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more likely to be hurt in gang initiation than they are by refusing to join. Female members may be required to have sex with male members as a form of initiation, also known as "sex in", though they may also be "jumped-in" like their male counterparts. One study shows that female members who were "sexed-in" as part of gang initiation were thereafter viewed with lower respect than those that were "jumped-in", even when promised they would become full-fledged members. Another study found that sexed-in members face greater risks of sexual exploitation and
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1960:, who are not and do not become members of anything but the so-called "equator crossing club". Another form, "Kissing the Royal Belly" or "Royal Baby", calls for initiates to kneel before a senior member of the crew, who wears a mock diaper. This "Baby" usually has a huge stomach covered with greasy materials ranging from cooking oil to mustard, shaving cream, eggs, and oysters. Junior sailors must lick the Baby's navel area, while the "baby" grabs and shakes their head to better smear the goo onto their faces.
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discussed initiation as a principal religious act by classical or traditional societies. He defined initiation as "a basic change in existential condition", which liberates man from profane time and history. "Initiation recapitulates the sacred history of the world. And through this recapitulation,
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A spiritual initiation rite normally implies a shepherding process where those who are at a higher level guide the initiate through a process of greater exposure of knowledge. This may include the revelation of secrets, hence the term secret society for such organizations, usually reserved for those
1971:
often require new members to commit crimes before accepting them as part of the gang. New members may be physically beaten by fellow gang members to demonstrate their courage, also known as "beat-in" or "jump-in", which occasionally results in a fatality. One study indicates that young people are
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marking entrance or acceptance into a group or society. It could also be a formal admission to adulthood in a community or one of its formal components. In an extended sense, it can also signify a transformation in which the initiate is 'reborn' into a new role. Examples of initiation ceremonies
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tribes usually had long periods of time to help prepare adolescent boys, teaching them traditional lore before they were ready to attend large elaborate ceremonies at the time of initiation when they were finally recognized as full-fledged men in their society. Most tribes had circumcision and
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of females as well. Initiation is considered necessary for the individual to be regarded as a full member of the tribe. Otherwise, the individual may not be allowed to participate in ceremonies or even in social rituals such as marriage. A man will not be allowed to marry or have any special
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The humiliation of initiation rituals borrows from the world of comic ordering, the shaming rituals from tragic ordering. The initiation ritual conceives of humiliation as a test, a rite, prior to and indeed allowing for the attainment of honor as a group member of good
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Initiation may be thought of as an event which may help teens prepare themselves to be good husbands and wives. Where modernization is occurring, initiation is not taken so seriously as before, although there are still certain areas which still perform initiations.
1951:
In addition, there can be similar rites of passages associated with parts of naval and military life, which do not constitute true initiations as the participants are already and remain members of the same community. One such rite is associated with
1841:. The initiation process is often likened to a simultaneous death and rebirth, because as well as being a beginning it also implies an ending as existence on one level drops away in an ascension to the next. Initiation is a key component of
1833:, an initiation is considered to cause a fundamental process of change to begin within the person being initiated and its "evolution operates within both the material world and the spiritual world". The person conducting the initiation (the
1930:
2302:
Keating, C. F.; Pomerantz, J.; Pommer, S. D.; Ritt, S. J. H.; Miller, L. M.; McCormick, J. (2005). "Going to college and unpacking hazing: A functional approach to decrypting initiation practices among undergraduates".
2125:, initiate their adulthood when they are 20 years old (ć ć ) and girls when they are 15 (ćçŹ). Yili (ć犟), a text in the chapter of the rites(?) (棫ć 犟) describes various details of the ceremonies involved.
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Some communities on board a military vessel and also of military soldiers tend to form a closed 'family' which absorbs in members, who are often formally accepted, generally after a form of trial or
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Lodewijkx, H. F. M.; van
Zomeren, M.; Syroit, J. E. M. M. (2005). "The anticipation of a severe initiation: Gender differences in effects on affiliation tendency and group attraction".
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In the study of certain social forms of initiation, such as hazing in college fraternities and sororities, laboratory experiments in psychology suggest that severe initiations produce
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during initiations have important consequences in that initiates who feel more rewarded express stronger group identity. As well as group attraction, initiations can also produce
1660:" function is to reveal the deep meaning of existence to the new generations and to help them assume the responsibility of being truly men and hence of participating in culture."
1837:), being in possession of a certain power or state of being, transfers this power or state to the person being initiated. Thus the concept of initiation is similar to that of
2098:). These initiations were abandoned with the adoption of Christianity, and the Urap have expressed relief at no longer having to administer the beatings which were involved.
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specialized initiations, which certain individuals undergo in order to transcend their human condition and become protégés of the
Supernatural Beings or even their equals."
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rites: "collective rituals whose function is to effect the transition from childhood or adolescence to adulthood." They represent "above all the revelation of the sacred."
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tribe of South Africa is normally regarded as a stage where a boy is to be taught manhood and a girl to be taught womanhood. In many
African tribes, initiation involves
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was a multistage process which involved beatings and manipulation of various objects. At each stage, the initiate was offered revelations of secret knowledge (Urap:
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rites, "by virtue of which adolescents gain access to the sacred, to knowledge, and to sexuality-- by which, in short, they become human beings."
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that governs the work performed by members of the union. Some unions also charge a one-time initiation fee, after which the joining
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Miller, J. (2002). Young Women in Street Gangs: Risk
Factors, Delinquency, and Victimization Risk. National Crime Journal, Ch.3>
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1896:. Christian Baptism is seen as both part of the individual's faith and conversion as well as their initiation into the Church.
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1663:"it reveals a world open to the trans-human, a world that, in our philosophical terminology, we should call transcendental."
2175:. Cornell paperbacks : essays, sociology (reprint ed.). ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 164.
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1619:. A person taking the initiation ceremony in traditional rites, such as those depicted in these pictures, is called an
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In some
African tribes, boys take about 3â4 months participating in initiation rites and girls take about 1â2 months.
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Robbins, Joel (2001). "God Is
Nothing but Talk: Modernity, Language, and Prayer in a Papua New Guinea Society".
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Robbins, Joel (1998). "Becoming
Sinners: Christianity and Desire among the Urapmin of Papua New Guinea".
1885:(student or disciple) agrees to the requirements (such as living an ethical lifestyle, meditating, etc.)
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the whole world is sanctified anew... can perceive the world as a sacred work, a creation of the Gods."
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relationship with a woman who did not go to an initiation, because she is not considered to be a woman.
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among new members. Psychology experiments have also shown that initiations increase feelings of
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Aronson, E.; Mills, J. (1959). "The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group".
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Kamau, C. (2012). What does being initiated severely into a group do? The role of rewards.
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2416:"Sailor Men: Are Navy rituals, like Kissing the Royal Belly, homophobic or homoerotic?"
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Eliade differentiates between types of initiations in two ways: types and functions.
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among initiates after the experience, because they want to justify the effort used.
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This hat would only have been worn by initiates to Kindi, the highest level of
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Brumbaugh, Robert (1980). "Models of
Separation and a Mountain Ok Religion".
2389:. Chapter 10. Mystical Initiation (Definition). The Rosicrucian Order, AMORC.
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as the
Western presence grew in eastern Congo in the early twentieth century
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Nearing the late parts of the ceremony, the initiate gains an alias, or a "
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at the higher level of understanding. One famous historical example is the
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Festinger, L (1961). "The psychological effects of insufficient rewards".
2086:. These elaborate rituals were a central part of Urapmin social life. The
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on board a naval ship, but it can even be taken by passengers on board a
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Humiliation: And Other Essays on Honor, Social
Discomfort, and Violence
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are renamed by their guru during the three-day initiation ceremony in
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is initiation into a secret male religious cult. For example, the
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for Kindi, crowns the hat. European-made buttons began to replace
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men to prove themselves as warriors. The ceremony as witnessed by
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TEENS CAN REFUSE GANG MEMBERSHIP WITHOUT SERIOUS HARM, STUDY SAYS
2094:), but at the next stage these would be shown to be false (Urap:
1753:. Dissonance is then thought to produce feelings of strong group
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2493:. GateHouse Media, Inc. The Columbia Dispatch. Archived from
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stings as part of their initiation rites to become warriors.
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A salient shared cultural feature of the Min peoples of the
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2008:
Tribes often have initiations. The initiation done in the
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One of the most recognized religious initiation rites is
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Burris-Kitchen, D. (1997). Female Gang Participation.
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is officially deemed to be a member in good standing.
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of ancient Greece, thought to go back to at least the
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The Anthropology of Morality in Melanesia and Beyond
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used to practice a type of male initiation known in
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2059:as part of the male initiation rituals, while many
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2305:Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice
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2517:Exclusive: Gangs Spreading In The Military
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127:
2702:(1st ed.). New York: Harper and Row.
2566:
2487:"Man, 18, gets life in prison for murder"
2316:
2231:
2220:Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
1877:traditions. It denotes acceptance by the
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
682:Anthropological Perspectives on Religion
2607:
2583:
2158:
1199:
135:
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2531:. Ohio State University. Dec 18, 1998.
2485:Coolidge, Sharon (November 26, 2008).
2206:
7:
3853:Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches
1730:These can be broken into two types:
371:Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
54:adding citations to reliable sources
2620:Backshall, Steve (6 January 2008).
2404:. Baker Academic. pp. 1016â17.
2283:International Journal of Psychology
3937:Left-hand path and right-hand path
501:Archaeology of religion and ritual
14:
2040:The bull jumping ceremony of the
3592:Spellwork / Incantation
3064:
2763:
2000:as prestige items on such Bwami
1205:
30:
4057:Fraternity and sorority culture
4014:Witchcraft Research Association
2700:Rites and Symbols of Initiation
2444:Associated Gangs in this county
1638:in comic ordering and testing.
214:Evolutionary origin of religion
41:needs additional citations for
4009:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic
3421:Holly King / Oak King
1992:. Tail hair of an elephant, a
1687:ceremony was a test for young
369:Treatise on the Apparitions of
1:
2983:Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth
2688:10.1525/eth.1980.8.4.02a00050
1934:Equator crossing ceremony on
1805:Endowment (Latter Day Saints)
1431:List of magical organizations
819:Traditional African religions
364:Coral Gardens and Their Magic
3912:List of Wiccan organisations
2291:10.1080/00207594.2012.663957
4052:Majorityâminority relations
3110:Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca
2659:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
2383:Bernard, Christian (2015).
21:Initiation (disambiguation)
4073:
3141:Church and School of Wicca
3062:
1881:and also implies that the
1797:Religious initiation rites
1794:
18:
3860:The Meaning of Witchcraft
2978:Illuminates of Thanateros
2751:10.1525/aa.2001.103.4.901
2327:10.1037/1089-2699.9.2.104
1652:Reasons for and functions
1634:notes the role of ritual
897:Armenian Apostolic Church
3459:Wiccan views of divinity
3196:Universal Eclectic Wicca
2628:. London. Archived from
2362:10.1177/1046496404272381
2121:Chinese boys, under the
1976:by fellow male members.
1873:, and similar religious
1587:might include Christian
789:Native American religion
444:Revitalization movements
299:Sacredâprofane dichotomy
137:Anthropology of religion
16:Rite-of-passage ceremony
3942:Cunning folk in Britain
2739:American Anthropologist
2491:The Cincinnati Enquirer
2020:of males and sometimes
1780:Religious and spiritual
703:The Journal of Religion
324:Theories about religion
3726:Magical tools in Wicca
3298:Ipsita Roy Chakraverti
2622:"Bitten by the Amazon"
2063:tribes also practiced
2045:
2005:
1941:
1792:
1789:Freemasonry initiation
1696:
1601:fraternal organization
749:Alaska Native religion
744:Afro-American religion
339:Veneration of the dead
148:
3932:Witch-cult hypothesis
3888:Charge of the Goddess
3629:Solitary practitioner
3547:Drawing down the Moon
3328:Cerridwen Fallingstar
3049:Wicca and LGBT people
2772:at Wikimedia Commons
2655:Barker, John (2007).
2257:American Psychologist
2052:Australian Aboriginal
2039:
1987:
1933:
1913:collective bargaining
1801:Esoteric transmission
1787:
1718:: "the vocation of a
1682:
1327:Esoteric transmission
1150:cultural anthropology
769:Chinese folk religion
661:Anthony F. C. Wallace
656:Daniel Martin Varisco
581:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
483:of the Religious Life
147:
3105:Central Valley Wicca
2921:William S. Burroughs
2632:on February 22, 2014
2497:on September 9, 2019
2350:Small Group Research
2072:New Guinea Highlands
1954:crossing the equator
1937:Empress of Australia
1839:apostolic succession
1812:Eleusinian Mysteries
1751:cognitive dissonance
1599:, acceptance into a
804:Shamanism in Siberia
651:Edward Burnett Tylor
481:The Elementary Forms
249:Magic (supernatural)
199:Comparative religion
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
3953:Malleus Maleficarum
3947:European witchcraft
3927:Neopagan witchcraft
3082:British Traditional
3025:Neopagan witchcraft
2962:Robert Anton Wilson
2400:Erickson, Millard.
2167:Miller, William Ian
1494:Hermes Trismegistus
1367:Ritual purification
1227:Eastern esotericism
1222:Western esotericism
986:Hindu denominations
927:Ethiopian Orthodoxy
696:The Hibbert Journal
606:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
591:Fustel de Coulanges
131:Part of a series on
3968:Magical alphabets
3917:Bricket Wood coven
3895:Enchanted Feminism
3288:Zsuzsanna Budapest
3044:Etymology of Wicca
2942:Austin Osman Spare
2546:Edwin Mellen Press
2542:Lewiston, New York
2449:2007-10-16 at the
2402:Christian Theology
2061:Central Australian
2046:
2026:genital mutilation
2018:genital mutilation
2006:
1942:
1926:Naval and military
1867:Vajrayana Buddhism
1825:In the context of
1793:
1697:
1666:"to make open to
1632:William Ian Miller
1597:bar or bat mitzvah
1384:Esoteric societies
1040:Non-denominational
952:Oriental Orthodoxy
506:Poles in mythology
239:Laying on of hands
149:
4029:
4028:
3650:Wheel of the Year
3303:Patricia Crowther
3204:
3203:
3090:Alexandrian Wicca
3055:Dettmer v. Landon
2991:
2990:
2891:Genesis P-Orridge
2768:Media related to
2515:James M Klatell.
2044:tribe in Ethiopia
1577:
1576:
1310:Astral projection
1267:Mystical theology
1184:
1183:
972:Russian Orthodoxy
922:Eastern Orthodoxy
571:Arnold van Gennep
490:Purity and Danger
126:
125:
118:
100:
4064:
4047:Rites of passage
3999:Witches' Sabbath
3922:New Forest coven
3881:Witchcraft Today
3867:The Spiral Dance
3414:Spirit of nature
3373:Silver RavenWolf
3318:Scott Cunningham
3308:Vivianne Crowley
3278:Raymond Buckland
3146:Cochrane's Craft
3115:Gardnerian Wicca
3078:
3068:
3039:History of Wicca
3018:
3011:
3004:
2995:
2937:Aleister Crowley
2906:Peter J. Carroll
2875:Synchromysticism
2820:Cut-up technique
2799:
2792:
2785:
2776:
2767:
2754:
2732:
2703:
2691:
2670:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2626:The Sunday Times
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2549:
2538:
2532:
2527:Jeff Grabmeier.
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2460:
2454:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2418:. Archived from
2412:
2406:
2405:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2320:
2299:
2293:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2269:10.1037/h0045112
2252:
2246:
2245:
2242:10.1037/h0047195
2235:
2215:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2163:
2117:Historical China
2109:use intentional
1863:Surat Shabd Yoga
1816:Mycenaean period
1706:Entering into a
1617:recruit training
1569:
1562:
1555:
1209:
1186:
1176:
1169:
1162:
917:Coptic Orthodoxy
631:Marshall Sahlins
473:Related articles
128:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4004:Flying ointment
3900:
3874:What Witches Do
3840:
3761:Book of Shadows
3714:
3638:
3617:Rite of passage
3582:Herbal medicine
3539:
3533:
3444:Wiccan morality
3436:
3430:
3387:
3368:Rosaleen Norton
3363:Frederic Lamond
3358:Philip Heselton
3313:Robert Cochrane
3293:Charles Cardell
3283:Eddie Buczynski
3253:Victor Anderson
3223:Doreen Valiente
3210:
3200:
3119:
3100:Blue Star Wicca
3069:
3060:
3027:
3022:
2992:
2987:
2966:
2925:
2916:Ralph Tegtmeier
2884:Notable figures
2879:
2870:Symbol of Chaos
2808:
2803:
2761:
2736:
2721:10.2307/3773784
2706:
2694:
2673:
2667:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2573:
2567:Brumbaugh (1980
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2539:
2535:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2451:Wayback Machine
2442:Maryland gangs.
2441:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2318:10.1.1.611.2494
2301:
2300:
2296:
2280:
2276:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2233:10.1.1.368.1481
2217:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2201:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2138:
2119:
1982:
1966:
1928:
1902:
1807:
1782:
1777:
1747:
1677:
1654:
1629:
1627:Characteristics
1615:from school or
1609:religious order
1584:rite of passage
1573:
1544:
1543:
1444:
1443:Notable figures
1436:
1435:
1426:Typhonian Order
1417:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1362:Rite of passage
1305:
1297:
1296:
1217:
1180:
1140:
1139:
932:Greek Orthodoxy
912:Catholic Church
728:
727:
716:
715:
676:
675:
666:
665:
641:Stanley Tambiah
596:Clifford Geertz
551:Joseph Campbell
536:Augustin Calmet
531:
530:
529:Major theorists
521:
520:
496:Myth and ritual
482:
475:
474:
465:
464:
370:
354:
353:
344:
343:
294:Sacred language
284:Rite of passage
209:Divine language
174:
173:
164:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4070:
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4016:
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3836:Witch's ladder
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3781:Chalice/Goblet
3778:
3773:
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3763:
3758:
3753:
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3623:Eko Eko Azarak
3619:
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3496:
3494:The Summerland
3491:
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3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3426:Mother goddess
3423:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3406:
3401:
3399:Triple Goddess
3395:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3343:Raven Grimassi
3340:
3338:Stewart Farrar
3335:
3330:
3325:
3323:Phyllis Curott
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3233:Maxine Sanders
3230:
3225:
3220:
3218:Gerald Gardner
3214:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3176:Odyssean Wicca
3173:
3171:Georgian Wicca
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:1734 Tradition
3127:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
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3006:
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2927:
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2908:
2903:
2898:
2896:Grant Morrison
2893:
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2885:
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2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
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2816:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2760:
2759:External links
2757:
2756:
2755:
2745:(4): 901â912.
2734:
2715:(4): 299â316.
2704:
2696:Eliade, Mircea
2692:
2682:(4): 332â348.
2671:
2666:978-0754671855
2665:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2571:
2559:
2550:
2533:
2520:
2508:
2477:
2455:
2432:
2407:
2392:
2386:So Mote It Be!
2375:
2356:(2): 237â262.
2340:
2311:(2): 104â126.
2294:
2274:
2247:
2226:(2): 177â181.
2210:
2199:
2181:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2118:
2115:
2076:Urapmin people
1981:
1978:
1965:
1962:
1940:, August 1941
1927:
1924:
1901:
1898:
1791:. 18th century
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1746:
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1728:
1727:
1710:
1708:Secret Society
1704:
1676:
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1605:secret society
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1428:
1423:
1418:
1415:Rosicrucianism
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
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1318:
1317:
1306:
1304:Esoteric rites
1303:
1302:
1299:
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1292:Traditionalism
1289:
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982:
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964:
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957:Pentecostalism
954:
949:
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929:
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771:
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746:
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739:
737:folk religions
729:
723:
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721:
718:
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685:
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672:
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628:
623:
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613:
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603:
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588:
583:
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573:
568:
563:
561:Ămile Durkheim
558:
553:
548:
543:
541:Akbar S. Ahmed
538:
532:
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527:
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519:
518:
516:Elite religion
513:
511:Lived religion
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172:Basic concepts
171:
170:
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165:
150:
140:
139:
133:
132:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4069:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4021:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3989:Witching hour
3987:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:Paraphernalia
3717:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3577:Cone of power
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:Fivefold kiss
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3499:Reincarnation
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:Rule of Three
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3383:Joseph Wilson
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
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3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3273:Jack Bracelin
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Coven of Atho
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3014:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:Organisations
2969:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2957:Postmodernism
2955:
2953:
2952:Kenneth Grant
2950:
2948:
2947:Discordianism
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2873:
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2868:
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2833:
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2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2795:
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2608:Robbins (1998
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2584:Robbins (2001
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2481:
2478:
2466:. Vlad Sokhin
2465:
2464:"Crying Meri"
2459:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2422:on 2007-11-17
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2208:
2207:Eliade (1958)
2203:
2200:
2196:
2184:
2182:9780801481178
2178:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2152:
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2145:
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2140:
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2135:
2133:
2131:
2130:Courtesy name
2126:
2124:
2123:Rites of Zhou
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
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2058:
2057:scarification
2053:
2049:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2003:
2002:paraphernalia
1999:
1998:cowrie shells
1995:
1991:
1986:
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1949:
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1909:organizations
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1772:
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1758:
1756:
1752:
1745:Psychological
1744:
1739:
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1731:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1714:
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1709:
1705:
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1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:George Catlin
1690:
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1669:
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1649:
1646:
1643:
1642:Mircea Eliade
1639:
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1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:Body of light
1313:
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989:
987:
984:
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980:
977:
976:
973:
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968:
965:
963:
962:Protestantism
960:
958:
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948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
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670:
669:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
646:Victor Turner
644:
642:
639:
637:
636:Melford Spiro
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
621:Roy Rappaport
619:
617:
616:Steven Ozment
614:
612:
611:Robert Marett
609:
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604:
602:
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594:
592:
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587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
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569:
567:
566:Mircea Eliade
564:
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469:
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461:
460:Handsome Lake
458:
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151:New monks of
146:
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117:
109:
98:
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91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: â
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
4020:Fluffy Bunny
3964:Cunning folk
3959:Granny woman
3951:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3634:Spiral dance
3621:
3611:
3572:Magic circle
3353:Yvonne Frost
3333:Janet Farrar
3248:Margot Adler
3228:Alex Sanders
3156:Dianic Wicca
3136:Celtic Wicca
3095:Algard Wicca
3053:
2901:Lionel Snell
2839:
2813:Key concepts
2762:
2742:
2738:
2712:
2708:
2699:
2679:
2675:
2656:
2634:. Retrieved
2630:the original
2625:
2615:
2603:
2596:Barker (2007
2591:
2562:
2553:
2536:
2523:
2511:
2501:November 26,
2499:. Retrieved
2495:the original
2490:
2480:
2468:. Retrieved
2458:
2424:. Retrieved
2420:the original
2410:
2401:
2395:
2385:
2378:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2282:
2277:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2202:
2193:
2186:. Retrieved
2171:
2161:
2127:
2120:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2069:
2050:
2047:
2031:
2022:circumcision
2014:circumcision
2007:
1967:
1958:cruise liner
1950:
1943:
1935:
1903:
1894:Christianity
1887:
1834:
1827:ritual magic
1824:
1808:
1759:
1748:
1729:
1720:medicine man
1695:, circa 1835
1684:
1647:
1640:
1630:
1620:
1593:confirmation
1579:
1578:
1357:Propitiation
1341:
1216:Key concepts
1191:
1079:Conservative
947:Nestorianism
880:Christianity
708:
701:
694:
687:
680:
626:Saba Mahmood
601:Robin Horton
586:James Frazer
556:Mary Douglas
488:
479:
376:Neo-Paganism
352:Case studies
319:Superstition
314:Soul dualism
233:
224:Great Spirit
112:
106:January 2015
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
65:"Initiation"
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3557:Handfasting
3484:White magic
3449:Wiccan Rede
3348:Gavin Frost
3268:Lois Bourne
3161:Faery Wicca
2806:Chaos magic
2649:Works cited
2470:12 February
2263:(1): 1â11.
2103:Sateré-Mawé
2065:subincision
1900:Trade union
1855:Vaishnavism
1831:esotericism
1769:affiliation
1636:humiliation
1405:Golden Dawn
1400:Freemasonry
1262:Metaphysics
1247:Hermeticism
1200:Esotericism
1006:Vaishnavism
937:Lutheranism
892:Anglicanism
576:René Girard
455:Ghost Dance
334:Transtheism
304:Sacred site
264:Nympholepsy
4042:Initiation
4036:Categories
3994:Witch-hunt
3845:Literature
3826:Tarot deck
3685:Lughnasadh
3612:Initiation
3607:Invocation
3602:Divination
3552:Great rite
3540:and ritual
3519:Watchtower
3489:Otherworld
3479:Witchcraft
3469:Craft name
3404:Horned God
3263:Gavin Bone
3238:Sybil Leek
3191:Stregheria
3181:Reclaiming
3074:Traditions
2930:Influences
2840:Initiation
2830:Entheogens
2770:Initiation
2426:2009-09-01
2153:References
2111:bullet ant
2105:people of
1820:Bronze Age
1795:See also:
1765:conformity
1755:attraction
1613:graduation
1580:Initiation
1524:Pythagoras
1519:Paracelsus
1395:Ălus CoĂ«ns
1352:Meditation
1347:Invocation
1342:Initiation
1322:Divination
1128:ĆvetÄmbara
764:Böö mörgöl
546:Talal Asad
450:Cargo cult
279:Polytheism
274:Pilgrimage
259:Monotheism
244:Liminality
234:Initiation
229:Henotheism
204:Divination
194:Communitas
157:Amarkantak
153:Kriya Yoga
76:newspapers
3796:Parchment
3710:Wild Hunt
3680:Midsummer
3597:Banishing
3562:Wiccaning
3409:Green Man
3186:Seax-Wica
2911:Phil Hine
2860:Servitors
2709:Ethnology
2610::307â308)
2370:146168269
2313:CiteSeerX
2228:CiteSeerX
2195:standing.
2092:weng awem
1916:agreement
1906:unionised
1835:initiator
1668:spiritual
1595:, Jewish
1499:Ibn Arabi
1484:Gurdjieff
1469:Dionysius
1449:Blavatsky
1410:Martinism
1372:Sacrifice
1332:Evocation
1287:Theosophy
1272:Mysticism
1237:Astrology
1123:Digambara
1065:YazdĂąnism
1045:Quranists
1025:Ahmadiyya
1011:Ayyavazhi
942:Methodism
907:Calvinism
887:Adventism
868:Vajrayana
853:Theravada
843:Pure Land
725:Religions
398:Bobohizan
309:Shamanism
219:Fetishism
179:Afterlife
3821:Talisman
3801:Pentacle
3771:Cauldron
3655:Solstice
3643:Holidays
3524:Familiar
3514:Summoner
3437:concepts
3378:Starhawk
2850:Playback
2825:Egregore
2698:(1958).
2447:Archived
2335:43240412
2169:(1995).
2147:Ulwaluko
2136:See also
1994:metaphor
1859:Sant Mat
1775:Examples
1716:vocation
1713:Mystical
1670:values."
1621:initiate
1337:Exorcism
1252:Kabbalah
1192:a series
1189:Part of
1104:Orthodox
1094:Haymanot
1035:Mahdavia
1001:Smartism
996:Shaktism
991:Shaivism
979:Hinduism
902:Baptists
838:Nichiren
833:Mahayana
826:Buddhism
814:Tengrism
689:Folklore
674:Journals
433:Slametan
393:Babaylan
388:Angakkuq
163:, India.
3905:Related
3811:Scourge
3791:Incense
3766:Candles
3695:Samhain
3675:Beltane
3660:Equinox
3587:Scrying
3529:Animism
3509:Skyclad
3392:Deities
3258:Artemis
3211:figures
3209:Notable
3032:History
2855:Scrying
2729:3773784
2636:13 July
2188:27 July
1892:within
1890:Baptism
1875:gnostic
1843:Judaism
1761:Rewards
1735:puberty
1701:Puberty
1589:baptism
1534:Steiner
1514:Mathers
1459:Crowley
1282:Thelema
1232:Alchemy
1135:Sikhism
1116:Jainism
1099:Karaite
1089:Hasidic
1072:Judaism
967:Quakers
863:Tibetan
858:Tiantai
848:Shingon
784:KejawĂšn
710:Oceania
184:Animism
161:Annupur
90:scholar
3982:Hebrew
3977:Theban
3816:Statue
3776:Censer
3756:Boline
3741:Athame
3736:Amulet
3670:Ostara
3665:Imbolc
2865:Sigils
2835:Gnosis
2727:
2663:
2368:
2333:
2315:
2230:
2179:
2142:Hazing
2107:Brazil
2096:famoul
2010:Bapedi
1980:Tribal
1946:hazing
1920:person
1851:Shiism
1847:Sufism
1803:, and
1724:shaman
1689:Mandan
1529:Schuon
1479:Guénon
1421:Tariqa
1277:Occult
1242:Gnosis
1146:Social
1109:Reform
1084:Haredi
1055:Sufism
809:Shinto
799:Shindo
794:Noaidi
774:Hanitu
733:Ethnic
428:Pawang
423:JhÄkri
382:Ritual
289:Ritual
269:Oracle
189:Augury
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
3972:Runes
3806:Runes
3751:Besom
3731:Altar
3705:Esbat
3690:Mabon
3538:Rites
3504:Karma
3474:Magic
3464:Coven
3124:Other
2725:JSTOR
2676:Ethos
2586::904)
2569::332)
2366:S2CID
2331:S2CID
2042:Hamar
1990:Bwami
1974:abuse
1969:Gangs
1883:Chela
1871:Wicca
1722:or a
1685:Okipa
1675:Types
1611:, or
1582:is a
1539:Waite
1474:Evola
1454:Böhme
1257:Magic
1060:Sunni
1030:Ibadi
1018:Islam
779:Hausa
754:Anito
413:Dukun
403:Bomoh
358:Magic
329:Totem
97:JSTOR
83:books
3831:Wand
3786:Horn
3746:Bell
3700:Yule
3243:Dafo
3166:Feri
2661:ISBN
2638:2013
2598::29)
2503:2008
2472:2014
2190:2019
2177:ISBN
2101:The
2080:Urap
1964:Gang
1879:Guru
1849:and
1829:and
1818:or "
1683:The
1509:LĂ©vi
1504:Jung
1489:Hall
1390:AâŽAâŽ
1148:and
1050:Shia
759:Atua
735:and
418:Miko
408:Bora
254:Mana
69:news
3435:Key
2845:Kia
2747:doi
2743:103
2733:per
2717:doi
2684:doi
2358:doi
2323:doi
2287:doi
2265:doi
2238:doi
2088:ban
2084:ban
2082:as
1904:In
1822:".
1607:or
1591:or
1464:Dee
873:Zen
52:by
4038::
2741:.
2723:.
2713:37
2711:.
2678:.
2624:.
2574:^
2544::
2489:.
2435:^
2364:.
2354:36
2352:.
2329:.
2321:.
2307:.
2285:,
2261:16
2259:.
2236:.
2224:59
2222:.
2192:.
2067:.
1948:.
1869:,
1865:,
1861:,
1857:,
1853:,
1845:,
1799:,
1771:.
1623:.
1603:,
1195:on
438:Wu
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3017:e
3010:t
3003:v
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2753:.
2749::
2731:.
2719::
2690:.
2686::
2680:8
2669:.
2640:.
2548:.
2505:.
2474:.
2453:.
2429:.
2372:.
2360::
2337:.
2325::
2309:9
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2024:/
2016:/
1568:e
1561:t
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1175:e
1168:t
1161:v
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
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