Mengdu - Knowledge (XXG)

31: 53: 42: 292: 472:) and stands for the difficult roads by which the girl and her servant cautiously make their way to the Hwanggeum Temple. The spiral marks on the handle symbolize the fingermarks that Noga-danpung-agissi leaves on her wrists after wringing them, either out of despair at her imprisonment or out of panic once she realizes she is pregnant. The hole in the handle represents the hole by which the imprisoned girl is fed, and the three knots on the string tied to it are the triplets themselves. The skirt is either Noga-danpung-agissi's skirt, or the veil that she wears while meeting the priest. There are sometimes six strands of string beneath the paper skirt. These stand for the Mengdu triplets and Neosame-neodoryeong, who in some versions appear as triplets and not a single god. 1857: 1629: 1082: 635: 559: 857:

the gods are willing to descend and that the future will be favorable for the worshippers. But these become dangerous omens at the end of a ritual or in healing ceremonies. The gates being open, the gods are unwilling to leave even after the ritual is done, and the gods of pestilence will not be depart from the patient. Conversely, an upside-down cup and a disc with the smooth side up are considered closed. The gods are unwilling to descend, the worshippers will face misfortune, and both the gods and the spirits of pestilence are willing to leave the human world. The detailed divination outcomes are given below.

1816:, which is very popular in modern Korean society, is undermining or eliminating local shamanic traditions. In Jeju as well, large numbers of mainland shamans are entering the island, although they are not initiated into the Jeju priesthood and are usually incapable of holding rituals in the Jeju style. The mainlanders are joined by laymen from Jeju who decide to practice shamanic ritual without bothering to undergo the difficult training and initiation processes. Many of these new kinds of ritual practitioners independently make their own 1216: 447: 1524:"), another important component of the Sin-gut held some time after the initiation. The Gobun-mengdu takes the form of ritual theater. The newly initiated shaman takes a nap, muttering that nobody would dare steal his ritual implements. Meanwhile, the senior shamans hide the implements under the altar for the gods of death. The apprentice shamans then wake up the initiate, saying that there is a ritual to attend to. Finding everything gone, they vainly attempt to make fake 1766: 403:, a disease sent down by the gods and cured only by initiation into shamanism. However, there are no ritual devices that she can use. She goes to the palace where the ritual implements are kept and prays to the triplets, who give her the sacred objects necessary for the shamanic initiation rite. The councilor's daughter is the first truly human shaman, and her receiving the ritual objects represents the first generational transfer of shamanic knowledge. 1412: 536:, the bridge of turned backs, showing the daughter and her parents turning their backs to each other. It portends a departure or discord. When either position appears when the shaman is inviting the gods into the human world, it means that the gods are unwilling to descend. When they appear when the shaman is sending the gods back to their abode, they are taken as an auspicious sign meaning that the gods are willing to leave. 501: 1252:. Nowadays, inheritance may also be to a worthy disciple, close friend, or even to an unconnected shaman, as direct inheritance is considered preferable to the other means of transfer. However, this is a recent phenomenon due to the ongoing decline in the number of people who want to be traditionally ordained priests, which means that there are often no family members who are willing to take on the 570:, "bell the master that is shaken". Like the knives, it has two major parts. The bell proper is 5–6 cm (2.0–2.4 in) high and 6–7 cm (2.4–2.8 in) wide at the mouth, with a clapper inside. The "skirt" consists of five to seven rolls (55–65 cm (22–26 in) long) of multicolored cloth—often red, green, and blue—which the shaman holds while ringing the bell. 1478:

had seven sets melted six of them and reforged them into only one, in order to relieve the burden on her family who would succeed her. Another shaman had two sets, one inherited from her great-aunt and another made by her husband. She melted and reforged them into two new sets, both copies of her great aunt's set, in order to prevent conflict between the ancestors of each set.

1049:, the god of the sea, who has pearls in his mouth. Once the shaman has reached the worshippers, they spit out the implements onto the earth and divine the gods' will depending on how they fall. For this ritual alone, the resulting configurations are named after dragons. The worst configuration is the White Dragon, when all four implements are closed. 542:, the position in which both rounded sides face left, is a positive sign that the gods were originally not planning to grant blessings, but have decided otherwise due to sympathy for the worshippers upon attending the ritual. It is the symbol of Noga-danpung-agissi's father giving his daughter a golden fan. The final position of 1373:

is traditionally gathered by asking the lay worshippers for donations of brass vessels and cutlery. Once the necessary metal has been pooled, the shaman visits the forge on an auspicious day. An initial ritual is held for the gods of the forge, including Jeon'gyeongnok, the celestial smith who forges

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is when they do not. The former symbolizes Noga-danpung-agissi's parents' initial decision to kill her with a straw-cutting machine, and is believed to presage unpreventable misfortune. The latter represents her parents' decision to stab her with swords instead, and means that misfortune is impending

1477:

is considered inadvisable both in practical terms, as the ancestors of all sets must be maintained, and religiously, as the ancestors of each set might become jealous of each other and lead to discord in the shaman's family as well. Multiple sets may be melted and reforged. In one case, a shaman who

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myth, although shamans disagree on the details of the interpretations. The blade is shaped with one flat and one rounded side, representing the flat back and rounded belly of the pregnant Noga-danpung-agissi. Serpentine patterns are often etched on the blade, but what these symbolize are disputed by

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face up on their inscribed side. There are accordingly nine possibilities. The general principles of divination concern openness and closedness. An upright cup and a disc with the inscribed side up mean that the gateways between the gods and humanity are open. These are usually favorable signs that

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The most important function of the knives is to divine the will of the gods. The shaman regularly throws the knives onto the ground during rituals, and the gods are believed to communicate through their relative position. There are six possible positions that the knives can take; these are referred

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There is rarely a reason to replace the brass blade and handle, but the paper skirt requires regular replacement. In the case of eight-page skirts, five pages' worth of paper is replaced at the beginning of every new ritual. The strands remaining from the previous ceremony are called the underskirt

1682:

The Dangju-je on the eighth and eighteenth have always been minor affairs that involve only a personal prayer. The final Dangju-je was traditionally an important occasion that many villagers would attend to receive auguries and medical treatment from the shaman, who would dress in ceremonial robes

1619:

The Gongsi-puri provides an opportunity for the shaman to look back on his life and to commemorate and thank his family and teachers who nurtured and taught him in life and allow him to successfully carry out rituals in death, as well as reminding the shaman of the interpersonal relationships that

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ancestors, other important shamans in Jeju history, figures associated with the sacred drums, and even novices and apprentices who failed to become shamans of their own. Sacrifices are offered to each of these individuals with the following invocation, a chicken having been sacrificed in the prior

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to punish them for their misdeeds. The shaman repents, and Segyeong convinces Noga-danpung-agissi to tell her sons to send the objects back. Although now omitted, the initiate traditionally had to answer a series of riddles about shamanic mythology and ritual in order to retrieve their belongings.

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feature prominently in the Sin-gut, an extended sequence of rituals which are held three times in a shaman's life and initiate them into a higher hierarchy of the shamanic priesthood. The first Sin-gut serves as an initiation ritual into shamanism itself. In one of the most important parts of this

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The two decide to go to the Hwanggeum Temple, encountering various obstacles and crossing many strange bridges on the way. The servant explains the etymology of the bridges, connecting each name to the process of Noga-danpung-agissi's expulsion from the family. They eventually reach the temple and

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visits from the Hwanggeum Temple and tells them to make offerings in his temple for a hundred days. They do so, and a girl is miraculously born. They name her Noga-danpung-agissi. When the girl is fifteen, both of her parents leave temporarily. They imprison her behind two doors with seventy-eight

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to pass the examinations and take the triplets with them. The scholars leave the triplets stranded atop a pear tree on the way, but they are rescued by a local nobleman who is forewarned by a dream of dragons ensnared on the tree. They reach Seoul and are the only people to pass the examinations.

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ancestors, is a component rite of all shamanic ceremonies. In this ceremony, the shaman recounts the story of their own life, from their early life and education to their initiation and training as a novice shaman to their life in the present day. Once this is done, the shaman recites the known

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are divided into two types: implements which are based on an original set, and entirely new implements. The former are identical to the originals from a ritual perspective, to the point of embodying the same specific ancestors. The latter is not preferred by shamans, although it is sometimes

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The triplets visit their father, who makes them abandon their old lives and become shamans in order to save their mother. He asks his sons what they saw first when they came to the temple, and they respond that they saw heaven, earth, and the gate. The priest accordingly gives them the first

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are both the symbols and the qualifications of a Jeju shaman. Because they constitute "the most basic and essential” tools of shamanic ritual, a novice shaman cannot attract his own clientele of worshippers but must always be bound as an apprentice to a senior shaman until he can acquire

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after accidentally discovering the three sacred implements: the knife, the rattle, and the fan. The Seoul initiation ritual also involves senior shamans concealing the implements, and the initiate must correctly divine the location where they are hidden in order to join the priesthood.

4538: 687:"divinatory cup") is an unadorned brass cup, 4–5 cm (1.6–2.0 in) wide at the mouth and 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) tall. It represents the brass tub in which Noga-danpung-agissi bathed the triplets as newborns, and therefore symbolizes the maternal and feminine element. 390:. In any case, the triplets store them in a palace where their mother and Neosameneo-doryeong will keep watch over them. They then ascend into the afterlife to become divine judges of the dead, wielding the sacred shamanic knives that they will use to bring justice to the scholars. 1901:. During the Hwanghae initiation ritual, senior shamans conceal the newly forged implements and the initiate cannot retrieve them without answering a series of riddles about ritual procedure; the parallels with the Gobun-mengdu are evident. In Seoul, many shamans are struck with 197:

refer back to important events in the miraculous conception and lives of these gods. The implements play a critical role in ritual; both the knives and the divination implements are used to divine the will of the gods, and the bell is used to invite them into the ritual ground.

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for the discoverer, which may be fatal unless they are initiated as shamans in due time. As the previous holder usually cannot be determined, the new genealogy of the implements begins with the place of their discovery. Heirless shamans sometimes choose to donate their

1849:, Jeju shamanism displays traits of both. Like the northern shamans, Jeju shamans have the ability to perceive the will of the gods. But unlike in the north, the will of the gods is conveyed not through the shaman's actual body via trance possession, but through the 1247:

and being initiated into shamanism. Inheritance is accompanied by a supplementary gift, sometimes in the form of land or property and in other cases in the form of cash payments. Some of the older shaman's clientele of worshippers is also inherited together with the

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on the shoulders of the kneeling novice, saying that the triplet gods are stamping their seal on him. They then use the divination implements to ascertain whether the novice will be a capable shaman. Having received the triplets' blessing, the novice is given the

374:"gate" inscribed. The triplets hold the first shamanic rituals as their father has ordered them to do, aided by Neosameneo-doryeong, the young god of shamanic music. The rituals successfully resurrect their mother. The triplets then summon a master smith from the 722:

are made for the triplets by their father, and they thus represent the paternal and masculine element. A sequence of between two and four Chinese characters are inscribed on one side around the hole, while the other side is smooth. Known sequences include:

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Shamans also employ knives for a number of other ritual purposes, including in ceremonial dances, to expel demons of pestilence in healing rituals, to cut out parts of sacrificial offerings for the gods, and while physically reenacting shamanic narratives.

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and look at the resulting configurations, they describe a spontaneous feeling inside their head which allows them to make the correct interpretation of the patterns. This feeling necessitates a deep understanding of the distinctive features of one's

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versions. Once the implements have been forged, they are washed in scented water and wine and dressed with the skirts. A ritual is held to summon the spirits of the ancestors into the new implements. The shaman then holds the first rituals with the

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where crossed outward blades are in fact considered highly auspicious. Bells that resemble Jeju ones do not exist in mainland Korea, but other sorts of bells do. Ritual bells are a variant of the widespread Korean shamanic tradition of sacred

1346:, only for the entire village to rally to retrieve the sacred objects and to punish the criminal. In another case, the village shaman passed away without a clear successor, so that her daughter, who had previously lived a laywoman's life as a 1560:

of the initiate and senior shamans are pooled together. After a ritual dance to a very fast beat, the implements are thrown and the will of the gods divined. The divination is repeated until the results are propitious for the initiate.

1235:), passed down by one shaman to another. Inheritance is ideally to a younger family member, with gender being irrelevant. Adopted children are also considered valid heirs. The family of a shaman is under no obligation to inherit their 840:

Although the divinatory implements have a number of functions—including serving as props during the reenactment of shamanic narratives—their primary purpose is similar to the knives in that they seek to divine the will of the gods.

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The characters suggest that a shaman is one who knows the principles of the cosmos, as represented by heaven and earth or the sun and the moon, and uses this knowledge to help humans, as represented by the gates of their houses.

1450:. It stands as the symbol of the palace in which the triplets place their ritual implements, and which is guarded by Noga-danpung-agissi and Neosame-neodoryeong. It is adorned by paper representations of the gods, including the 468:

shamans, ranging from the dragons that the nobleman sees in his dream to a snake that the triplets encounter while serving the scholars. The part of the blade which tapers to meet the handle is called the "bridge of caution" (

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when a deity decides to reside in their body. After initiation, this resident deity becomes the source of their shamanic power. These shamans are possessed by other gods and spirits during rituals and convey their will in a

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with numerous ancestors, or those associated with particularly high-ranking shamans, possess greater spiritual authority and are treated with greater deference by shamans and worshippers alike. By contrast, newly fabricated

532:, the forlorn bridge. It symbolizes Noga-danpung-agissi facing her parents as they see each other for the final time, and signifies a sad event in the future. When the rounded sides face away, the resulting configuration is 454:

The knife has two major parts: the brass knife itself, consisting of a blade (11–13 cm (4.3–5.1 in) long, 1.5–2 cm (0.59–0.79 in) wide) and a handle (9–10 cm (3.5–3.9 in) long); and the "skirt"

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have correspondences in mainland Korea. In Hwanghae, the initiate shaman goes about asking lay worshippers for donations of metal to make his sacred rattle, mirror, and other implements, just as Jeju shamans do when making

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and worship them on special altars of the type seen in Seoul and other northern forms of Korean shamanism. They thus legitimize their nontraditional religious practice by appropriating the symbols of traditional shamanism.

2810:"심방이 굿을 하다 보면 머릿속에 번쩍하는 그 뭐가 있습니다. 그거는 심방이라야 그런 느낌을 느낄 수가 있는데... 그에 대한 판단을 잘 하느냐 못하느냐에 심방이 잘 한다 못 한다 수덕(修德)이 있다 없다가 정해진다... 명두로써 점을 칠 때, 모시고 다니는 명두 조상이라는 신이 바르게 판단해 주기 때문에, 길을 바르게 잡아 주면 아픈 사람 병도 고치고, 수덕이 있다는 판단이 나오게 된다." 1496:

ceremony, the novice kneels before the altar of the gods while a senior shaman feeds him morsels of the sacrificial offerings, calling them a gift from the Mengdu triplets. Once this is done, the senior shaman presses the

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The bell is rung when opening the gates of the gods' abode and inviting the gods to the ritual ground, reflecting its role in the myth as an opener of locks. The shaman also rings their bell while dancing, during the

546:, in which both rounded sides face right, is highly propitious. However, both configurations are considered unwelcome when the shaman is sending the gods back, as it suggests that the gods are unwilling to leave. 52: 1796:

Buddhist faith. Urbanization and industrialization also undermined the village base of the religion. As less and fewer people want to be traditionally initiated shamans, the traditionally hereditary nature of

832:"divinatory platform") is a large and rather flat brass vessel, 10–12 cm (3.9–4.7 in) wide at the mouth and 1.5–3 cm (0.59–1.18 in) tall, in which the two cups and two discs are placed. 1430:

are traditionally placed on a shelf or in a chest in the rice granary of the shaman's household. As shamans now generally live in Western-style houses without rice granaries, they now tend to store their

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ancestors create a sense of solidarity and community among the shamans of Jeju Island. Despite differences in rank and ability, all shamans are bound together by being symbolic descendants of the same

41: 1153:

When a shaman is holding a ritual, there's a something that flashes inside your head. You need to be a shaman to have this feeling... And whether a shaman is competent or not, whether they have

284:, multiple versions of the narrative exist. The summary given below is based on the version recited by the high-ranking shaman An Sa-in (1912–1990) with a focus on the details relevant to the 4404: 1125:

and shamans only incarnated in the actual implements that they used. Every time that a set is inherited by the next generation of shamans, the previous holder becomes enshrined as the newest

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meet the priest, who banishes her to the land of the goddess of childbirth. Alone there, she gives birth to triplets who tear out of her two armpits and her breasts. Having bathed them in a

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Jeju shamans carry a pair of sacred knives, fashioned after the knives that the triplets take when they ascend to heaven to punish the Confucian scholars. Shamans refer to the knives as

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As for the objects themselves, sacred shamanic knives with a close physical resemblance to Jeju knives are common in mainland shamanic traditions. They are generally used to cleanse

1243:: a series of symptoms that range from hallucination and insanity to a fervent desire to participate in shamanic ritual, and which can be cured only by being inheriting or forging 323:. When the family servant insists that she be killed instead, the parents relent and decide to expel both instead. Her father gives Noga-danpung-agissi a golden fan as she leaves. 291: 1734:

At the night of the Rat they glared fiercely with their eyes and raised their voices. When expelling the spirits they stabbed at my limbs and body in a disorderly manner with a

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are placed in the uppermost compartment, together with candles, incense and incense burners, rice bowls, threads of cloth, fruits, a supplementary tool used in divination called

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worship is distinctive to Jeju Island. Korean shamanism is traditionally divided into two major categories. The god-descended shamans of the north (including Seoul) experience

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to local Buddhist temples. The Buddhist clergy of Jeju are sympathetic to shamanism, and a novice shaman could eventually take them from the temple and put them to use again.

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ancestors actively intervene during the rituals to help the current holder accurately ascertain the will of the gods. When Jeju shamans throw their knives or overturn their

1722:. In 1704, the magistrate of Jeju wrote that he had "burnt every spirit robe and every spirit metal of the mobs of shamans", where "spirit metal" must refer to the brass 232:

sets within the traditional priesthood. At the same time, many ritual practitioners who are not trained and initiated in the traditional manner are now making their own

315:. When the girl points out that she cannot leave the house, the priest takes out a bell and rings it three times, which breaks every lock. When she comes out wearing a 1856: 1074:

of his own. Jeju shamans have three fundamental tasks: communion with the gods, healing of the sick, and divination of the future. Jeon Ju-hee suggests that each

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for the occasion. Nowadays, virtually all shamans hold a brief private ritual of under an hour on the twenty-eighth as well, while dressed in ordinary clothes.

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falls seriously ill every ten years: at the age of seven, seventeen, twenty-seven and so forth. At the age of seventy-seven, she realizes that she is sick with

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historically disparaged by the literate Korean elite, there are only occasional sources to Jeju shamanism from before the twentieth century, centering on the

484:). Strands may be replaced in the middle of a ceremony as well if they have become too ragged. Discarded strands are ritually burned by an apprentice shaman. 351:

of the three thousand heavens". This is generally understood as a metaphor for the scholars killing her, with other versions explicitly mentioning a murder.

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are placed on the roadside; others in the hills or riverbanks, under a rock, or underwater. When these are rediscovered, they are referred to as "picked-up

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sometimes break or shatter, especially because they are regularly thrown, and must be reforged. Often, inheritance leads to one shaman possessing multiple

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of Jeju shamanic religion as a whole, to the point that shamans honor the myth as the "root of the gods" and respond that "it was done that way in the

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Shamanic ritual in Jeju Island. The modern rituals are said to be the same as the ones the triplets performed to resurrect Noga-danpung-agassi in the

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corresponds to a task, with the bell that opens the gods' doors standing for communion and the knives that vanquish pestilence symbolizing healing.

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can become quite large. The high-ranking shaman Yi Jung-chun knew of twenty-four past holders of his implements, including both kin and non-kin.

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may be connected to the divinatory use of cash coins in mainland Korea, but no divination cups are known from the mainland, suggesting that the

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used by the triplets were wood, not brass, but that they fashioned brass models of the originals so that they could be used by future shamans.

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and expel malevolent spirits rather than divination, although mainland traditions of knife-throwing divination do exist, such as in northern

319:, he strokes her head three times and leaves. Noga-danpung-agissi then becomes pregnant. When her parents return, they decide to kill her to 308:

and forty-eight locks each and tell the family servant to feed her through a hole, so that she cannot leave the house while they are absent.

1675:"). The Dangju-jium may be held after death by another shaman. When a living shaman holds it, it signifies that they are passing down their 5093: 4106: 3847:

Study on the Jamsu-gut of Jeju Island: Focusing on the case study of East Gimnyeong village in Gimnyeong-ri, Gujwa-eup, North Jeju County

1993:

month; the middle, from the left armpit on the eighteenth day of the same month; the youngest, from her breasts on the twenty-eighth day.

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not based on any preexisting set have no specific ancestors of their own, and are thought to be prone to inaccurate divination results.

463:, which are connected to the end of the handle by a string with three knots. Every part of the knife is interpreted by reference to the 4444: 566:

The sacred brass bell stands for the bell that the priest uses to open the locks on Noga-danpung-agissi's doors. It is referred to as

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The Jeju religion was coming under severe pressure at the same time that academic research on it was starting. The military junta of

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inevitable, as when someone is initiated without any close friends or relatives who are already shamans. Some shamans make their own

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ancestor. The implements and the ancestors that embody them are the objects of regular worship and also feature prominently in the

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ancestors", and are thought to intervene during rituals to help the current holder accurately ascertain the will of the gods. The

459:) of the knife, consisting of strands (55–60 cm (22–24 in) long) cut from usually eight but sometimes twelve pages of 334:

The family lives an impoverished life. At the age of eight, the three brothers become manservants of three thousand evil-minded

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and their associated ancestors, as well as direct aid from the ancestors themselves, which is beseeched for during the ritual.

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The Buddhist priest of the Hwanggeum Temple learns of the great beauty of Noga-danpung-agissi and visits the house to ask for

4248: 1878: 1037:, and then throws it into his wife's skirt. In another ritual held for divers, the shaman crawls across the sandbar with the 4516: 4226: 1165:

ancestors that we carry with us judge correctly for us. We can cure the illnesses of the sick and people judge that we have

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in cupboards, cabinets, or closets. In modern households where the sacred tools are all stored in one large cabinet, the

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and other implements are returned to the initiate in the order of the bell, the divination implements, and the knives.

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Jeju shamans refer to three types of ritual instruments made of brass—knives, a bell, and divination implements—as the

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notion "that the shamanic beliefs of Jeju were very false and that these 'obscene rites' were causing severe damage."

1980:) "the Great God", and the priest would thus originally have been an indigenous Korean god and not a Buddhist priest. 1458:

are hung under the representations of the childbirth goddess, as it was in her land that the triplets could be born.

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or trance possession and cannot convey the will of the gods. By externalizing the resident deity in the form of the

1754:. It was only in the 1960s that proper academic study of Jeju shamanism began, but few scholars have focused on the 1279:

actively dig them out. In other cases, the final holder may appear in a dream to tell a descendant to dig out their

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as a sacred space, the first and last Dangju-je of a shaman's life have special names: Dangju-mueum ("adorning the

276:" when asked about the origin of a certain ritual. It is therefore to be expected that objects as important as the 4129:[Shamanism and politics: Focusing on the Soe-geollip, Soe-naerim, and the right to priestly inheritance]. 5619: 4552: 3958: 3850: 1918: 1751: 255: 182: 4690: 1532:, the goddess of earth and agriculture, eventually informs them that the triplets have confiscated the shaman's 5086: 4881: 4657: 1651:. Every year, the shaman also holds the Dangju-je, a series of three ceremonies specifically dedicated to the 576: 4329:[Study on the mythological and ritual functions of the shamanic ritual devices of the Seoul region]. 3840:

Jeju-do Jamsu-gut yeon'gu: Buk-Jeju-gun Guwa-eup Gimnyeong-ri Dong-Gimnyeong-maeul-ui sarye-reul jungsim-euro

1101:, the spirits of major historical Jeju shamans, and the spirits of shamans who had once used either the same 5540: 5508: 5293: 394: 217:

are conventionally passed down from one generation to another, with the previous holder becoming the newest

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or not, all depends on whether they can make sound judgments about this ... When a shaman divines with the

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are unsound, and the triplets' father summons a celestial smith named Jeon'gyeongnok to forge good-quality

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and of the historical human shamans who previously owned the particular set. These spirits are called the "

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of the Siwang". The Siwang are the divine judges of the dead that the triplets become, but the meaning of

95: 1454:, works of paper and bamboo which represent each of the Mengdu and the Neosameneo-doryeong triplets. The 714:

lack holes. The hole is thought to represent the moon, while the disc as a whole stands for the sun. The

5592: 5350: 5102: 4871: 1784:, a major government program to undermine shamanism, which resulted in the confiscation of many sets of 1541:

in a certain configuration and tell the initiate to interpret it in mythological terms. Ultimately, the

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by the police. 121 new Buddhist temples were built between 1960 and 1990. Due to the already extensive

580:(prayer recitation) for certain rituals, and while chanting certain shamanic narratives, including the 446: 160:. Although similar ritual devices are found in mainland Korea, the religious reverence accorded to the 5005: 4819: 4783: 4666: 1813: 1789: 4902: 4856: 4833: 3859: 1212:

are divided into five types, depending on how they are transferred and acquired across generations.

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were possessed by the eponymous Mengdu triplets, the three deities who were the first to practice

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between Buddhism and shamanism, many worshippers of shamans found it easy to switch to the more

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are still remembered, awaiting a new holder. Often, a shaman who desires to have their personal

1200:

ancestors. This may have contributed to the low degree of regional variation in Jeju shamanism.

4895: 4582: 1726:. In the late eighteenth century, a local nobleman included the earliest known use of the word 1695:

sets have been in continuous use for at least five hundred years. But as Korean shamanism is a

5587: 5400: 4955: 4935: 4916: 4492: 4436: 4396: 4338: 4275: 4216: 4178: 4138: 4079: 4064: 4028: 3983: 3918: 3878: 1873: 1781: 1529: 1411: 595: 4975: 4471:]. Han'guk gojeon munhak jeonjip. Research Institute of Korean Studies, Korea University. 1869: 1730:

in a description of how his parents had hired a shaman when he had been very ill as a child:

5356: 5181: 4909: 4848: 4732: 4700: 4421: 4386: 1990: 1914: 1910: 1759: 1707: 1656: 582: 250: 177: 153: 1473:

sets, using some sets for particular rituals and another set for others. A large number of

303:

Jimjin'guk and Imjeong'guk, a rich couple, are nearing fifty but still have no children. A

5523: 5171: 4945: 4124:"Musok-gwa jeongchi: Soe-geollip, soe-naerim, saje gyeseung-gwon-eul jungsim-euro haeseo" 1793: 1263:

are usually buried next to the final holder's grave. These are called "earth-by-the-grave

304: 281: 86: 4373:

and the shamanic patron gods as seen through the shamanic ritual implements of the three

1889:

may have an indigenous origin in Jeju or reflect influence from some non-Korean culture.

1655:

ancestors. These are held on the eighth, eighteenth, and twenty-eighth days of the ninth

1338:, the lay members of the community are deeply invested in the fate of the village shrine 1033:, or both. In one ritual, the shaman shakes the cups and discs in a sieve instead of the 516:, the bridge of the raised swords. In both, the rounded side of the blade falls outward. 439:

is unclear. The knives are among the most important ritual items of Jeju shamanism, and

5428: 5318: 5278: 5219: 4755: 4723: 4675: 1777: 500: 5613: 5423: 5385: 5214: 5186: 5128: 1967: 1938: 1700: 1696: 1659:

month, roughly October, corresponding to the birthdays of the Mengdu triplets in the

1271:). Although no longer in active use, the genealogy and associated ancestors of these 320: 82: 1469:, all of whose ancestors must be served. Shamans distinguish between their multiple 1446:

The shelf, cupboard or other location where the sacred objects are placed is called

1097:

is believed to embody the spirits of the Mengdu triplets and other figures from the

5518: 5463: 5438: 5367: 5313: 5148: 4548: 1334:) because they are associated with a specific village community. Unlike with other 844:

The most general divinatory method involves the shaman raising and overturning the

638:

A set of divination implements belonging to shaman Hong Su-il. From left to right:

460: 331:

tub, she names the three boys Sin-mengdu, Bon-mengdu, and Sara-salchuk Sam-mengdu.

259: 228:

Traditional Jeju religion is nowadays in decline, and there is currently a glut of

190: 599:, the bamboo pole by which the gods are believed to descend into the human world. 4391: 4203: 5443: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5209: 5163: 5123: 4563: 2024: 1812:. South Korean shamanism is currently undergoing a major restructuring in which 1711: 1593: 1046: 269: 168: 157: 2036:

In the original text, the first instance of "a cup" is given in Sino-Korean 一杯

1239:. But the gods may select certain family members to be shamans by sending them 443:

Kim Heonsun notes that "Jeju shamans' faith in the knives is nearly absolute."

5582: 5545: 5390: 5377: 5288: 5270: 5260: 5250: 5229: 5143: 5105: 4715: 1769: 1750:, written by the Japanese ethnologist Murayama Chijun with the support of the 1342:. In one historical instance, a thief killed the village shaman and stole her 440: 222: 149: 4496: 4440: 4400: 4342: 4182: 4142: 4085:[Study on the transmission of the Jeju shamanic ritual implements "three 4032: 3922: 3882: 1283:, or a novice shaman may be led to the grave by divinely inspired intuition ( 1085:

Divination implements of Yi Jung-chun, passed down by twenty-five individuals

497:

narrative, Noga-danpung-agissi crosses physical bridges with the same names.

5555: 5513: 5503: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5298: 5283: 5255: 5245: 5059:

The Chogong-maji and the Igong-maji are nowadays often fused into one ritual

3944:

Jeju-do simbang-ui mengdu yeon'gu: Giwon, jeonseung, uirye-reul jungsim-euro

1644: 808: 805: 802: 799: 790: 787: 784: 781: 772: 769: 760: 757: 754: 745: 742: 733: 730: 727: 710:, 5–6 cm (2.0–2.4 in) wide with a hole in the middle, though some 664: 661: 658: 655: 426: 399: 371: 367: 363: 335: 5395: 607:

The divinatory implements consist of five objects made of brass: a pair of

5577: 5550: 5528: 5489: 5433: 5407: 5153: 5138: 4364:"Jeju-do mugu 'sam mengdu'-reul tonghae bon mujosin-gwa simbang-ui uimi" 587: 5071: 3942:————————— (2012). 3902:————————— (2007). 3858:————————— (2006). 1989:

The eldest is born from the right armpit on the eighth day of the ninth

5567: 5303: 5224: 5201: 5176: 4996: 4598: 1570: 1403:

because they are too proud to worship the ancestors of other families.

1347: 316: 16:

Set of ritual devices, such as knives, a bell and divination implements

5047:

Repeated every day for the two weeks during which the rituals are held

4427:[Shifts in Jeju folk religion and their social significance]. 1188:

but also commemorating real historical individuals, the recitation of

347:

Outraged, the scholars imprison Noga-danpung-agissi in the "palace of

5572: 5495: 5344: 5133: 2020: 2016: 1975: 1931: 1838: 339: 5484: 4269:

The Mythological and Literary Nature of the Jeju Shamanic Narrative

5323: 2229: 2227: 1714:

to speak of fortune and misfortune." This is a clear reference to

1599: 1214: 1129:

ancestor. The number of specific figures whose spirits occupy the

499: 415:, referring back to the recurrent element in the triplets' names. 348: 343: 328: 145: 4169:[The Jeju myth of the ancestral shaman and the Sin-gut]. 4080:"Jeju-do mugu 'sam mengdu'-wa 'ulsoe'-ui jeonseung-jeok yeon'gu" 1582:

and the means by which they came in possession of it, naming the

1443:, and any sacred objects that a shaman might personally possess. 5562: 1913:, the three unspecified objects from heaven that feature in the 1605: 312: 5075: 4520: 205:

is believed to incarnate the spirits both of the heroes of the

152:

implements—which are the symbols of shamanic priesthood in the

4293:-ui sambuin-gwa mudang-ui geoul kal bang'ul-eul jungsim-euro" 1853:: sacred objects that are physically separate from the human. 525:

but may be forestalled with the correct rituals for the gods.

5038:

Held several hours before the formal beginning of the rituals

1805:

sets to the point that shamans are donating them to museums.

1290:

Alternately, a shaman without an inheritor may deposit their

1121:), including both universal figures manifested in every Jeju 264:, the most sacred sequence of rituals in Jeju shamanism. The 2080: 2078: 185:

in Jeju religion. According to this narrative, the original

450:

Sacred knives belonging to shaman Yi Jung-chun, with labels

3413: 3411: 1841:

state. The hereditary shamans of the south do not undergo

1801:

inheritance has broken down. There is currently a glut of

1738:

so that the hair on my head and my body all stood on end.

4324:"Seoul jiyeok mugu-ui sinhwa uirye-jeok gineung yeon'gu" 3756: 3754: 3265: 3263: 3261: 2957: 2955: 4422:"Jeju-do Min'gan sinang-ui byeonhwa-wa sahoe-jeok uimi" 3212: 3210: 2882: 2880: 2697: 2695: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2309: 2307: 2294: 2292: 2290: 1710:

to Jeju wrote that the island's shamans "throw cups and

1679:

to their chosen heir and retiring from ritual practice.

4483:[The transmitting entities of shamanic hymns]. 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 4289:양종승 (Yang Jong-seung) (2001). "Mudang gwimul yeon'gu: 3909:[Study on the Gongsi-puri of Jeju shamanism]. 2485: 2483: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2337: 2335: 1909:

Potential links with the bronze swords and rattles of

1663:. As they involve the creation and elimination of the 4237:. Anthology of Seo's papers from the 1980s and 1990s. 1350:, was obliged to become a shaman to take care of the 258:

whose recitation forms the tenth ritual of the Great

1966:

is generally considered a corruption of the archaic

1573:-puri, in which the shaman offers sacrifices to the 139: 119: 100: 5472: 5416: 5376: 5269: 5238: 5200: 5162: 5116: 4987: 4926: 4460:현용준 (Hyun Yong-jun); 현승환 (Hyun Seung-hwan) (1996). 4305:and the mirror, knife, and rattle of shamans]. 1513:, and the ritual robes, and is formally initiated. 480:), and the new strands are called the outer skirt ( 5027:† denotes narratives no longer recited by shamans. 4015:[The narrative and ritual significance of the 1742:The first, albeit brief, scholarly mention of the 1227:The most common and most ideal type is "inherited 342:. Seven years later, the Confucian scholars go to 1917:, and the sacred sword, mirror, and jewel of the 1537:For instance, senior shamans would arrange their 1294:above ground, accompanied by rice and cash. Some 1184:By emphasizing the shared mythical origin of the 1025:Many other divinatory methods involve either the 280:should be explained by it. As with most works of 5055: 5053: 4301:: Focusing on the three heavenly objects of the 1772:, a Buddhist temple in Jeju Island built in 1982 1520:are at the center of the Gobun-mengdu ("hidden 4122:김헌선 (Kim Heonsun); 박준식 (Park Jun-sik) (2004). 2257: 2233: 2206: 2193: 2181: 2169: 2157: 2145: 2006:is 14 cm (5.5 in) wide at the mouth. 1591:"May you receive the cup—a cup and a cup—with 1391:ancestors will hold them in favorable regard. 706:"heavenly gate") is a brass disc resembling a 528:The rounded sides facing each other is termed 5087: 4532: 3860:"Jeju-do gut-ui mugu 'gime'-e daehan gochal" 3784: 3293: 508:The two most inauspicious configurations are 148:ritual devices—a pair of knives, a bell, and 8: 3869:, ritual implements of Jeju shamanism]. 1958: 1864:shamanism, physically similar to Jeju knives 1361:are newly forged, and are termed "self-made 827: 701: 695: 682: 133: 113: 3477:"제주의 무속신앙 풍속이 매우 그릇되고 음사(淫祀)의 폐해가 심각하다는 것" 382:implements. In some versions, this smith's 5113: 5094: 5080: 5072: 4539: 4525: 4517: 3955:of Jeju shamans: Origins, transfer, ritual 1105:set or the original set which the current 4390: 1113:set is thus associated with a number of " 848:, then examining whether how many of the 3843:제주도 잠수굿 연구: 북제주군 구좌읍 김녕리 동김녕마을의 사례를 중심으로 1892:Some of the rituals associated with the 1855: 1808:At the same time, others are making new 1764: 1632:The chest that Yi Jung-chun used as his 1627: 1410: 1093:are not mere ritual tools. Every set of 1080: 859: 633: 557: 445: 290: 5031: 4295:무당 귀물 연구-「삼국유사」의 삼부인과 무당의 거울·칼·방울을 중심으로 4229:from the original on September 19, 2020 3820: 3808: 3772: 3760: 3745: 3649: 3625: 3565: 3553: 3541: 3528: 3516: 3503: 3491: 3478: 3465: 3453: 3441: 3429: 3417: 3402: 3390: 3377: 3365: 3353: 3341: 3329: 3281: 3269: 3252: 3240: 3228: 3216: 3201: 3189: 3177: 3165: 3153: 3141: 3129: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3069: 3057: 3045: 3033: 3021: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2946: 2934: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2886: 2871: 2859: 2847: 2835: 2823: 2811: 2798: 2786: 2774: 2762: 2750: 2738: 2726: 2714: 2701: 2686: 2638: 2626: 2609: 2597: 2561: 2549: 2537: 2520: 2508: 2445: 2433: 2421: 2409: 2397: 2353: 2313: 2298: 2269: 2245: 2218: 2121: 2109: 2097: 2084: 2069: 2062: 1951: 1647:and burning candles and incense in the 1169:if they set out the right road for us. 4240: 3733: 3721: 3709: 3697: 3389:"닭주점에 계란안주 청감주 자수지 자청주로 일부 한잔 잔 받읍서." 3317: 3305: 3081: 2674: 2662: 2650: 2580: 2489: 2474: 2457: 2376: 2341: 2326: 2281: 2133: 1259:When there is no clear inheritor, the 3982:]. Jeju-hak Chongseo. Minsogwon. 3796: 3685: 3673: 3661: 3637: 3613: 3601: 3589: 3577: 2096:"신뿌리"; <초공본풀이>에서 그러했기 때문이라는 답" 2040:and the second instance in Korean 한잔 914: 562:Bell belonging to shaman Yi Jung-chun 431:, literally "godly knife the master, 7: 3904:"Jeju-do gut-ui gongsi-puri gochal" 1620:form the community of Jeju shamans. 852:are upside-down and how many of the 520:is when the knives are crossed, and 193:on earth. The stylistic features of 4959:(bamboo pole for the gods' descent) 4349:from the original on April 18, 2021 3977:A Primer to Understanding the Jeju 568:yoryeong seonsaeng heunggeul-jeodae 407:Physical description and ritual use 393:Some time later, the daughter of a 338:scholars who are preparing for the 4503:from the original on June 29, 2020 4447:from the original on July 15, 2020 4407:from the original on July 17, 2020 4366:제주도 무구(巫具) ‘삼멩두’를 통해 본 무조신과 심방의 의미 4189:from the original on July 15, 2020 4149:from the original on July 15, 2020 4109:from the original on July 16, 2020 4039:from the original on July 15, 2020 3929:from the original on July 15, 2020 3889:from the original on July 15, 2020 2015:Jeju shamans also include Chinese 1597:of chicken and egg and with clear 650:. The characters inscribed on the 14: 4262:-ui sinhwa-seong-gwa munhak-seong 4164:"Jeju-do mujo sinhwa-wa sin-gut" 1671:") and Dangju-jium ("erasing the 1354:and officiate the village rites. 1045:inside his mouth, reenacting the 999:Highly inauspicious and dangerous 512:, the straw-cutter's bridge, and 4988:Priests and worshippers involved 4265:제주도 서사무가 <초공본풀이>의 신화성과 문학성 4126:巫俗과 政治—쇠걸립, 쇠내림, 사제계승권을 중심으로 해서— 504:Diagram of Jeju knife divination 359:, or divination discs, with the 248:are closely associated with the 51: 40: 29: 4010:-ui seosa-jeok jeui-jeok uimi" 1691:Jeju shamans believe that some 1369:). The brass for the self-made 144:), are a set of three kinds of 4162:문무병 (Moon Moo-byoung) (1999). 4082:제주도 무구(巫具) ‘삼멩두’와 ‘울쇠’의 전승적 연구 1860:Pair of sacred knives used in 1387:, seeking to ascertain if the 593:. It is sometimes hung on the 1: 4469:Shamanic hymns of Jeju Island 4315:National Folk Museum of Korea 4103:National Folk Museum of Korea 3966:강정식 (Kang Jeong-sik) (2015). 3947:제주도 심방의 멩두 연구—기원,전승,의례를 중심으로- 921:More auspicious than if both 718:explicitly mentions that the 619:vessel. Some versions of the 4392:10.35638/kjfs..29.201112.001 4256:신연우 (Shin Yeon-woo) (2017). 4004:고은영 (Koh Eun-young) (2020). 2729:, pp. 103–105, 160–163. 2325:"신칼에 대한 심방의 신앙심은 거의 절대적이다." 2002:Kim Heonsun states that one 1752:Japanese colonial government 1746:was in the 1932 publication 4969:(symbols of shamanic power) 4949:(paper figures of the gods) 4476:홍태한 (Hong Tae-han) (2002). 4322:이명숙 (Yi Myong-suk) (2004). 4297:[Study on the shamanic 4213:Studies on Korean Mythology 3838:강소전 (Kang So-jeon) (2005). 1706:In the 1630s, a mainlander 1687:Recorded and modern history 1326:are called "village shrine 1223:sets of shaman Gang Dae-won 1192:genealogies and worship of 670:"heaven gate great heaven". 225:rituals of Jeju shamanism. 140: 120: 101: 5656: 4478:"Muga-ui jeonseung juche" 4362:전주희 (Jeon Ju-hee) (2011). 4247:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 4215:]. Seoul: Jibmundang. 4202:서대석 (Seo Daeseok) (2001). 4078:김헌선 (Kim Heonsun) (2002). 4052:김태곤 (Kim Tae-kon) (1996). 2258:Hyun Y. & Hyun S. 1996 2234:Hyun Y. & Hyun S. 1996 2207:Hyun Y. & Hyun S. 1996 2194:Hyun Y. & Hyun S. 1996 2182:Hyun Y. & Hyun S. 1996 2170:Hyun Y. & Hyun S. 1996 2158:Hyun Y. & Hyun S. 1996 2146:Hyun Y. & Hyun S. 1996 1976: 1921:have also been suggested. 1639:The shaman worships their 1219:Inheritance of one of the 340:civil service examinations 321:restore the family's honor 5112: 5025: 4658:Samseung-halmang bon-puri 4570: 4420:하순애 (Ha Soon-ae) (2001). 4274:]. Seoul: Minsogwon. 4205:Han'guk sinhwa-ui yeon'gu 3959:Cheju National University 3862:제주도 굿의 무구(巫具) ‘기메’에 대한 고찰 3851:Cheju National University 3785:Kim H. & Park J. 2004 3540:"子夜瞋目高聲比逐鬼魅以明刀亂刺肢體則毛髮盡竪" 3294:Kim H. & Park J. 2004 1959: 1919:Imperial Regalia of Japan 1552:have been retrieved, the 1016: 1001: 998: 990: 984: 978: 967: 956: 942: 936: 932: 917: 889: 828: 702: 696: 683: 134: 114: 90: 4479: 4464: 4423: 4365: 4325: 4307:Saenghwal Munmul Yeon'gu 4294: 4264: 4207: 4165: 4125: 4095:Saenghwal Munmul Yeon'gu 4081: 4056: 4011: 3971: 3969:Jeju Gut Ihae-ui Giljabi 3946: 3905: 3861: 3842: 3356:, pp. 142–143, 148. 1306:). The rediscovery of a 1204:Transfer and acquisition 493:to as "bridges". In the 5294:Cowrie-shell divination 1407:Storage and maintenance 879:When gods are departing 814:"heaven earth sun moon" 4793:Semin-hwangje bon-puri 4691:Woncheon'gang bon-puri 4061:The Shamanism of Korea 1865: 1773: 1740: 1643:every day by offering 1636: 1617: 1423: 1224: 1171: 1161:, the gods called the 1086: 796:"heaven gate sun moon" 671: 563: 505: 451: 300: 4939:(altars for the gods) 4927:Material culture used 4882:Yeongge-dollyeo-se'um 4765:Heogung-aegi bon-puri 4591:Cheonji-wang bon-puri 2027:as ancestral shamans. 1859: 1768: 1732: 1631: 1589: 1414: 1218: 1151: 1084: 873:When gods are invited 637: 603:Divination implements 561: 503: 449: 294: 4424:제주도 민간신앙의 변화와 사회적 의미 4369:[The meaning of 4326:서울지역 무구의 신화의례적 기능 연구 4171:Bigyo Munhwa Yeon'gu 1794:socially prestigious 1109:are based on. Every 4553:shamanic narratives 4258:Jeju-do seosa muga 4166:제주도 무조신화 (巫祖神話)와 신굿 4012:〈초공본풀이〉의 서사적·제의적 의미 3787:, pp. 318–320. 3652:, pp. 264–265. 3628:, pp. 94, 100. 3616:, pp. 162–163. 3456:, pp. 133–135. 3444:, pp. 131–132. 3432:, pp. 130–131. 3405:, pp. 147–148. 3332:, pp. 139–140. 3168:, pp. 118–120. 3108:, pp. 128–129. 3096:, pp. 122–124. 2937:, pp. 107–108. 2901:, pp. 155–156. 2850:, pp. 162–163. 2826:, pp. 108–109. 2765:, pp. 160–163. 2753:, pp. 50, 122. 2713:"가장 기본적이고 핵심적인 사항" 2272:, pp. 103–104. 2248:, pp. 125–126. 2136:, pp. 262–264. 2087:, pp. 154–156. 1310:generally leads to 766:"heaven great gate" 739:"heaven earth gate" 700:"heavenly cash" or 668:cheon mun dae cheon 378:to forge the first 164:is unique to Jeju. 130:of the sun and moon 105:), also called the 67:of the sun and moon 5640:Bells (percussion) 5363:Tarot card reading 4872:Chilseong bon-puri 3865:[Study on the 2564:, pp. 18, 36. 1866: 1774: 1637: 1609:and with fragrant 1603:and with fragrant 1482:Associated rituals 1424: 1225: 1087: 882:Ritual held again? 672: 564: 506: 452: 361:Chinese characters 301: 256:shamanic narrative 183:shamanic narrative 5635:Ceremonial knives 5625:Religious objects 5607: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5401:Spirit possession 5069: 5068: 4805:Segyeong bon-puri 4485:Han'guk Minsokhak 4379:Minsokhak Yeon'gu 4281:978-89-285-1036-8 4063:]. Daewonsa. 3823:, pp. 26–28. 3799:, pp. 93–95. 3775:, pp. 45–54. 3748:, pp. 37–38. 3736:, pp. 13–15. 3712:, pp. 11–12. 3308:, pp. 62–63. 3231:, pp. 93–94. 3192:, pp. 70–71. 3180:, pp. 96–99. 3156:, pp. 89–90. 3120:, pp. 49–50. 3084:, pp. 15–16. 3072:, pp. 66–68. 3048:, pp. 55–56. 3024:, pp. 52–53. 3012:, pp. 58–62. 3000:, pp. 51–52. 2988:, pp. 53–55. 2949:, pp. 70–74. 2777:, pp. 45–46. 2677:, pp. 11–12. 2641:, pp. 18–19. 2552:, pp. 25–26. 2448:, pp. 14–15. 2436:, pp. 15–16. 2412:, pp. 10–11. 2356:, pp. 14–15. 2260:, pp. 79–81. 2236:, pp. 73–79. 2196:, pp. 59–65. 2184:, pp. 53–59. 2172:, pp. 49–53. 2160:, pp. 47–49. 2148:, pp. 40–47. 1874:Hwanghae Province 1782:Misin tapa undong 1762:of the religion. 1578:genealogy of the 1053:As sacred objects 1023: 1022: 207:Chogong bon-puri, 99: 5647: 5620:Korean shamanism 5357:Sortes Sanctorum 5114: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5073: 5060: 5057: 5048: 5045: 5039: 5036: 5018: 5009: 5000: 4980: 4970: 4960: 4950: 4940: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4875: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4849:Munjeon bon-puri 4843: 4836: 4829: 4822: 4815: 4808: 4797: 4787: 4778: 4775:Menggam bon-puri 4769: 4759: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4733:Samgong bon-puri 4727: 4718: 4711: 4704: 4701:Chogong bon-puri 4695: 4679: 4670: 4661: 4652: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4624: 4622:Chumul-gong'yeon 4617: 4610: 4601: 4594: 4585: 4578: 4541: 4534: 4527: 4518: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4472: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4394: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4331:Han'guk Musokhak 4318: 4285: 4271:Chogong bon-puri 4260:Chogong bon-puri 4252: 4246: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4074: 4054:Han'guk-ui Musok 4048: 4046: 4044: 4021:Han'guk Musokhak 4017:Chogong bon-puri 4008:Chogong bon-puri 4000: 3998: 3996: 3962: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3911:Han'guk Musokhak 3898: 3896: 3894: 3871:Han'guk Musokhak 3854: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3568:, pp. 6–10. 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3488: 3482: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2584: 2578: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2493: 2487: 2478: 2472: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2380: 2374: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2330: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2302: 2296: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2209:, pp. 65–73 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2073: 2067: 2045: 2034: 2028: 2019:mystics such as 2013: 2007: 2000: 1994: 1987: 1981: 1979: 1978: 1962: 1961: 1956: 1911:Bronze Age Korea 1760:material culture 1748:Shamans of Korea 1661:Chogong bon-puri 1380:Chogong bon-puri 1186:Chogong bon-puri 1099:Chogong bon-puri 1009:"gate of death" 860: 831: 830: 794:cheon mun il wol 716:Chogong bon-puri 705: 704: 699: 698: 686: 685: 621:Chogong bon-puri 611:cups, a pair of 583:Menggam bon-puri 495:Chogong bon-puri 465:Chogong bon-puri 429:Siwang daebeonji 395:state councillor 317:veil of chastity 297:Chogong bon-puri 274:Chogong bon-puri 266:Chogong bon-puri 251:Chogong bon-puri 178:Chogong bon-puri 175:is found in the 154:Korean shamanism 143: 141:irwol sam-mengdu 137: 136: 123: 117: 116: 104: 94: 92: 55: 44: 33: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5599: 5524:Fortune-telling 5468: 5412: 5372: 5265: 5234: 5196: 5158: 5108: 5100: 5070: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5021: 5012: 5003: 4994: 4983: 4973: 4963: 4953: 4943: 4933: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4818: 4811: 4802: 4790: 4784:Jijang bon-puri 4781: 4772: 4762: 4753: 4746: 4739: 4730: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4698: 4684: 4673: 4667:Manura bon-puri 4664: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4599:Gongseon-gaseon 4597: 4588: 4581: 4574: 4566: 4545: 4515: 4506: 4504: 4481: 4475: 4466: 4459: 4450: 4448: 4429:Jeju-do Yeon'gu 4425: 4419: 4410: 4408: 4367: 4361: 4352: 4350: 4327: 4321: 4296: 4288: 4282: 4266: 4255: 4239: 4232: 4230: 4223: 4209: 4201: 4192: 4190: 4167: 4161: 4152: 4150: 4131:Bigyo Minsokhak 4127: 4121: 4112: 4110: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4058: 4051: 4042: 4040: 4013: 4003: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3973: 3965: 3948: 3941: 3932: 3930: 3907: 3901: 3892: 3890: 3863: 3857: 3844: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3556:, pp. 5–6. 3552: 3548: 3539: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3489: 3485: 3476: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2693: 2685: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2587: 2579: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2496: 2488: 2481: 2473: 2464: 2460:, pp. 6–7. 2456: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2383: 2375: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2333: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2305: 2297: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2204: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2048: 2035: 2031: 2014: 2010: 2001: 1997: 1988: 1984: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1941:in the Americas 1927: 1915:myth of Dan'gun 1870:ritual impurity 1827: 1814:Seoul shamanism 1689: 1626: 1567: 1489: 1484: 1419:that adorn the 1415:One of the six 1409: 1332:bonhyang mengdu 1304:bonggeun mengdu 1206: 1063: 1055: 838: 836:Divinatory uses 812:cheon ji il wol 623:state that the 615:discs, and the 605: 556: 544:nadan-jabu-dari 490: 421: 409: 305:Buddhist priest 282:oral literature 242: 191:shamanic ritual 73: 72: 71: 70: 69: 68: 60: 59: 58: 57: 56: 47: 46: 45: 36: 35: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5653: 5651: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5612: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5543: 5538: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5492: 5487: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5429:Cephalonomancy 5426: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5388: 5382: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5353: 5348: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5319:Obi divination 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5279:Astragalomancy 5275: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5220:Crystal gazing 5217: 5212: 5206: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5168: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5120: 5118: 5110: 5109: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5091: 5084: 5076: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5061: 5049: 5040: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5010: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4979:(sacred drums) 4971: 4961: 4951: 4941: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4913: 4906: 4899: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4860: 4857:Bonhyang-dawri 4853: 4844: 4837: 4834:Yanggung-sugim 4830: 4823: 4816: 4809: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4788: 4779: 4770: 4760: 4756:Chasa bon-puri 4744: 4737: 4728: 4724:Igong bon-puri 4719: 4712: 4705: 4696: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4676:Igong bon-puri 4671: 4662: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4595: 4579: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4546: 4544: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4521: 4514: 4513: 4473: 4457: 4417: 4359: 4319: 4286: 4280: 4253: 4221: 4199: 4159: 4119: 4075: 4069: 4049: 4001: 3988: 3963: 3939: 3906:제주도 굿의 공시풀이 고찰 3899: 3855: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3813: 3801: 3789: 3777: 3765: 3750: 3738: 3726: 3714: 3702: 3690: 3688:, p. 150. 3678: 3676:, p. 151. 3666: 3664:, p. 165. 3654: 3642: 3640:, p. 149. 3630: 3618: 3606: 3604:, p. 161. 3594: 3592:, p. 157. 3582: 3580:, p. 155. 3570: 3558: 3546: 3533: 3521: 3515:"巫覡輩神衣神鐵一並燒盡" 3508: 3496: 3483: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3434: 3422: 3420:, p. 131. 3407: 3395: 3382: 3380:, p. 137. 3370: 3368:, p. 138. 3358: 3346: 3344:, p. 142. 3334: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3296:, p. 316. 3286: 3284:, p. 106. 3274: 3272:, p. 145. 3257: 3255:, p. 143. 3245: 3243:, p. 139. 3233: 3221: 3206: 3194: 3182: 3170: 3158: 3146: 3134: 3122: 3110: 3098: 3086: 3074: 3062: 3050: 3038: 3036:, p. 100. 3026: 3014: 3002: 2990: 2978: 2966: 2964:, p. 156. 2951: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2903: 2891: 2876: 2864: 2862:, p. 168. 2852: 2840: 2828: 2816: 2803: 2801:, p. 109. 2791: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2743: 2741:, p. 104. 2731: 2719: 2706: 2691: 2679: 2667: 2655: 2643: 2631: 2614: 2602: 2585: 2566: 2554: 2542: 2525: 2513: 2494: 2479: 2462: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2414: 2402: 2381: 2358: 2346: 2331: 2318: 2303: 2286: 2274: 2262: 2250: 2238: 2223: 2211: 2198: 2186: 2174: 2162: 2150: 2138: 2126: 2114: 2102: 2089: 2074: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2029: 2008: 1995: 1982: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1939:Sacred bundles 1936: 1926: 1923: 1826: 1823: 1780:initiated the 1778:Park Chung Hee 1688: 1685: 1625: 1622: 1566: 1563: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1408: 1405: 1394:The self-made 1205: 1202: 1062: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1021: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1003: 1000: 997: 993: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 976: 975: 972: 969: 966: 962: 961: 958: 955: 951: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 934: 933: 931: 927: 926: 919: 916: 913: 909: 908: 906: 903: 900: 897: 894: 891: 887: 886: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 866: 837: 834: 816: 815: 797: 779: 767: 752: 740: 604: 601: 555: 552: 534:deung-jin-dari 489: 486: 420: 417: 408: 405: 241: 238: 62: 61: 50: 49: 48: 39: 38: 37: 28: 27: 26: 25: 24: 23: 22: 21: 20: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5652: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5424:Anthropomancy 5422: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5215:Catoptromancy 5213: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5187:Rhapsodomancy 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5129:Alectryomancy 5127: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5097: 5092: 5090: 5085: 5083: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5041: 5035: 5032: 5024: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4889:Gunung-manpan 4886: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864:Gakdo-binyeom 4861: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4842: 4841:Segyeong-nori 4838: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4717: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4576:Samseok-ullim 4573: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4537: 4535: 4530: 4528: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4458: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4360: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4228: 4224: 4222:89-303-0820-1 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4070:89-369-0112-5 4066: 4062: 4055: 4050: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4002: 3991: 3989:9788928508150 3985: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3964: 3960: 3957:] (PhD). 3956: 3952: 3951:Study on the 3945: 3940: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3822: 3817: 3814: 3811:, p. 28. 3810: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3766: 3763:, p. 27. 3762: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3727: 3724:, p. 13. 3723: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3703: 3700:, p. 14. 3699: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3531:, p. 24. 3530: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3506:, p. 23. 3505: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3468:, p. 77. 3467: 3462: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3396: 3393:, p. 138 3392: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3323: 3320:, p. 62. 3319: 3314: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3222: 3219:, p. 95. 3218: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3204:, p. 94. 3203: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3144:, p. 92. 3143: 3138: 3135: 3132:, p. 90. 3131: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3063: 3060:, p. 87. 3059: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2979: 2976:, p. 51. 2975: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2928: 2925:, p. 58. 2924: 2919: 2916: 2913:, p. 65. 2912: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2892: 2889:, p. 47. 2888: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2874:, p. 44. 2873: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2838:, p. 49. 2837: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2789:, p. 18. 2788: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2720: 2717:, p. 105 2716: 2710: 2707: 2704:, p. 19. 2703: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2689:, p. 93. 2688: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2668: 2665:, p. 12. 2664: 2659: 2656: 2653:, p. 11. 2652: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2632: 2629:, p. 18. 2628: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2612:, p. 17. 2611: 2606: 2603: 2600:, p. 26. 2599: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2583:, p. 10. 2582: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2543: 2540:, p. 17. 2539: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2523:, p. 20. 2522: 2517: 2514: 2511:, p. 21. 2510: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2427: 2424:, p. 15. 2423: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2400:, p. 11. 2399: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2319: 2316:, p. 16. 2315: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2301:, p. 10. 2300: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2221:, p. 14. 2220: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2127: 2124:, p. 15. 2123: 2118: 2115: 2112:, p. 30. 2111: 2106: 2103: 2100:, p. 228 2099: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2072:, p. 14. 2071: 2066: 2063: 2056: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1973: 1969: 1968:Middle Korean 1965: 1955: 1952: 1945: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1739: 1737: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1701:Neo-Confucian 1698: 1697:folk religion 1694: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1635: 1630: 1623: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1601: 1596: 1595: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1374:the original 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1269:jejeol mengdu 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233:mullin mengdu 1230: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1119:mengdu josang 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1019: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1004: 995: 994: 987: 981: 977: 973: 970: 964: 963: 959: 953: 952: 948: 945: 939: 935: 929: 928: 924: 920: 911: 910: 907: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 888: 884: 881: 878: 876:Human fortune 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 861: 858: 855: 851: 847: 842: 835: 833: 826:(Sino-Korean 825: 820: 813: 810: 807: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 765: 764:cheon dae mun 762: 759: 756: 753: 751:"heaven gate" 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 732: 729: 726: 725: 724: 721: 717: 713: 709: 694:(Sino-Korean 693: 688: 681: 677: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 636: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 602: 600: 598: 597: 592: 591: 585: 584: 579: 578: 571: 569: 560: 553: 551: 547: 545: 541: 540:Oen-jabu-dari 537: 535: 531: 526: 523: 522:kal-seon-dari 519: 515: 514:kal-seon-dari 511: 502: 498: 496: 487: 485: 483: 479: 473: 471: 466: 462: 458: 448: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 428: 418: 416: 414: 406: 404: 402: 401: 396: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 370:"earth", and 369: 365: 362: 358: 352: 350: 345: 341: 337: 332: 330: 324: 322: 318: 314: 309: 306: 298: 293: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 262: 257: 253: 252: 247: 239: 237: 235: 231: 226: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 201:Every set of 199: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 179: 174: 170: 165: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 142: 131: 129: 122: 111: 110: 103: 97: 88: 84: 80: 79: 66: 54: 43: 32: 19: 5541:Mesopotamian 5534: 5519:Cledonomancy 5494: 5464:Scapulimancy 5439:Omphalomancy 5368:Tasseography 5355: 5343: 5314:Molybdomancy 5308: 5149:Ornithomancy 5043: 5034: 5013: 5004: 4995: 4974: 4965: 4964: 4954: 4944: 4934: 4870: 4847: 4827:Samgong-maji 4803: 4791: 4782: 4773: 4763: 4754: 4731: 4722: 4709:Chogong-maji 4699: 4689: 4674: 4665: 4656: 4636:Bose-gamsang 4590: 4558: 4505:. Retrieved 4488: 4484: 4468: 4462:Jeju-do muga 4461: 4449:. Retrieved 4432: 4428: 4409:. Retrieved 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4351:. Retrieved 4334: 4330: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4272: 4268: 4261: 4257: 4231:. Retrieved 4212: 4204: 4191:. Retrieved 4174: 4170: 4151:. Retrieved 4134: 4130: 4111:. Retrieved 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4060: 4053: 4041:. Retrieved 4024: 4020: 4016: 4007: 3993:. Retrieved 3980: 3976: 3968: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3931:. Retrieved 3914: 3910: 3891:. Retrieved 3874: 3870: 3866: 3849:] (MS). 3846: 3839: 3821:Yang J. 2001 3816: 3809:Kang S. 2012 3804: 3792: 3780: 3773:Yang J. 2001 3768: 3761:Kang S. 2012 3746:Yang J. 2001 3741: 3729: 3717: 3705: 3693: 3681: 3669: 3657: 3650:Hong T. 2002 3645: 3633: 3626:Kang S. 2012 3621: 3609: 3597: 3585: 3573: 3566:Kang S. 2012 3561: 3554:Kang S. 2012 3549: 3544:, p. 24 3542:Kang S. 2012 3536: 3529:Kang S. 2012 3524: 3519:, p. 23 3517:Kang S. 2012 3511: 3504:Kang S. 2012 3499: 3494:, p. 23 3492:Kang S. 2012 3486: 3481:, p. 23 3479:Kang S. 2012 3473: 3466:Kang S. 2012 3461: 3454:Kang S. 2012 3449: 3442:Kang S. 2012 3437: 3430:Kang S. 2012 3425: 3418:Kang S. 2012 3403:Kang S. 2007 3398: 3391:Kang S. 2007 3385: 3378:Kang S. 2007 3373: 3366:Kang S. 2007 3361: 3354:Kang S. 2007 3349: 3342:Kang S. 2007 3337: 3330:Kang S. 2007 3325: 3313: 3301: 3289: 3282:Moon M. 1999 3277: 3270:Kang S. 2012 3253:Kang S. 2012 3248: 3241:Kang S. 2012 3236: 3229:Kang S. 2012 3224: 3217:Kang S. 2012 3202:Kang S. 2012 3197: 3190:Kang S. 2012 3185: 3178:Kang S. 2012 3173: 3166:Kang S. 2006 3161: 3154:Kang S. 2012 3149: 3142:Kang S. 2012 3137: 3130:Kang S. 2012 3125: 3118:Kang S. 2012 3113: 3106:Kang S. 2012 3101: 3094:Kang S. 2012 3089: 3077: 3070:Kang S. 2012 3065: 3058:Kang S. 2012 3053: 3046:Kang S. 2012 3041: 3034:Kang S. 2012 3029: 3022:Kang S. 2012 3017: 3010:Kang S. 2012 3005: 2998:Kang S. 2012 2993: 2986:Kang S. 2012 2981: 2974:Kang S. 2012 2969: 2962:Kang J. 2015 2947:Kang S. 2012 2942: 2935:Kang S. 2012 2930: 2923:Kang S. 2012 2918: 2911:Kang S. 2012 2906: 2899:Kang J. 2015 2894: 2887:Kang S. 2012 2872:Kang S. 2012 2867: 2860:Kang S. 2012 2855: 2848:Kang S. 2012 2843: 2836:Kang S. 2012 2831: 2824:Kang S. 2012 2819: 2814:, p. 18 2812:Jeon J. 2011 2806: 2799:Kang S. 2012 2794: 2787:Jeon J. 2011 2782: 2775:Kang S. 2012 2770: 2763:Kang S. 2012 2758: 2751:Kang S. 2012 2746: 2739:Kang S. 2012 2734: 2727:Kang S. 2012 2722: 2715:Kang S. 2012 2709: 2702:Jeon J. 2011 2687:Kang S. 2005 2682: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2639:Kang S. 2012 2634: 2627:Kang S. 2012 2610:Jeon J. 2011 2605: 2598:Kang S. 2012 2562:Kang S. 2012 2557: 2550:Kang S. 2012 2545: 2538:Kang S. 2012 2521:Kang S. 2012 2516: 2509:Kang S. 2012 2492:, p. 9. 2477:, p. 7. 2453: 2446:Jeon J. 2011 2441: 2434:Kang S. 2012 2429: 2422:Kang S. 2012 2417: 2410:Jeon J. 2011 2405: 2398:Jeon J. 2011 2379:, p. 5. 2354:Kang S. 2012 2349: 2344:, p. 4. 2321: 2314:Kang S. 2012 2299:Jeon J. 2011 2284:, p. 3. 2277: 2270:Kang S. 2012 2265: 2253: 2246:Kang S. 2012 2241: 2219:Shin Y. 2017 2214: 2201: 2189: 2177: 2165: 2153: 2141: 2129: 2122:Kang J. 2015 2117: 2110:Kang S. 2012 2105: 2098:Shin Y. 2017 2092: 2085:Kang J. 2015 2070:Kang S. 2012 2065: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2011: 2003: 1998: 1985: 1971: 1963: 1954: 1935:in Indonesia 1930: 1908: 1902: 1899:jajak mengdu 1898: 1893: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1867: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1825:Outside Jeju 1817: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1785: 1775: 1755: 1747: 1743: 1741: 1735: 1733: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1705: 1692: 1690: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1652: 1648: 1640: 1638: 1633: 1618: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1592: 1590: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1568: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1515: 1511:sacred drums 1506: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1367:jajak mengdu 1366: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1351: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1220: 1209: 1207: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1172: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1135: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117:ancestors" ( 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1088: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1017:Inauspicious 1007:jeoseung mun 1006: 985:Inauspicious 968:Inauspicious 946:Inauspicious 925:were closed 922: 902:Inauspicious 868: 863: 853: 849: 845: 843: 839: 823: 821: 817: 811: 793: 775: 763: 748: 737:cheon ji mun 736: 719: 715: 711: 691: 689: 675: 673: 667: 651: 647: 643: 639: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 606: 594: 589: 581: 575: 572: 567: 565: 548: 543: 539: 538: 533: 529: 527: 521: 517: 513: 509: 507: 494: 491: 481: 477: 474: 469: 464: 461:Korean paper 456: 453: 436: 432: 424: 422: 412: 410: 398: 392: 387: 383: 379: 356: 353: 333: 325: 310: 302: 296: 285: 277: 273: 265: 260: 249: 245: 243: 233: 229: 227: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 200: 194: 186: 176: 172: 166: 161: 156:of southern 127: 125: 108: 106: 77: 76: 74: 64: 18: 5444:Oracle bone 5417:Somatomancy 5386:Gastromancy 5339:Runic magic 5334:Rhabdomancy 5210:Aspidomancy 5164:Bibliomancy 5124:Ailuromancy 5117:Theriomancy 4820:Je'osanggye 4813:Yowang-maji 4748:Siwang-maji 4686:Irweol-maji 4629:Seok-sallim 4608:Chosin-maji 4564:Jeju Island 4491:: 253–275. 4435:: 135–169. 4303:Samguk yusa 4291:Samguk yusa 4137:: 305–355. 3972:제주굿 이해의 길잡이 3917:: 133–196. 3877:: 103–141. 3831:Works cited 3734:Kim T. 1996 3722:Kim T. 1996 3710:Kim T. 1996 3698:Kim T. 1996 3318:Koh E. 2020 3306:Koh E. 2020 3082:Kim H. 2002 2675:Kim H. 2002 2663:Kim H. 2002 2651:Kim H. 2002 2581:Kim H. 2002 2490:Kim H. 2002 2475:Kim H. 2002 2458:Kim H. 2002 2377:Kim H. 2002 2342:Kim H. 2002 2329:, p. 4 2327:Kim H. 2002 2282:Kim H. 2002 2134:Seo D. 2001 2025:Li Chunfeng 1712:moon blocks 1565:Gongsi-puri 1047:Dragon King 1014:Both closed 979:Both closed 965:Both closed 930:Both closed 680:Sino-Korean 530:ae-san-dari 488:Ritual uses 270:origin myth 240:Origin myth 169:origin myth 158:Jeju Island 5630:Divination 5614:Categories 5583:Revelation 5546:Numerology 5509:Apparition 5391:Mediumship 5378:Necromancy 5289:Cartomancy 5271:Cleromancy 5261:Hydromancy 5251:Capnomancy 5230:Oculomancy 5144:Myrmomancy 5106:divination 5103:Methods of 4741:Jetsanggye 4716:Igong-maji 4650:Buldo-maji 4615:Chosanggye 4547:Component 4337:: 89–112. 4177:: 87–108. 3797:Yi M. 2004 3686:Ha S. 2001 3674:Ha S. 2001 3662:Ha S. 2001 3638:Ha S. 2001 3614:Ha S. 2001 3602:Ha S. 2001 3590:Ha S. 2001 3578:Ha S. 2001 3490:"擲杯珓而言吉凶" 2052:References 1790:syncretism 1770:Yakcheonsa 1758:and other 1065:The three 1058:Nature of 1002:Auspicious 971:Auspicious 943:Auspicious 896:Auspicious 778:"sun moon" 588:ancestral 518:Jakdo-dari 510:jakdo-dari 482:geot-chima 470:josim-dari 441:folklorist 366:"heaven", 223:initiation 181:, a major 150:divination 124:) and the 121:sam-mengdu 5556:Isopsephy 5514:Astrology 5504:Apophenia 5459:Rumpology 5454:Podomancy 5449:Palmistry 5299:Favomancy 5284:Belomancy 5256:Aeromancy 5246:Pyromancy 5239:Elemental 4896:Mawl-nori 4583:Chogam-je 4497:1229-6953 4480:무가의 전승 주체 4441:1229-7569 4401:1975-5740 4343:1738-1614 4243:cite book 4208:한국 신화의 연구 4183:1226-0568 4143:1598-1010 4033:1738-1614 4027:: 47–68. 3923:1738-1614 3883:1738-1614 2205:"삼천천제석궁" 2057:Citations 1991:lunisolar 1964:hwanggeum 1903:sinbyeong 1843:sinbyeong 1834:sinbyeong 1657:lunisolar 1645:libations 1624:Dangju-je 1548:Once the 1312:sinbyeong 1241:sinbyeong 988:Uncertain 982:Both open 957:Uncertain 940:Both open 915:Uncertain 899:Uncertain 893:Both open 890:Both open 749:cheon mun 708:cash coin 478:sok-chima 437:daebeonji 433:daebeonji 427:seonsaeng 400:sinbyeong 336:Confucian 96:romanized 5578:Prophecy 5551:Gematria 5529:Geomancy 5434:Haruspex 5408:Taghairm 5329:Opon Ifá 5139:Myomancy 4956:Keun-dae 4936:Dangkeul 4917:Dwi-maji 4643:Gwanse'u 4507:July 15, 4501:Archived 4451:July 15, 4445:Archived 4411:July 14, 4405:Archived 4385:: 5–27. 4353:July 15, 4347:Archived 4317:: 25–60. 4233:June 23, 4227:Archived 4193:July 15, 4187:Archived 4153:July 15, 4147:Archived 4113:July 14, 4107:Archived 4105:: 1–24. 4093:"]. 4043:July 15, 4037:Archived 3995:July 11, 3933:July 15, 3927:Archived 3893:July 15, 3887:Archived 1925:See also 1883:cheonmun 1720:cheonmun 1612:cheongju 1587:ritual: 1558:cheonmun 1530:Segyeong 1502:cheonmun 1500:and the 1456:yuk-gobi 1452:yuk-gobi 1417:yuk-gobi 1378:in many 1089:Yet the 1043:cheonmun 1031:cheonmun 996:One open 954:One open 937:One open 923:cheonmun 912:One open 869:Cheonmun 854:cheonmun 720:cheonmun 712:cheonmun 692:cheonmun 652:cheonmun 640:cheonmun 629:cheonmun 613:cheonmun 596:keun-dae 590:bon-puri 586:and any 425:sin-kal 376:East Sea 357:cheonmun 5588:Ecstasy 5568:Onmyodo 5535:I Ching 5480:African 5304:Kumalak 5225:Dowsing 5202:Scrying 5177:Falnama 5015:Dan'gol 4997:Simbang 4976:Yeonmul 4555:of the 4549:rituals 4377:]. 4371:simbang 4089:" and " 4019:]. 2042:han jan 1972:han kem 1970:phrase 1887:sangjan 1879:rattles 1862:Gangwon 1716:sangjan 1554:sangjan 1498:sangjan 1487:Sin-gut 1039:sangjan 1027:sangjan 1005:Called 864:Sangjan 850:sangjan 676:sangjan 644:sangjan 625:sangjan 609:sangjan 268:is the 171:of the 98:: 5593:Vision 5573:Oracle 5496:Sikidy 5396:Séance 5351:Sortes 5345:Sikidy 5309:Mengdu 5192:Virgil 5134:Augury 4966:Mengdu 4910:Gasuri 4557:Great 4495: 4465:제주도 무가 4439: 4399: 4375:mengdu 4341: 4299:gwimul 4278: 4219: 4181: 4141: 4087:mengdu 4067: 4057:한국의 무속 4031: 3986: 3953:mengdu 3921: 3881: 2038:il bae 2021:Guo Pu 2017:Taoist 2004:sandae 1932:Pusaka 1894:mengdu 1881:. 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