245:
40:
768:, making it more like the living sifakas. Its teeth were similar to but larger than those of living sifakas, except for its lower premolars, which were shorter, and the M3 (third upper molar), which was moderately constricted by the cheek and tongue. Its skull length averaged 94 mm (3.7 in), ranging from 93.4 to 94.8 mm (3.68 to 3.73 in). It was a mixed feeder, eating fruit, leaves, and a moderate amount of seeds, having a diet similar to that of the living
4397:
82:
3819:
1542:
suspension. In fact, they were the most quadrupedal of the sloth lemurs, having an intermembral index between 97 and 113, compared to the lower value for indriids and higher values for the other sloth lemurs. (In arboreal primates, an intermembral index of 100 predicts quadrupedalism, higher values
1685:
died out relatively recently and is only known from subfossil remains, it is considered to be a modern form of
Malagasy lemur. It may have been among the last subfossil lemurs to go extinct, possibly surviving until 500 years ago, although radiocarbon dating places the most recent remains at
1381:) lemurs. They ranged in weight from 10 to 14 kg (22 to 31 lb). They were also the least specialized of the sloth lemurs, more closely resembling living indriids in both skull and postcranial characteristics. Skull length ranged from 93.4 to 105.5 mm (3.68 to 4.15 in). The
868:, skull length averaged 102 mm (4.0 in), ranging from 97.8 to 105.5 mm (3.85 to 4.15 in). The only notable difference from the two other species in its teeth was that the third upper molar had a relatively wider trigon and smaller talon (groups of
1601:
species appear to have been generally rare within their wide range. Collectively, the three species have been found in the north, south, west, and center of
Madagascar, although they appear to have been geographically separated (allopatric) from each other.
1668:
from the central plateau was a specialized leaf-eater (folivore), but the other two species had a more mixed diet, eating fruits and seeds in addition to leaves. The level of seed predation varies between the three species, with tooth wear indicating that
816:("arm"), and means "long-armed". It was a medium-sized lemur, slightly larger than the other two members of its genus, weighing approximately 14 kg (31 lb). It differed significantly from the other two in its limb proportions and its
1487:(point where the two halves of the lower jaw meet) suggest a more folivorous diet, which requires extra grinding. The orbits are as large (in absolute size) as those in smaller living indriids, which suggests low
676:, meaning "like" or "form", and reflects Standing's impression that the animal resembled monkeys in form. It was a small to medium-sized lemur, weighing approximately 10 kg (22 lb) and having an
760:, it was a small to medium-sized lemur, weighing approximately 11 kg (24 lb) and having an intermembral index of 97. It had the most narrow snout and gracile skeleton of the
788:. It was found in the south and west of Madagascar. Three samples of its subfossil remains have been radiocarbon dated, yielding dates of 354–60 BCE, 58–247 CE, and 245–429 CE.
635:(hanging in trees), linking them most closely to family Paleaeopropithecidae. A comparison of these morphological traits between the sloth lemurs and indriids suggest that
4508:
2610:
Burney, D.A.; Burney, L.P.; Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L.; Goodman, S.M.; Wright, H.T.; Jull, A.J.T. (2004). "A chronology for late prehistoric
Madagascar".
1455:
join together anteriorly into a sagittal crest and there is a distinct nuchal ridge that joins the rear of the zygomatic arch. The skull has a more rounded
631:
shared distinct traits with sloth lemurs. Unlike the indriids, but like the sloth lemurs, they had elongated forelimbs and other adaptations for arboreal
2120:
1471:(bone that encircles the eye socket), a steeper facial angle, more robust and cranially convex zygomatic bone, and a broader, squared snout. The upper
1590:
and came to the false conclusion that its morphology was like that of a monkey. This mistaken attribution was corrected in 1948 by
Charles Lamberton.
4495:
1868:
Standing, H.F. (1905). "Rapport sur des ossements sub-fossiles provenant d'Ampasambazimba" [Report on subfossil bones from
Ampasambazimba].
2218:
Lamberton, C. (1936). "Nouveaux lémuriens fossiles du groupe des
Propithèques et l'intérêt de leur découverte" [New fossil lemurs of the group
3064:
696:(cheekbones). Its skull length averaged 98 mm (3.9 in), ranging from 94.0 to 103.1 mm (3.70 to 4.06 in). It was predominantly
4549:
3015:
2996:
2977:
2874:
2838:
2794:
2745:
2709:
2689:
2666:
2369:
4564:
1522:
most closely resembles that of modern sifakas, the postcranial skeleton is quite different. Rather than having elongated hindlimbs for
2417:
Horvath, J.; Weisrock, D.W.; Embry, S.L.; Fiorentino, I.; Balhoff, J.P.; Kappeler, P.; Wray, G.A.; Willard, H.F.; Yoder, A.D. (2008).
2946:
2906:
856:) that points to the side (laterally). The vertebra was intermediate in length when compared with other sloth lemurs, and its
4396:
701:
1543:
predict suspensory behavior, and lower values predict leaping behavior.) Wrist bones found in 1999 further demonstrate that
81:
4559:
1562:
has not always been so complete. Until recently, important pieces of the skeleton had not been discovered, including the
857:
3057:
2933:
2893:
896:. It was the most distinct member of its genus and was geographically restricted to the extreme north of the island.
2938:
2898:
1615:
2419:"Development and application of a phylogenomic toolkit: Resolving the evolutionary history of Madagascar's lemurs"
599:(skull) remains from central and southern Madagascar, and because these are similar to teeth and skulls of living
4569:
1464:
1441:
2159:
2564:
Hamrick, M.W.; Simons, E.L.; Jungers, W.L. (2000). "New wrist bones of the
Malagasy giant subfossil lemurs".
1690:
from
Ampasambazimba. The arrival of humans roughly 2,000 years ago is thought to have sparked the decline of
4190:
661:
1451:
skulls from those of living indriids. The skull, including the zygomatic arch, is more robustly built. The
4435:
3897:
3050:
436:
also consumed a mixed diet of fruits and leaves, but analysis of its teeth suggests that it was more of a
872:
on the molar teeth). It was a mixed feeder, eating leaves, fruits, and seeds. This species was more of a
4554:
4521:
3230:
700:(leaf-eating), but also consumed some fruit and (rarely) seeds. It was moderately abundant on the high,
39:
2308:"Phalangeal curvature and positional behavior in extinct sloth lemurs (Primates, Palaeopropithecidae)"
1925:
Simons, E.L.; Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L.; Chatrath, P.S.; Ravaoarisoa, J. (1995). "A new species of
4482:
4473:
3945:
3911:
3818:
2888:
2826:
2619:
2573:
2482:
2368:
Shapiro, L.J.; Seiffert, C.V.M.; Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L.; Simons, E.L.; Randria, G.F.N. (2005).
2319:
2135:
2119:
Godfrey, L.R.; Semprebon, G.M.; Jungers, W.L.; Sutherland, M.R.; Simons, E.L.; Solounias, N. (2004).
1631:
1484:
604:
475:
remains, it died out after the arrival of humans on the island, probably due to hunting pressure and
1623:
4050:
2924:
2884:
1695:
878:
632:
566:
530:
476:
410:
176:
56:
3965:
3877:
3510:
3253:
615:
was often assigned to the family
Indriidae. For example, in 1974, Tattersall and Schwartz labeled
3475:
2400:
2014:
1946:
1639:
717:
677:
397:—a distinctive trait shared by sloth lemurs but not by indriids. However, as it had the shortest
289:
76:
1635:
533:
using four skulls found at
Ampasambazimba. He noted that the animal had characteristics of both
4526:
4020:
3983:
3955:
3696:
4513:
4377:
4252:
4218:
4211:
3332:
3011:
2992:
2973:
2952:
2942:
2912:
2902:
2870:
2834:
2790:
2741:
2705:
2685:
2662:
2635:
2589:
2510:
2451:
2392:
2347:
2151:
1512:
1243:
892:
706:
519:. This family in turn belongs to the infraorder Lemuriformes, which includes all the Malagasy
503:
353:
1643:
1619:
4064:
2627:
2581:
2500:
2490:
2441:
2433:
2384:
2337:
2327:
2143:
2006:
1938:
869:
498:
2469:
Orlando, L.; Calvignac, S.; Schnebelen, C.; Douady, C.J.; Godfrey, L.R.; Hänni, C. (2008).
244:
4418:
3973:
3904:
3617:
3260:
3246:
1610:) with other sloth lemurs in the north and center of Madagascar. The subfossil remains of
1579:
1468:
1460:
1436:, resulting in the two conflicting dental formulae. Like other sloth lemurs and indriids,
1425:
1374:
849:
841:
468:
2830:
2623:
2577:
2486:
2323:
2139:
4181:
4159:
4139:
4075:
3938:
3921:
3748:
3727:
3689:
3448:
3148:
2966:
2928:
2505:
2470:
2446:
1655:
1508:
1386:
1042:
1027:
873:
777:
741:
693:
685:
569:
406:
860:(two plates of bone that connect to the spinous process) were not as broad as seen in
4543:
4356:
4299:
4040:
3647:
3562:
3521:
3462:
3353:
3325:
3281:
3267:
3131:
3118:
3073:
2678:
2418:
2342:
2307:
2306:
Jungers, W.L.; Godfrey, L.R.; Simons, E.L.; Chatrath, P.S.; Williamson, J.R. (1997).
1563:
1488:
1452:
1263:
776:). Although its forelimbs were more like those of living indriids, its hindlimbs and
712:
509:
437:
416:
All three species ate leaves, fruits, and seeds, but the proportions were different.
359:
323:
143:
1991:
1950:
1511:(bony structure that encloses part of the middle and inner ear), and an intrabullar
796:
was discovered in 1986 and formally described in 1995. It was found in the caves of
4319:
4292:
4283:
4269:
4245:
3836:
3790:
3489:
3482:
3318:
3195:
3172:
2018:
1627:
1499:, did share a few ancestral traits with indriids, unlike the largest sloth lemurs,
1476:
1433:
1385:
and cranial proportions, however, more closely resembled those of the sifakas. The
1378:
1077:
833:
689:
1424:, like all indriids and most other sloth lemurs. It is unclear whether one of the
840:-like in its use of suspension. This was further supported by a study of a single
2631:
2147:
4467:
4413:
4347:
4204:
4197:
4149:
4098:
4010:
3661:
3599:
3585:
3530:
3503:
3432:
3418:
3411:
3390:
3360:
3346:
3216:
3158:
1535:
1102:
971:
937:
495:
471:, but was still slightly larger than the largest living lemurs. Known only from
386:
370:
156:
2121:"Dental use wear in extinct lemurs: evidence of diet and niche differentiation"
443:
Although rare, the three species were widely distributed across the island yet
4262:
4238:
4084:
4057:
3849:
3779:
3757:
3682:
3640:
3592:
3571:
3404:
3397:
3297:
3239:
3202:
2370:"Morphometric analysis of lumbar vertebrae in extinct Malagasy strepsirrhines"
817:
721:
697:
620:
444:
330:
65:
30:
4458:
2916:
2332:
4363:
4310:
4229:
3994:
3866:
3764:
3718:
3703:
3675:
3668:
3654:
3633:
3626:
3578:
3544:
3441:
3209:
3188:
2956:
2769:
2495:
1607:
1603:
1456:
1421:
1382:
1306:
1216:
988:
853:
749:
600:
515:
472:
365:
93:
2639:
2593:
2585:
2514:
2455:
2396:
2351:
2155:
1578:. In 1936, Alice Carleton mistakenly associated postcranial remains of the
836:(finger and toe bones). For these reasons, it is thought to have been more
428:
ate a mix of fruits and leaves, as well as a larger quantity of seeds than
1410:
1407:
1399:
1396:
876:
than the other two species, but was not as specialized as closely related
4452:
4170:
3931:
3772:
3551:
3374:
3339:
3304:
3290:
3091:
1659:
1571:
1539:
1531:
1480:
825:
821:
797:
421:
398:
394:
113:
2471:"DNA from extinct giant lemurs links archaeolemurids to extant indriids"
4500:
4132:
3734:
3537:
3496:
3311:
3181:
3103:
2437:
2388:
2010:
1942:
1523:
1507:. These include the aforementioned four-toothed toothcomb, an inflated
1472:
1429:
829:
820:
morphology. Most notably, it was the only species in the genus to have
374:
326:
185:
133:
1447:
Despite the similarities, there are several features that distinguish
800:, northern Madagascar, around the same time that the first remains of
4333:
3888:
3383:
3097:
3085:
1575:
780:(skull, spine, and ribs) were more specialized for suspension, as in
660:, described in 1905, was the first species to be formally named. Its
538:
382:
123:
103:
4429:
680:(ratio of limb proportions) of 99. Its skull was similar to that of
1891:
732:
was discovered in 1936 and originally classified in its own genus,
684:, but had a broader snout and was more robust, particularly in its
463:
was the most distinct of the three species due to its longer arms.
4326:
4118:
4091:
4031:
2810:
Chapter 3: Ecology and Extinction of Madagascar's Subfossil Lemurs
1548:
922:
852:
and a transverse processes (plates of bone that protrude from the
837:
769:
596:
520:
491:
378:
319:
315:
4487:
1673:
exhibited the greatest level of seed predation within the genus.
704:
of Madagascar. It shared its range with the larger sloth lemurs,
3042:
1567:
1377:, but all species were still noticeably larger than all living (
832:(yielding an intermembral index of 113), as well as more curved
4433:
3834:
3116:
3046:
2095:
1393:
was the same as in the other sloth lemur and indriids: either
639:
was the first genus to diverge within the sloth lemur family.
1467:(narrowing of the skull behind the eye sockets), more robust
1551:-like of the sloth lemurs. Analysis of a lumbar vertebra of
623:
to sifakas. With the discovery of an associated skeleton of
16:
Extinct genus of small to medium-sized lemur from Madagascar
1929:(Primates, Palaeopropithecidae) from Northern Madagascar".
886:
was rare and shared its range with two other sloth lemurs,
501:(Palaeopropithecidae), which includes three other genera:
1606:
discoveries indicate that they lived in the same region (
692:(ridges on the skull for muscle attachments) and massive
2205:
740:
comes from its prominent forehead and derives from the
2539:
1373:
includes some of the smallest of the recently extinct
2808:
Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L.; Schwartz, G.T. (2006).
4344:
4280:
4258:
4166:
4155:
4145:
4046:
4016:
4006:
3979:
3961:
3951:
3927:
3917:
3873:
3862:
3745:
3715:
3614:
3459:
3429:
3371:
3278:
3227:
3169:
3154:
3144:
1840:
1259:
1239:
1212:
1176:
1156:
1136:
1116:
1099:
1074:
968:
553:(based on two skulls from Anavoha). He thought that
373:
family (Palaeopropithecidae). Once thought to be an
225:
212:
195:
4442:
4343:
4309:
4279:
4228:
4180:
4116:
4074:
4030:
3993:
3887:
3847:
3789:
3744:
3714:
3613:
3561:
3520:
3458:
3428:
3370:
3277:
3226:
3168:
3129:
3029:Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L.; Burney, D.A. (2010).
2931:; Konstant, W.R.; Meyers, D.M.; Mast, R.B. (1994).
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
2965:
2867:Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level
2821:Hartwig, Walter Carl (2002). Hartwig, W.C. (ed.).
2677:
2201:
2199:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1538:locomotion, slow climbing, with some forelimb and
848:in having a moderately reduced, dorsally oriented
672:, meaning "monkey" or "ape", and the Greek suffix
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
1964:
1962:
1960:
2972:(6th ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
2289:
2287:
2285:
2224:Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
828:, due to a substantially longer and more robust
2312:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
716:. One sample of its subfossil remains has been
2363:
2361:
2222:and the significance of their discovery].
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
1968:
1863:
1861:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1773:
424:), but also ate fruit and occasionally seeds.
3058:
2738:Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar
2736:Goodman, S.M.; Patterson, B.D., eds. (1997).
2605:
2603:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1920:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
467:was one of the smallest of the known extinct
8:
2700:Goodman, S.M.; Benstead, J.P., eds. (2003).
2680:Dictionary of Word Roots and Combining Forms
2551:
2527:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
627:near Ankarana in 1986, it became clear that
2937:. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (1st ed.).
2897:. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (2nd ed.).
2825:. Cambridge University Press. p. 544.
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
1852:
557:was a separate, intermediate genus between
4430:
4124:
3999:
3855:
3844:
3831:
3467:
3137:
3126:
3113:
3065:
3051:
3043:
3031:Chapter 21: Subfossil Lemurs of Madagascar
3006:Werdelin, L.; Sanders, W.J., eds. (2010).
2869:. Columbia University Press. p. 336.
2696:(Note: this book was first published 1960)
1887:
1885:
1883:
243:
38:
20:
2504:
2494:
2445:
2377:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2341:
2331:
1992:"The extinct sloth lemurs of Madagascar"
401:of all sloth lemurs, it is thought that
2785:Gould, L.; Sauther, M.L., eds. (2006).
2772:; Simons, E.L.; Chatrath, P.S. (1997).
2068:
1706:
1654:have only been found at one site each,
1558:Our understanding of the morphology of
1459:, slightly smaller and more convergent
844:. This vertebra was similar to that of
2293:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2043:
2031:
1990:Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L. (2003a).
1495:and its closest sloth lemur relative,
549:(based on one skull from Tsirave) and
545:). In 1936, Charles Lamberton defined
2852:Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L. (2002).
2723:Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L. (2003).
1744:
1534:, suggesting they predominantly used
911:placement within the lemur phylogeny
764:species, similar to but smaller than
7:
2989:Primate Ecology and Social Structure
2540:Godfrey, Jungers & Schwartz 2006
1931:International Journal of Primatology
1547:was a vertical climber and the most
1515:(bony ring that holds the eardrum).
647:Three species are recognized within
2854:Chapter 7: Quaternary fossil lemurs
1555:further supported this conclusion.
1232:
1205:
1129:
1110:
1093:
1066:
1020:
1013:
960:
953:
929:
917:
413:as much as the other sloth lemurs.
3010:. University of California Press.
2865:McKenna, M.C.; Bell, S.K. (1997).
1841:Godfrey, Jungers & Burney 2010
14:
2740:. Smithsonian Institution Press.
2702:The Natural History of Madagascar
804:were unearthed. The species name
4395:
3817:
2661:(3rd ed.). Academic Press.
1646:. The subfossil remains of both
80:
2887:; Konstant, W.R.; Hawkins, F.;
2704:. University of Chicago Press.
2684:. Mayfield Publishing Company.
1870:Bulletin de l'Académie malgache
1574:, hand and foot bones, and the
2787:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation
2768:Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L.;
2761:Chapter 6: Lemurs: Old and New
668:, derives from the Greek word
1:
4550:Fossil taxa described in 1905
2991:. Pearson Custom Publishing.
2968:Walker's Mammals of the World
1616:subfossil sites on Madagascar
720:, yielding a date of 570–679
459:in the center of the island.
381:is similar to that of living
333:that includes three species,
2632:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005
2148:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.06.003
1479:are larger. The more robust
483:Classification and phylogeny
440:than the other two species.
420:was primarily a leaf-eater (
2774:Chapter 8: Subfossil Lemurs
1588:Mesopropithecus pithecoides
1586:) from Ampasambazimba with
455:in the south and west, and
4586:
4565:Prehistoric primate genera
3008:Cenozoic Mammals of Africa
2939:Conservation International
2899:Conservation International
2612:Journal of Human Evolution
2566:Journal of Human Evolution
2128:Journal of Human Evolution
1969:Godfrey & Jungers 2003
1774:Godfrey & Jungers 2002
824:that were longer than the
748:, meaning "ball", and the
713:Archaeoindris fontoynontii
393:had longer forelimbs than
4408:
4393:
4127:
4002:
3858:
3843:
3830:
3815:
3470:
3140:
3125:
3112:
3080:
2823:The Primate Fossil Record
2657:Ankel-Simons, F. (2007).
1999:Evolutionary Anthropology
1614:have been found at seven
1304:
1257:
1237:
1230:
1210:
1203:
1174:
1154:
1134:
1127:
1108:
1091:
1071:
1064:
1040:
1025:
1018:
1011:
985:
965:
958:
951:
934:
927:
893:Palaeopropithecus maximus
707:Palaeopropithecus maximus
318:of small to medium-sized
295:
288:
251:
242:
191:
184:
77:Scientific classification
75:
63:
54:
48:Mesopropithecus globiceps
46:
37:
23:
2475:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2333:10.1073/pnas.94.22.11998
1594:Distribution and ecology
1465:postorbital constriction
603:, particularly those of
547:Neopropithecus globiceps
385:, a recently discovered
2496:10.1186/1471-2148-8-121
2096:Mittermeier et al. 2006
1892:Mittermeier et al. 1994
1853:McKenna & Bell 1997
1671:M. dolichobrachion
1652:M. dolichobrachion
1553:M. dolichobrachion
1428:in the toothcomb is an
1181:M. dolichobrachion
884:M. dolichobrachion
866:M. dolichobrachion
793:M. dolichobrachion
756:, meaning "head". Like
625:M. dolichobrachion
461:M. dolichobrachion
449:M. dolichobrachion
434:M. dolichobrachion
336:M. dolichobrachion
263:M. dolichobrachion
200:M. dolichobrachion
2987:Sussman, R.W. (2003).
2891:; et al. (2006).
2586:10.1006/jhev.1999.0372
901:Anatomy and physiology
808:is Greek, coming from
4522:Paleobiology Database
2759:Simons, E.L. (1997).
2727:. pp. 1247–1252.
2676:Borror, D.J. (1988).
609:Propithecus verreauxi
529:was named in 1905 by
4560:Holocene extinctions
2964:Nowak, R.M. (1999).
2934:Lemurs of Madagascar
2894:Lemurs of Madagascar
1971:, pp. 1247–1252
1485:mandibular symphysis
595:was only known from
447:to each other, with
369:, it is part of the
252:Subfossil sites for
4348:Palaeopropithecidae
2856:. pp. 108–110.
2831:2002prfr.book.....H
2776:. pp. 218–256.
2763:. pp. 142–166.
2624:2004JHumE..47...25B
2578:2000JHumE..38..635H
2487:2008BMCEE...8..121O
2324:1997PNAS...9411998J
2206:Godfrey et al. 1997
2140:2004JHumE..47..145G
1696:habitat destruction
1688:M. pithecoides
1666:M. pithecoides
1648:M. pithecoides
1584:Propithecus diadema
1518:While the skull of
1420:had a four-toothed
1161:M. pithecoides
1103:Palaeopropithecidae
888:Babakotia radofilai
879:Babakotia radofilai
766:M. pithecoides
758:M. pithecoides
657:M. pithecoides
567:paleoanthropologist
531:Herbert F. Standing
477:habitat destruction
453:M. pithecoides
430:M. pithecoides
418:M. pithecoides
348:M. pithecoides
283:M. pithecoides
230:M. pithecoides
157:Palaeopropithecidae
57:Conservation status
3231:Ekgmowechashalidae
2530:, pp. 253–257
2438:10.1101/gr.7265208
2389:10.1002/ajpa.20122
2318:(1): 11998–12001.
2296:, pp. 142–166
2208:, pp. 218–256
2071:, pp. 107–148
2011:10.1002/evan.10123
1943:10.1007/BF02735287
1776:, pp. 108–110
1463:, more pronounced
678:intermembral index
68: (570–679 CE)
4537:
4536:
4436:Taxon identifiers
4427:
4426:
4404:
4403:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4378:Palaeopropithecus
4112:
4111:
4108:
4107:
3826:
3825:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3609:
3608:
3017:978-0-520-25721-4
2998:978-0-536-74363-3
2979:978-0-8018-5789-8
2925:Mittermeier, R.A.
2885:Mittermeier, R.A.
2876:978-0-231-11013-6
2840:978-0-521-66315-1
2812:. pp. 41–64.
2796:978-0-387-34585-7
2747:978-1-56098-682-9
2711:978-0-226-30306-2
2691:978-0-87484-053-7
2668:978-0-12-372576-9
2552:Ankel-Simons 2007
2528:Ankel-Simons 2007
2226:. 2 (in French).
1694:through hunting,
1686:570–679 CE for a
1612:M. globiceps
1513:ectotympanic ring
1501:Palaeopropithecus
1442:tooth development
1367:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1244:Palaeopropithecus
1192:
1191:
1141:M. globiceps
1053:
1052:
1000:
999:
862:Palaeopropithecus
782:Palaeopropithecus
729:M. globiceps
718:radiocarbon dated
682:M. globiceps
605:Verreaux's sifaka
535:Palaeopropithecus
504:Palaeopropithecus
457:M. globiceps
426:M. globiceps
354:Palaeopropithecus
342:M. globiceps
307:
306:
302:
273:M. globiceps
235:
222:
217:M. globiceps
209:
180:
70:
4577:
4570:Subfossil lemurs
4530:
4529:
4517:
4516:
4504:
4503:
4491:
4490:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4431:
4399:
4346:
4284:Archaeolemuridae
4282:
4260:
4168:
4157:
4147:
4125:
4065:Xanthonycticebus
4048:
4018:
4008:
4000:
3981:
3963:
3953:
3929:
3919:
3875:
3864:
3856:
3845:
3832:
3821:
3747:
3717:
3616:
3468:
3461:
3431:
3373:
3280:
3229:
3171:
3156:
3146:
3138:
3127:
3114:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3044:
3034:
3021:
3002:
2983:
2971:
2960:
2920:
2880:
2857:
2844:
2813:
2800:
2777:
2764:
2751:
2728:
2725:Subfossil Lemurs
2715:
2695:
2683:
2672:
2644:
2643:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2561:
2555:
2554:, pp. 49–53
2549:
2543:
2542:, pp. 41–64
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2498:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2423:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2399:. Archived from
2374:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2335:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2158:. Archived from
2125:
2116:
2099:
2098:, pp. 37–51
2093:
2072:
2066:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2022:
1996:
1987:
1972:
1966:
1955:
1954:
1922:
1895:
1894:, pp. 33–48
1889:
1878:
1877:
1865:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1777:
1771:
1748:
1747:, pp. 89–91
1742:
1483:(lower jaw) and
1415:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1375:subfossil lemurs
1261:
1241:
1233:
1214:
1206:
1178:
1158:
1138:
1130:
1118:
1111:
1101:
1094:
1078:Archaeolemuridae
1076:
1067:
1021:
1014:
970:
961:
954:
930:
918:
905:
904:
694:zygomatic arches
469:subfossil lemurs
409:and did not use
351:. Together with
300:
279:
269:
259:
247:
233:
227:
220:
214:
203:
197:
175:
168:
155:
85:
84:
69:
42:
29:Temporal range:
21:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4525:
4520:
4512:
4507:
4499:
4494:
4486:
4481:
4474:Mesopropithecus
4472:
4471:
4466:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4444:Mesopropithecus
4438:
4428:
4423:
4419:Subfossil lemur
4400:
4383:
4371:Mesopropithecus
4339:
4305:
4275:
4224:
4176:
4121:
4104:
4070:
4026:
3989:
3883:
3852:
3839:
3822:
3805:
3785:
3740:
3710:
3618:Caenopithecidae
3605:
3557:
3516:
3454:
3424:
3366:
3273:
3261:Muangthanhinius
3247:Ekgmowechashala
3222:
3164:
3134:
3121:
3108:
3076:
3071:
3039:
3028:
3018:
3005:
2999:
2986:
2980:
2963:
2949:
2923:
2909:
2883:
2877:
2864:
2851:
2841:
2820:
2807:
2797:
2784:
2767:
2758:
2748:
2735:
2722:
2712:
2699:
2692:
2675:
2669:
2659:Primate Anatomy
2656:
2647:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2426:Genome Research
2421:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2177:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2102:
2094:
2075:
2067:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2026:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1975:
1967:
1958:
1927:Mesopropithecus
1924:
1923:
1898:
1890:
1881:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1780:
1772:
1751:
1743:
1708:
1704:
1692:Mesopropithecus
1683:Mesopropithecus
1679:
1632:Manombo-Toliara
1599:Mesopropithecus
1596:
1580:diademed sifaka
1560:Mesopropithecus
1545:Mesopropithecus
1528:Mesopropithecus
1520:Mesopropithecus
1493:Mesopropithecus
1469:postorbital bar
1449:Mesopropithecus
1438:Mesopropithecus
1426:permanent teeth
1418:Mesopropithecus
1406:
1405:
1395:
1394:
1391:Mesopropithecus
1371:Mesopropithecus
1363:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1193:
1125:
1121:Mesopropithecus
1106:
1054:
1001:
909:Mesopropithecus
903:
850:spinous process
842:lumbar vertebra
806:dolichobrachion
762:Mesopropithecus
702:central plateau
649:Mesopropithecus
645:
637:Mesopropithecus
629:Mesopropithecus
617:Mesopropithecus
613:Mesopropithecus
593:Mesopropithecus
586:Mesopropithecus
559:Mesopropithecus
537:and the living
527:Mesopropithecus
488:Mesopropithecus
485:
465:Mesopropithecus
403:Mesopropithecus
391:Mesopropithecus
389:skeleton shows
311:Mesopropithecus
301:Lamberton, 1936
277:
267:
257:
254:Mesopropithecus
238:
221:Lamberton, 1936
174:
171:Mesopropithecus
166:
153:
79:
71:
59:
33:
27:
25:Mesopropithecus
17:
12:
11:
5:
4583:
4581:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4542:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4518:
4505:
4492:
4479:
4464:
4448:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4352:
4350:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4315:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4296:
4288:
4286:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4266:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4234:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4186:
4184:
4182:Cheirogaleidae
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4164:
4160:Plesiopithecus
4153:
4143:
4136:
4128:
4122:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4080:
4078:
4076:Perodicticinae
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4044:
4036:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4014:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3977:
3970:
3959:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3925:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3893:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3859:
3853:
3848:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3751:
3749:Djebelemuridae
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3728:Algeripithecus
3723:
3721:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3700:
3693:
3690:Mescalerolemur
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3622:
3620:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3526:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3471:
3465:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3449:Marcgodinotius
3445:
3437:
3435:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3286:
3284:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3235:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3177:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3152:
3149:Plesiopithecus
3141:
3135:
3130:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3003:
2997:
2984:
2978:
2961:
2947:
2929:Tattersall, I.
2921:
2907:
2881:
2875:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2846:
2845:
2839:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2765:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2697:
2690:
2673:
2667:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2618:(1–2): 25–63.
2599:
2572:(5): 635–650.
2556:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2461:
2432:(3): 489–499.
2409:
2406:on 2011-06-12.
2383:(4): 823–839.
2357:
2298:
2281:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2210:
2175:
2134:(3): 145–169.
2100:
2073:
2048:
2036:
2024:
2005:(6): 252–263.
1973:
1956:
1937:(5): 653–682.
1896:
1879:
1857:
1845:
1778:
1749:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1678:
1675:
1662:respectively.
1656:Ampasambazimba
1624:Ankazoabo Cave
1595:
1592:
1530:had elongated
1509:auditory bulla
1453:temporal lines
1387:dental formula
1365:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1028:Cheirogaleidae
1024:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
997:
994:
993:
984:
981:
980:
977:
976:
964:
959:
957:
952:
950:
947:
946:
943:
942:
938:Daubentoniidae
933:
928:
926:
916:
913:
912:
902:
899:
898:
897:
789:
778:axial skeleton
734:Neopropithecus
725:
644:
641:
582:Neopropithecus
570:Ian Tattersall
555:Neopropithecus
484:
481:
451:in the north,
314:is an extinct
305:
304:
298:Neopropithecus
293:
292:
286:
285:
249:
248:
240:
239:
237:
236:
234:Standing, 1905
223:
210:
192:
189:
188:
182:
181:
164:
160:
159:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
73:
72:
64:
61:
60:
55:
52:
51:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4582:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4398:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4357:Archaeoindris
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4300:Hadropithecus
4297:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4115:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4051:Nycticeboides
4045:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3974:Sciurocheirus
3971:
3968:
3967:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3820:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3648:Caenopithecus
3645:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3612:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3563:Sivaladapinae
3560:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3522:Hoanghoniinae
3519:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3463:Sivaladapidae
3457:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3354:Pronycticebus
3351:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3326:Mazateronodon
3323:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3282:Cercamoniidae
3276:
3270:
3269:
3268:Palaeohodites
3265:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3132:Strepsirrhini
3128:
3124:
3120:
3119:Strepsirrhini
3115:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3074:Strepsirrhini
3068:
3063:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2948:1-881173-08-9
2944:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2908:1-881173-88-7
2904:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2165:on 2012-03-30
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1872:(in French).
1871:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1855:, p. 336
1854:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:Archaeoindris
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:visual acuity
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1264:Archaeoindris
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:Lepilemuridae
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
996:
995:
992:
990:
983:
982:
979:
978:
975:
973:
972:Megaladapidae
963:
962:
956:
955:
949:
948:
945:
944:
941:
939:
932:
931:
924:
920:
919:
915:
914:
910:
907:
906:
900:
895:
894:
889:
885:
881:
880:
875:
874:seed predator
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
812:("long") and
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:
790:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:
726:
723:
719:
715:
714:
709:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:nuchal crests
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:specific name
659:
658:
654:
653:
652:
650:
642:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:N. platyfrons
571:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:N. platyfrons
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
522:
518:
517:
512:
511:
510:Archaeoindris
506:
505:
500:
497:
493:
489:
482:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
438:seed predator
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:
362:
361:
360:Archaeoindris
356:
355:
350:
349:
344:
343:
338:
337:
332:
328:
325:
324:strepsirrhine
321:
317:
313:
312:
303:
299:
294:
291:
287:
284:
280:
274:
270:
264:
260:
255:
250:
246:
241:
232:
231:
224:
219:
218:
211:
207:
202:
201:
194:
193:
190:
187:
183:
178:
173:
172:
165:
162:
161:
158:
152:
149:
148:
145:
144:Strepsirrhini
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
83:
78:
74:
67:
62:
58:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
32:
26:
22:
19:
4555:Lemur genera
4443:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4298:
4293:Archaeolemur
4291:
4268:
4261:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4198:Cheirogaleus
4196:
4189:
4169:
4158:
4148:
4138:
4131:
4097:
4092:Perodicticus
4090:
4083:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4039:
4019:
4009:
3982:
3972:
3966:Saharagalago
3964:
3954:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3920:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3878:Saharagalago
3876:
3865:
3837:Lemuriformes
3791:Lemuriformes
3778:
3771:
3763:
3756:
3733:
3726:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3511:Yunnanadapis
3509:
3502:
3495:
3490:Kyitchaungia
3488:
3483:Guangxilemur
3481:
3474:
3447:
3440:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3319:Donrussellia
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3266:
3259:
3254:Gatanthropus
3252:
3245:
3238:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3196:Hesperolemur
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:Notharctidae
3157:
3147:
3040:
3030:
3007:
2988:
2967:
2932:
2892:
2866:
2853:
2822:
2809:
2789:. Springer.
2786:
2773:
2760:
2737:
2724:
2701:
2679:
2658:
2615:
2611:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2429:
2425:
2412:
2401:the original
2380:
2376:
2315:
2311:
2301:
2279:, p. 58
2272:
2267:, p. 33
2260:
2255:, p. 23
2248:
2243:, p. 43
2236:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2167:. Retrieved
2160:the original
2131:
2127:
2069:Sussman 2003
2046:, p. 66
2039:
2034:, p. 76
2027:
2002:
1998:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1873:
1869:
1848:
1843:, Chapter 21
1691:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1651:
1647:
1628:Belo sur Mer
1611:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1583:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1544:
1527:
1519:
1517:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1448:
1446:
1437:
1417:
1390:
1370:
1368:
1305:
1262:
1258:
1242:
1238:
1215:
1211:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1120:
1119:
1072:
1041:
1026:
986:
966:
935:
923:Lemuriformes
908:
891:
887:
883:
877:
865:
861:
845:
813:
809:
805:
801:
792:
791:
785:
781:
773:
765:
761:
757:
753:
745:
737:
733:
728:
727:
711:
705:
681:
673:
669:
665:
656:
655:
648:
646:
636:
628:
624:
621:sister group
616:
612:
608:
592:
591:Until 1986,
590:
585:
581:
578:N. globiceps
577:
573:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
534:
526:
525:
514:
508:
502:
487:
486:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
442:
433:
429:
425:
417:
415:
402:
390:
377:because its
364:
358:
352:
347:
346:
341:
340:
335:
334:
310:
309:
308:
297:
296:
282:
276:
272:
266:
262:
256:
253:
229:
228:
216:
215:
205:
199:
198:
170:
169:
47:
24:
18:
4468:Wikispecies
4414:Adapiformes
4334:Propithecus
4150:Megaladapis
4133:Daubentonia
4099:Pseudopotto
4011:Mioeuoticus
3662:Europolemur
3600:Sivaladapis
3586:Siamoadapis
3531:Hoanghonius
3504:Paukkaungia
3476:Anthradapis
3433:Asiadapidae
3419:Palaeolemur
3412:Microadapis
3391:Cryptadapis
3361:Protoadapis
3347:Periconodon
3217:Smilodectes
3159:Sulaimanius
2889:Louis, E.E.
2650:Books cited
2294:Simons 1997
2277:Borror 1988
2265:Borror 1988
2253:Borror 1988
2241:Borror 1988
2220:Propithecus
2044:Borror 1988
2032:Borror 1988
1698:, or both.
1640:Tsiandroina
1536:quadrupedal
818:postcranial
774:Indri indri
736:. The name
666:pithecoides
565:. In 1971,
563:Propithecus
543:Propithecus
496:sloth lemur
494:within the
407:quadrupedal
387:postcranial
371:sloth lemur
4544:Categories
4412:See also:
4263:Pachylemur
4205:Microcebus
4119:Lemuroidea
4085:Arctocebus
4058:Nycticebus
3946:Paragalago
3912:Galagoides
3850:Lorisoidea
3800:see below↓
3780:Shizarodon
3758:Djebelemur
3683:Masradapis
3641:Aframonius
3593:Sinoadapis
3572:Indraloris
3405:Magnadapis
3398:Leptadapis
3298:Anchomomys
3240:Bugtilemur
3203:Notharctus
2770:Reed, K.E.
2481:(1): 121.
2230:: 370–373.
2169:2010-08-24
1745:Nowak 1999
1702:References
1677:Extinction
1636:Taolambiby
1440:had rapid
1369:The genus
698:folivorous
633:suspension
445:allopatric
411:suspension
331:Madagascar
140:Suborder:
31:Quaternary
4364:Babakotia
4311:Indriidae
4246:Hapalemur
4230:Lemuridae
4191:Allocebus
4140:Lepilemur
4032:Lorisinae
4021:Namaloris
3995:Lorisidae
3984:Wadilemur
3956:Progalago
3889:Galagidae
3867:Karanisia
3765:Notnamaia
3719:Azibiidae
3704:Notnamaia
3697:Namadapis
3676:Mahgarita
3669:Godinotia
3655:Darwinius
3634:Afradapis
3627:Adapoides
3579:Ramadapis
3545:Rencunius
3442:Asiadapis
3210:Pelycodus
3189:Copelemur
3084:Kingdom:
2917:883321520
1876:: 95–100.
1608:sympatric
1604:Subfossil
1572:vertebrae
1532:forelimbs
1497:Babakotia
1457:braincase
1422:toothcomb
1383:dentition
1307:Indriidae
1217:Babakotia
989:Lemuridae
854:vertebrae
846:Babakotia
834:phalanges
826:hindlimbs
822:forelimbs
802:Babakotia
786:Babakotia
750:Neo-Latin
738:globiceps
516:Babakotia
473:subfossil
422:folivores
405:was more
399:forelimbs
395:hindlimbs
366:Babakotia
100:Kingdom:
94:Eukaryota
4488:13208244
4453:Wikidata
4171:Propotto
3939:Otolemur
3932:Laetolia
3898:Euoticus
3773:Omanodon
3552:Wailekia
3375:Adapidae
3340:Panobius
3333:Nievesia
3305:Barnesia
3291:Agerinia
3104:Primates
3098:Mammalia
3092:Chordata
3090:Phylum:
3086:Animalia
2957:32480729
2640:15288523
2594:10799257
2515:18442367
2456:18245770
2397:16110476
2352:11038588
2156:15337413
1951:21431569
1681:Because
1660:Ankarana
1540:hindlimb
1481:mandible
1473:incisors
1414:× 2 = 30
814:brachion
810:dolicho-
798:Ankarana
686:sagittal
670:pithekos
601:indriids
290:Synonyms
177:Standing
150:Family:
134:Primates
124:Mammalia
114:Chordata
110:Phylum:
104:Animalia
90:Domain:
4514:1102397
4501:4827491
4459:Q292116
4270:Varecia
4239:Eulemur
3735:Azibius
3538:Lushius
3497:Laomaki
3312:Buxella
3182:Cantius
3102:Order:
3096:Class:
2827:Bibcode
2620:Bibcode
2574:Bibcode
2506:2386821
2483:Bibcode
2447:2259113
2320:Bibcode
2136:Bibcode
2019:4834725
1644:Tsirave
1620:Anavoha
1524:leaping
1477:canines
1430:incisor
1411:2.0.2.3
1408:2.1.2.3
1400:1.1.2.3
1397:2.1.2.3
1080:
991:
974:
940:
925:
858:laminae
830:humerus
752:suffix
643:Species
597:cranial
572:merged
539:sifakas
383:sifakas
375:indriid
329:, from
327:primate
204:Simons
186:Species
163:Genus:
130:Order:
120:Class:
66:Extinct
4219:Phaner
3905:Galago
3384:Adapis
3014:
2995:
2976:
2955:
2945:
2915:
2905:
2873:
2837:
2793:
2744:
2708:
2688:
2665:
2638:
2592:
2513:
2503:
2454:
2444:
2395:
2350:
2340:
2154:
2017:
1949:
1576:pelvis
1564:radius
1461:orbits
1434:canine
1379:extant
1124:
1115:
1105:
1098:
1073:
987:
967:
936:
921:
746:globus
674:-oides
521:lemurs
513:, and
499:family
363:, and
345:, and
208:, 1995
206:et al.
179:, 1905
50:skull
4527:40784
4509:IRMNG
4327:Indri
4320:Avahi
4253:Lemur
4212:Mirza
4041:Loris
3922:Komba
2422:(PDF)
2404:(PDF)
2373:(PDF)
2343:23681
2163:(PDF)
2124:(PDF)
2015:S2CID
1995:(PDF)
1947:S2CID
1549:loris
870:cusps
864:. In
838:sloth
770:indri
754:-ceps
744:word
742:Latin
619:as a
584:into
576:into
492:genus
490:is a
379:skull
322:, or
320:lemur
316:genus
268:green
4496:GBIF
3012:ISBN
2993:ISBN
2974:ISBN
2953:OCLC
2943:ISBN
2913:OCLC
2903:ISBN
2871:ISBN
2835:ISBN
2791:ISBN
2742:ISBN
2706:ISBN
2686:ISBN
2663:ISBN
2636:PMID
2590:PMID
2511:PMID
2452:PMID
2393:PMID
2348:PMID
2152:PMID
1658:and
1650:and
1568:ulna
1503:and
1475:and
890:and
784:and
710:and
688:and
580:and
561:and
278:blue
4483:EoL
2628:doi
2582:doi
2501:PMC
2491:doi
2442:PMC
2434:doi
2385:doi
2381:128
2338:PMC
2328:doi
2144:doi
2007:doi
1939:doi
1432:or
1404:or
1389:of
611:),
258:red
4546::
4524::
4511::
4498::
4485::
4470::
4455::
2951:.
2941:.
2927:;
2911:.
2901:.
2833:.
2634:.
2626:.
2616:47
2614:.
2602:^
2588:.
2580:.
2570:38
2568:.
2509:.
2499:.
2489:.
2477:.
2473:.
2450:.
2440:.
2430:18
2428:.
2424:.
2391:.
2379:.
2375:.
2360:^
2346:.
2336:.
2326:.
2316:94
2314:.
2310:.
2284:^
2178:^
2150:.
2142:.
2132:47
2130:.
2126:.
2103:^
2076:^
2051:^
2013:.
2003:12
2001:.
1997:.
1976:^
1959:^
1945:.
1935:15
1933:.
1899:^
1882:^
1860:^
1781:^
1752:^
1709:^
1642:,
1638:,
1634:,
1630:,
1626:,
1622:,
1618::
1570:,
1566:,
1526:,
1491:.
1444:.
1416:.
882:.
722:CE
664:,
651::
588:.
523:.
507:,
479:.
432:.
357:,
339:,
281:=
271:=
261:=
4345:†
4281:†
4259:†
4167:†
4163:?
4156:†
4146:†
4047:†
4017:†
4007:†
3980:†
3969:?
3962:†
3952:†
3928:†
3918:†
3874:†
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3863:†
3768:?
3746:†
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3615:†
3460:†
3430:†
3372:†
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3066:e
3059:t
3052:v
3033:.
3020:.
3001:.
2982:.
2959:.
2919:.
2879:.
2843:.
2829::
2799:.
2750:.
2714:.
2694:.
2671:.
2642:.
2630::
2622::
2596:.
2584::
2576::
2517:.
2493::
2485::
2479:8
2458:.
2436::
2387::
2354:.
2330::
2322::
2228:8
2172:.
2146::
2138::
2021:.
2009::
1953:.
1941::
1874:4
1582:(
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1240:†
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1177:†
1157:†
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1117:†
1100:†
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969:†
772:(
724:.
607:(
541:(
275:;
265:;
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154:†
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