Guanches - Knowledge (XXG)

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Eurasian haplogroups had arrived in the region through Chalcolithic and Bronze Age migrations from Europe. Genetic diversity was found to be the highest at Gran Canaria, Tenerife, and La Palma, while Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and particularly La Gomera and El Hierro had low diversity. Significant genetic differences were detected between Guanches of western and eastern islands, which supported the notion that Guanches were descended from two distinct migration waves. It was considered significant that 40% of all examined Guanches so far belonged to the maternal

606:), where they found "a huge quantity of sheep, which its meat was bitter and inedible". They "continued southward" and reached another island where they were soon surrounded by barks and brought to "a village whose inhabitants were often fair haired with long and flaxen hair and the women of a rare beauty." Among the villagers, one spoke Arabic and asked them where they came from. Then the king of the village ordered them to bring villagers back to the continent. There they were surprised to be welcomed by Berbers. 1200: 1418: 41: 1825: 2150:(EEF) ancestry, which probably spread into North Africa from Iberia during the Neolithic, or perhaps also later. One Guanche was also found to have ancestry related to European hunter-gathers, providing further evidence of prehistoric gene flow from Europe. It was estimated that modern Canary Islanders derive 16–31% of their atDNA from the Guanches. Furthermore, according to the phenotype analysis, these Guanche samples were showing light and medium skin, dark hair and brown eyes. 1770: 1809: 770: 2586: 284: 5044: 1933: 1646: 1634: 640: 545: 1387: 4939: 909: 1782: 1917:(10.00%). E1a*, E1b1b1a* and E1b1b1b* are common lineages among Berbers, and their high frequency among the Guanches were considered evidence that they were migrants from North Africa. R1b1b2 and I* are very common in lineages in Europe, and their moderate frequency among the examined Guanche males was suggested to have been a result of prehistoric gene flow from Europe into the region across the 893:. But sometimes the Guanches also performed worship in caves, as in "Cave of Achbinico" in Tenerife. Until the 20th century, there were in the Canary Islands (especially in northern Tenerife) individuals called "Animeros." They were similar to healers and mystics with a syncretic beliefs combining elements of the Guanche religion and Christianity. As in other countries close to the islands (e.g. 5532: 271: 1794: 1875:. U6b1 is found at very low frequencies in North Africa today, and it was suggested that later developments have significantly altered the Berber gene pool. The authors of the study suggested that the Guanches were descended from migrants from mainland North Africa related to the Berbers, and that the Guanches contributed 42–73% to the maternal gene pool of modern Canary Islanders. 833: 5521: 2176:. Guanches were found to the genetically very similar to the Kelif el Boroud people. In a 2020 review Fregel et al. identified European Bronze Age ancestry in the Guanches, which could be explained by "the presence of Bell-Beaker pottery in the North African archaeological record," as well as observing a certain admixture "possibly related to trans-Saharan migrations". 4949: 2293:

geographical isolation of the islands, environmental adaptations and the historical mixture of Pre-Hispanic population of the archipelago (coming from North Africa), with European and Sub-Saharan individuals. Specifically, the study estimated that the Canarian population, at an autosomal level, is 75% European, 22% North-African and 3% Sub-Saharan.

852:(the goddess mother) were also worshipped. In times of drought, the Guanches drove their flocks to consecrated grounds, where the lambs were separated from their mothers in the belief that their plaintive bleating would melt the heart of the Great Spirit. During the religious feasts, hostilities were held in abeyance, from war to personal quarrels. 2042: 1437:. The Mencey was the ultimate ruler of the kingdom, and at times, meetings were held between the various kings. When the Castilians invaded the Canary Islands, the southern kingdoms joined the Castilian invaders on the promise of the richer lands of the north; the Castilians betrayed them after ultimately securing victory at the Battles of 1980: 1321:

during the summer solstice, the Guanches killed livestock and threw them into a fire as an offering to the gods. Bethencourt Alfonso has claimed that goat kids were tied by the legs, alive, to a stake so that they could be heard bleating by the gods. It is likely that animals were also sacrificed on

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examined the mtDNA of 48 Guanches buried on all the islands of the Canaries. They were found to be carrying maternal lineages characteristic of North Africa, Europe and the Near East, with Eurasian lineages centered around the Mediterranean being the most common. It was suggested that some of these

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skins or woven from plant fibers called Tamarcos, which have been found in the tombs of Tenerife. They had a taste for ornaments and necklaces of wood, bone and shells, worked in different designs. Beads of baked earth, cylindrical and of all shapes, with smooth or polished surfaces, mostly colored

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their dead; many mummies have been found in an extreme state of desiccation, each weighing not more than 3 kg (7 lb). Two almost inaccessible caves in a vertical rock by the shore 5 km (3 mi) from Santa Cruz on Tenerife are said still to contain remains. The process of embalming

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According to European chroniclers, the Guanche did not possess a system of writing at the time of conquest; their potential writing system may have fallen into disuse, or aspects of it were simply overlooked by the colonizers. Inscriptions, glyphs, rock paintings and carvings are all quite abundant

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argues that the Canary Islands were the scene of "Europe's first overseas settler colonial genocide," and that the mass killing and enslavement of natives, along with forced deportation, sexual violence and confiscation of land and children constituted an attempt to "destroy in whole" the Guanche

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What remains of their language, Guanche—a few expressions, vocabulary words and the proper names of ancient chieftains, still borne by certain families—exhibits positive similarities with the Berber languages. The first reliable account of the Guanche language was provided by the Genoese explorer

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and U6b. It was determined that the examined Guanches were genetically similar between the 7th and 11th centuries AD, and that they displayed closest genetic affinity to modern North Africans, "but with a tendency (especially for individuals from Gran Canaria) to occupy a space outside modern

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A 2018 study of 400 adult men and women of all the islands, except La Graciosa, examined the relationship of Canarian genetic diversity with the more prevalent complex diseases in the archipelago. It detected that Canarian DNA shows distinctive genetics, resulting from variables such as the

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Other strong similarities to the Berber languages are reflected in their counting system, while some authors suggest the Canarian branch would be a sister branch to the surviving continental Berber languages, splitting off during the early development of the language family and before the

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Northwest African variation, closer to Europeans." The evidence supported the notion that the Guanches were descended from a Berber-like population who had migrated from mainland North Africa. Among modern populations, Guanches were also found to be genetically similar to modern

191:, many natives were outright killed by the Spanish or died of exposure to new pathogens during the social disruption. Eventually, any remaining survivors were assimilated into the new Spanish population and associated culture. Elements of their original culture survive within 2038:(c. 33000 BC), whose descendants had then further spread U6 as part of a remigration into Africa. U6b1a was suggested to have been brought to the Canary Islands during the initial wave of settlement by Guanches, while U6c1 was suggested to have been brought in a second wave. 1239:

there is currently a debate on the true nature of the mummies of the ancient inhabitants of the island, as researchers point out that there was no real intention to mummify the deceased and that the good conservation of some of them is due rather to environmental factors. In

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of great buildings, albeit with no population to speak of. If this account is accurate, it may suggest that the Guanche were not the only inhabitants, or the first ones; alternatively, this could imply that the Mauretanian expedition did not explore the islands thoroughly.

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However, while there are recognizable Berber words (particularly with regards to agriculture) within the Guanche language, no Berber grammatical inflections have been identified; there is a large stock of vocabulary that does not bear any resemblance to Berber whatsoever.

1921:. It was found that Guanche males contributed less to the gene pool of modern Canary Islanders than Guanche females (as would be expected from the extremely bloody conquest of the islands). Haplogroups typical among the Guanche have been found at high frequencies in 3090:

Conquista y antigüedades de las islas de la Gran Canaria y su descripción, con muchas advertencias de sus privilegios, conquistadores, pobladores y otras particularidades en la muy poderosa isla de Tenerife, dirigido a la milagrosa imagen de Nuestra Señora de

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seems to have varied. In Tenerife and Gran Canaria, the corpse was simply wrapped up in goat and sheep skins, while in other islands a resinous substance was used to preserve the body, which was then placed in a cave difficult to access, or buried under a

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Regarding mitochondrial DNA, the maternal lineages are characterized by the prevalence of North-African lineages, followed by Europeans and finally in a small percentage by Sub-Saharans. According to different studies, the percentages are the following:

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may have been introduced in a second wave of colonization affecting the other islands. It was noted that 44% of modern La Gomerans carry U6b1a. It was determined that La Gomerans have the highest amount of Guanche ancestry among modern Canary Islanders.

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Conquest and antiquities of the islands of Gran Canaria and its description, with many warnings of its privileges, conquerors, settlers and other particularities in the very powerful island of Tenerife, addressed to the miraculous image of Our Lady of

1976:. U6b1 has not been found in North Africa, while H1-16260 is "extremely rare." The results suggested that the North African population from whom the Benahoaritas and other Guanches descended has been largely replaced by subsequent migrations. 5158: 4449: 609:

Apart from the marvelous and fanciful content of this history, this account suggests that the Guanche had sporadic contacts with populations from the mainland. Al-Idrisi described the Guanche men as tall and of a reddish-brown complexion.

1333:. It follows that it was a common custom of the island. On this island sacrificing other human victims associated with the death of the king, where adult men rushed to the sea are also known. Embalmers who produced the 2068:(Gomeros). 65% of the examined Gomeros were found to be carriers of the maternal haplogroup U6b1a. The Gomero appeared to be descended from the earliest wave of settlers to the Canary Islands. The maternal haplogroups 1641:

Dwellings were situated in natural or artificial caves in the mountains. In areas where cave dwellings were not feasible, they built small round houses and, according to the Castilians, practiced crude fortification.

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rather than North Africa, suggesting that the Benahoaritas traced partial descent from either of these regions. The examined Benahoaritas were found to have high frequencies of the maternal haplogroups U6b1 and

1414:. Insult of a woman by an armed man was allegedly a capital offense. Anyone accused of a crime had to attend a public trial in Tagoror, a public court where those prosecuted were sentenced after a trial. 2107:. The Bimbache were identified as descendants of the first wave of Guanche settlers on the Canary Islands, as they lacked the paternal and maternal lineages identified with the hypothetical second wave. 1172:

was a festival of the agricultural calendar of the Guanches (the Guanche new year) to be held after the gathering of crops devoted to Chaxiraxi (on August 15). In this event the Guanches shared milk,

1626:, which were said to be very effective against both infantrymen and cavalry. Weaponry made of wood was hardened with fire. These armaments were commonly complemented with an obsidian knife known as 3691:

Troll, Valentin R.; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, Alejandro; Deegan, Frances M.; Perez-Torrado, Francisco José; Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Thomaidis, Konstantinos; Geiger, Harri; Meade, Fiona C. (2019).

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culture from Iberia to North Africa during the Neolithic. After the Kelif el Boroud people, additional European ancestry may have been brought to the region from Iberia by people of the

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onward. The Spanish gradually applied the term "Guanche" to the indigenous populations of all seven Canary Islands, with those living on Tenerife being the most important or powerful.

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Historically, the Guanche were the first peoples of Tenerife. Their population seems to have lived in relative obscurity and isolation up until the time of Castilian conquest (ca. the

4913: 6105: 6096: 2190: 4114: 793:. According to tradition, the male and female gods lived in mountains, from which they descended to hear the prayers of the people. On other islands, the natives venerated the 3680:. blog.rtve.es/File:Replica de momia guanche en la gruta del Parque del Drago, Icod de los Vinos, Tenerife, España, 2012-12-13, DD 01.jpgzaccess-date=6 June 2020. 29 May 2020. 3497:"Libyo-Berbers-Tuaregs-Canarians (Tamâhaq Tuaregs in the Canary Islands in the Context of Ethno-Linguistic Prehistory of Libyo-Berbers: Linguistic and Inscriptional Evidence)" 5231: 1406:

was regarded as honorable, and whenever a new king was installed, one of his subjects willingly honored the occasion by throwing himself over a precipice. In some islands,

361:; the artifacts found show that the Romans engaged in trade with the people of the island. However, there is no evidence of them ever settling on or invading the Canaries. 1344:, and in Tenerife amphorae have been found with remains of children inside. This suggests a different kind of ritual infanticide than those who were thrown overboard. 1280:. The work of embalming was reserved for a special class, with women tending to female corpses, and men for the male ones. Embalming seems not to have been universal. 299:

Genetic and linguistic evidence show that North African peoples made a significant contribution to the aboriginal population of the Canaries, notably, following

4241: 4868: 315:. Research into the genetics of the Guanche population has led to the conclusion that they share an ancestry with Berber peoples who immigrated from around 6825: 4906: 2901: 5221: 4255: 3394: 3088: 2633: 506:, ventured to investigate the petroglyphs. Aquilino Padron, a priest at Las Palmas, catalogued inscriptions at El Julan, La Candía and La Caleta, all on 3745: 6089: 1859:

from Guanches buried at numerous Canary Islands (c. 1000 AD). The examined Guanches were found to have closest genetic affinities to modern Moroccan

5236: 4167:"Genomic Analyses of Human European Diversity at the Southwestern Edge: Isolation, African Influence and Disease Associations in the Canary Islands" 5474: 2146:. Some models found the Guanche to be more closely related to modern Sardinians than modern North Africans. They were determined to be carriers of 5018: 5013: 598:, reports that, after having reached an area of "sticky and stinking waters," the Mugharrarin moved back and first reached an uninhabited Island ( 5261: 1298:

in the south of the island of Tenerife. This cemetery was almost completely looted; it is estimated to have contained between 60 and 74 mummies.

681:(the slaughter), Guanche ambushed the Castilians in a valley and killed many. Only one in five of the Castilians survived, including the leader, 4216: 4137: 6830: 5246: 4952: 4942: 4899: 3567: 3414: 2160:, Morocco (c. 3780–3650 BC). The Kelif el Boroud people were modeled as being equally descended from people buried at the Neolithic sites of 6082: 5203: 4978: 4838: 2596: 1926: 1594:

and stone as primary materials), with later influences from medieval European weaponry. Basic armaments in several of the islands included

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Maca-Meyer, Nicole; Arnay, Matilde; Rando, Juan Carlos; Flores, Carlos; González, Ana M.; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Larruga, José M. (2003).

591: 491: 3540: 3514: 5398: 4613: 4400: 4351: 3177: 2994: 2603: 1284: 1207: 288: 2168:, Spain (c. 5280–4750 BC). The Kelif el Boroud were thus determined to have carried 50% EEF ancestry, which may have spread with the 2014:

culture. It was also suggested that the maternal haplogroup H1, also frequent among Guanches, was brought to North Africa during the

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and painted with geometric shapes). After the arrival of the Europeans, Guanche nobility from Gran Canaria were known to wield large

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Lugo later returned to the island with the alliance of the kings of the southern part of the island. He defeated the Guanches in the

5256: 4567: 3827: 3802: 3248: 3223: 2623: 2207: 222:-wide data analysis of the ethnic Guanche confirmed a North African origin, genetically being most similar to ancient North African 708:

people. The tactics used in the Canary Islands in the 15th century served as a model for the Iberian colonisation of the Americas.

3779: 5567: 5271: 3956:. "The results of the ADMIXTURE analysis furthermore show that the Guanches carried early European farmer (EEF)-like ancestry..." 3318: 4718:"Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans" 870:(Museum Archaeological of Puerto de la Cruz in Tenerife). But many more figures have been found in the rest of the archipelago. 322:

The islands were visited by a number of other peoples and representatives of distant civilizations during recorded history; the

5028: 5023: 4777:"The history of the North African mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6 gene flow into the African, Eurasian and American continents" 4171: 1183:

Among the cultural events are significant traces of aboriginal traditions at the holidays and in the current Romería Relief in

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and his father Sunta governed the unified island, which afterwards was divided into nine kingdoms by the children of Tinerfe.

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of 11 Guanches buried at Gran Canaria and Tenerife. The 3 samples of Y-DNA extracted all belonged to the paternal haplogroup

630: 184: 4882: 3678:"Conrado Rodríguez-Maffiote: "Estamos en uno de los mejores momentos en cuanto a la investigación sobre la cultura guanche"" 2210:, on average. Germany Bell Beaker ancestry reached 16.2% and 17.9% in samples from Gran Canaria and Lanzarote respectively. 2087:) buried at Punta Azul, El Hierro (c. 1015–1200 AD). The 16 samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to the paternal haplogroups 251: 2740:

of the Canary Islands; she was presented to the King of Spain with her father and was married to the first Spanish settler.

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Serrano et al. 2023 analysed genome-wide data from 49 Guanche individuals, whose ancestry was modelled as comprising 73.3%

825:; in Tenerife and Gran Canaria, the minor demons took the form of wild black woolly dogs called Jucanchas in the first and 5276: 5226: 4998: 2666: 2627: 634: 3365: 1583:, baked clay seal-shaped objects, were used as vessels for painting the body in various colours. They manufactured rough 1329:

at sunrise at the summer solstice. Sometimes these children came from all parts of the island, even from remote areas of

4458: 2654: 2929: 5997: 5369: 5173: 764: 643: 595: 549: 311:). There are ties between the Guanche language and the Berber languages of North Africa, particularly when comparing 3133:

Bynon, J. (1970). "The contribution of linguistics to history in the field of Berber studies.". In Dalby, D. (ed.).

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in the latter, which lived in deep caves of the mountains, emerging at night to attack livestock and human beings.

4445:"Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe" 3442: 5304: 5008: 2934: 2822: 2118: 1442: 693: 4988: 4396:"Isolation and prominent aboriginal maternal legacy in the present-day population of La Gomera (Canary Islands)" 1486: 726:

is now known only through a few sentences and individual words, supplemented by several placenames. Many modern

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black and red, were fairly common. Dr. René Verneau suggested that the objects the Castilians referred to as

582:. Al-Idrisi reports a journey in the Atlantic Ocean made by the Mugharrarin ("the adventurers"), a family of 5502: 5241: 5188: 5163: 5092: 1394:

The political and social institutions of the Guanches varied. In some islands like Gran Canaria, hereditary

211:. Some scholars have classified the destruction of the Guanche people and culture as an example of colonial 2296:

The table below shows the genomic proportions of North African and Sub-Saharan African ancestry by island.

5469: 5403: 2772: 2607: 1610:, respectively); and shields (small in Tenerife and human-sized in Gran Canaria, where they were known as 1464: 1294:

In 1933, the largest Guanche necropolis of the Canary Islands was found, at Uchova in the municipality of

1288: 1203: 1199: 654: 647: 618: 346: 4659:"Population expansion in the North African Late Pleistocene signalled by mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6" 4504:"Mitogenomes illuminate the origin and migration patterns of the indigenous people of the Canary Islands" 873:

Most researchers agree that the Guanches performed their worship in the open, under sacred trees such as

6353: 6348: 6121: 5990: 5861: 5507: 5497: 5433: 5076: 4037: 3159:

Guanche, indigenous language of the Canary Islands, is generally thought to have been a Berber language.

2147: 2130: 2035: 1552: 735: 503: 196: 5944: 2595:

Many of the islands' museums possess collections of archaeological material and human remains from the

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on Tenerife); round, polished stones; spears; maces (common in Gran Canaria and Tenerife, and known as

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Little is known of the religion of the Guanches. There was a general belief in a supreme being, called

5829: 5767: 4562: 1824: 704: 5777: 5560: 5423: 5198: 5183: 4794: 4735: 4676: 4580: 4563:"Genetic studies on the prehispanic population buried in Punta Azul cave (El Hierro, Canary Islands)" 4521: 4462: 4305: 4220: 4046: 3979: 3704: 3025: 2550: 2184: 2138: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2104: 2073: 2069: 1999: 1973: 1910: 1872: 1781: 1422: 1177: 1176:, sheep or goat meat. At the present time, this coincides with the pilgrimage to the Basilica of the 432: 353:, the Romans visited the Canary Islands during their occupation of mainland North Africa between the 50: 5924: 3794:

An Archaeology of the Margins: Colonialism, Amazighity and Heritage Management in the Canary Islands

2930:"Europe's First Settler Colonial Incursion into Africa: The Genocide of Aboriginal Canary Islanders" 1417: 1306:

Although little is known about this practice among them, it has been shown that they performed both

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of the Canaries seems to reflect diverse levels of technology, with items differing widely from the

40: 6761: 6290: 5934: 5428: 5033: 3571: 2752: 2203: 2173: 2002:, which is characteristic of Guanches. It was suggested that the U6 was brought to North Africa by 1402:. In Tenerife all the land belonged to the kings who leased it to their subjects. In Gran Canaria, 1295: 1141:

the priests responsible for the worship of the ancestor spirits and Maxios (minor gods or genies).

890: 658: 5632: 4288:"Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European" 3677: 3012:"Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European" 2585: 283: 262:

is now used mostly to refer to the pre-Hispanic Indigenous inhabitants of the entire archipelago.

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population were the next to fall, then La Gomera, Gran Canaria, La Palma and in 1496, Tenerife.

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Ribeiro's typology, genomes, and Spanish colonialism, as viewed from Gran Canaria and Colombia

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Various scholars have used the term "genocide" to describe the conquest of the Canary Islands.

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ships may have visited the archipelago earlier for trade purposes, from the second half of the

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An account of the Guanche population may have been made around AD 1150 by the Arab geographer

479: 459: 436: 397: 308: 200: 153: 46: 6074: 5884: 5834: 5812: 5792: 5772: 5747: 5737: 5727: 3406: 6835: 6725: 6592: 6378: 6044: 6029: 5742: 5732: 5464: 5286: 5168: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5003: 4812: 4802: 4753: 4743: 4694: 4684: 4626: 4588: 4539: 4529: 4480: 4470: 4421: 4413: 4372: 4364: 4323: 4313: 4188: 4180: 4115:

Composición genética de poblaciones históricas y prehistóricas humanas de las Islas Canarias

4074: 4064: 4054: 3991: 3792: 3712: 3692: 3544: 3518: 3402: 3390: 3186: 3043: 3033: 2976: 2943: 2925: 2817: 2791: 2092: 1890: 1864: 1595: 1525: 1514: 1438: 1311: 943: 731: 723: 717: 689: 614: 515: 392: 372:

Scholars believe that the original settling by humans on the islands likely resulted in the

255: 208: 192: 142: 138: 102: 68: 5757: 4833: 3284: 2054: 1988: 1941: 1833: 6597: 6019: 6014: 5929: 5706: 5553: 4886: 4850: 4722: 4622: 4409: 4360: 4166: 2165: 2157: 2019: 1906: 1847: 1347: 1334: 1223: 564: 556: 404: 300: 3356: 2161: 1093: 4891: 4855: 4798: 4739: 4680: 4584: 4525: 4466: 4309: 4079: 4050: 4032: 3708: 3029: 2895: 1325:

As for human sacrifices, in Tenerife it was the custom to throw a living child from the

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culture that would have been encountered by the Spanish, at the time of their conquest.

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all knew of the islands and made frequent visits, including expeditions dispatched from

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Spatial frequency distribution (%) of haplogroup H1 in western Eurasia and North Africa

2121:(E-M183), while the 11 samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to the maternal haplogroups 2011: 1932: 1645: 1633: 1615: 1536: 1215: 1056:

Demons in the form of black dogs, these were children of Guayota, the malignant deity.

878: 639: 544: 514:, Dr. René Verneau discovered rock carvings in the ravines of Las Balos that resembled 440: 316: 312: 126: 122: 1386: 1337:

also had a habit of throwing themselves into the sea one year after the king's death.

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The principal malignant deity and Achamán's adversary, who dwells inside Mount Teide.

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Aliño, López-Ibor; Carmen Leal Cercós; Carlos Carbonell Masiá; Janssen-Cilag (2005).

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It is believed that the Guanche may have arrived at the archipelago some time in the

3440:(2021). "The peopling of the Canaries by the Berbers: new data and new hypotheses". 3265: 908: 258:

into "Guanche". Though etymologically an ancient, Tenerife-specific term, the word

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Chapter Proposed for the Oxford Handbook of African Languages, ed. By Rainer Vossen

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The Castilian conquest of the Canary Islands began in 1402, with the expedition of

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During the 14th century, the Guanche are presumed to have had other contacts with

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from Guanches of the Canary Islands. These belonged to the paternal haplogroups

1481: 1164: 999: 727: 471: 362: 358: 354: 327: 270: 157: 4450:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4059: 1587:, mostly without decorations, or ornamented by making fingernail indentations. 6660: 6511: 6501: 6491: 6398: 6393: 6295: 6183: 6163: 5856: 5752: 5662: 5642: 5605: 5339: 5324: 5097: 4748: 4731: 4717: 4592: 2807: 2737: 2143: 2003: 1231:

was not commonly practiced throughout the islands but was highly developed on

981: 937: 855: 832: 778: 583: 487: 467: 416: 373: 169: 4807: 4689: 3724: 2905:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 650–651. 946:

of the Guanches on the island of Tenerife; he is the father god and creator.

6756: 6687: 6677: 6667: 6604: 6577: 6533: 6453: 6260: 6208: 6203: 6193: 6178: 6158: 6051: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5652: 5531: 5294: 5117: 5112: 5102: 4631: 4608: 4475: 4318: 4184: 4142: 3640: 3586: 3191: 3172: 3038: 2778: 2758: 2747: 2573: 2561: 2531: 2065: 2050: 1984: 1968: 1868: 1407: 1399: 1395: 1272: 1253: 1249: 1245: 989: 956:

The native Guanche goddess known as "supporter of he who holds the world ."

951: 894: 849: 366: 350: 323: 204: 4826: 4767: 4708: 4640: 4553: 4494: 4435: 4386: 4337: 4202: 4102: 4088: 4005: 3746:

Un estudio recuerda el expolio de la mayor necrópolis guanche jamás hallada

3200: 3057: 2018:

by migrants from Iberia, who may have participated in the formation of the

1963:

origin. About 15% of their West Eurasian maternal lineages are specific to

809:. A belief in an evil spirit was general. The demon of Tenerife was called 4417: 3996: 1925:, suggesting that descendants of the Guanche played an active role in the 6730: 6655: 6548: 6528: 6523: 6468: 6438: 6428: 6368: 6318: 6310: 6265: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6173: 6153: 6145: 6135: 6130: 6117: 5985: 5939: 5899: 5894: 5866: 5807: 5694: 5669: 5637: 5615: 5344: 5334: 5319: 5314: 5137: 4973: 4576: 4508: 4368: 2733: 2716: 2701: 2682: 2670: 2662: 2641: 2567: 2555: 2084: 2046: 2015: 1952: 1841: 1799: 1591: 1503: 1411: 1355: 1318: 1241: 1232: 1211: 1188: 1153: 1051: 917: 867: 841: 826: 666: 661:

to the island of Lanzarote. Gadifer invaded Lanzarote and Fuerteventura.

579: 527: 463: 377: 292: 239: 212: 156:. The Guanche were the only indigenous people known to have lived in the 4069: 1130:

women priestesses dedicated to worship. They took part in some rituals.

966:

A divine child, son of Chaxiraxi and "supporter of Heaven and Earth." .

889:. Mount Teide was sacred to the aboriginal Guanches and since 2007 is a 6780: 6740: 6735: 6672: 6643: 6614: 6609: 6582: 6538: 6518: 6496: 6448: 6433: 6423: 6418: 6373: 6358: 6338: 6328: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6250: 6188: 5969: 5904: 5844: 5839: 5822: 5817: 5797: 5699: 5600: 5590: 5576: 5349: 5122: 4922: 2837: 2832: 2796: 2743: 2706: 2527:

The main and most significant archaeological sites on each island are:

2026:

suggested that U6 was brought to the Levant from Central Europe in the

1860: 1670: 1584: 1571: 1559: 1492: 1403: 1359: 1291:) mummies of original inhabitants of the Canary Islands are displayed. 1277: 1012: 902: 898: 886: 810: 790: 697: 599: 519: 448: 444: 412: 384: 380: 339: 335: 223: 173: 130: 98: 81: 4758: 3716: 3570:[Animators in the Canary Islands] (in Spanish). Archived from 2041: 1871:. They carried a significantly high amount of the maternal haplogroup 1590:

Guanche weapons adapted to the insular environment (using wood, bone,

1116:

a spiritual and religious person in charge, who directed the worship.

17: 6784: 6717: 6682: 6648: 6565: 6506: 6473: 6463: 6458: 6413: 6403: 6388: 6383: 6363: 6343: 6323: 5851: 5802: 5782: 5711: 5610: 5382: 5132: 3071: 3069: 3067: 2764: 1964: 1955:, (Benahoaritas). 93% of their mtDNA haplogroups were found to be of 1470: 1459: 1371: 1363: 1102: 1072: 1068: 1037: 782: 603: 587: 560: 507: 388: 304: 219: 177: 161: 4874: 4844:

E. G. Bourne, ed., The Northmen, Columbus and Cabot (New York, 1906)

4279:

Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900

4138:"Cuatro apellidos canarios, un bisabuelo peninsular y otro africano" 4033:"The genomic history of the indigenous people of the Canary Islands" 3822:. World Psychiatric Association. Editorial Glosa, S.L. p. 574. 2599:

of the archipelago of the Canaries. Some of the most important are:

3477: 1979: 1267:

Replica of a mummy burial in the cave of Parque del Drago, Tenerife

6629: 6553: 6443: 6408: 6333: 6300: 6255: 6233: 5959: 5647: 5492: 5309: 5299: 5127: 4347:"The maternal aborigine colonization of La Palma (Canary Islands)" 2827: 2189: 2114: 2100: 2040: 1978: 1931: 1882: 1856: 1823: 1416: 1385: 1375: 1367: 1228: 1198: 1173: 971: 882: 845: 831: 822: 814: 802: 786: 700:, Bentor, Mencey of Taoro—what is now the Orotava Valley—in 1496. 638: 543: 424: 420: 269: 119: 3980:"The demography of the Canary Islands from a genetic perspective" 3693:"Sacred ground; the Maipés necropolis of north-west Gran Canaria" 2083:

examined the remains of a large number of Guanches of El Hierro (

5620: 4517: 3457:

Hayward, Richard (2000). "Afroasiatic". In Heine; Nurse (eds.).

1575: 1043: 1004: 874: 818: 806: 798: 511: 495: 6078: 5549: 4895: 3780:

Aparición de sacrificios de niños entre los Aborígenes Canarios

3241:

The History of the Discovery and Conquest of the Canary Islands

2894: 2982:

Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples

1075:

who were connected with the gods and ordained hierarchically:

1046:

or genies; domestic spirits and guardians of specific places.

977: 794: 482:

in 1341, with a translation of numbers used by the islanders.

419:), stated that a Mauretanian expedition to the islands, circa 3877: 3875: 1429:

The island of Tenerife was divided into nine small kingdoms (

789:

in La Palma. The women of Hierro worshipped a goddess called

145:

of mainland North Africa; the language became extinct in the

5042: 4834:

Roman Trade with the Canary Islands, Archaeology 50.3 (1997)

4650:

The Canary Islanders: Their History, Conquest & Survival

3137:. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation. pp. 64–77. 3110: 2804: – a Guanche whistling language, still extant 858:

have been found in the islands, including the Idol of Tara (

164:. There is no accepted evidence that the other Macaronesian 6795:. The Madeira and Azores islands were unoccupied until the 980:

and the light, and also thought to be one of the principal

5545: 4716:

Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo; et al. (26 October 2017).

4217:"Las manifestaciones artísticas prehispánicas y su huella" 3264:

Hogan, C. Michael (2 November 2007). Burnham, Andy (ed.).

1398:

by matrilineality prevailed, in others the government was

1340:

Bones of children mixed with lambs and kids were found in

1244:

they were preserved by these environmental factors and in

1191:) and the lowering of the Rama, in Agaete (Gran Canaria). 5267:

Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes de Santa Cruz de Tenerife

3395:"Cultural Homogenization, Ethnic Cleansing, and Genocide" 3128: 3126: 3124: 2010:, who were probably responsible for the formation of the 411:

author and military officer drawing from the accounts of

2736:, princess and daughter of Bencomo. She is known as the 2665:

movement with several hundred followers, was founded in

4880:

Archaeology of the Guanches and the Galdar Painted cave

4609:"Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches" 3953: 3941: 3173:"Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches" 3075: 2755:(born Tenesor Semidan), king who aided Spanish conquest 2110: 590:. The only surviving version of this book, kept at the 129:

some 100 kilometres (60 mi) to the west of modern

692:. The northern Menceyatos or provinces fell after the 664:

The other five islands fought back. El Hierro and the

431:

Tenerife, specifically the archaeological site of the

4607:

Maca-Meyer, Nicole; et al. (24 September 2003).

2099:(R1b-M269) (7 samples). All the extracted samples of 646:

presenting the captured Guanche kings of Tenerife to

4561:

Ordóñez, Alejandra C.; et al. (February 2017).

4165:

Guillen-Guio, Beatriz; et al. (December 2018).

3797:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 8. 3010:

Fregel, R; Gomes, V; Gusmão, L; et al. (2009).

994:

The "Supreme Being," according to oral tradition. .

617:

seafarers from Spain. This is based on the Balearic

567:

but do not report anything about their populations.

439:, has provided evidence of habitation dating to the 6749: 6716: 6700: 6627: 6482: 6309: 6241: 6232: 6144: 6116: 5978: 5877: 5720: 5583: 5483: 5442: 5391: 5368: 5285: 5212: 5146: 5085: 5054: 4961: 1350:has been seen in other cultures, especially in the 1252:the existence of mummification is not verified. In 92: 75: 62: 57: 3775: 3773: 1637:Reconstruction of a Guanche settlement of Tenerife 1622:(larger than the European two-handed type) called 885:, which was believed to be the abode of the devil 3842: 1852: 5232:Castle of San Cristóbal (Santa Cruz de Tenerife) 4657:Pereira, Luisa; et al. (21 December 2010). 3478:"Berber subclassification (preliminary version)" 3358:On the Ancient Inhabitants of the Canary Islands 3239:Galindo, Juan de Abreu (1 January 1999). "VII". 1007:god, identified with the supreme god (Achamán). 494:have also been found on some of the islands. In 141:, which is believed to have been related to the 4394:Fregel, Rosa; et al. (23 September 2015). 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3214:Walker, Lawrence R.; Bellingham, Peter (2011). 2156:examined remains at the Late Neolithic site of 1998:studies the origins of the maternal haplogroup 3929: 3917: 3881: 3866: 3854: 2624:Museum of History and Anthropology of Tenerife 2080: 1995: 1948: 1878: 1105:(Aboriginal kings), who directed the worship. 6799:in the 15th century; the Canary islands, the 6090: 5561: 4907: 4103:The estimation of admixture in racial hybrids 4018: 3965: 3905: 3893: 3148: 3146: 3144: 2179: 2153: 2061: 2023: 1654:Presumed Guanche names of the Canary Islands 8: 6803:occupied the territory until the Castilians. 4775:Secher, Bernard; et al. (19 May 2014). 33: 4502:Fregel, Rosa; et al. (20 March 2019). 4286:Fregel, Rosa; et al. (3 August 2009). 3385: 3383: 3218:. Cambridge University Press. p. 162. 2006:-like humans from the Near East during the 785:in Gran Canaria, Eraoranhan in Hierro, and 526:occupation or earlier. In other locations, 451:artifacts that were found inside the cave. 250:= Tenerife). It was modified, according to 6238: 6097: 6083: 6075: 5568: 5554: 5546: 5222:Archaeological Museum of Puerto de la Cruz 4914: 4900: 4892: 4443:Fregel, Rosa; et al. (26 June 2018). 4345:Fregel, Rosa; et al. (October 2009). 3791:Jose Farrujia de la Rosa, Augusto (2014). 3243:. Adamant Media Corporation. p. 173. 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2634:Archaeological Museum of Puerto de la Cruz 905:were considered "persons blessed by God." 548:Guanche kings of Tenerife surrendering to 32: 4816: 4806: 4757: 4747: 4698: 4688: 4630: 4543: 4533: 4484: 4474: 4425: 4376: 4327: 4317: 4192: 4078: 4068: 4058: 3995: 3766:Sacrificios entre los Aborígenes canarios 3295:(3). Archaeological Institute of America. 3190: 3047: 3037: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2730:) of Tenerife and half-brother of Bencomo 1421:A statue of the Guanche Mencey Añaterve. 881:, or near sacred mountains such as Mount 226:peoples of the mainland African deserts. 160:archipelago region before the arrival of 149:, soon after the islands were colonized. 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2584: 2298: 2221: 1951:extracted the mtDNA of 30 Guanches from 1652: 1644: 1632: 1390:Tenerife prior to the Castilian invasion 1262: 1077: 1022: 922: 907: 768: 621:found on several of the Canary Islands. 282: 27:Native inhabitants of the Canary Islands 5154:Bienes de Interés Cultural (Las Palmas) 5019:Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797) 5014:Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657) 4259:on religious minorities in the Canaries 3216:Island Environments in a Changing World 2853: 1765: 5247:Elder Museum of Science and Technology 3407:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.139 2202:, 6.9% Morocco Early Neolithic, 13.4% 238:literally translated means "person of 85: 5237:Centro de Fotografía Isla de Tenerife 5159:Bienes de Interés Cultural (Tenerife) 3285:"Roman Trade With the Canary Islands" 3115:meaning following the RAE Dictionary" 401:, the extinct giant rat of Tenerife. 7: 5262:Museo de la Naturaleza y Arqueología 4948: 3612:Reyes, Ignacio (14 September 2017). 3585:Reyes, Ignacio (14 September 2017). 3338:La première géographie de l'Occident 3321:[Protohistory of Tenerife]. 3283:Slayman, Andrew L. (May–June 1997). 2164:, Morocco (c. 5325–4786 BC) and the 2103:belonged to the maternal haplogroup 1927:Spanish colonization of the Americas 696:with the defeat of the successor of 540:Canary Islands in pre-colonial times 207:Island), as well as some lexicon of 58:Regions with significant populations 4839:The Voyages of Christopher Columbus 4031:Serrano, J.G.; et al. (2023). 3366:Journal of the Ethnological Society 2724: 2690: 1410:was practised; in others they were 443:. This is based on the analyses of 6826:Indigenous peoples of North Africa 5399:Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife 4614:European Journal of Human Genetics 4401:European Journal of Human Genetics 4352:European Journal of Human Genetics 3978:Fregel, Rosa; et al. (2020). 3639:Reyes, Ignacio (23 October 2017). 3178:European Journal of Human Genetics 2746:, ruler of Aceró on the island of 2604:Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre 2064:examined the mtDNA of Guanches of 1285:Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre 1208:Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre 349:, found on and near the island of 289:Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre 25: 5257:Museum of the History of Tenerife 4568:Journal of Archaeological Science 2576:: Archaeological zone of El Julan 274:Guanche rock carvings in La Palma 5530: 5519: 5272:Museum of Science and the Cosmos 4947: 4938: 4937: 4270:Bibliography and further reading 1828:Painting of Guanche warriors of 1807: 1792: 1780: 1768: 1598:of 1 to 2 m in length (known as 773:Chieftains' batons from La Palma 750:for the origin of Proto-Berber. 592:Bibliothèque Nationale de France 522:script, dating from the time of 395:; one example is believed to be 185:Spanish conquest of the Canaries 39: 4242:Minorías religiosas en Canarias 4172:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3342:The first geography of the West 1848:Kelif el Boroud § Genetics 730:propose that it belongs to the 137:coast. The islanders spoke the 3344:] (in French). Paris: NEF. 3135:Language and history in Africa 1558:In Tenerife, the grand Mencey 631:Conquest of the Canary Islands 183:After the commencement of the 1: 6831:History of the Canary Islands 5277:Tenerife Espacio de las Artes 5227:Atlantic Center of Modern Art 4999:Kingdom of the Canary Islands 4869:Canary Islands – Los Guanches 4146:(in Spanish). 12 January 2019 3495:Militarev, Alexander (2018). 3325:(in Spanish). 16 August 2014. 2948:10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863 635:Kingdom of the Canary Islands 4535:10.1371/journal.pone.0209125 4459:National Academy of Sciences 4219:(in Spanish). Archived from 3954:Rodríguez-Varela et al. 2017 3942:Rodríguez-Varela et al. 2017 3820:Images of Spanish Psychiatry 3443:Études et Documents Berbères 3076:Rodríguez-Varela et al. 2017 2655:Church of the Guanche People 2111:Rodríguez-Varela et al. 2017 1260:this practice is ruled out. 1180:(Patron of Canary Islands). 486:throughout the archipelago. 5204:Church of San Juan Bautista 3319:"Protohistoria de Tenerife" 1433:), each ruled by a king or 924:Principal gods of Tenerife 765:Traditional Berber religion 555:The geographic accounts of 492:Mediterranean civilizations 6857: 6841:Extinct Indigenous peoples 5040: 4277:Crosby, Alfred W. (1993). 4060:10.1038/s41467-023-40198-w 3476:Kossmann, Maarten (2011). 3463:Cambridge University Press 3266:"Mogador: promontory fort" 2987:Hackett Publishing Company 2667:San Cristóbal de La Laguna 2659:Iglesia del Pueblo Guanche 2628:San Cristóbal de La Laguna 2618:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 1845: 1839: 1221: 1151: 1101:spiritual advisers to the 864:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 762: 715: 628: 594:, and first translated by 537: 6791:were not occupied by the 6777: 5516: 5305:Canarian wrinkly potatoes 5009:Second Battle of Acentejo 4933: 4749:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.059 4593:10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.004 4113:Nicole Maca Meyer. 2002, 3305:Pliny, "Natural History" 3099:] (in Spanish). 1676. 2935:African Historical Review 2823:Second Battle of Acentejo 2306: 2303: 1959:origin, while 7% were of 1741: 1728: 1707: 1686: 1666: 813:and lived at the peak of 694:Second Battle of Acentejo 502:, a military governor of 287:Guanche pottery exhibit ( 97: 80: 67: 38: 4994:First Battle of Acentejo 4808:10.1186/1471-2148-14-109 4782:BMC Evolutionary Biology 4690:10.1186/1471-2148-10-390 4664:BMC Evolutionary Biology 4293:BMC Evolutionary Biology 3984:Human Molecular Genetics 3944:, p. 3397, Table 1. 3645:DICCIONARIO ÍNSULOAMAZIQ 3618:DICCIONARIO ÍNSULOAMAZIQ 3591:DICCIONARIO ÍNSULOAMAZIQ 3541:"ÍNSULOAMAZIQ: Tibicena" 3515:"ÍNSULOAMAZIQ: Jucancha" 3355:Hodgkin, Thomas (1848). 3017:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2813:First Battle of Acentejo 1936:Painting of Guanches of 1881:extracted 30 samples of 1855:extracted 71 samples of 1842:Bimbache § Genetics 1649:The Guanches on Tenerife 1121:Maguadas or Arimaguadas 683:Alonso Fernandez de Lugo 675:First Battle of Acentejo 644:Alonso Fernández de Lugo 550:Alonso Fernández de Lugo 534:Pre-conquest exploration 195:and traditions, such as 187:, starting in the early 4856:Canarias.com – Guanches 4632:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201075 4476:10.1073/pnas.1800851115 4319:10.1186/1471-2148-9-181 3192:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201075 3155:Dictionary of Languages 3039:10.1186/1471-2148-9-181 2902:Encyclopædia Britannica 2781:, queen of Gran Canaria 2761:, brother of Guanarteme 2558:: Masca's solar station 1983:Painting of Gomeros of 836:Mount Teide on Tenerife 817:volcano, which was the 580:King Roger II of Sicily 5404:Carnival of Las Palmas 5048: 4257:La Opinión de Tenerife 3920:, p. 24, Table 2. 3843:Maca-Meyer et al. 2003 3568:"Animeros en Canarias" 3153:Dalby, Andrew (1998). 2649:New religious movement 2608:Santa Cruz de Tenerife 2597:prehistory and history 2592: 2551:Painted Cave of Gáldar 2200:Morocco Late Neolithic 2195: 2058: 2022:. In a further study, 1992: 1945: 1853:Maca-Meyer et al. 2003 1837: 1650: 1638: 1465:Menceyato de Tacoronte 1426: 1391: 1289:Santa Cruz de Tenerife 1268: 1219: 920: 837: 774: 759:Religion and mythology 677:(31 May 1494), called 650: 648:Ferdinand and Isabella 578:, a book he wrote for 552: 296: 275: 6354:Celtici Supertamarici 6349:Celtici Praestamarici 5611:Koidamousii/Ucutumani 5508:Caldera de Taburiente 5498:Auditorio de Tenerife 5470:Open Lanzarote Island 5046: 4648:Mercer, John (1980). 4418:10.1038/ejhg.2014.251 4185:10.1093/molbev/msy190 4038:Nature Communications 3566:Hernández, Fernándo. 3399:International Studies 3323:turismo.opennemas.com 3289:Archeology Newsbriefs 3270:The Megalithic Portal 2588: 2564:: Fortress of Chipude 2193: 2148:Early European Farmer 2137:, U6b1a (3 samples), 2044: 2036:Levantine Aurignacian 2034:culture, forming the 1982: 1935: 1840:Further information: 1827: 1648: 1636: 1553:Menceyato de Tegueste 1420: 1389: 1266: 1202: 911: 848:(god of the Sun) and 835: 772: 736:Afroasiatic languages 642: 596:Pierre Amédée Jaubert 547: 530:has been identified. 286: 273: 266:Historical background 252:Juan Núñez de la Peña 93:Related ethnic groups 5424:Virgin of Candelaria 5242:Castillo de San José 5199:Painted Cave, Galdar 5189:El Maipés Necropolis 5184:Las Palmas Cathedral 5164:Castillo de San José 5029:Autonomous community 4369:10.1038/ejhg.2009.46 2928:(7 September 2017). 2307:Sub-Saharan African 1423:Candelaria, Tenerife 1195:Funerals and mummies 1178:Virgin of Candelaria 1081:Religious authority 912:Guanche idol in the 528:Libyco-Berber script 490:attributed to other 433:Cave of the Guanches 376:of uniquely-adapted 51:Candelaria, Tenerife 5429:Cristo de La Laguna 5370:Musical instruments 5034:Canarian Parliament 4989:Treaty of Alcáçovas 4875:Museums of Tenerife 4799:2014BMCEE..14..109S 4740:2017CBio...27E3396R 4681:2010BMCEE..10..390P 4585:2017JArSc..78...20O 4526:2019PLoSO..1409125F 4467:2018PNAS..115.6774F 4310:2009BMCEE...9..181F 4051:2023NatCo..14.4641S 3997:10.1093/hmg/ddaa262 3930:Ordóñez et al. 2017 3918:Ordóñez et al. 2017 3882:Pereira et al. 2010 3867:Fregel et al. 2009b 3855:Fregel et al. 2009a 3709:2019GeolT..35...55T 3030:2009BMCEE...9..181F 2753:Fernando Guanarteme 2523:Archeological sites 2204:Germany Bell Beaker 2174:Bell Beaker culture 2081:Ordóñez et al. 2017 1996:Pereira et al. 2010 1961:sub-Saharan African 1949:Fregel et al. 2009b 1879:Fregel et al. 2009a 1655: 1566:Clothes and weapons 1487:Menceyato de Güímar 1322:the other islands. 1296:San Miguel de Abona 1204:Mummy of San Andrés 1025: 925: 891:World Heritage Site 659:Gadifer de la Salle 655:Jean de Béthencourt 218:In 2017, the first 154:first millennium BC 118:inhabitants of the 35: 6708:Germani (Oretania) 6057:Kabyle nationalism 5537:Islands portal 5486:the Canary Islands 5455:Canarian wrestling 5049: 5024:Spanish transition 4979:Pre-colonial times 4885:2020-02-02 at the 4849:2010-03-24 at the 4019:Fregel et al. 2019 3966:Fregel et al. 2018 3906:Fregel et al. 2015 3894:Secher et al. 2014 3547:on 21 October 2013 3521:on 21 October 2013 2593: 2542:Montaña de Tindaya 2196: 2180:Fregel et al. 2019 2154:Fregel et al. 2018 2062:Fregel et al. 2015 2059: 2024:Secher et al. 2014 1993: 1946: 1838: 1653: 1651: 1639: 1542:Menceyato de Daute 1531:Menceyato de Icode 1520:Menceyato de Adeje 1509:Menceyato de Anaga 1498:Menceyato de Taoro 1476:Menceyato de Abona 1427: 1392: 1269: 1235:in particular. In 1220: 1063:Aboriginal priests 1023: 923: 921: 838: 775: 748:terminus post quem 651: 625:Castilian conquest 572:Muhammad al-Idrisi 553: 500:Domingo Vandewalle 297: 276: 180:) were inhabited. 6808: 6807: 6701:Germanic peoples? 6623: 6622: 6110:Iberian Peninsula 6106:Pre-Roman peoples 6072: 6071: 5945:Sanhajas de Srayr 5543: 5542: 5484:Symbols places of 5414:Cavalcade of Magi 5409:Bajada (festival) 5179:Guayadeque ravine 3717:10.1111/gto.12262 3459:African Languages 3446:. 45–46: 149–173. 3416:978-0-19-084662-6 3391:Conversi, Daniele 2989:. pp. 1–32. 2977:Adhikari, Mohamed 2926:Adhikari, Mohamed 2700:on the island of 2638:Puerto de la Cruz 2570:: Cave of Belmaco 2520: 2519: 2285: 2284: 2214:Mitochondrial DNA 2055:Leonardo Torriani 2030:by people of the 2028:Upper Paleolithic 2008:Upper Paleolithic 1989:Leonardo Torriani 1942:Leonardo Torriani 1834:Leonardo Torriani 1759: 1758: 1308:animal sacrifices 1145: 1144: 1110:Faykan or Faicán 1067:The Guanches had 1060: 1059: 1042:Benevolent minor 1021: 1020: 754:System of beliefs 480:Nicoloso da Recco 437:Icod de los Vinos 415:(ancient King of 398:Canariomys bravoi 393:insular gigantism 201:whistled language 125:, located in the 108: 107: 86:Guanche mythology 16:(Redirected from 6848: 6688:Turdetani Proper 6239: 6099: 6092: 6085: 6076: 6015:Arabized Berbers 5570: 5563: 5556: 5547: 5535: 5534: 5526:Spain portal 5524: 5523: 5522: 5475:Open Costa Adeje 5465:Salto del pastor 5169:Caves of Valeron 5004:Battle of Aguere 4951: 4950: 4941: 4940: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4893: 4830: 4820: 4810: 4771: 4761: 4751: 4712: 4702: 4692: 4653: 4644: 4634: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4557: 4547: 4537: 4498: 4488: 4478: 4439: 4429: 4390: 4380: 4341: 4331: 4321: 4282: 4264: 4263: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4196: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4134: 4128: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4082: 4072: 4062: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4009: 3999: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3788: 3782: 3777: 3768: 3763: 3748: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3674: 3668: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3543:. Archived from 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3517:. Archived from 3511: 3505: 3504: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3387: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3363: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3194: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3150: 3139: 3138: 3130: 3119: 3118: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3062: 3061: 3051: 3041: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2985:. Indianapolis: 2979:(25 July 2022). 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2922: 2907: 2906: 2898: 2896:"Guanches" 2887: 2818:Battle of Aguere 2792:Guanche language 2729: 2726: 2695: 2692: 2299: 2222: 2095:(7 samples) and 1865:Canary Islanders 1811: 1796: 1784: 1772: 1656: 1382:Political system 1312:human sacrifices 1078: 1026: 1024:Mythical beings 926: 724:Guanche language 718:Guanche language 705:Mohamed Adikhari 690:Battle of Aguere 576:Nuzhatul Mushtaq 359:4th centuries AD 234:The native term 209:Canarian Spanish 193:Canarian customs 143:Berber languages 139:Guanche language 103:Canary Islanders 43: 36: 21: 6856: 6855: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6821:Ancient peoples 6811: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6773: 6750:Semitic peoples 6745: 6712: 6696: 6619: 6484: 6478: 6305: 6228: 6140: 6112: 6103: 6073: 6068: 6020:Berber diaspora 5974: 5873: 5716: 5707:Quinquegentiani 5579: 5574: 5544: 5539: 5529: 5520: 5518: 5512: 5485: 5479: 5438: 5387: 5364: 5281: 5214: 5208: 5174:Four Doors cave 5142: 5081: 5077:Gomeran Whistle 5050: 5038: 4957: 4929: 4923:Cultural domain 4920: 4887:Wayback Machine 4865: 4860: 4851:Wayback Machine 4774: 4723:Current Biology 4715: 4656: 4647: 4623:Nature Research 4606: 4597: 4595: 4560: 4501: 4442: 4410:Nature Research 4393: 4361:Nature Research 4344: 4285: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4261: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4013: 3990:(R1): R64–R71. 3977: 3976: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3771: 3764: 3751: 3744: 3740: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3614:"Achguayaxerax" 3611: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3389: 3388: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3361: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3336:Idrisi (1999). 3335: 3334: 3330: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3152: 3151: 3142: 3132: 3131: 3122: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3065: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2924: 2923: 2910: 2889: 2888: 2855: 2851: 2788: 2727: 2693: 2679: 2651: 2626:(Casa Lercaro, 2583: 2525: 2290: 2216: 2166:Cave of El Toro 2158:Kelif el Boroud 2020:Capsian culture 1850: 1844: 1822: 1815: 1814:Stone artefacts 1812: 1803: 1797: 1788: 1785: 1776: 1773: 1764: 1568: 1455: 1384: 1366:in what is now 1348:Child sacrifice 1335:Guanche mummies 1304: 1226: 1224:Guanche mummies 1197: 1161: 1156: 1150: 1065: 976:The god of the 767: 761: 756: 720: 714: 637: 629:Main articles: 627: 586:seafarers from 565:Fortunate Isles 557:Pliny the Elder 542: 536: 405:Pliny the Elder 345:Based on Roman 313:numeral systems 301:desertification 281: 268: 232: 53: 31: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6854: 6852: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6813: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6789:Canary Islands 6778: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6759: 6753: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6722: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6675: 6665: 6664: 6663: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6635: 6633: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6488: 6486: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6315: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6247: 6245: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6150: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6127: 6125: 6114: 6113: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6094: 6087: 6079: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6059: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6006: 6005: 5995: 5994: 5993: 5982: 5980: 5979:Related topics 5976: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5550: 5541: 5540: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5489: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5460:Juego del Palo 5457: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5374: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5300:Canarian arepa 5297: 5291: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5218: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5148: 5147:Historic sites 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5093:Gara and Jonay 5089: 5087: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5064: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4945: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4927:Canary Islands 4921: 4919: 4918: 4911: 4904: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4877: 4872: 4871:at Rare Plants 4864: 4863:External links 4861: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4791:BioMed Central 4772: 4713: 4673:BioMed Central 4654: 4645: 4604: 4558: 4499: 4440: 4391: 4342: 4302:BioMed Central 4283: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4248: 4234: 4223:on 24 May 2021 4208: 4157: 4129: 4118: 4106: 4101:Elston. 1971, 4094: 4045:(4641): 4641. 4023: 4011: 3970: 3958: 3946: 3934: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3886: 3871: 3859: 3847: 3835: 3828: 3810: 3803: 3783: 3769: 3749: 3738: 3683: 3669: 3658: 3631: 3604: 3577: 3574:on 5 May 2008. 3558: 3532: 3506: 3487: 3468: 3449: 3429: 3415: 3379: 3347: 3328: 3310: 3298: 3275: 3256: 3249: 3231: 3224: 3206: 3163: 3157:. p. 88. 3140: 3120: 3102: 3080: 3063: 3002: 2996:978-1647920548 2995: 2968: 2908: 2893:, ed. (1911). 2891:Chisholm, Hugh 2852: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2799: 2794: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2776: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2741: 2731: 2728: warrior 2714: 2709:, penultimate 2704: 2678: 2677:Notable people 2675: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2645: 2631: 2621: 2611: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2544: 2535: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2255:Canary Islands 2251: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2239:Canary Islands 2235: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2215: 2212: 2012:Iberomaurusian 1821: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1806: 1804: 1798: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1742:Fuerteventura 1739: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1570:Guanches wore 1567: 1564: 1556: 1555: 1544: 1533: 1522: 1511: 1500: 1489: 1478: 1467: 1454: 1447: 1383: 1380: 1331:Punta de Rasca 1327:Punta de Rasca 1303: 1300: 1222:Main article: 1216:Canary Islands 1196: 1193: 1160: 1157: 1152:Main article: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1099: 1096: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1002: 996: 995: 992: 986: 985: 974: 968: 967: 964: 958: 957: 954: 948: 947: 940: 934: 933: 930: 760: 757: 755: 752: 734:branch of the 713: 710: 626: 623: 538:Main article: 535: 532: 441:6th century BC 317:Western Sahara 280: 277: 267: 264: 231: 228: 127:Atlantic Ocean 123:Canary Islands 106: 105: 95: 94: 90: 89: 78: 77: 73: 72: 71:(historically) 65: 64: 60: 59: 55: 54: 44: 29: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6853: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6776: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6762:Carthaginians 6760: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6626: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6561:Eastern Celts 6559: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6544:Mirobrigenses 6542: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6122:Proto-Basques 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6100: 6095: 6093: 6088: 6086: 6081: 6080: 6077: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6050: 6046: 6045:United States 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5566: 5564: 5559: 5557: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5538: 5533: 5527: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5355:Tropical beer 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5325:Miel de palma 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5252:Museo Canario 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215:and galleries 5211: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5194:Museo Canario 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4946: 4944: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4917: 4912: 4910: 4905: 4903: 4898: 4897: 4894: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4734:: 3396–3402. 4733: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4461:: 6774–6779. 4460: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4412:: 1236–1243. 4411: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4363:: 1314–1324. 4362: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4260: 4258: 4252: 4249: 4243: 4238: 4235: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4161: 4158: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4098: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3836: 3831: 3829:84-7429-200-X 3825: 3821: 3814: 3811: 3806: 3804:9781461493969 3800: 3796: 3795: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3742: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3697:Geology Today 3694: 3687: 3684: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3632: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3605: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3559: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3533: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3439: 3438:Blench, Roger 3433: 3430: 3418: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3368:. p. 173 3367: 3360: 3359: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3257: 3252: 3250:1-4021-7269-9 3246: 3242: 3235: 3232: 3227: 3225:9780521519601 3221: 3217: 3210: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3185:(2): 155–62. 3184: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3117:(in Spanish). 3116: 3114: 3106: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3092: 3084: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3006: 3003: 2998: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2903: 2897: 2892: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2688: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2653:In 2001, the 2648: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2614:Museo Canario 2612: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2538:Fuerteventura 2536: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2522: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2347:Fuerteventura 2345: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2304:North African 2301: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2288:Autosomal DNA 2287: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2227:North-African 2226: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2192: 2188: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2133:(3 samples), 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2113:examined the 2112: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1957:West Eurasian 1954: 1950: 1943: 1939: 1938:Grand Canaria 1934: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1923:Latin America 1920: 1919:Mediterranean 1916: 1913:(3.33%), and 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1843: 1835: 1831: 1830:Grand Canaria 1826: 1819: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1795: 1790: 1783: 1778: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1737:Titeroigatra 1736: 1735: 1732:Titerogakaet 1731: 1727: 1723: 1721:Gran Canaria 1720: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1647: 1643: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620:wooden swords 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1463:or Acaymo of 1462: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1453:) of Tenerife 1452: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1388: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352:Mediterranean 1349: 1345: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1274: 1271:The Guanches 1265: 1261: 1259: 1258:Fuerteventura 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1229:Mummification 1225: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1158: 1155: 1147: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1127: 1126:Gran Canaria 1123: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1113:Gran Canaria 1112: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092:Guadameñe or 1091: 1090: 1086: 1084:Jurisdiction 1083: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1062: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 997: 993: 991: 988: 987: 983: 979: 975: 973: 970: 969: 965: 963: 960: 959: 955: 953: 950: 949: 945: 941: 939: 936: 935: 931: 928: 927: 919: 915: 914:Museo Guanche 910: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 871: 869: 865: 861: 860:Museo Canario 857: 853: 851: 847: 843: 834: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 781:in Tenerife, 780: 771: 766: 758: 753: 751: 749: 743: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 719: 711: 709: 706: 701: 699: 695: 691: 686: 684: 680: 676: 671: 669: 668: 662: 660: 656: 649: 645: 641: 636: 632: 624: 622: 620: 616: 611: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 568: 566: 562: 558: 551: 546: 541: 533: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 483: 481: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 452: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 429: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 400: 399: 394: 390: 386: 382: 379: 375: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 343: 341: 337: 333: 332:Carthaginians 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 294: 290: 285: 278: 272: 265: 263: 261: 257: 253: 249: 246:= person and 245: 241: 237: 229: 227: 225: 221: 216: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 150: 148: 144: 140: 136: 135:North African 132: 128: 124: 121: 117: 113: 104: 100: 96: 91: 87: 83: 79: 74: 70: 66: 61: 56: 52: 48: 42: 37: 19: 6800: 6483:Other Celtic 6243:Celtiberians 6010:Arab-Berbers 5991:Latin script 5787: 5528: 5450:Bola canaria 4968: 4786: 4780: 4727: 4721: 4668: 4662: 4649: 4618: 4612: 4596:. 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