereign tribe by legislation.
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851:. During the ensuing decades, the Menominee were pressured by encroachment of new European-American settlers in the area. Settlers first arrived in Michigan, where lumbering on the Upper Peninsula and resource extraction attracted workers. By mid-century, encroachment by new settlers was increasing. In the 1820s, the Menominee were approached by representatives of the Christianized
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1154:) of timber. As of 2002 that has increased to 1.7 billion board feet (4.0 million m). In the intervening years, they have harvested more than 2.25 billion board feet (5.3 million m). In 1994, the Menominee became the first forest management enterprise in the United States certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC.org).
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During the period of termination, when the
Menominee individually were subject to state law, in 1963 three members of the tribe were charged with violating Wisconsin's hunting and fishing laws on what had formerly been their reservation land for more than 100 years. The tribal members were acquitted.
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was the poorest and least populated
Wisconsin county during this time, and termination adversely affected the region. Tribal crafts and produce alone could not sustain the community. As the tax base lacked industry, the Menominee could not fund basic services. MEI funds, which totaled $ 10 million in
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in Oregon were the only other tribal group identified for termination. The Bureau of Indian
Affairs (BIA) believed the Menominee were sufficiently economically self-reliant on their timber industry to be successful independent of federal assistance and oversight. Before termination, they were one of
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After the tribe had regained federal recognition in 1973, it essentially restored the reservation to its historic boundaries in 1975. Many small pockets of territory within the county (and its geographically equivalent town) are not considered as part of the reservation. These amount to 1.14% of the
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passed a law which phased out the
Menominee reservation, effectively terminating its tribal status on April 30, 1961. Commonly held tribal property was transferred to a corporation, Menominee Enterprises, Inc. (MEI). It had a complicated structure and two trusts, one of which, First Wisconsin Trust
812:
After we had advanced five or six leagues, we found ourselves abreast of a little island, which lies near the western side of the bay, and which concealed from our view, the mouth of a river, on which stands the village of the
Malhomines Indians, called by our French "peuples d'avoines" or Wild Oat
1114:
In 1968 the
Supreme Court held that the tribe retained its hunting and fishing rights under the treaties involved, and the rights were not lost after federal recognition was ended by the Menominee Termination Act, as Congress had not clearly removed those rights in its legislation. This has been a
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and many other tribes based along the
Atlantic coast. They are one of the historical tribes of present-day upper Michigan and Wisconsin; they occupied a territory of about 10 million acres (40,000 km) in the period of European colonization. They are believed to have been well-settled in
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had drawn opposing conclusions about the effect of the termination on
Menominee hunting and fishing rights on their former reservation land. The U.S. Supreme Court determined that the tribe had not lost traditional hunting and fishing rights as a result of termination, as Congress had not clearly
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went to look at the proposed site on the Crow River and rejected the offered land, saying their current land was better for hunting and game. The
Menominee retained lands near the Wolf River in what became their current reservation. The tribe originated in the Wisconsin and are living in their
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encouraged a federal policy to increase self-government among Indian tribes, in addition to increasing education opportunities and religious protection. He signed the bill for federal recognition of the
Menominee Tribe of Wisconsin on December 22, 1973. The sovereign tribe started the work of
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The Menominee gradually sold much of their lands in Michigan and Wisconsin to the U.S. government through seven treaties from 1821 to 1848, first ceding their lands in Michigan. The US government wanted to move them to the far west in the period when Wisconsin was organizing for statehood, to
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is used as a seasoner for medicines, taking an infusion of the inner bark for chest pain and using the liquid balsam pressed from the trunk for colds and pulmonary troubles. The inner bark is used as a poultice for unspecified illnesses. Gum from plant blisters is also applied to sores.
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recorded under the "Wisconsin" section: "Menominee," a band named "Misi'nimäk Kimiko Wini'niwuk, 'Michilimackinac People,' near the old fort at Mackinac, Mich." Michillimackinac is also spelled as Mishinimakinago, Mǐshǐma‛kǐnung, Mi-shi-ne-macki naw-go, Missilimakinak, Teiodondoraghie.
443:
tribe. They were initially encountered by European explorers in Wisconsin in the mid-17th century during the colonial era, and had extended interaction with them during later periods in North America. During this period they lived in numerous villages which the French visited for
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being two of the most important. Wild rice has a special importance to the tribe as their staple grain, while the sturgeon has a mythological importance and is often referred to as the "father" of the Menominee. Feasts are still held annually at which each of these is served.
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Indians, probably from their living chiefly on this sort of grain. The whole nation consists only of this village, and that too not very numerous. 'Tis really great pity, they being the finest and handsomest men in all Canada. They are even of a larger stature than the
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The Menominee have traditionally practiced logging in a sustainable manner. In 1905, a tornado swept through the reservation, downing a massive amount of timber. Because the Menominee-owned sawmills could not harvest all the downed timber before it decomposed, the
922:. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the combined Menominee reservation and off-reservation trust land have a total area of 362.8 square miles (939.6 km), of which 355.5 square miles (920.7 km) is land and 7.3 square miles (18.9 km) is water.
513:
system, traditional Menominee believe that children derive their social status from their fathers, and are born "into" their father's clan. Members of the same clan are considered relatives, so must choose marriage partners from outside their clan. Ethnologist
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regained control of the territory, as it holds the reservation in trust for the Menominee. During the next dozen years, it reduced the cutting of salable timber to 30 percent, which allowed the forest to regenerate. In 1934, the Menominee filed suit in the
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The tribe regained federal recognition in 1973 by an act of Congress, re-establishing its reservation in 1975. It operates under a written constitution establishing an elected government. The tribe took over tribal government and administration from the
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Assessment of the Forest Management Practices of the Menominee Tribal Enterprises, Inc. 1994. Scientific Certification Systems, Berkeley, CA, and Smart Wood Certification Program. Sigurd Olson Environmental Institute, Northland College, Ashland,
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1954, dwindled to $ 300,000 by 1964. Struggling to manage financially, the white-dominated MEI proposed in 1967 to raise money by selling off former tribal lands to non-Native Americans, which resulted in a fierce backlash among the Menominee.
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The change resulted in diminished standards of living for the members of the tribe; officials had to close the hospital and some schools in order to cover costs of the conversion: to provide their own services or contract for them as a county.
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and Keshena. Since the late 20th century, the members of the reservation have operated a number of gambling facilities in these communities as a source of revenue. They speak English as well as their traditional Menominee language, one of the
897:
The reservation was created in a treaty with the United States signed on May 12, 1854, in which the Menominee relinquished all claims to the lands held by them under previous treaties, and were assigned 432 square miles (1,120 km) on the
803:
Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix, a French Catholic clergyman, professor, historian, author and explorer, kept a detailed journal of his travels through Wisconsin and Louisiana. In 1721 he came upon the Menominee, whom he referred to as
1111:(1968). The Court ruled that tribal members still had hunting and fishing rights, and that Congress had not abrogated those rights. The opposite rulings by the state and federal courts brought the issue to the United States Supreme Court.
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At the request of the Menominee, the state organized the former reservation as a new county, so they could maintain some coherence. The tribe was expected to provide county government functions but it became a colony of the state.
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676:—This name is given to some strange Indians (according to the sayings of the Otchipwes ), who are rowing through the woods, and who are sometimes heard shooting, but never seen. And from this word, the name of the village of
565:. As part of this transition, youth meet individually with Elders for interpretation of their dreams, and to receive information about what adult responsibilities they will begin to take on following their rites of passage.
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The small non-reservation parts of the county are more densely populated than the reservation, with 1,223 (28.7%) of the county's 4,255 total population, as opposed to the reservation's 3,032 (71.3%) population in the
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reorganizing the reservation, which they re-established in 1975. Tribal members wrote and ratified a tribal constitution in 1976, and elected a new tribal government, which took over from BIA officials in 1979.
894:, which were established after termination of the tribe in 1961 under contemporary federal policy whose goal was assimilation. The tribe regained its federally recognized status and reservation in 1975.
390:(kee ahsh mah che te wuck) which is "Ancient Ones". Their reservation is located 60 miles west of the site of their Creation, according to their tradition. They arose where the Menominee River enters
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in 1993 and it was accredited in 1998. It includes a Sustainable Development Institute. Its goal is education to promote their ethic for living in balance on the land. It is one of a number of
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to China, hoped to find and impress the Chinese. As the canoe approached the shore, Nicolet put on a silk Chinese ceremonial robe, stood up in the middle of the canoe and shot off two pistols.
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The tribe originally occupied a large territory of 10 million acres (40,000 km) extending from Wisconsin to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Historic references include one by Father
2129:
1839:
Sustainable Management of Temperate Hardwood Forests: A Review of the Forest Management Practices of Menominee Tribal Enterprises, Inc. 1992. Scientific Certification Systems, Berkeley, CA.
1142:
The nation has a notable forestry resource and ably manages a timber program. In an 1870 assessment of their lands, which totaled roughly 235,000 acres (950 km), they counted 1.3
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for pulmonary troubles, and as chew, the steeped root, for 'bronchial affections'; it is also used as a companion herb in other remedies because of its pleasant smell. The inner bark of
1173:. The complex provides employment to numerous Menominee; approximately 79 percent of the Menominee Casino-Bingo-Hotel's 500 employees are ethnic Menominee or are spouses of Menominee.
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against the Forest Service, saying that its policy had heavily damaged their resource. The court agreed and settled the claim finally in 1952, awarding the Menominee $ 8.5 million.
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in present-day Wisconsin. An additional treaty, which they signed on February 11, 1856, carved out the southwestern corner of this area to create a separate reservation for the
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During the 1950s, federal Indian policy envisioned termination of the "special relationship" between the United States government and those tribes considered "ready for
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which they cultivated and gathered as one of their staple foods. The Menominee have traditionally subsisted on a wide variety of plants and animals, with wild rice and
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Company, was appointed by the BIA. First Wisconsin Trust Company always voted its shares as a block, and essentially could control the management operations of MEI.
2197:
713:, the earliest human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region. As the Hopewell culture declined, circa A.D. 800, the Lake Michigan region eventually became home to
2134:
1986:
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Historically, the Menominee were known to be a peaceful, friendly and welcoming nation, who had a reputation for getting along with other tribes. When the
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county's area, so the reservation is essentially 98.86% of the county's area. The largest of these pockets is in the western part of the community of
847:, the Menominee later became allied with the British and Canadians, whom they helped defeat American forces trying to recapture Fort Mackinac in the
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1033:" to mainstream culture. The Menominee were identified for termination, which would end their status as a sovereign nation. At the time, the
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Due to the state court's ruling, the tribe sued the United States for compensation for the value of the hunting and fishing rights in the
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in the 1960s under policy of the time which stressed assimilation. During that period, they brought what has become a landmark case in
2119:
1536:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 250
910:(Munsee) tribes, who had reached the area as refugees from New York state. The latter two tribes have the federally recognized joint
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295:. Their historic territory originally included an estimated 10 million acres (40,000 km) in present-day Wisconsin and the
233:
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Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 45
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Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 56
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316:
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The Menominee were among the Native Americans who participated as soldiers in World War II with other United States citizens.
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policy, the Forest Service conducted clear-cutting on reservation lands until 1926, cutting 70 percent of the salable timber.
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1422:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Reprinted by the Smithsonian Institution, 1974, 1979, 1984, pp. 250–256.
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are the Bear, the Eagle, the Wolf, the Crane, and the Moose. Each has traditional responsibilities within the tribe. With a
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held that the Menominee tribe no longer had hunting and fishing rights due to the termination act of Congress in 1954.
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Alan McQuillan, "American Indian Timber Management Policy: Its Evolution in the Context of U. S. Forest History," in
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culture arose in southern Wisconsin between AD 800 and 900, the Menominee shared the forests and waters with them.
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The Menominee Indian Reservation is located in northeastern Wisconsin. For the most part, it is conterminous with
413:, another Algonquian tribe whom they encountered first as they moved west and who told them of the Menominee. The
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1234:(1795–1858) – chief of Menominee during period of land cessions and restriction to reservation within Wisconsin
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It was a period of Indian activism, and community members began an organizing campaign to regain political
184:. The map's title text, Omaeqnomenew-ahkew, means "Land of the Wild Rice People" in the Menominee language.
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522:(1913), incorrectly reporting that their descent and inheritance proceeds through the female line. Such a
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2015:
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kinship system is common among many other Native American peoples, including other Algonquian tribes.
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The tribe operates according to a written constitution. It elects a tribal council and chairman.
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817:. I have been assured that they had the same original and nearly the same languages with the
808:("peuples d'avoines" or Wild Oat Indians), which the French had adapted from an Ojibwe term:
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2009:
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1463:, University of Wisconsin – Steven Point, Spring 2003, pp. 1 and 5, accessed 28 August 2012
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landmark case in Indian law, helping preserve Native American hunting and fishing rights.
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487:(Ojibwa), another Algonquian people. Their language has a closer affinity to those of the
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that territory for more than 1,000 years. By some accounts, they are descended from the
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1967:
Nancy Lurie (1987), "Menominee Termination and Restoration," in Donald L. Fixico, ed.,
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545:. It features Menominee spearfishing at night by torchlight and canoe on the Fox River.
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became involved in managing their forest. Despite the desire of the tribe and Senator
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1914:
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Mitchell Oshkenaniew – advocate for sovereignty and recognition by federal government
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2221:
1748:
Tiller's Guide to Indian Country: Economic Profiles of American Indian Reservations
1602:
Charlevoix., Pierre Francois Xavier de (1928). Louise Phelps Kellogg, Ph.D. (ed.).
1252:– Co-founder, Fund for the Four Directions, indigenous activist; killed in 1999 in
1242:
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depicted on this 1835 Tourist's Pocket Map Of Michigan, showing a Menominee-filled
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1801:
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The Struggle for Self-Determination: History of the Menominee Indians Since 1854.
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that have been developed since the early 1970s, and one of two in Wisconsin.
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Nancy O. Lurie (1972.) "Menominee Termination: From Reservation to Colony,"
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542:
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eds. R. L. Clow and I Sutton (University Press of Colorado, 2001): 73–102.
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was the first non-Native American to reach Lake Michigan in 1634 or 1638.
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people", as they cultivated wild rice as one of their most important food
65:
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2350:
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1960:
Nancy Lurie (1972), "Menominee Termination: From Reservation to Colony,"
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Indians from New York to share or cede some of their land for their use.
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2008:
1936:
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Menominee Language and the Menominee Indian Tribe (Menomini, Mamaceqtaw)
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Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 132
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724:
and explorers from France encountered their descendants: the Menominee,
17:
2239:
1376:
American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America
558:
554:
510:
406:
1802:"Sustainable Development Institute » Research Education Outreach"
1767:
1472:
1348:
830:
1815:
Trusteeship in Change: Toward Tribal Autonomy in Resource Management,
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who had recently moved into Wisconsin) witnessed the French explorer
665:, a missionary priest in Michigan, who in his 1878 dictionary wrote:
562:
484:
452:
in 1928 estimated that the tribe's number in 1650 was 3,000 persons.
433:
164:
2001:
Perey, "The Menominee Myth of the Flood – in Relation to Life Today"
1289:
Center for Menominee Language, Culture, and Art, Language Materials
591:(bellwort) has historically been used to treat pain and swellings.
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of North America, made up of several tribes now located around the
2264:
1170:
1013:
877:
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344:
1682:"2020 Decennial Census: Menominee Reservation (reservation only)"
792:'s approach and landing. Red Banks, near the present-day city of
455:
The early French explorers and traders referred to the people as
2043:
Mitchell A. Dodge papers on the Menominee Indian Tribe, MSS 1538
1981:
1315:
503:
320:(1968), to protect their treaty hunting and fishing rights. The
2179:
2063:
1919:
Indian Nations of Wisconsin: Histories of Endurance and Renewal
1722:
Indian Nations of Wisconsin: Histories of Endurance and Renewal
1578:
Around the Shores of Lake Michigan: A Guide to Historic Sites
1022:, during World War II. U.S. Navy photograph, August 24, 1943.
210:
1716:
1714:
1514:
Smith, Huron H. 1923 "Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians".
1501:
Smith, Huron H. 1923 "Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians".
1488:
Smith, Huron H. 1923 "Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians".
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are traditionally strung together and dried for winter use.
386:
states that they have always been here and believe they are
225:
216:
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27:
Federally-recognized indigenous people of the United States
1926:
Oshkosh The Brave: Chief of the Menominees, and His Family
405:, meaning "the people". The name "Menominee" is not their
299:
of Michigan. The tribe currently has about 8,700 members.
1724:. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, pp. 31–34.
573:
Traditional Menominee diets include local foods such as
1157:
Since June 5, 1987, the tribe has owned and operated a
796:, later developed in this area. Nicolet, looking for a
2024:"Treaties between the United States and the Menominee"
1516:
Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee
1503:
Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee
1490:
Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee
834:
Amiskquew, a mid-19th century Menominee warrior, from
1971:(Milwaukee: American Indian Studies Program): 439–478
1432:
Ross, Norbert; Medin, Douglas; Cox, Douglass (2006).
234:
222:
219:
207:
1656:"2020 Decennial Census: Menominee County, Wisconsin"
579:(ramps, or wild garlic). Boiled, sliced potatoes of
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wrote an article on the Menominee which appeared in
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Menominee customs are quite similar to those of the
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1969:
An Anthology of Western Great Lakes Indians History
1604:
Journal of a Voyage to North America in Two Volumes
213:
204:
198:
180:Claims of the Menominee Nation as described in the
154:
134:
118:
88:
78:
56:
1924:Nichols, Phebe Jewell (Mrs. Angus F. Lookaround).
1909:Sustaining the Forest, the People, and the Spirit.
1567:. Montreal: Beauchemin & Valois, v. 2, p. 248.
1434:Culture and Resource Conflict: Why Meanings Matter
1389:"Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin. Who are We?"
942:. Current population of the tribe is about 8,700.
1828:Cradle to Cradle; Remaking the Way We Make Things
1779:, Milwaukee Public Museum, accessed 30 June 2008.
1334:. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., p.37.
1291:www.menomineelanguage.com/dictionaries-word-lists
561:for multiple days and living in a small isolated
549:Traditional Menominee spiritual culture includes
1941:. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation
1788:Nancy O. Lurie, (1971) "Menominee Termination,"
656:, that spans the northern half of the territory
1617:The Menominee Tribe of Indians v. United States
1378:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.401, n.134
594:Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium, ssp obtusifolium
1921:. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press.
37:Some placenames use other spellings; see also
2191:
2075:
1902:Wisconsin American Indian History and Culture
1332:Wisconsin American Indian History and Culture
837:History of the Indian Tribes of North America
8:
1293:, Menominee Dictionary - English - Menominee
1018:Dan Waupoose, a Menomini chief; training at
859:extinguish all Native American land claims.
379:who had been in this area for 10,000 years.
51:
1911:Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York.
1874:History of the Menominee Indians since 1854
1066:as the Menominee Tribe. Activists included
597:(rabbit tobacco) is also used medicinally.
2380:
2217:
2198:
2184:
2176:
2082:
2068:
2060:
1897:Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
1830:, New York: North Point Press, 2002, p. 88
1279:. The Menomonee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin.
1096:When the state appealed the decision, the
752:. It is believed that the French explorer
64:
50:
1826:William McDonough and Michael Braungart,
1411:
1409:
1326:
1324:
709:who inhabited the lands once occupied by
693:is the Menominee word for turtle. In his
470:
175:
1904:. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing.
1269:
1212:– activist and Assistant Secretary for
1038:the wealthiest American Indian tribes.
409:. It was adopted by Europeans from the
1258:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
302:Federal recognition of the tribe was
265:word for "Wild Rice People"; known as
1996:University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
1928:. Menominee Indian Reservation, 1954.
1870:"The Struggle for Self-Determination"
1750:, Bowarrow Publishing Company, 1996.
1565:A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language
1436:. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
1344:
1342:
1340:
1318:, Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin
705:The Menominee are descendants of the
7:
2019:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1222:– lover of 1930s serial bank robber
954:Legend Lake (most, population 1,525)
394:of Lake Michigan, where the city of
89:Regions with significant populations
2894:Native American tribes in Wisconsin
1982:Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin
285:Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin
2924:Native American tribes in Michigan
1457:"Menominee Clans depicted at UWSP"
933:The most populous communities are
695:The Indian Tribes of North America
25:
2866:Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien
2007:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
499:, part of the Algonquian family.
352:, Menominee, early 19th century,
2861:First Treaty of Prairie du Chien
2091:
2047:L. Tom Perry Special Collections
1938:Material culture of the Menomini
1576:Bogue, Margaret Beattie (1985).
1132:tribal colleges and universities
1109:Menominee Tribe v. United States
1091:Menominee Tribe v. United States
1083:Menominee Tribe v. United States
951:Keshena (most, population 1,268)
636:
329:ended these in its legislation.
317:Menominee Tribe v. United States
194:
100:
1619:, 95 Ct.Cl. 232 (Ct.Cl., 1941).
821:, and the Indians at the Falls.
350:Ball-headed War Club with Spike
1804:, College of Menominee Nation
1420:Indian Tribes of North America
539:Spearing Salmon By Torchlight,
459:(wild oats), referring to the
359:The Menominee are part of the
1:
2729:Wisconsin Heights Battlefield
1582:University of Wisconsin Press
1004:United States Court of Claims
843:Initially neutral during the
502:The five principal Menominee
401:Their name for themselves is
326:United States Court of Claims
1126:The Menominee developed the
1073:At the same time, President
1010:20th-century termination era
984:United States Forest Service
912:Stockbridge-Munsee Community
874:Menominee Indian Reservation
868:Menominee Indian Reservation
628:History of Northern Michigan
289:Menominee Indian Reservation
182:Treaty of Washington of 1831
113:Menominee Indian Reservation
2899:Menominee County, Wisconsin
2820:Battle of Wisconsin Heights
2780:Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds
1304:Menominee, Menominee Person
1128:College of Menominee Nation
780:In 1634, the Menominee and
312:United States Supreme Court
2940:
2856:Treaty of St. Louis (1804)
2810:Battle of Apple River Fort
2622:Stillman's Run Battle Site
2097:Native American tribes in
1987:Menominee Language Lessons
1893:Beck, David R. M. (2005).
1606:(Report). The Caxton Club.
1088:
999:Department of the Interior
988:Robert M. La Follette, Sr.
871:
625:
277:federally recognized tribe
43:Menomonie (disambiguation)
39:Menomonee (disambiguation)
36:
32:Menominee (disambiguation)
29:
2800:Battle of Kellogg's Grove
2105:
2010:"Menominee Indians"
1992:The Menominee Clans Story
1563:Baraga, Frederic (1878).
1477:Indian Country Wisconsin,
1138:Current tribal activities
849:Battle of Mackinac Island
287:. Their land base is the
159:
139:
123:
93:
83:
63:
2790:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
2755:Battle of Stillman's Run
2055:Brigham Young University
1769:Indian Country Wisconsin
1277:Brief History - About Us
882:Tribal office in Keshena
776:holding a wild oat stem.
760:First European encounter
335:Bureau of Indian Affairs
283:officially known as the
271:, "the people", in the
2805:Attack at Ament's Cabin
2795:Battle of Waddams Grove
2038:Milwaukee Public Museum
1878:Britannica Encyclopedia
1479:Milwaukee Public Museum
1364:Milwaukee Public Museum
1185:– actor who starred in
1098:Wisconsin Supreme Court
864:traditional homelands.
770:Great Peace of Montreal
768:Menominee signature on
654:Brown County, Wisconsin
495:tribes. All four spoke
417:name for the tribe was
398:, has since developed.
322:Wisconsin Supreme Court
250:
2785:Spafford Farm massacre
2207:Black Hawk War of 1832
1907:Davis, Thomas (2000).
1900:Boatman, John (1998).
1630:"2020 Gazetteer Files"
1374:Campbell, Lyle (1997).
1330:Boatman, John (1998).
1023:
966:(most, population 690)
960:(part, population 281)
883:
840:
823:
784:(along with a band of
777:
688:
607:) is taken as a root
546:
480:
475:Menomini dress at the
441:Northeastern Woodlands
356:
185:
149:Native American Church
2770:Indian Creek massacre
2051:Harold B. Lee Library
2016:Catholic Encyclopedia
1017:
977:Conflict over logging
972:(most, population 98)
881:
833:
810:
767:
715:Late Woodland Indians
707:Late Woodland Indians
667:
557:. Ceremonies involve
537:
520:Catholic Encyclopedia
497:Anishinaabe languages
474:
448:. The anthropologist
348:
179:
155:Related ethnic groups
2914:Algonquian ethnonyms
2815:Sinsinawa Mound raid
2760:Buffalo Grove ambush
1688:. U.S. Census Bureau
1662:. U.S. Census Bureau
1105:U.S. Court of Claims
940:Algonquian languages
794:Green Bay, Wisconsin
772:in 1701 depicting a
600:Taenidia integerrima
588:Uvularia grandiflora
439:The Menominee are a
396:Marinette, Wisconsin
30:For other uses, see
2841:Black Hawk Purchase
2699:Hamilton's Diggings
2537:Joseph Throckmorton
2491:James W. Stephenson
2461:William S. Hamilton
2130:Lac Courte Oreilles
2026:, Menominee website
1962:Human Organization,
1735:Human Organization,
1720:Patty Loew (2001).
1473:"Menominee Culture"
1250:Ingrid Washinawatok
720:Early fur traders,
650:Wisconsin Territory
541:an oil painting by
53:
2909:Great Lakes tribes
2904:Algonquian peoples
2775:St. Vrain massacre
2639:Michigan Territory
2165:Stockbridge–Munsee
2003:, Anthropology.net
1775:2007-06-26 at the
1746:Tiller, Veronica.
1636:. US Census Bureau
1354:2007-06-26 at the
1165:, associated with
1150:(3.1 million
1024:
1020:Algiers, Louisiana
920:Keshena, Wisconsin
884:
853:Stockbridge-Munsee
841:
778:
582:Sagittaria cuneata
547:
481:
377:indigenous peoples
373:Old Copper Culture
357:
273:Menominee language
255:"Menominee People"
186:
2881:
2880:
2825:Battle of Bad Axe
2750:Minor engagements
2550:
2549:
2372:
2371:
2173:
2172:
1790:Indian Historian,
1443:978-0-87154-570-1
1177:Notable Menominee
992:sustainable yield
892:town of Menominee
798:Northwest Passage
699:John Reed Swanton
603:(a member of the
388:Kiash Matchitiwuk
375:people and other
261:derived from the
174:
173:
16:(Redirected from
2931:
2851:Keokuk's Reserve
2704:Pecatonica River
2654:Blue Mounds Fort
2567:Apple River Fort
2527:Joseph M. Street
2522:Antoine LeClaire
2512:George Davenport
2496:Samuel Whiteside
2481:John H. Rountree
2446:Ebenezer Brigham
2436:Milton Alexander
2431:John Giles Adams
2381:
2218:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2177:
2096:
2095:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2061:
2020:
2012:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1933:Skinner, Alanson
1881:
1867:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1824:
1818:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1786:
1780:
1765:
1759:
1744:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1718:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1512:
1506:
1499:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1470:
1464:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1429:
1423:
1416:Swanton, John R.
1413:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1391:. Archived from
1385:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1346:
1335:
1328:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1220:Billie Frechette
1056:Menominee County
888:Menominee County
722:coureur-de-bois,
711:Hopewell Indians
684:Michillimackinac
670:Mishinimakinago;
640:
576:Allium tricoccum
551:rites of passage
457:"folles avoines"
281:Native Americans
242:
238:
232:
231:
228:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
110:
106:
104:
103:
79:Total population
68:
54:
21:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2919:Menominee tribe
2884:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2846:Black Hawk Tree
2829:
2765:Plum River raid
2738:
2734:Wisconsin River
2714:Sinsinawa Mound
2689:Gratiot's Grove
2679:Fort Koshkonong
2602:Kellogg's Grove
2546:
2542:Satterlee Clark
2532:Felix St. Vrain
2500:
2486:Isaiah Stillman
2476:Alexander Posey
2471:Abraham Lincoln
2417:
2403:Jefferson Davis
2368:
2341:
2313:
2295:
2277:
2259:
2209:
2204:
2174:
2169:
2135:Lac du Flambeau
2101:
2090:
2088:
2006:
1978:
1957:
1955:Further reading
1944:
1942:
1931:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1777:Wayback Machine
1766:
1762:
1745:
1741:
1732:
1728:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1686:data.census.gov
1680:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1660:data.census.gov
1654:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:4:1-174 (p. 41)
1513:
1509:
1505:4:1-174 (p. 61)
1500:
1496:
1492:4:1-174 (p. 69)
1487:
1483:
1471:
1467:
1461:Pointer Alumnus
1455:
1451:
1444:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1414:
1407:
1398:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1373:
1369:
1356:Wayback Machine
1347:
1338:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1179:
1140:
1121:
1093:
1087:
1012:
979:
948:
876:
870:
828:
782:Ho-Chunk people
762:
663:Frederic Baraga
659:
658:
657:
648:
643:
642:
641:
630:
624:
571:
532:
364:language family
354:Brooklyn Museum
343:
337:(BIA) in 1979.
297:Upper Peninsula
263:Ojibwe language
257:, also spelled
240:
236:
197:
193:
111:
101:
99:
98:
74:
59:
49:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2937:
2935:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2834:Related topics
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2719:Soldiers Grove
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2617:Stillman Creek
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2582:Fort Armstrong
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2466:James D. Henry
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2413:Zachary Taylor
2410:
2408:Winfield Scott
2405:
2400:
2395:
2393:Henry Atkinson
2389:
2387:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2327:Billy Caldwell
2323:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2291:Waukon Decorah
2287:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2040:
2034:Indian Country
2027:
2021:
2004:
1998:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1976:External links
1974:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1929:
1922:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1862:
1851:
1841:
1832:
1819:
1806:
1794:
1781:
1760:
1739:
1726:
1710:
1699:
1673:
1647:
1621:
1609:
1594:
1569:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1507:
1494:
1481:
1465:
1449:
1442:
1424:
1405:
1380:
1367:
1360:Indian Country
1336:
1320:
1308:
1281:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1247:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1224:John Dillinger
1217:
1214:Indian Affairs
1207:
1192:
1178:
1175:
1161:-style gaming
1139:
1136:
1120:
1117:
1089:Main article:
1086:
1080:
1035:Klamath people
1011:
1008:
978:
975:
974:
973:
967:
961:
958:Middle Village
955:
952:
947:
944:
872:Main article:
869:
866:
827:
824:
761:
758:
645:
644:
635:
634:
633:
632:
631:
623:
620:
614:Abies balsamea
605:parsely family
570:
567:
531:
528:
342:
339:
172:
171:
157:
156:
152:
151:
137:
136:
132:
131:
121:
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90:
86:
85:
81:
80:
76:
75:
69:
61:
60:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2936:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
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2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
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2761:
2758:
2756:
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2748:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2669:Fort Hamilton
2667:
2665:
2664:Fort Defiance
2662:
2660:
2659:Fort Crawford
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Bad Axe River
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2627:Waddams Grove
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:Dixon's Ferry
2575:
2573:
2572:Buffalo Grove
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:Henry Gratiot
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2214:Native people
2212:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:Forest County
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
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2632:Yellow Creek
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2222:British Band
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1659:
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1633:
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1597:
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1393:the original
1383:
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1183:Apesanahkwat
1169:games and a
1156:
1152:cubic metres
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1125:
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826:19th century
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754:Jean Nicolet
721:
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548:
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519:
516:James Mooney
501:
482:
477:Field Museum
456:
454:
450:James Mooney
438:
431:
418:
402:
400:
387:
384:oral history
381:
358:
349:
331:
315:
301:
284:
267:
266:
258:
254:
189:
187:
48:Ethnic group
2743:Engagements
2456:Henry Dodge
2451:John Dement
2377:U.S. people
2235:Checokalako
2115:Fond du Lac
2030:"Menominee"
1964:31: 257–269
1915:Loew, Patty
1737:31: 257-269
1349:"Menominee"
1240:– actress,
1216:, 1993–1997
1197:- actress,
1064:sovereignty
946:Communities
935:Legend Lake
928:2020 census
904:Stockbridge
845:War of 1812
774:thunderbird
728:(Ojibwa),
569:Ethnobotany
524:matrilineal
508:patrilineal
446:fur trading
421:, meaning "
368:Great Lakes
2888:Categories
2684:Fort Union
2607:Plum River
2587:Fort Beggs
2398:Hugh Brady
2319:Potawatomi
2250:Towaunonne
2230:Black Hawk
1888:References
1634:census.gov
1399:2011-12-28
1195:Alaqua Cox
1148:board feet
1119:Government
900:Wolf River
815:Potawatomi
806:Malhomines
786:Potawatomi
734:Potawatomi
691:Maehkaenah
626:See also:
479:in Chicago
419:manoominii
403:Mamaceqtaw
382:Menominee
361:Algonquian
308:Indian law
304:terminated
268:Mamaceqtaw
161:Potawatomi
2643:Wisconsin
2337:Waubonsie
2301:Menominee
2155:St. Croix
2150:Red Cliff
2140:Menominee
2110:Bad River
2099:Wisconsin
1945:25 August
1191:and films
1188:Babylon 5
1159:Las Vegas
1146:standing
1041:In 1954,
746:Winnebago
543:Paul Kane
461:wild rice
423:wild rice
392:Green Bay
293:Wisconsin
259:Menomini,
247:Menominee
190:Menominee
129:Menominee
119:Languages
95:Wisconsin
52:Menominee
2612:Saukenuk
2562:Illinois
2351:Meskwaki
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2283:Ho-Chunk
2245:Pamisseu
2160:Sokaogon
2125:Ho-Chunk
1935:(1921).
1917:(2001).
1859:About Us
1773:Archived
1418:(1952).
1352:Archived
1254:Colombia
1210:Ada Deer
1068:Ada Deer
1043:Congress
890:and the
726:Chippewa
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679:Mackinac
609:infusion
493:Kickapoo
485:Chippewa
465:sturgeon
341:Overview
324:and the
275:) are a
253:meaning
169:Kickapoo
145:Big Drum
141:Catholic
135:Religion
73:, c.1858
18:Menomini
2872:Warrior
2724:Victory
2709:Roxbury
2423:Militia
2364:Wapello
2309:Oshkosh
2273:Wapasha
2240:Neapope
2045:in the
1692:13 July
1666:13 July
1640:13 July
1316:History
1306:Pg. 144
1300:Archive
1256:by the
1200:Hawkeye
1144:billion
819:Noquets
622:History
559:fasting
555:puberty
530:Culture
511:kinship
427:staples
407:autonym
310:to the
125:English
2694:Helena
2592:Galena
2555:Places
2505:Others
2359:Keokuk
2265:Dakota
2145:Oneida
1880:online
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1085:(1968)
964:Neopit
908:Lenape
748:, and
730:Ottawa
563:wigwam
434:Oneota
415:Ojibwe
165:Ojibwe
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1264:Notes
1171:hotel
1167:bingo
1107:, in
750:Miami
682:, or
504:clans
314:, in
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2349:and
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