509:), notices that some passages in the gospels suggest that "Jesus was a disturbed personality." However, he notes, "It is difficult to be certain, since we have no way of submitting him to intensive psychiatric diagnosis." He states that if Jesus had any claim to divinity, "then he was deranged." According to Kurtz, Jesus "kept preaching that doomsday or the last days were at hand." In this context, he cites Matthew 16:28 and 24:34–35. He also quotes passages in the gospels in which Jesus' family (Mark 3:20–21) and other contemporary Jews (Mark 3:22, John 10:20) accused him of demonic possession and insanity.
953:
his special relationship to God and his religious mission. This mission, moreover, supposedly originated from the expectation motif then dominant in Israel, creatively reshaped by John, and from the emotional upheaval that the event of his
Baptism brought about in Jesus′ life. But none of this can be found in the texts. However much scholarly erudition goes into the presentation of this reading, it has to be seen as more akin to a "Jesus novel" than as an actual interpretation of the texts. The texts give us no window into Jesus′ inner life – Jesus stands above our psychologizing. (Guardini,
22:
936:(2002), discusses previous attempts to write a psychobiography of Jesus. In the final reflection, he suggests that earlier (created at the beginning of the 20th century) images of a mentally disturbed, paranoid Jesus with hallucinations resulted from comparing him to paranoids in the clinics of their creators and applying Freudian psychology to ancient sources. According to the author, Jesus' intentions should be examined in the context of his place and era, using historical research.
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And he may well have thought (I think he did think) that he would be made the messiah in the future kingdom. That may have been a rather exalted view of himself, but I don't think it makes Jesus crazy. It makes him an unusually confident apocalyptic prophet. There were others with visions of grandeur
593:
and believed that one day he would come down from heaven to rule, he was very similar to the gurus whom he had previously described as preachers of delusions possessed by mania of greatness. He notes that Jesus was not ideal in family life (Mark 3:31–35, Mark 13:12–13). Gurus often remain indifferent
352:
But Christ offers in every respect an absolutely typical picture of a wellknown mental disease. All that we know of him corresponds so exactly to the clinical aspect of paranoia, that it is hardly conceivable how anybody at all acquainted with mental disorders, can entertain the slightest doubt as to
952:
A broad current of liberal scholarship has interpreted Jesus′ Baptism as a vocational experience. After having led a perfectly normal life in the province of
Galilee, at the moment of his Baptism he is said to have had an earth-shattering experience. It was then, we are told, that he became aware of
81:
reports the opinion of members of his family who believe that Jesus "is beside himself." Some psychiatrists, religious scholars and writers explain that, according to the gospels, Jesus's family (Mark 3:21), some followers (John 7:20, see also John 11:41–53), and contemporaries, at various points in
629:
Oh, sure, one can overdo it, and our history is darkly stained with abortive religious movements inspired by messianic crackpots. (...) However, if you get the metamagical thoughts and behaviors to the right extent and at the right time and place, then people might just get the day off from work on
363:
According to Hirsch, Jesus, as a typical paranoid, applied prophecies about the coming of the messiah to himself, and had a deep hatred towards anyone who disagreed with him on everything. The Soviet psychiatrist Y. V. Mints (1927) also diagnosed Jesus as suffering from paranoia. The literature of
162:, but the standard Roman procedure was the prosecution and execution of would-be insurgents with their leaders. Therefore, to suggest that Jesus was put to death by the Roman authorities as some kind of royal pretender does not explain sufficiently why he was executed, but his disciples were not.
917:("What if Jesus had deceived himself?") the editors replied in the negative by arguing that Jesus was not a fanatic or megalomaniac but a mentally-healthy and very realistic person. Therefore, he did not deceive himself by saying that he was the
775:(TLE). According to the authors, in the case of Jesus, it could have been: paranoid schizophrenia, bipolar and schizoaffective disorders. They hypothesized that Jesus may have sought death through "suicide-by-proxy" (indirect suicide).
115:
There was again a division among the Jews because of these words. Many of them said, "He has a demon, and he is mad; why listen to him?" Others said, "These are not the sayings of one who has a demon. Can a demon open the eyes of the
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of mission and overvalued ideas and information communicated in the
Gospels, made an attempt at reconstructing Jesus' psyche, with the view of Jesus as apocalyptic prophet, taking into account the hypothesis of
840:
818:
A pathography of Jesus is possible only upon the basis of a lack of acquaintance with the course and conclusions of New
Testament criticism and an amateur application of the principles of the science of
319:
In short, the nature of the hallucinations of Jesus, as they are described in the orthodox
Gospels, permits us to conclude that the founder of Christian religion was afflicted with religious paranoia.
44:
has been explored by multiple psychologists, philosophers, historians, and writers. The first person, after several other attempts at tackling the subject, who broadly and thoroughly questioned the
644:
Then
Sapolsky notes that "plausible links can be made among schizotypal behaviour, metamagical thought, and the founding of certain religious beliefs in both non-Western and Western societies." (
541:(1993), draws attention to the ever-increasing megalomania of "John's Jesus" (described in the Gospel of John 6:29, 35, 38, 40, 47-58; 7:38; 8:12; 11:25-26; 14:6, 13-14), and concludes:
581:
It seems inescapable that Jesus did share the apocalyptic view that God's final conquest of evil was at hand and that God's kingdom would be established upon earth in the near future.
783:
Opinions and publications questioning the sanity of Jesus, especially Georg Lomer, Charles Binet-Sanglé and
William Hirsch, caused polemical reactions. They were first challenged by
2824:
4191:
90:
And when his family heard it, they went out to seize him, for people were saying, "He is beside himself". And the scribes who came down from
Jerusalem said, "He is possessed by
672:. He does so in chapters containing, in sequence, an analysis of character traits of the "savior of mankind", a description of the possible course of events from the period of
978:
Christ either deceived mankind by conscious fraud, or He was
Himself deluded and self-deceived, or He was Divine. There is no getting out of this trilemma. It is inexorable.
344:, which enumerated a number of Jesus' mentally-aberrant behaviours. Hirsch agreed with Binet-Sanglé in that Jesus had been afflicted with hallucinations and pointed to his "
867:, 1908) – against the arguments of Holtzmann, Lomer and Rasmussen; and also by the German psychiatrist, chief physician of the Friedrichsberg Mental Asylum in Hamburg,
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648:) According to him: "The notion of the psychopathology of the shaman works just as readily in understanding the roots of major Western religions as well." (
573:. His study is an attempt to look at Jesus as one of many gurus. Storr agrees with most scholars of historical Jesus, who are inclined to the hypothesis of
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905:, also take up the subject of Jesus' sanity defense. The defense of Jesus' mental health was devoted to an editorial in the magazine of Italian Jesuits
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is a diagnosed paranoid schizophrenic. But get it just right, and people are gonna get the day off from work on your birthday for millennia to come.
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2275:"Health: A madman can look a lot like a messiah: There is no easy way for cult followers to tell if their leader is sane, says Raj Persaud"
739:), and concluded that these Biblical figures "may have had psychotic symptoms that contributed inspiration for their revelations", such as
315:
from 1908 to 1915 that the topic was extensively and visibly discussed. Binet-Sanglé diagnosed Jesus as suffering from religious paranoia:
4189:
Murray, Evan D.; Cunningham, Miles G.; Price, Bruce H. (October 2012). "The Role of
Psychotic Disorders in Religious History Considered".
1761:. Europäische Hochschulschriften; Reihe 1, Deutsche Sprache und Literatur; 1098 (in German). Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang. pp. 40–91.
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142:, suggests in his article "The Madness of King Jesus: Why was Jesus Put to Death, but his Followers were not?" (2007) and in his book
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Social relations of the ancient world in the light of the theory of cratism. Historical psychology in the Lwów–Warsaw school
2213:
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1975:
Die Gemütsart Jesu : nach jetziger wissenschaftlicher, insbesondere jetziger psychologischer Methode erkennbar gemacht
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501:
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3964:. Provo, Utah: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship.
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Perhaps, even earlier, Jesus Christ might simply have returned to his carpentry following the use of modern treatments.
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The more trust one puts in the Fourth Gospel's portrait of Jesus the more difficult it is to defend the sanity of Jesus.
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520:(1989, 2000), diagnosed Jesus as a utopian-melancholic personality (he looked forward to a coming kingdom of God) with
3143:
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and the tendency to subjugate other people. He also had difficulties communicating with the outside world, as well as
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published a research that suggested the development of a new diagnostic category of psychiatric disorders related to
3347:
Seidel, Michael (January 2009). "Albert Schweitzer's MD thesis on Criticism of the medical pathographies on Jesus".
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Relacje społeczne świata antycznego w świetle teorii kratyzmu. Psychologia historyczna w szkole lwowsko-warszawskiej
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Earlier the mental health of Jesus was defended by: the German Catholic theologian, professor of apologetics at the
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845:, 1908) – against the arguments of Holtzmann, Lomer, Rasmussen and Baumann; the German evangelical theologian and
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830:
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2183:Минц, Я. В. (1927). "Иисус Христос – как тип душевнобольного" [Jesus Christ: A Sample of Mentally Ill].
376:, Nietzsche, and Binet-Sanglé, put forward two main themes: mental illness and deception. That was reflected in
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Two thousand years ago Jesus received a crown of thorns. Today the Messianic have electro-convulsive therapy.
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The mental health of Jesus is defended by Christian psychiatrists Olivier Quentin Hyder, Pablo Martinez, and
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Jesus Christus vom Standpunkte des Psychiaters: eine kritische Studie für Fachleute und gebildete Laien
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433:, a rationalist philosopher and psychologist, in the comments to his own translation of the Gospels of
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during his fasting in the desert. According to Storr, if Jesus really considered himself a deputy for
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3066:
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Citlak, Amadeusz (2016). "The Lvov-Warsaw School: The forgotten tradition of historical psychology".
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at the time. I don't think that makes him mentally ill. It makes him a first-century apocalyptic Jew.
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to family ties. Other similarities, according to Storr, include Jesus' faith in receiving a special
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Psychological picture of religiousness and mysticism: from the research of the Polish psychologists
1539:(in French). Vol. 2. Amsterdam: A la Librairie Étrangère, Raison R.C. Meijer. pp. 42–67.
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348:, which mounted ceaselessly and immeasurably". Hirsch concluded that Jesus was just a "paranoid":
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and respected religious leaders including Jesus. Storr tracks typical patterns, often involving
625:) behavior and metamagical thinking in shamans, Jesus and other charismatic religious leaders:
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Storr recognises Jesus' many similarities to other gurus. It was, for example, going through a
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3322:. Translated by Lemke, Antje Bultmann. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
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Sargant, William (August 22, 1974). "The movement in psychiatry away from the philosophical".
2223:
2214:"Чем был недоволен Берлиоз? О романе М. А. Булгакова "Мастер и Маргарита" и "проблеме Христа""
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557:(1996) suggested that there are psychological similarities between crazy "messiahs" such as
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4105:"La Folie de Jésus (tome 4 et dernier). Sa morale, son activité. Diagnostique de sa folie"
4063:"La Folie de Jésus (tome 2). Ses connaissances. Ses idées. Son délire. Ses hallucinations"
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Some aspects of the life of Jesus from the psychological and psycho-analytic point of view
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1426:. Religious studies in the USSR; ser. 2. Moscow: "Social Sciences Today" Editorial Board.
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399:
217:
209:
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Gettis, Alan (June 1987). "The Jesus delusion: A theoretical and phenomenological look".
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Havis, Don (2010). "Was Jesus Crazy? An Inquiry into the Mental Health of Jesus Christ".
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The Trouble with Testosterone: and Other Essays on the Biology of the Human Predicament
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The Trouble with Testosterone: and Other Essays on the Biology of the Human Predicament
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4084:"La Folie de Jésus (tome 3). Ses facultés individuelles. Ses sentiments. Son procès"
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Quelques traits de la vie de Jésus: au point de vue psychologique et psychanalytique
2068:
5013:
4991:
4964:
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4432:
3830:"The Psychological Evidence. Was Jesus Crazy When He Claimed to Be the Son of God?"
3687:
Hyder, Olivier Quentin (December 1, 1977). "On the Mental Health of Jesus Christ".
2553:"Psychobiography of Jesus Christ in view of Władysław Witwicki's theory of cratism"
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562:
477:
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Quelques traits de la vie de Jésus au point de vue psychologique et psychanalytique
373:
365:
166:(1664–1729) had similar thoughts in the 18th century. In chapters 33 and 34 of his
163:
151:
49:
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Mattill Jr., Andrew Jacob (2003). "Destructive divines". In Leedom, Tim C. (ed.).
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as a harmless madman. It was only at the turn of the 1920s and the 1930s that the
345:
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Diagnosing Literary Genius: A Cultural History of Psychiatry in Russia, 1880–1930
2083:"DR. WILLIAM HIRSCH; Retired Psychiatrist Had Served on Staffs of Hospitals Here"
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902:
715:. They compared the thoughts and behaviors of the most important figures in the
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1346:"The Madness of King Jesus: Why was Jesus Put to Death, but his Followers not?"
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272:. Using a few examples, he developed a description of the typical pathological
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602:, in the sense that Jesus believed that he had been specially marked by God.
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4042:"La Folie de Jésus (tome 1). Son hérédité. Sa constitution. Sa physiologie"
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Dr. Robert Sapolsky's lecture about Biological Underpinnings of Religiosity
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Psychologiczny obraz religijności i mistyki: z badań psychologów polskich
1901:
O. Holtzmann presented Jesus as through and through an ecstatic character
269:
227:
213:
198:
3987:
Jesus of Nazareth: From the Baptism in the Jordan to the Transfiguration
2730:
The Transcendental Temptation: A Critique of Religion and the Paranormal
2044:
945:
Jesus of Nazareth: From the Baptism in the Jordan to the Transfiguration
398:. Jesus' mental health was also questioned by the British psychiatrists
5024:
4908:
4313:
3989:. Translated by Walker, Adrian J. New York: Doubleday. pp. 23–24.
3435:
Modern Quest for the historical Jesus Under the Influence of Psychiatry
3098:. New York: A Touchstone Book, Simon & Schuster. pp. 241–288.
2761:
The Transcendental Temptation: A Critique of Religion an the Paranormal
2623:] (in Polish). Warszawa: Instytut Psychologii PAN. pp. 61–62.
2428:
2028:
1730:
Panizza, Oskar (1898). "Christus in psicho-patologischer Beleuchtung".
1420:"Mentally Ill (according to J. Meslier, A. Binet-Sanglé and Ya. Mints)"
918:
720:
599:
521:
273:
179:
Challenging the sanity of Jesus continued in the 19th century with the
77:
The assessment of the sanity of Jesus first occurs in the gospels. The
4257:
804:
5088:
5044:
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2557:
Journal for Perspectives of Economic Political and Social Integration
2333:. Translated by Brooks, Eleanor Stimson; Brooks, Van Wyck. New York:
855:
846:
660:
132:
3123:[A great mistake and disappointment of early Christianity].
1206:. Bloomington, Indiana: Xlibris Corporation LLC. pp. 143–158.
468:, an increased sense of his own power and superiority over others,
4393:
3962:
Revelation, Reason, and Faith: Essays in Honor of Truman G. Madsen
724:
716:
296:
158:, Jesus was presented to Pilate and sentenced to death as a royal
56:
20:
3771:"Mad or God? A senior psychiatrist on the mental health of Jesus"
1759:
Die gedrukte Freiheit: Oskar Panizza und die Zürcher Diskussjonen
329:
His view was shared by the New York psychiatrist and neurologist
4137:
3657:
3563:
3477:
3431:
Moderne Leben-Jesu-Forschung unter dem Einflusse der Psychiatrie
3399:
3284:
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2341:
1880:
1700:
1630:
1583:
1544:
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Moderne Leben-Jesu-Forschung unter dem Einflusse der Psychiatrie
570:
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using different clusters of disorders and diagnostic criteria (
2162:. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 169.
590:
394:, the denial of the existence of Jesus, won the upper hand in
2865:
2863:
2506:] (in Polish). Kraków: Wydawn. Naukowe WSP. p. 197.
1512:
The Madness of King Jesus: The Real Reasons for His Execution
966:
famously considered Jesus' mental health in what is known as
69:, 1908–1915). This view finds both supporters and opponents.
4292:] (in Polish). Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
4128:
Religion and civilization; the conclusions of a psychiatrist
3090:
Sapolsky, Robert M. (1998). "Circling the Blanket for God".
2185:Клинический архив гениальности и одарённости (эвропатологии)
771:(especially Paul), and abnormal experiences associated with
731:, with patients affected by mental disorders related to the
342:
Religion and Civilization: The Conclusions of a Psychiatrist
253:
Jesus as generally mentally ill, similarly to Jean Meslier.
4267:
Feet of Clay; Saints, Sinners, and Madmen: A Study of Gurus
4012:"Were Jesus' Followers Crazy? Was He? Mailbag June 4, 2016"
3275:
Die psychiatrische Beurteilung Jesu: Darstellung und Kritik
2886:
Feet of Clay; Saints, Sinners, and Madmen: A Study of Gurus
1253:"An Inquiry into the Mental Health of Jesus: Was He Crazy?"
794:
Die psychiatrische Beurteilung Jesu: Darstellung und Kritik
555:
Feet of Clay; Saints, Sinners, and Madmen: A Study of Gurus
3121:"Wielka pomyłka i rozczarowanie wczesnego chrześcijaństwa"
4167:(4th ed.). San Diego, CA: The Truth Seeker Company.
3437:] (in German). Meinz: Verlag von Kirchheim & Co.
4362:
4337:
The Psychiatric Study of Jesus: Exposition and Criticism
3232:
The Psychiatric Study of Jesus: Exposition and Criticism
2378:(in Polish). Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna. pp. 7–9.
886:, 1910) – against the arguments of Lomer and Rasmussen.
789:
The Psychiatric Study of Jesus: Exposition and Criticism
3836:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. pp. 144–154.
2187:(in Russian). Vol. 3. Leningrad. pp. 243–252.
1826:
War Jesus Ekstatiker?: eine Untersuchung zum Leben Jesu
663:
authored a study in which, based on his own history of
94:, and by the prince of demons he casts out the demons".
4341:. Translated by Joy, Charles R. Boston: Beacon Press.
3942:"Jesus Research and the Appearance of Psychobiography"
3597:
Jesus in psychiatrischer Beleuchtung: eine Kontroverse
3236:. Translated by Joy, Charles R. Boston: Beacon Press.
1787:
Oskar Panizza: Versuch einer immamenten Interpretation
1123:
Not to be confused with Polish philosopher and lawyer
883:
Jesus in psychiatrischer Beleuchtung: eine Kontroverse
170:, argues that Jesus "was really a madman, a fanatic" (
154:
regarded Jesus as an insane lunatic. According to the
4192:
Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
3215:
3203:
3191:
3179:
1323:
1156:] (in French). Vol. 1–4. Paris: A. Maloine.
512:
The American theologian and psychologist of religion
295:
he found in Jesus' behaviour could be explained by a
934:
Jesus Research and the Appearance of Psychobiography
911:, published November 5, 1994. To the title question
173:étoit véritablement un fou, un insensé, un fanatique
5054:
4973:
4899:
4822:
4779:
4722:
4652:
4418:
3807:. Wheaton, Illinois: Living Books. pp. 22–32.
3605:] (in German). Berlin: Ernst Hofmann & Co.
3279:(in German). Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck).
2763:. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. pp. 173–175.
2734:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. pp. 130–132.
4334:
4125:
3800:
3799:McDowell, Josh (1977). "Lord, Liar, or Lunatic?".
3633:
3594:
3543:
3457:
3387:
3315:
3272:
3229:
3091:
2883:
2792:
2727:
2326:
1972:
1937:
1823:
1684:
1664:. New York: The Truth Seeker Company. p. 20.
1614:
1344:
814:. Bundy summarized his defense of Jesus′ sanity:
3603:Jesus in Psychiatric Illumination: A Controversy
1576:Das Leben Jesu, für das deutsche Volk bearbeitet
305:). However, it was not until the publication of
204:(1889) that "Jesus was not divine, but insane".
2825:"Psychological Studies of the Historical Jesus"
1940:Jesus, eine vergleichende psychologische Studie
992:
976:
950:
816:
627:
579:
543:
350:
317:
113:
88:
4714:Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament
4318:. Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US.
2648:[Jesus as an egocentric schizotymic].
4378:
4164:The Book Your Church Doesn't Want You To Read
3746:Mad or God? Jesus: The healthiest mind of all
2996:Feet Of Clay: The Power and Charisma of Gurus
2726:Kurtz, Paul (1991) . "Was Jesus disturbed?".
1944:(in German). Leipzig: Verlag Julius Zeitler.
912:
539:The Book Your Church Doesn't Want You To Read
368:in the 1920s, following the tradition of the
8:
4250:"Prywatna Witryna Internetowa Leszka Nowaka"
3640:. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp.
3550:. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp.
3464:. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp.
954:
881:
862:
838:
792:
655:In 1998–2000, Leszek Nowak (born 1962) from
442:
422:
310:
300:
221:
188:
171:
60:
4290:The Good News according to Matthew and Mark
4252:[Private Website of Leszek Nowak].
2869:
2854:
1691:. New York: The Macmillan Company. p.
1621:. New York: The Macmillan Company. p.
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
499:, in one of his most influential writings,
450:The Good News according to Matthew and Mark
4709:New Testament places associated with Jesus
4704:Historical background of the New Testament
4385:
4371:
4363:
3349:Würzburger medizinhistorische Mitteilungen
2834:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic.
2832:Introducing the New Testament (Supplement)
2197:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1807:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1352:Journal for the Study of the New Testament
249:(as George de Loosten, 1905) attempted to
193:, 1864) claimed that Jesus was a fanatic.
2568:
2306:(in French). Genève–Paris: Edition Atar.
2004:
2002:
1830:. Tübingen: J. C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck).
1789:(in German). Würzburg. pp. 248–256.
1483:"Dr Justin Meggitt – Faculty of Divinity"
1364:
1359:(4). London: Sage Publications: 379–413.
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
495:American philosopher and science skeptic
16:Study of the psychological state of Jesus
5036:Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)
3515:] (in German). Berlin: Edwin Runge.
2563:(1–2). Scientific Society KUL: 155–184.
2538:
2526:
2485:
2473:
2398:
1203:Not Resigned: Selected Works (1950-2010)
617:(1997, 1998) suggests the occurrence of
73:Opinions challenging the sanity of Jesus
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1140:
1099:
797:, 1913) and by the American theologian
406:, and a number of psychologists of the
4132:. New York: The Truth Seeker Company.
3744:Martinez, Pablo; Sims, Andrew (2018).
3026:
3016:
2646:"Jezus jako egocentryczny schizotymik"
2190:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2107:
1875:. The Macmillan Company. p. XIV.
1800:
1395:
779:Opinions defending the sanity of Jesus
630:your birthday for a long time to come.
3216:Murray, Cunningham & Price (2012)
3204:Murray, Cunningham & Price (2012)
3192:Murray, Cunningham & Price (2012)
3180:Murray, Cunningham & Price (2012)
3164:
3077:
3043:
1324:Murray, Cunningham & Price (2012)
264:(1905) determined Jesus to be either
7:
4286:Dobra Nowina według Mateusza i Marka
3690:Journal of Psychology & Theology
2644:Jarzyńska, Karina (April 10, 2008).
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
464:of Jesus, attributed that Jesus had
444:Dobra Nowina według Mateusza i Marka
181:first quest for the historical Jesus
4269:. New York: Free Press Paperbacks.
3394:. New York: The Macmillan Company.
1343:Meggitt, Justin J. (June 1, 2007).
1148:Binet-Sanglé, Charles (1908–1915).
970:(the formulation quoted here is by
340:, who in 1912 published his study,
5027:(traditional maternal grandfather)
5021:(traditional maternal grandmother)
2652:(in Polish). Fundacja Wolnej Myśli
2421:American Psychological Association
613:in his essay included in the book
569:that shape the development of the
524:tendencies. New Testament scholar
372:of Jesus in the works of Strauss,
353:the correctness of the diagnosis.
82:time, regarded him as delusional,
14:
3775:Christian News on Christian Today
2799:. St. Louis, Mo.: Chalice Press.
1574:Strauss, David Friedrich (1864).
59:and author of a four-volume work
5127:
5126:
4312:Cossette, Jean-Philippe (2006).
4209:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11090214
4201:American Psychiatric Association
2945:Freedom from Religion Foundation
2795:Jesus: A Psychological Biography
1020:
1006:
518:Jesus: A Psychological Biography
107:The accusation contained in the
5033:(paternal grandfather per Luke)
3940:Charlesworth, James H. (2002).
3865:"E se Gesù si fosse ingannato?"
2993:Storr, Anthony (May 19, 2015).
2939:Sapolsky, Robert (April 2003).
2273:Persaud, Raj (April 27, 1993).
4737:Quest for the historical Jesus
4103:Binet-Sanglé, Charles (1915).
4082:Binet-Sanglé, Charles (1912).
4061:Binet-Sanglé, Charles (1910).
4040:Binet-Sanglé, Charles (1908).
3769:Sims, Andrew (July 17, 2018).
3748:. London: InterVarsity Press.
3509:Die psychische Gesundheit Jesu
2012:Journal of Religion and Health
1917:. Bamberg: Handels-Druckerei.
1251:Havis, Don (April–June 2001).
1127:(1943–2009), also from Poznań.
864:Die psychische Gesundheit Jesu
474:dissociative identity disorder
386:in which Jesus is depicted by
1:
3875:: 213–225. November 5, 1994.
1867:Bundy, Walter Ernest (1921).
914:E se Gesù si fosse ingannato?
502:The Transcendental Temptation
291:(1908) hypothesised that the
4284:Witwicki, Władysław (1958).
1660:Washburn, Lemuel K. (1889).
575:Jesus as apocalyptic prophet
537:, in his essay contained in
280:") and applied it to Jesus.
234:-strong excitability of the
36:The question of whether the
4333:Schweitzer, Albert (1958).
4256:(in Polish). Archived from
3636:The Psychic Health of Jesus
3593:Schaefer, Heinrich (1910).
3546:The Psychic Health of Jesus
3460:The Psychic Health of Jesus
3390:The Psychic Health of Jesus
3318:Out of My Life and Thoughts
3314:Schweitzer, Albert (1998).
3271:Schweitzer, Albert (1913).
3228:Schweitzer, Albert (1948).
3150:(in Polish). Archived from
3127:(in Polish). Archived from
2212:Дождикова, Надежда (2009).
1873:The psychic health of Jesus
1687:The Psychic Health of Jesus
1617:The Psychic Health of Jesus
1578:. Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus.
1510:Meggitt, Justin J. (2010).
812:The psychic health of Jesus
598:from God and a tendency to
587:period of internal conflict
230:", which he described as a
226:(1903) presented Jesus as "
5186:
4687:Five Discourses of Matthew
3985:Pope Benedict XVI (2007).
3707:10.1177/009164717700500101
3513:The Mental Health of Jesus
3357:Königshausen & Neumann
1979:. Leipzig: Alfred Kröner.
1082:Religion and schizophrenia
956:Das Wesen des Christentums
928:American biblical scholar
5122:
4400:
3632:Bundy, Walter E. (1922).
3542:Bundy, Walter E. (1922).
3456:Bundy, Walter E. (1922).
3386:Bundy, Walter E. (1922).
2960:on Koresh and Jones, but
2956:You can only do post-hoc
2912:"Obituary: Anthony Storr"
2615:Citlak, Amadeusz (2016).
2551:Citlak, Amadeusz (2015).
2325:Berguer, Georges (1923).
2302:Berguer, Georges (1920).
2156:Sirotkina, Irina (2002).
1822:Holtzmann, Oskar (1903).
1757:Düsterberg, Rolf (1988).
1683:Bundy, Walter E. (1922).
1613:Bundy, Walter E. (1922).
1416:Kryvelev, Iosif Aronovich
1062:List of messiah claimants
549:The English psychiatrist
144:The Madness of King Jesus
55:, the chief physician of
4914:In comparative mythology
4124:Hirsch, William (1912).
3507:Werner, Hermann (1908).
2890:. New York: Free Press.
1971:Baumann, Julius (1908).
1936:Rasmussen, Emil (1905).
1424:Christ: Myth or Reality?
1366:10.1177/0142064X07078990
787:in his doctoral thesis,
745:schizoaffective disorder
693:behavioral psychologists
526:Andrew Jacob Mattill Jr.
383:The Master and Margarita
251:retrospectively diagnose
5168:Retrospective diagnosis
5067:Interactions with women
4315:Jesus Was Schizophrenic
4265:Storr, Anthony (1997).
4111:(in French). A. Maloine
4090:(in French). A. Maloine
4069:(in French). A. Maloine
4048:(in French). A. Maloine
3429:Kneib, Philipp (1908).
2882:Storr, Anthony (1996).
2570:10.2478/pepsi-2015-0007
2335:Harcourt, Brace and Co.
1514:. London: I.B. Tauris.
1488:University of Cambridge
990:wrote on his own blog:
238:and the power of will.
185:David Friedrich Strauss
140:University of Cambridge
5077:Mary, sister of Martha
4697:Oral gospel traditions
4248:Nowak, Leszek (2000).
3146:[Instigator].
2999:. Simon and Schuster.
2791:Capps, Donald (2000).
2757:"Was Jesus disturbed?"
1535:Meslier, Jean (1864).
1072:Psychology of religion
1047:Foolishness for Christ
997:
986:New Testament scholar
980:
961:
955:
913:
882:
863:
839:
831:University of Würzburg
827:
793:
773:temporal lobe epilepsy
705:Harvard Medical School
674:Jesus' public activity
642:
583:
547:
460:), which is in fact a
443:
423:
361:
327:
311:
301:
222:
208:introduced Jesus as a
189:
172:
124:
105:
61:
46:mental health of Jesus
33:
4804:Life of Christ Museum
4799:Life of Christ in art
3906:"Was Jesus Deceived?"
3828:Strobel, Lee (1998).
3803:More Than a Carpenter
3013:on December 27, 2022.
2755:Kurtz, Paul (2013) .
2413:History of Psychology
1913:Lomer, Georg (1905).
1261:Atheist Alliance Inc.
930:James H. Charlesworth
765:visual hallucinations
757:delusions of grandeur
223:War Jesus Ekstatiker?
24:
5163:Health by individual
4620:Sayings on the cross
4578:Entry into Jerusalem
4260:on January 19, 2016.
4016:The Bart Ehrman Blog
3869:La Civiltà Cattolica
3131:on February 1, 2016.
2941:"Belief and Biology"
2529:, pp. 203, 281.
2488:, pp. 266, 379.
2234:on November 7, 2018.
1732:Zürcher Diskuszjonen
1154:The Madness of Jesus
908:La Civiltà Cattolica
895:Christian apologists
507:Was Jesus disturbed?
309:'s four-volume work
307:Charles Binet-Sanglé
138:, a lecturer at the
67:The Madness of Jesus
53:Charles Binet-Sanglé
30:Antonello da Messina
5109:Race and appearance
5047:(traditional uncle)
4953:Jesus the Splendour
4595:Agony in the Garden
4510:Sermon on the Mount
3954:Peterson, Daniel C.
3834:The Case for Christ
3182:, pp. 410–426.
3080:, pp. 143–146.
2958:forensic psychiatry
2498:Szmyd, Jan (1996).
2134:, pp. 127–128.
2089:. February 16, 1937
1326:, pp. 414–415.
1014:Christianity portal
753:delusional disorder
687:In 2012, a team of
680:explanation of his
567:psychotic disorders
484:type (according to
476:, which made him a
392:mythological option
84:possessed by demons
5094:Rejection of Jesus
4771:Christ myth theory
4588:Farewell Discourse
3911:Inside the Vatican
2870:Mattill Jr. (2003)
2857:, p. 121–129.
2855:Mattill Jr. (2003)
2821:Powell, Mark Allan
2429:10.1037/hop0000029
2222:(in Russian) (7).
2087:The New York Times
2029:10.1007/BF01533683
1108:neuroendocrinology
1087:Sexuality of Jesus
1077:Rejection of Jesus
1057:Jerusalem syndrome
1037:Criticism of Jesus
942:wrote in his book
810:in his 1922 book,
769:Geschwind syndrome
733:psychotic spectrum
709:religious delusion
701:neuropsychiatrists
665:religious delusion
607:neuroendocrinology
553:in his final book
431:Władysław Witwicki
410:orientation, like
210:psychopathological
195:Lemuel K. Washburn
121:John 10:19–21, RSV
34:
5140:
5139:
5062:Language of Jesus
5009:Brothers of Jesus
4881:Session of Christ
4757:Mara bar Serapion
4558:Great Commandment
4453:Flight into Egypt
3996:978-0-3855-2434-6
3958:Ricks, Stephen D.
3946:Madsen, Truman G.
3904:(December 1994).
3843:978-0-3102-0930-0
3814:978-0-8423-4552-1
3755:978-1-783-59606-5
3333:978-0-8018-6097-3
3154:on June 17, 2015.
3105:978-0-684-83409-2
2841:978-0-8010-9960-1
2806:978-0-8272-1713-3
2630:978-83-939589-7-9
2513:978-8-3868-4154-7
2169:978-0-8018-7689-9
1662:Was Jesus insane?
1521:978-1-8488-5410-9
1213:978-1-4500-4754-8
1150:La folie de Jésus
1028:Psychiatry portal
940:Pope Benedict XVI
869:Heinrich Schaefer
785:Albert Schweitzer
396:Soviet propaganda
370:demythologization
312:La folie de Jésus
302:Nervenüberreizung
299:overstimulation (
202:Was Jesus insane?
111:is more literal:
62:La Folie de Jésus
5175:
5130:
5129:
5005:(alleged father)
4859:Person of Christ
4732:Historical Jesus
4563:Olivet Discourse
4491:Great Commission
4387:
4380:
4373:
4364:
4358:
4340:
4329:
4301:
4280:
4261:
4244:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4157:
4131:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4109:Internet Archive
4099:
4097:
4095:
4088:Internet Archive
4078:
4076:
4074:
4067:Internet Archive
4057:
4055:
4053:
4046:Internet Archive
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4010:Ehrman, Bart D.
4007:
4001:
4000:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3950:Parry, Donald W.
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3902:Moynihan, Robert
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3806:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3699:Biola University
3684:
3678:
3677:
3639:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3600:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3549:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3463:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3393:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3321:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3278:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3235:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3097:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3009:. Archived from
2990:
2984:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2953:
2951:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2920:. March 21, 2001
2908:
2902:
2901:
2889:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2829:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2798:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2770:978-161614-828-7
2752:
2746:
2745:
2733:
2723:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:Matthew 24:34–35
2679:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2572:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2372:Nowicki, Andrzej
2368:
2362:
2361:
2332:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2230:. Archived from
2209:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1978:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1943:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1829:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1798:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1690:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1620:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1479:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1412:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1368:
1348:
1340:
1327:
1321:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1248:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1197:
1174:
1173:
1145:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1104:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1011:
1010:
984:agnostic atheist
968:Lewis's trilemma
958:
916:
885:
879:
876:
866:
860:
857:
844:
825:
809:
806:
796:
749:bipolar disorder
713:hyperreligiosity
670:indirect suicide
640:
536:
533:
486:Ernst Kretschmer
458:
446:
426:
420:
378:Mikhail Bulgakov
359:
339:
325:
324:(vol. 2, p. 393)
314:
304:
290:
263:
248:
225:
192:
175:
137:
134:
122:
103:
64:
38:historical Jesus
5185:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5118:
5050:
4969:
4901:In other faiths
4895:
4818:
4814:Transfiguration
4775:
4718:
4648:
4548:Transfiguration
4422:
4414:
4396:
4391:
4332:
4326:
4311:
4308:
4306:Further reading
4283:
4277:
4264:
4247:
4188:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4160:
4123:
4114:
4112:
4102:
4093:
4091:
4081:
4072:
4070:
4060:
4051:
4049:
4039:
4036:
4031:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3924:
3922:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3885:
3883:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3781:
3779:Christian Today
3768:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3178:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3142:Nowak, Leszek.
3141:
3140:
3136:
3119:Nowak, Leszek.
3118:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3025:
3015:
3007:
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2991:
2987:
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2974:
2970:
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2881:
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2807:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2539:Witwicki (1958)
2537:
2533:
2527:Witwicki (1958)
2525:
2521:
2514:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2486:Witwicki (1958)
2484:
2480:
2474:Witwicki (1958)
2472:
2468:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2399:Witwicki (1958)
2397:
2393:
2386:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2283:
2281:
2279:The Independent
2272:
2271:
2267:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2189:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1838:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1799:
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1780:
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1769:
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1607:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1491:. July 23, 2013
1481:
1480:
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1413:
1402:
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1330:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1259:. Minneapolis:
1250:
1249:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1199:
1198:
1177:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1112:Robert Sapolsky
1105:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1067:Messiah complex
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
1002:
932:, in his essay
871:
852:
826:
823:
801:
799:Walter E. Bundy
781:
641:
634:
621:("half-crazy",
611:Robert Sapolsky
528:
505:(1986, chapter
462:psychobiography
452:
414:
412:Georges Berguer
400:William Sargant
360:
357:
333:
326:
323:
284:
257:
242:
218:Oskar Holtzmann
129:
123:
120:
104:
98:
75:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5171:
5170:
5165:
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5155:
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5144:
5138:
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5135:
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5123:
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5119:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5072:Mary Magdalene
5064:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5042:
5037:
5034:
5028:
5022:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5000:
4995:
4994:(legal father)
4989:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4945:
4940:
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4938:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4897:
4896:
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4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
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4861:
4856:
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4844:
4839:
4828:
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4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4739:
4728:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4692:Gospel harmony
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4658:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4590:
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4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4534:
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4523:
4522:
4521:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4410:List of topics
4407:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4330:
4325:979-8508630508
4324:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4281:
4275:
4262:
4254:opracowanie.eu
4245:
4186:
4173:
4158:
4121:
4100:
4079:
4058:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4002:
3995:
3977:
3970:
3932:
3893:
3871:(in Italian).
3856:
3842:
3820:
3813:
3791:
3761:
3754:
3736:
3679:
3624:
3585:
3534:
3499:
3448:
3421:
3378:
3339:
3332:
3306:
3263:
3220:
3218:, p. 415.
3208:
3206:, p. 424.
3196:
3194:, p. 411.
3184:
3169:
3157:
3148:opracowanie.eu
3134:
3125:opracowanie.eu
3111:
3104:
3082:
3070:
3059:
3048:
3046:, p. 142.
3036:
3027:|website=
3005:
2985:
2968:
2962:Charles Manson
2931:
2903:
2896:
2874:
2872:, p. 122.
2859:
2847:
2840:
2812:
2805:
2783:
2769:
2747:
2740:
2718:
2707:
2696:
2685:
2674:
2663:
2636:
2629:
2607:
2543:
2541:, p. 203.
2531:
2519:
2512:
2490:
2478:
2476:, p. 319.
2466:
2403:
2391:
2384:
2363:
2317:
2294:
2265:
2237:
2204:
2175:
2168:
2148:
2146:, p. 137.
2136:
2124:
2122:, p. 107.
2112:
2100:
2074:
1998:
1963:
1928:
1905:
1869:"Introduction"
1859:
1836:
1814:
1783:Müller, Jürgen
1774:
1767:
1749:
1722:
1675:
1652:
1605:
1566:
1527:
1520:
1502:
1474:
1463:
1452:
1400:
1398:, p. 135.
1388:
1328:
1313:
1302:
1291:
1280:
1257:Secular Nation
1226:
1212:
1175:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1116:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1042:Divine madness
1039:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1017:
1001:
998:
850:Hermann Werner
821:
780:
777:
632:
516:, in his book
408:psychoanalytic
388:Pontius Pilate
355:
331:William Hirsch
321:
282:Julius Baumann
278:Prophetentypus
255:Emil Rasmussen
232:pathologically
190:Das Leben Jesu
127:Justin Meggitt
118:
109:Gospel of John
99:Mark 3:21–22,
96:
79:Gospel of Mark
74:
71:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5181:
5180:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5158:Mental health
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5133:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5104:Mental health
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4924:In the Talmud
4922:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4891:Cosmic Christ
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4876:Second Coming
4874:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4864:Pre-existence
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4654:New Testament
4651:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4531:Lord's Prayer
4529:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4466:Unknown years
4464:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:Date of birth
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4383:
4381:
4376:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4276:0-684-83495-2
4272:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4187:
4176:
4174:0-939040-15-8
4170:
4166:
4165:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4122:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4017:
4013:
4006:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3933:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3845:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3805:
3804:
3795:
3792:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3683:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3628:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3452:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3391:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3067:Mark 13:12–13
3063:
3060:
3057:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3006:9781501122088
3002:
2998:
2997:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2919:
2918:
2917:The Telegraph
2913:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2897:0-684-82818-9
2893:
2888:
2887:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2787:
2784:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2741:0-87975-362-5
2737:
2732:
2731:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2671:Matthew 16:28
2667:
2664:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2600:September 21,
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
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2458:
2454:
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2434:
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2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2385:83-214-0301-8
2381:
2377:
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2367:
2364:
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2250:
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2221:
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2215:
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2200:
2194:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2144:Hirsch (1912)
2140:
2137:
2133:
2132:Hirsch (1912)
2128:
2125:
2121:
2120:Hirsch (1912)
2116:
2113:
2109:
2108:Hirsch (1912)
2104:
2101:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1932:
1929:
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1916:
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1874:
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1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1837:1-332-63400-1
1833:
1828:
1827:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1768:3-8204-0288-8
1764:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1734:(in German).
1733:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
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1698:
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1528:
1523:
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1513:
1506:
1503:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:John 10:19–21
1467:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:Hirsch (1912)
1392:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1310:John 11:41–53
1306:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1254:
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1233:
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1215:
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1205:
1204:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1134:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1004:
999:
996:
991:
989:
985:
979:
975:
973:
969:
965:
960:
957:
949:
947:
946:
941:
937:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
915:
910:
909:
904:
900:
899:Josh McDowell
896:
892:
887:
884:
877:
870:
865:
858:
851:
848:
843:
842:
836:
835:Philipp Kneib
832:
820:
815:
813:
807:
800:
795:
790:
786:
778:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:schizophrenia
738:
734:
730:
727:, Jesus, and
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
689:psychiatrists
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
638:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
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608:
603:
601:
597:
592:
588:
582:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:Anthony Storr
546:
542:
540:
534:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
503:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
482:schizophrenic
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
456:
451:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
425:
421:in his study
418:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:
379:
375:
371:
367:
354:
349:
347:
343:
337:
332:
320:
316:
313:
308:
303:
298:
294:
293:abnormalities
288:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
261:
256:
252:
246:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:Oskar Panizza
203:
200:
196:
191:
186:
182:
177:
174:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
135:
128:
117:
112:
110:
102:
95:
93:
87:
86:, or insane.
85:
80:
72:
70:
68:
63:
58:
54:
51:
47:
43:
42:mental health
39:
31:
27:
23:
19:
5103:
5014:Holy Kinship
4965:Master Jesus
4943:Baháʼí Faith
4837:Christianity
4824:Christianity
4794:Christ Child
4789:Bibliography
4639:Resurrection
4553:Homelessness
4462:(apocryphal)
4443:Virgin birth
4433:Annunciation
4425:Jesus's life
4336:
4314:
4289:
4285:
4266:
4258:the original
4253:
4196:
4190:
4178:. Retrieved
4163:
4127:
4115:November 20,
4113:. Retrieved
4108:
4094:November 20,
4092:. Retrieved
4087:
4073:November 20,
4071:. Retrieved
4066:
4052:November 20,
4050:. Retrieved
4045:
4019:. Retrieved
4015:
4005:
3986:
3980:
3961:
3935:
3923:. Retrieved
3909:
3896:
3884:. Retrieved
3872:
3868:
3859:
3849:September 8,
3847:. Retrieved
3833:
3823:
3802:
3794:
3782:. Retrieved
3774:
3764:
3745:
3739:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3635:
3627:
3602:
3596:
3588:
3545:
3537:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3459:
3451:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3389:
3381:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3317:
3309:
3274:
3266:
3231:
3223:
3211:
3199:
3187:
3165:Nowak (2000)
3160:
3152:the original
3147:
3144:"Prowokator"
3137:
3129:the original
3124:
3114:
3093:
3085:
3078:Storr (1997)
3073:
3062:
3056:Mark 3:31–35
3051:
3044:Storr (1997)
3039:
3011:the original
2995:
2988:
2971:
2955:
2948:. Retrieved
2944:
2934:
2922:. Retrieved
2915:
2906:
2885:
2877:
2850:
2831:
2815:
2794:
2786:
2774:. Retrieved
2760:
2750:
2729:
2721:
2710:
2699:
2693:Mark 3:20–21
2688:
2677:
2666:
2654:. Retrieved
2650:Racjonalista
2649:
2639:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2598:. Retrieved
2560:
2556:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2481:
2469:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2394:
2375:
2366:
2328:
2320:
2303:
2297:
2289:
2282:. Retrieved
2278:
2268:
2260:
2246:
2240:
2232:the original
2217:
2207:
2184:
2178:
2158:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2115:
2103:
2091:. Retrieved
2086:
2077:
2016:
2010:
1974:
1966:
1939:
1931:
1914:
1908:
1900:
1872:
1862:
1825:
1817:
1786:
1777:
1758:
1752:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1686:
1678:
1661:
1655:
1616:
1608:
1575:
1569:
1537:Le Testament
1536:
1530:
1511:
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1486:
1477:
1466:
1460:Mark 3:21–22
1455:
1443:. Retrieved
1423:
1391:
1356:
1350:
1305:
1294:
1283:
1273:September 5,
1271:. Retrieved
1256:
1217:. Retrieved
1202:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1125:Leszek Nowak
1119:
1102:
993:
981:
977:
962:
951:
943:
938:
933:
927:
906:
888:
828:
817:
811:
788:
782:
767:, paranoia,
697:neurologists
686:
678:naturalistic
654:
643:
628:
614:
604:
584:
580:
563:David Koresh
554:
548:
544:
538:
517:
514:Donald Capps
511:
506:
500:
494:
478:schizothymic
466:subjectivism
448:
429:
381:
366:Soviet Union
362:
351:
341:
328:
318:
277:
201:
197:opined in a
178:
167:
164:Jean Meslier
146:(2010) that
143:
125:
114:
106:
89:
76:
66:
50:psychologist
45:
40:was in good
35:
25:
18:
5040:Descendants
4998:Holy Family
4981:Genealogies
4948:Manichaeism
4854:Incarnation
4849:Christology
4842:1st century
4724:Historicity
4615:Crucifixion
4583:Last Supper
4359:(full text)
4203:: 410–426.
4021:February 5,
3359:: 276–300.
2423:: 105–124.
2284:October 25,
2093:January 16,
2023:: 131–136.
1110:researcher
1052:God complex
988:Bart Ehrman
972:John Duncan
964:C. S. Lewis
903:Lee Strobel
891:Andrew Sims
872: [
853: [
819:psychiatry.
802: [
619:schizotypal
609:researcher
529: [
470:egocentrism
453: [
415: [
404:Raj Persaud
346:megalomania
334: [
285: [
258: [
243: [
240:Georg Lomer
236:imagination
130: [
92:Be-el′zebul
48:was French
5147:Categories
4886:Son of God
4781:Depictions
4519:Beatitudes
4476:Temptation
4420:Chronology
3971:0934893713
3784:August 23,
3723:7318879878
2924:August 13,
2715:John 10:20
2445:6029347169
2053:4643399839
1985:1091268451
1738:(1): 1–8.
1135:References
923:Son of God
897:, such as
719:, such as
596:revelation
497:Paul Kurtz
150:and other
5114:Sexuality
5099:Criticism
5084:Christmas
4960:Mandaeism
4936:Ahmadiyya
4644:Ascension
4568:Anointing
4503:Disciples
4486:Selecting
4355:14099395M
4347:977923917
4298:681830910
4241:207654711
4225:823065628
4217:1545-7222
4154:20516240M
3925:April 20,
3920:1068-8579
3886:April 20,
3881:0009-8167
3731:149626975
3715:0091-6471
3674:25583375M
3666:644667928
3619:27210095M
3580:25583375M
3572:644667928
3529:28410083M
3521:874419014
3494:25583375M
3486:644667928
3443:936445547
3416:25583375M
3408:644667928
3365:0177-5227
3301:20952265W
3250:614572512
3029:ignored (
3019:cite book
2704:Mark 3:22
2595:151801662
2587:998362074
2579:2300-0945
2437:1093-4510
2312:417009760
2257:0140-0460
2248:The Times
2228:0130-741X
2193:cite book
2037:0022-4197
1993:27164474M
1958:20020984W
1897:25583375M
1889:644667928
1854:21869475M
1846:902994315
1803:cite book
1795:923572143
1744:782007054
1717:25583375M
1709:644667928
1647:25583375M
1639:644667928
1600:18817475M
1592:459102643
1561:38622065M
1445:April 30,
1383:171007891
1375:0142-064X
1299:John 7:20
1288:Mark 3:21
1268:1530-308X
737:DSM-IV-TR
703:from the
605:American
559:Jim Jones
380:'s novel
266:epileptic
168:Testament
160:pretender
26:Ecce Homo
5132:Category
5003:Panthera
4988:(mother)
4747:Josephus
4600:Betrayal
4543:Miracles
4538:Parables
4498:Ministry
4481:Apostles
4438:Nativity
4233:23224447
4180:July 27,
4146:39864035
4138:12002696
3960:(eds.).
3701:: 3–12.
3658:22005555
3564:22005555
3478:22005555
3400:22005555
3373:20509445
3285:13021072
3258:6030284M
3242:48006488
2950:July 27,
2823:(2018).
2776:July 30,
2656:July 28,
2461:22112845
2453:27100926
2376:Witwicki
2374:(1982).
2358:6656731M
2342:23012901
2069:29415793
2061:24301876
2045:27505915
2021:Springer
1950:14790352
1923:31247627
1881:22005555
1785:(1990).
1701:22005555
1670:38939887
1631:22005555
1584:17022642
1545:74194533
1495:June 13,
1440:64860072
1432:87157196
1418:(1987).
1162:08019439
1106:As does
1000:See also
948:(2007):
921:and the
875:Wikidata
856:Wikidata
824:(p. 268)
822:—
805:Wikidata
761:auditory
682:miracles
676:, and a
633:—
532:Wikidata
522:suicidal
490:typology
480:or even
427:(1920).
358:(p. 103)
356:—
322:—
270:paranoid
228:ecstatic
214:paranoid
199:pamphlet
133:Wikidata
119:—
97:—
5055:Related
5025:Joachim
4919:Judaism
4909:Jesuism
4809:Statues
4762:Gospels
4752:Tacitus
4742:Sources
4667:Matthew
4662:Gospels
4573:Passion
4526:Prayers
4471:Baptism
4460:Infancy
4405:Outline
4034:Sources
3611:3534777
3293:5903262
2982:YouTube
2350:2628145
1553:9806959
1219:June 8,
1170:4560820
919:messiah
721:Abraham
600:elitism
435:Matthew
274:prophet
156:Gospels
116:blind?"
5089:Easter
5045:Clopas
4992:Joseph
4974:Family
4871:Relics
4832:Christ
4627:Burial
4605:Arrest
4353:
4345:
4322:
4296:
4273:
4239:
4231:
4223:
4215:
4171:
4152:
4144:
4136:
3993:
3968:
3918:
3879:
3840:
3811:
3752:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3672:
3664:
3656:
3617:
3609:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3527:
3519:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3441:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3371:
3363:
3330:
3299:
3291:
3283:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3102:
3003:
2894:
2838:
2803:
2767:
2738:
2627:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2510:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2382:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2310:
2255:
2251:: 14.
2226:
2166:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2035:
1991:
1983:
1956:
1948:
1921:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1852:
1844:
1834:
1793:
1765:
1742:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1668:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1598:
1590:
1582:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1518:
1438:
1430:
1381:
1373:
1266:
1210:
1168:
1160:
847:pastor
661:Poland
657:Poznań
650:p. 255
646:p. 256
637:p. 256
623:p. 248
216:case.
152:Romans
148:Pilate
32:, 1473
5153:Jesus
4931:Islam
4610:Trial
4514:Plain
4394:Jesus
4288:[
4237:S2CID
4199:(4).
3944:. In
3727:S2CID
3697:(1).
3601:[
3511:[
3433:[
3355:(1).
2828:(PDF)
2619:[
2591:S2CID
2502:[
2457:S2CID
2419:(2).
2065:S2CID
2041:JSTOR
2019:(2).
1379:S2CID
1152:[
1094:Notes
878:]
859:]
808:]
725:Moses
717:Bible
535:]
457:]
419:]
374:Renan
338:]
297:nerve
289:]
262:]
247:]
136:]
57:Paris
28:, by
5031:Heli
5019:Anne
4986:Mary
4682:John
4677:Luke
4672:Mark
4632:Tomb
4343:OCLC
4320:ISBN
4294:OCLC
4271:ISBN
4229:PMID
4221:OCLC
4213:ISSN
4182:2024
4169:ISBN
4142:OCLC
4134:LCCN
4117:2019
4096:2019
4075:2019
4054:2019
4023:2019
3991:ISBN
3966:ISBN
3927:2021
3916:ISSN
3888:2021
3877:ISSN
3873:3465
3851:2023
3838:ISBN
3809:ISBN
3786:2018
3750:ISBN
3719:OCLC
3711:ISSN
3662:OCLC
3654:LCCN
3607:OCLC
3568:OCLC
3560:LCCN
3517:OCLC
3482:OCLC
3474:LCCN
3439:OCLC
3404:OCLC
3396:LCCN
3369:PMID
3361:ISSN
3328:ISBN
3289:OCLC
3281:LCCN
3246:OCLC
3238:LCCN
3100:ISBN
3031:help
3001:ISBN
2952:2023
2926:2019
2892:ISBN
2836:ISBN
2801:ISBN
2778:2024
2765:ISBN
2736:ISBN
2658:2020
2625:ISBN
2602:2022
2583:OCLC
2575:ISSN
2508:ISBN
2449:PMID
2441:OCLC
2433:ISSN
2380:ISBN
2346:OCLC
2338:LCCN
2308:OCLC
2286:2018
2253:ISSN
2224:ISSN
2219:Нева
2199:link
2164:ISBN
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