162:, which can almost entirely be attributed to the radiation of mammals. There are multiple things which could have caused this deviation from the equilibrium, one of which is that the before the K-Pg extinction an equilibrium was reached which limited biodiversity. The extinction event reorganized the fundamental ecology, on which diversity is built and maintained. After these reorganized ecosystems stabilized a new, higher, equilibrium was reached, which was maintained during the Cenozoic. Cenozoic biodiversity reached a peak twice as high as the biodiversity peak during the Palaeozoic.
20:
121:, contain a high degree of endemic species, resulting in an overall higher biodiversity than a single landmass of equivalent size. It is therefore argued that, similarly to the Ordovician bio-diversification, the differentiation of biotas along environmental gradients caused by the fragmentation of a supercontinent, was a driving force behind the Mesozoic-Cenozoic radiation.
178:
which causes biodiversity estimates to be skewed towards modern taxa. This bias towards recent taxa is caused by a better availability of more recent fossil records. In mammals it has also been argued that the complexity of teeth, allowing for precise taxonomic identification of fragmentary fossils,
112:
has been related to an increase in both marine and terrestrial biodiversity. The link between the fragmentation of supercontinents and biodiversity was first proposed by
Valentine and Moores in 1972. They hypothesized that the isolation of terrestrial environments and the partitioning of oceanic
86:
extinctions, and continues to this date. This spectacular radiation affected both terrestrial and marine flora and fauna, during which the "modern" fauna came to replace much of the
Paleozoic fauna. Notably, this radiation event was marked by the rise of angiosperms during the
1079:
874:
605:
107:
The exact causes of this extended increase in biodiversity are still being debated, however, the
Mesozoic-Cenozoic radiation has often been related to large-scale paleogeographical changes. The fragmentation of the supercontinent
660:
Cermeño, Pedro; García-Comas, Carmen; Pohl, Alexandre; Williams, Simon; Benton, Michael J.; Chaudhary, Chhaya; Le Gland, Guillaume; Müller, R. Dietmar; Ridgwell, Andy; Vallina, Sergio M. (13 July 2022).
179:
increases their perceived diversity when compared to other clades at the time. The contribution of this effect to the apparent increase in biodiversity is still unclear and heavily debated.
136:, during the mid-Cretaceous. Characteristics of this clade associated with reproduction have served as a key innovation for an entire clade, and led to a burst of evolution known as the
788:
403:
Close, Roger A.; Benson, Roger B. J.; Alroy, John; Behrensmeyer, Anna K.; Benito, Juan; Carrano, Matthew T.; Cleary, Terri J.; Dunne, Emma M.; Mannion, Philip D.; Uhen, Mark D.;
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Alroy, J.; Aberhan, M.; Bottjer, D.J.; Foote, M.; Fursich, F.T.; Harries, P.J.; et al. (4 July 2008). "Phanerozoic Trends in the Global
Diversity of Marine Invertebrates".
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Benson, Roger B.J.; Butler, Richard J.; Alroy, John; Mannion, Philip D.; Carrano, Matthew T.; Lloyd, Graeme T.; Barnosky, Anthony D. (25 January 2016).
151:
92:
67:
833:
28:
35:
137:
512:"Understanding the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE): Influences of paleogeography, paleoclimate, or paleoecology"
408:
1131:
1036:
416:
251:
Owen, A.W.; Crame, J.A. (2002). "Palaeobiogeography and the
Ordovician and Mesozoic-Cenozoic biotic radiations".
117:, which led to an increased biodiversity. These smaller landmasses, while individually being less diverse than a
1141:
1136:
211:
Sepkoski, J. John (8 February 2016). "A factor analytic description of the
Phanerozoic marine fossil record".
1073:
Alroy, J.; Marshall, C.R.; Bambach, R.K.; Bezusko, K.; Foote, M.; Fursich, F.T.; et al. (15 May 2001).
931:"Sustained Mesozoic–Cenozoic diversification of marine Metazoa: A consistent signal from the fossil record"
723:
464:
Crame, J.A.; Rosen, B.R. (2002). "Cenozoic palaeogeography and the rise of modern biodiversity patterns".
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Servais, Thomas; Harper, David A.T.; Munnecke, Axel; Owen, Alan W.; Sheehan, Peter M. (2009).
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One effect which has to be taken into account when estimating past biodiversity levels is the
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870:"Anatomical and ecological constraints on Phanerozoic animal diversity in the marine realm"
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Valentine, James W.; Moores, Eldridge M. (1972). "Global
Tectonics and the Fossil Record".
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19:
1075:"Effects of sampling standardization on estimates of Phanerozoic marine diversification"
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409:"Diversity dynamics of Phanerozoic terrestrial tetrapods at the local-community scale"
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water masses, as a result of the breaking up of
Pangaea, resulted in an increase in
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34:
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and, surprisingly, resulted in a massive increase in biodiversity of terrestrial
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Part of the dramatic increase in biodiversity during this time was caused by the
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59:
24:
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
681:
606:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
548:"The fragmentation of Pangaea and Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrate biodiversity"
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1031:
663:"Post-extinction recovery of the Phanerozoic oceans and biodiversity hotspots"
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226:
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A third factor which played a role in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic radiation was the
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71:
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829:"The Co-Radiations of Pollinating Insects and Angiosperms in the Cretaceous"
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radiation. Made known by its identification in marine invertebrates, this
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Soltis, Pamela S.; Folk, Ryan A.; Soltis, Douglas E. (27 March 2019).
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345:"Near-Stasis in the Long-Term Diversification of Mesozoic Tetrapods"
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191:, the third of which corresponds to the Mesozoic–Cenozoic radiation
33:
784:"Darwin review: Angiosperm phylogeny and evolutionary radiations"
599:
Zaffos, Andrew; Finnegan, Seth; Peters, Shanan E. (30 May 2017).
868:
Bambach, R.K.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Sepkoski, J.J. (14 May 2002).
70:, which appeared to exceeded the equilibrium reached after the
601:"Plate tectonic regulation of global marine animal diversity"
1030:
Ivany, Linda C.; Czekanski-Moir, Jesse (25 March 2019).
929:
Bush, Andrew M.; Bambach, Richard K. (1 November 2015).
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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
299:"Taxonomic diversity gradients through geological time"
140:. These later diversified further and co-radiated with
27:. Note the marked increase in biodiversity after the
16:
Increase in biodiversity since the Permian extinction
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23:This image shows the biodiversity during the
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68:Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event
95:, which initiated the rapid increase in
54:is the third major extended increase of
46:and an increase in overall biodiversity.
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834:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
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174:, which describes a phenomenon in the
546:Vavrek, Matthew J. (September 2016).
7:
14:
138:Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution
316:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2001.00106.x
297:Crame, J. Alistair (July 2001).
827:Grimaldi, David (Spring 1999).
1037:Nature Ecology & Evolution
417:Nature Ecology & Evolution
154:, which marked the end of the
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303:Diversity & Distributions
273:10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.194.01.01
966:– via GeoScienceWorld.
364:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002359
147:, increasing biodiversity.
52:Mesozoic–Cenozoic Radiation
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682:10.1038/s41586-022-04932-6
466:Geological Society, London
253:Geological Society, London
1051:10.1038/s41559-019-0863-9
430:10.1038/s41559-019-0811-8
227:10.1017/S0094837300003778
468:. Special Publications.
255:. Special Publications.
1001:10.1126/science.1156963
628:10.1073/pnas.1702297114
103:Causes and significance
1094:10.1073/pnas.111144698
897:10.1073/pnas.092150999
803:10.1098/rspb.2019.0099
724:The Journal of Geology
567:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0528
126:evolutionary radiation
76:evolutionary radiation
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115:allopatric speciation
44:allopatric speciation
38:The fragmentation of
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1132:Evolutionary biology
1032:"Reined-in richness"
407:(18 February 2019).
993:2008Sci...321...97A
888:2002PNAS...99.6854B
737:1972JG.....80..167V
619:2017PNAS..114.5653Z
478:2002GSLSP.194..153C
265:2002GSLSP.194....1O
189:Evolutionary faunas
796:(1899): 20190099.
529:10.1130/GSATG37A.1
405:Butler, Richard J.
172:pull of the recent
166:Pull of the recent
64:Cambrian Explosion
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29:Permian extinction
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42:resulted in
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142:pollinating
134:angiosperms
132:plants, or
60:Phanerozoic
25:Phanerozoic
1126:Categories
196:References
91:, and the
89:Cretaceous
72:Ordovician
957:0091-7613
769:129364140
753:0022-1376
706:1 October
701:1476-4687
516:GSA Today
494:128674404
281:130743665
235:133114885
160:tetrapods
156:dinosaurs
130:flowering
97:mammalian
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586:27651536
522:(4): 4.
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438:30778186
383:26807777
325:86824779
183:See also
80:Mesozoic
66:and the
989:Bibcode
980:Science
936:Geology
884:Bibcode
855:2666181
813:6452062
733:Bibcode
638:5465924
615:Bibcode
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474:Bibcode
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261:Bibcode
145:insects
110:Pangaea
84:Permian
58:in the
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912:PMID
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708:2023
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50:The
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