913:
944:
960:
979:
132:
877:
3021:
1607:
928:
154:
3028:
5322:
5308:
592:
5334:
3186:
889:
630:
2238:
2243:
5346:
3015:
901:
1621:
653:
or later in the
Paleozoic. It was around 1 metre (3.3 ft) in length, with webbed feet, a streamlined body, and a long tail that may have supported a fin. It probably propelled itself through the water with its long hind legs and flexible tail. Its body was also flexible and could easily move
978:
821:
might have been fully aquatic, adult animals spent some time on land. This is supported by the rarity of adult animals in aquatic settings, and a coprolite possessing drying fractures. However, how terrestrial these animals were is difficult to say, as their
912:
445:, although new data suggests that at least those of Uruguay inhabited a hypersaline water body, rather than a typical marine environment. In any case, it had many adaptations to a fully aquatic lifestyle. It is usually considered to have been
504:
around 1830 and was being used as a pot lid. The circumstances of its discovery and how it was taken from its previous owners in South Africa are unknown, but what is known is that the specimen eventually surfaced in the collection of the
943:
750:) have been discovered in Uruguay and Brazil. These fossils are the earliest record of amniote fetuses, although amniotes are inferred to have had their typical reproductive strategy since their first appearance in the
959:
1279:
nov. sp. IN: White, I.C. (1908) Commission for
Studies on Brazilian Coal Mines - Final Report; (Bilingual report, Portuguese & English), Imprensa Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 617 p.: Part II, pp.
1225:
Piñeiro, G.; Ferigolo, J.; Ramos, A.; Laurin, M. (2012). "Cranial morphology of the Early
Permian mesosaurid Mesosaurus tenuidens and the evolution of the lower temporal fenestration reassessed".
927:
3926:
3253:
723:
may have been able to move onto land for short periods of time. Its elbows and ankles were restricted in their movement, making walking appear impossible. It is more likely that if
3636:
3222:
5115:
3893:
3931:
5501:
3898:
676:
were located at the top, allowing the creature to breathe with only the upper side of its head breaking the surface, in a similar manner to a modern
5430:
5531:
3215:
1727:
1700:
1678:
1445:
1417:
984:
Distribution of four
Permian and Triassic fossil groups used as biogeographic evidence for continental drift, and land bridging. Location of
5471:
1758:
5536:
5481:
5476:
3737:
5120:
3672:
1651:
1585:
876:
5496:
5338:
5217:
3208:
1494:
Piñeiro, G.; Ferigolo, J.; Meneghel, M.; Laurin, M. (2012). "The oldest known amniotic embryos suggest viviparity in mesosaurs".
4502:
3020:
5172:
5110:
4507:
1365:
Modesto, S.P. (2010). "The postcranial skeleton of the aquatic parareptile
Mesosaurus tenuidens from the Gondwanan Permian".
919:
4492:
4487:
3888:
3745:
5073:
4768:
4512:
3936:
131:
5521:
5491:
4763:
4497:
2784:
1536:
Pablo Nuñez
Demarco et al. Was Mesosaurus a Fully Aquatic Reptile? Front. Ecol. Evol, published online July 27, 2018;
348:
3027:
153:
5511:
3791:
3781:
3755:
2878:
802:, gave live birth. If this interpretation is correct, this specimen would represent the earliest known example of
715:. The additional weight may have stabilized the animal at the water's surface. Alternatively, it could have given
5192:
3717:
2930:
5516:
5486:
4813:
3682:
3333:
3269:
1849:
1751:
888:
501:
5526:
1463:"Evolution of humeral microanatomy and lifestyle in amniotes, and some comments on paleobiological inferences"
1303:
T. Shikama and H. Ozaki (1966). "On a
Reptilian Skeleton from the Palaeozoic Formation of San Paulo, Brazil".
5506:
5162:
4642:
3750:
3465:
3419:
3343:
3231:
2836:
1876:
5370:
5177:
5105:
5068:
3760:
3641:
3404:
2973:
2810:
2197:
1102:"Unusual environmental conditions preserve a Permian mesosaur-bearing Konservat-Lagerstätte from Uruguay"
5443:
3687:
2758:
2237:
359:
281:
2242:
5417:
5249:
5207:
5157:
3863:
3854:
3551:
3294:
3014:
1503:
1374:
1234:
1169:
1158:"A Reassessment of the Taxonomic Position of Mesosaurs, and a Surprising Phylogeny of Early Amniotes"
2172:
850:
5352:
5326:
5212:
5053:
3807:
3700:
3656:
3631:
3502:
3480:
3368:
3358:
3318:
3189:
2402:
1744:
1612:
1207:
1097:
846:
450:
719:
greater momentum when gliding underwater. While many features suggest a wholly aquatic lifestyle,
5187:
5152:
4436:
3876:
3871:
3710:
3705:
3616:
3514:
3485:
3414:
3363:
3274:
3128:
2773:
2557:
2512:
2475:
2290:
2144:
1711:
1665:
Drifting
Continents and Shifting Theories: The Modern Revolution in Geology and Scientific Change
1519:
1390:
1079:
751:
306:
148:
457:. Recent study of Mesosauridae phylogeny places the group as either the basal most clade within
5448:
2703:
900:
5277:
5182:
4858:
4451:
3881:
3546:
3541:
3519:
3475:
3470:
3438:
3426:
3348:
3279:
3118:
3072:
2867:
1723:
1696:
1674:
1670:
1647:
1581:
1441:
1413:
842:
771:
588:
and had longer teeth. The teeth are angled outwards, especially those at the tips of the jaws.
470:
4406:
4286:
4271:
4095:
3998:
3536:
3524:
3455:
3289:
2919:
2541:
2311:
1993:
1573:
1537:
1511:
1474:
1382:
1342:
1242:
1187:
1177:
1113:
1069:
1059:
708:
424:
5408:
1634:
Parker, Steve. Dinosaurus: the complete guide to dinosaurs. Firefly Books Inc, 2003. Pg. 90
826:
and other adaptations for an aquatic lifestyle would have made foraging on land difficult.
5282:
5037:
4969:
4934:
4898:
4702:
4677:
4602:
4456:
4441:
4356:
4170:
4110:
4090:
4008:
3646:
3626:
3621:
3509:
3448:
3399:
3328:
2894:
2687:
2644:
2550:
2331:
2063:
1834:
1626:
854:
515:
during the 1860s and he designated it as the holotype of a new genus and species he named
509:
431:
786:
specimen called MCN-PV 2214 comprises a medium-size adult with a small individual in its
1695:. Contributor Clifford Matthews, Aaron Haselton (2nd ed.). MIT Press. p. 338.
1507:
1378:
1238:
1173:
5312:
5202:
5032:
4954:
4908:
4883:
4828:
4747:
4672:
4657:
4637:
4627:
4577:
4532:
4471:
4386:
4316:
4276:
4070:
3957:
3786:
3776:
3611:
3606:
3460:
3443:
3409:
3148:
2825:
2594:
2571:
2002:
1959:
1861:
1640:
1210:(2008). "Los mesosaurios y otros fosiles de fines del Paleozoico". In D. Perera (ed.).
862:
799:
681:
591:
442:
1570:
International
Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology
5465:
5136:
5063:
5001:
4873:
4868:
4843:
4793:
4712:
4697:
4687:
4612:
4587:
4582:
4572:
4567:
4537:
4421:
4396:
4366:
4311:
4261:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4175:
4165:
4130:
4100:
4075:
4049:
3988:
3849:
3844:
3284:
3123:
3077:
3067:
3062:
2962:
2910:
2799:
2718:
2711:
2615:
2608:
2503:
2452:
2392:
2301:
2186:
2158:
2128:
2114:
2100:
1688:
1663:
1479:
1462:
1394:
1347:
1326:
1083:
807:
650:
619:
561:
555:
527:
506:
490:
419:
413:
408:
89:
1693:
Environmental
Evolution: Effects of the Origin and Evolution of Life on Planet Earth
1577:
1523:
1019:
Académie des Sciences et Lettres de Montpellier. Mémoires de la Section des Sciences
696:
show that it had fewer teeth and that the dentition was suitable for catching small
17:
5307:
5197:
5167:
4959:
4949:
4913:
4838:
4818:
4798:
4742:
4727:
4717:
4622:
4607:
4562:
4461:
4411:
4391:
4361:
4351:
4301:
4291:
4256:
4235:
4215:
4210:
4155:
4140:
4018:
4003:
3983:
3727:
3158:
3133:
3113:
3103:
2887:
2747:
2629:
2622:
2482:
2442:
2352:
2341:
2321:
2054:
2024:
2016:
2009:
1736:
966:
823:
806:
in the fossil record. The isolated fetus FC-DPV 2504, however, rather points to an
712:
603:
512:
497:
458:
427:
257:
211:
865:, this distribution indicated that the two continents used to be joined together.
1515:
1386:
5402:
5027:
4964:
4939:
4918:
4903:
4833:
4808:
4737:
4732:
4682:
4667:
4652:
4617:
4557:
4547:
4446:
4431:
4426:
4381:
4376:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4281:
4150:
4135:
4120:
4085:
4013:
3722:
3677:
3601:
3569:
3492:
3353:
3313:
3138:
3082:
2853:
2732:
2696:
2673:
2666:
2636:
2585:
2527:
2466:
2372:
2362:
2165:
2032:
779:
727:
moved onto land, it would push itself forward in a similar way to living female
64:
1246:
629:
5058:
5022:
4893:
4878:
4863:
4853:
4803:
4722:
4707:
4692:
4632:
4592:
4552:
4542:
4346:
4321:
4296:
4180:
4145:
4125:
4105:
3952:
3839:
3497:
3378:
3163:
3153:
3108:
2950:
2659:
2601:
2520:
2432:
2422:
2412:
2151:
2070:
1979:
1942:
1929:
1888:
1767:
1602:
1192:
803:
759:
728:
645:
was one of the first reptiles known to have returned to the water after early
626:
is triangular, unlike those of other early reptiles, which are diamond-shaped.
462:
434:
400:
109:
74:
58:
37:
31:
5393:
1259:
Helm, Charles & Benoit, Julien. (2019). Geomythology in Southern Africa.
1182:
1157:
754:. Prior to their description, the oldest known amniote fetuses were from the
5006:
4985:
4944:
4662:
4647:
4466:
4416:
4401:
4371:
4326:
4306:
4266:
4160:
4115:
4080:
4065:
4044:
4028:
3967:
3962:
3651:
2939:
2651:
2564:
2077:
1969:
1541:
1289:
Cope, E.D. (1885). A contribution to the vertebrate paleontology of Brazil.
775:
688:
organisms. However, this idea was based on the assumption that the teeth of
677:
615:
611:
165:
114:
1412:(illustrated ed.). University of California Press. pp. xv + 199.
680:. The teeth were originally thought to have been straining devices for the
3200:
1438:
The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals
1118:
1101:
1064:
1039:
5387:
4848:
4823:
4788:
4240:
4190:
4023:
3993:
3695:
3143:
2898:
2725:
2489:
2091:
1809:
1803:
787:
755:
685:
646:
550:
482:
465:(with the latter being the less supported position) despite the skull of
454:
237:
224:
185:
104:
99:
84:
79:
69:
1074:
965:
Skeleton molds in whitish weathering shales of the Whitehill Formation,
692:
were numerous and close together in the jaws. Newly examined remains of
5435:
5287:
4597:
3098:
2857:
2273:
2260:
2209:
2137:
2040:
1818:
1773:
970:
763:
735:
673:
446:
396:
389:
195:
119:
94:
4888:
2982:
2848:
1797:
1305:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan
838:
791:
739:
697:
404:
175:
5364:
861:
was a coastal animal, and therefore less likely to have crossed the
817:
A study on vertebral column proportions suggested that, while young
758:. One isolated coiled fetus called FC-DPV 2504 is not surrounded by
530:
and were first identified in 1908 as belonging to a second species,
2382:
747:
665:
602:
The bones of the postcranial skeleton are thick, having undergone
590:
392:
1133:
Huene, F. von (1940). "Osteologie und systematische Stellung von
5422:
2946:
1038:
Piñeiro, G.; Ferigolo, J.; Mones, A.; Núñez Demarco, P. (2021).
5368:
5266:
5238:
5094:
3915:
3828:
3590:
3242:
3204:
3044:
2258:
1927:
1790:
1740:
27:
Extinct genus of reptile from the early Permian of South Africa
669:
655:
1669:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.
770:
and probably all Paleozoic amniotes were not able to secrete
1327:"The cranial skeleton of the Early Permian aquatic reptile
1568:
Trewick, Steve (2016). "Plate Tectonics in Biogeography".
3927:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
3254:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
1100:; Ramos, A.; Goso, C.; Scarabino, F.; Laurin, M. (2012).
658:, which would have prevented it from twisting its body.
937:
showing many small teeth in the jaws (MacGregor, 1908).
845:, because its remains were found in southern Africa,
2822:
2796:
2770:
2744:
2684:
2582:
2538:
2500:
2463:
2448:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2408:
2398:
2388:
2378:
2368:
2358:
2348:
2337:
2327:
2317:
2307:
2297:
2286:
2183:
2125:
2088:
2051:
1990:
1975:
1965:
1955:
534:, by J. H. MacGregor. Later studies have shown that
5377:
5145:
5129:
5046:
5015:
4994:
4978:
4927:
4781:
4756:
4525:
4480:
4249:
4058:
4037:
3976:
3945:
3800:
3769:
3736:
3665:
3637:
Tectonic evolution of the Barberton greenstone belt
3562:
3389:
3303:
3262:
3091:
3055:
2961:
2918:
2909:
2866:
2847:
2821:
2795:
2769:
2743:
2683:
2581:
2537:
2499:
2462:
2271:
2208:
2182:
2124:
2087:
2050:
1989:
1940:
1887:
1860:
1833:
1331:: implications for relationships and palaeobiology"
1662:
1639:
1291:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1156:Laurin, Michael; Piñeiro, Graciela (2017-11-02).
610:is unusual among reptiles in that it possesses a
542:, which remains as the single valid species of
441:was long thought to have been one of the first
5116:Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope
3894:Department of Mineral Resources (South Africa)
837:was significant in providing evidence for the
584:had a long skull that was larger than that of
565:, which are also considered to be synonyms of
3932:Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt
3216:
1752:
1712:"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera"
1271:
1269:
762:eggshells, suggesting that the glands in the
8:
1691:; Clifford Matthews; Aaron Haselton (2000).
1572:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1–9.
857:, Brazil), two widely separated regions. As
782:in the paleozoic amniote fossil record. One
1553:Piñeiro, Graciela (2008). D. Perera (ed.).
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
469:possessing the "Synapsid condition" of one
5365:
5345:
5263:
5235:
5126:
5091:
4753:
4477:
3942:
3912:
3899:Department of Mineral Resources and Energy
3825:
3662:
3587:
3259:
3239:
3223:
3209:
3201:
3052:
3041:
2915:
2863:
2279:
2268:
2255:
1948:
1937:
1924:
1866:
1839:
1830:
1787:
1759:
1745:
1737:
746:in an advanced stage of development (i.e.
130:
46:
1478:
1467:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1461:Canoville, Aurore; Michel Laurin (2010).
1440:. London: Marshall Editions. p. 65.
1346:
1335:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1191:
1181:
1117:
1073:
1063:
1017:. Reptile fossile de l'Afrique australe.
949:Fossil of unhatched juvenile or fetus of
1360:
1358:
1320:
1318:
933:Early reconstruction of the skeleton of
628:
1431:
1429:
999:
872:
654:sideways, but it had heavily thickened
526:remains have also been identified from
321:
703:The pachyostosis seen in the bones of
496:" and it was found in a Griqua hut in
1642:Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
778:. This would explain the scarcity of
553:have since been described, which are
7:
1040:"Mesosaur taxonomy reappraisal: are
1052:Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia
1013:Gervais, P. (1865). Description du
5121:Geological Society of South Africa
1716:Bulletins of American Paleontology
1367:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
614:, usually found in more primitive
489:, MNHN 1865-77, is nicknamed the "
25:
5502:Permian reptiles of South America
3673:List of volcanoes in South Africa
790:which is interpreted as a fetus ‘
5344:
5333:
5332:
5320:
5306:
5218:Eduard Meine van Zinderen-Bakker
3185:
3184:
3026:
3019:
3013:
2241:
2236:
1619:
1605:
1480:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01431.x
1348:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00205.x
977:
958:
942:
926:
911:
899:
887:
875:
774:, in contrast to post-paleozoic
388:(meaning "middle lizard") is an
152:
4503:Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone
1578:10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0638
711:in the upper few meters of the
618:and tetrapods. The head of the
461:or the basal most clade within
5111:Evolutionary Studies Institute
4508:Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone
1661:LeGrand, Homer Eugene (1988).
1410:How Vertebrates left the Water
988:remains shown by green squares
920:Natural History Museum, Vienna
1:
5532:Fossil taxa described in 1865
4493:Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone
4488:Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone
3889:Minerals Council South Africa
3746:1620 Robben Island earthquake
1139:Palaeontographica Abteilung A
1106:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
849:, and eastern South America (
707:may have enabled it to reach
633:Size comparison with a human.
5096:Research and administration
4769:Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone
4513:Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone
1646:. W.H. Freeman and Company.
1516:10.1080/08912963.2012.662230
1387:10.1080/02724634.2010.501443
411:. Along with it, the genera
5472:Prehistoric marine reptiles
4764:Cynognathus Assemblage Zone
4498:Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone
349:Brazilosaurus sanpauloensis
5553:
5537:Taxa named by Paul Gervais
5482:Permian reptiles of Africa
5477:Prehistoric reptile genera
3792:Vredefort impact structure
3782:Morokweng impact structure
3756:2006 Mozambique earthquake
1247:10.1016/j.crpv.2012.02.001
1162:Frontiers in Earth Science
953:(FC-DPV 2504) from Uruguay
700:prey such as crustaceans.
29:
5300:
5273:
5262:
5245:
5234:
5193:Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer
5101:
5090:
5074:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
3937:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
3922:
3911:
3835:
3824:
3718:Barberton Greenstone Belt
3597:
3586:
3249:
3238:
3180:
3051:
3040:
3011:
2282:
2267:
2254:
2234:
1951:
1936:
1923:
1869:
1842:
1829:
1786:
810:reproduction strategy in
731:when nesting on beaches.
354:Shikama & Ozaki, 1966
312:
305:
287:
280:
149:Scientific classification
147:
138:
129:
49:
4814:Coelophysis rhodesiensis
3683:Pilanesberg Game Reserve
3334:Table Mountain Sandstone
3270:Bushveld Igneous Complex
1436:Palmer, D., ed. (1999).
1183:10.3389/feart.2017.00088
894:Dual fossil in Louisiana
794:’, even suggesting that
502:Kimberley, Northern Cape
423:, it is a member of the
143:(specimen MNHN 1865-77)
30:Not to be confused with
5497:Fossils of South Africa
5327:South Africa portal
5163:Charles Kimberlin Brain
3751:1969 Tulbagh earthquake
3466:Abrahamskraal Formation
3420:Sundays River Formation
3344:Abrahamskraal Formation
3232:Geology of South Africa
1710:Sepkoski, Jack (2002).
1638:Carroll, R. L. (1988).
1542:10.3389/fevo.2018.00109
1408:Laurin, Michel (2010).
1277:Mesosaurus brasiliensis
1275:MacGregor, J.H. (1908)
538:was the same animal as
332:Ditrochosaurus capensis
324:Mesosaurus brasiliensis
5178:Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan
5106:Council for Geoscience
5069:West Coast Fossil Park
3761:2014 Orkney earthquake
3642:Terra Australis Orogen
3592:Tectonics and orogeny
3405:Buffelskloof Formation
1325:Modesto, S.P. (2006).
1227:Comptes Rendus Palevol
634:
599:
453:considered it to be a
5444:Paleobiology Database
3688:Prince Edward Islands
3244:Geological formations
1557:. DIRAC, Montevideoy.
1119:10.4202/app.2010.0113
1065:10.4072/rbp.2021.3.04
632:
594:
569:according to Piñeiro
549:Two other species of
360:Stereosternum tumidum
5250:Geology of Cape Town
5208:John Talbot Robinson
5158:Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra
3864:Coal in South Africa
3855:Banket (mining term)
3552:Normandien Formation
3295:Transvaal Supergroup
1329:Mesosaurus tenuidens
1214:. DIRAC, Montevideo.
1015:Mesosaurus tenuidens
951:Mesosaurus tenuidens
918:From Brazil, at the
649:came to land in the
567:Mesosaurus tenuidens
517:Mesosaurus tenuidens
477:Discovery and naming
294:Mesosaurus tenuidens
141:Mesosaurus tenuidens
18:Mesosaurus tenuidens
5213:George William Stow
5054:Cradle of Humankind
3808:Bellsbank meteorite
3701:Finsch diamond mine
3657:Witwatersrand Basin
3632:Makhonjwa Mountains
3503:Whitehill Formation
3481:Middleton Formation
3369:Whitehill Formation
3359:Ganigobis Formation
3319:Ganigobis Formation
3056:Possible sauropsids
1613:Paleontology portal
1508:2012HBio...24..620P
1379:2010JVPal..30.1378M
1239:2012CRPal..11..379P
1174:2017FrEaS...5...88L
847:Whitehill Formation
451:Friedrich von Huene
370:Mesosaurus tumidum?
340:Mesosaurus capensis
5522:Fossils of Uruguay
5492:Fossils of Namibia
5313:Geology portal
5188:Alfred W. Crompton
5153:Andrew Geddes Bain
4437:Pristerognathoides
3877:Titanium in Africa
3872:Platinum in Africa
3868:Iron ore in Africa
3711:Koffiefontein mine
3706:Jagersfontein Mine
3617:Gondwanide orogeny
3515:Bushveld Sandstone
3486:Teekloof Formation
3415:Kirkwood Formation
3364:Teekloof Formation
3275:Fig Tree Formation
3129:Procolophonomorpha
2785:Ichthyosauromorpha
2774:Ichthyosauromorpha
2586:Drepanosauromorpha
2513:Acerosodontosaurus
1555:Fósiles de Uruguay
1496:Historical Biology
1212:Fósiles de Uruguay
1193:20.500.12008/33548
882:Fossil from Brazil
752:Late Carboniferous
635:
600:
5512:Fossils of Brazil
5459:
5458:
5371:Taxon identifiers
5362:
5361:
5296:
5295:
5278:Pothole (geology)
5258:
5257:
5240:Regional articles
5230:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5183:H. Basil S. Cooke
5086:
5085:
5082:
5081:
4859:Heterodontosaurus
4777:
4776:
4521:
4520:
4452:Promoschorhynchus
3907:
3906:
3882:Uranium in Africa
3830:Mineral deposits
3820:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3547:Molteno Formation
3542:Katberg Formation
3520:Clarens Formation
3476:Katberg Formation
3471:Balfour Formation
3439:Drakensberg Group
3427:Kalahari Deposits
3349:Balfour Formation
3280:Komatii Formation
3198:
3197:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3119:Lanthanosuchoidea
3073:Protorothyrididae
3036:
3035:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2895:rhynchocephalians
2879:Lepidosauromorpha
2868:Lepidosauromorpha
2250:
2249:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1729:978-0-87710-450-6
1702:978-0-262-63197-6
1680:978-0-521-31105-2
1447:978-1-84028-152-1
1419:978-0-520-26647-6
1208:Piñeiro, Graciela
843:continental drift
772:calcium carbonate
471:temporal fenestra
381:
380:
374:
366:
355:
344:
336:
328:
318:
273:M. tenuidens
261:
16:(Redirected from
5544:
5452:
5451:
5439:
5438:
5426:
5425:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5366:
5348:
5347:
5336:
5335:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5311:
5310:
5264:
5236:
5127:
5092:
4754:
4478:
4407:Macroscelesaurus
4287:Cistecephaloides
4272:Blattoidealestes
4096:Cistecephaloides
3999:Deltacephalaspis
3943:
3913:
3826:
3663:
3588:
3537:Elliot Formation
3525:Elliot Formation
3456:Karoo Supergroup
3290:Onverwacht Group
3260:
3240:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3202:
3188:
3187:
3053:
3042:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3017:
2931:Archosauromorpha
2920:Archosauromorpha
2916:
2864:
2824:
2798:
2772:
2746:
2686:
2584:
2542:Weigeltisauridae
2540:
2502:
2465:
2450:
2440:
2430:
2420:
2410:
2400:
2390:
2380:
2370:
2360:
2350:
2339:
2329:
2319:
2312:Cryptovaranoides
2309:
2299:
2288:
2280:
2269:
2256:
2245:
2240:
2185:
2127:
2090:
2053:
1994:Acleistorhinidae
1992:
1977:
1967:
1957:
1949:
1938:
1925:
1867:
1840:
1831:
1824:
1823:
1788:
1781:
1772:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1738:
1733:
1706:
1684:
1668:
1657:
1645:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1592:
1591:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1544:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1373:(5): 1378–1395.
1362:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1273:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1185:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1067:
1035:
1022:
1011:
981:
962:
946:
930:
915:
903:
891:
879:
798:like many other
709:neutral buoyancy
372:
364:
353:
342:
334:
326:
316:
296:
292:
256:
249:
236:
223:
210:
157:
156:
134:
124:
61:
55:Temporal range:
47:
21:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5517:Permian Uruguay
5487:Cisuralian life
5462:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5447:
5442:
5434:
5429:
5421:
5416:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5373:
5363:
5358:
5321:
5319:
5305:
5292:
5283:Steep structure
5269:
5254:
5241:
5222:
5146:Paleontologists
5141:
5125:
5097:
5078:
5042:
5038:Vulpes skinneri
5011:
4990:
4974:
4970:Ptychoceratodus
4935:Acanthohoplites
4923:
4899:Ptychoceratodus
4773:
4752:
4703:Ptychoceratodus
4678:Platycraniellus
4603:Ictidosuchoides
4517:
4476:
4457:Scalopocephalus
4442:Pristerognathus
4357:Homodontosaurus
4245:
4171:Ictidosuchoides
4111:Dicynodontoides
4091:Charassognathus
4054:
4033:
4009:Gondwanascorpio
3972:
3941:
3918:
3903:
3831:
3812:
3796:
3765:
3732:
3661:
3647:Transvaal Basin
3627:Kalahari Craton
3622:Kaapvaal Craton
3593:
3574:
3558:
3510:Stormberg Group
3449:Uitenhage Group
3400:Uitenhage Group
3385:
3329:Bokkeveld Group
3299:
3258:
3245:
3234:
3229:
3199:
3194:
3168:
3087:
3047:
3032:
3025:
2993:
2957:
2905:
2851:
2843:
2817:
2791:
2765:
2739:
2688:Kuehneosauridae
2679:
2645:Megalancosaurus
2577:
2551:Coelurosauravus
2533:
2495:
2458:
2332:Elachistosuchus
2276:
2263:
2246:
2224:
2204:
2178:
2120:
2083:
2046:
1985:
1945:
1932:
1903:
1883:
1856:
1850:Tetrapodomorpha
1835:Tetrapodomorpha
1825:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1765:
1730:
1709:
1703:
1687:
1681:
1660:
1654:
1637:
1627:Reptiles portal
1625:
1620:
1618:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:Further reading
1596:
1595:
1588:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1535:
1531:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1267:
1258:
1254:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1037:
1036:
1025:
1012:
1001:
996:
989:
982:
973:
963:
954:
947:
938:
935:M. brasiliensis
931:
922:
916:
907:
904:
895:
892:
883:
880:
871:
855:Irati Formation
832:
800:marine reptiles
640:
579:
536:M. brasiliensis
532:M. brasiliensis
510:palaeontologist
479:
443:marine reptiles
377:
320:
319:
301:
298:
290:
289:
276:
255:
247:
234:
221:
208:
151:
125:
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
57:
56:
53:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5550:
5548:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5507:Permian Brazil
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5464:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5440:
5427:
5414:
5399:
5383:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5330:
5316:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5203:James Kitching
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5033:Panthera shawi
5030:
5025:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4955:Macroscaphites
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4909:Sefapanosaurus
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4884:Massospondylus
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4829:Erythrotherium
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4760:
4758:
4751:
4750:
4748:Zorillodontops
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4673:Plateosauravus
4670:
4665:
4660:
4658:Olivierosuchus
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4638:Microgomphodon
4635:
4630:
4628:Melanorosaurus
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4578:Erythrotherium
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4533:Batrachosuchus
4529:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4475:
4474:
4472:Uranocentrodon
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4387:Lanthanostegus
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4317:Cynariognathus
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4277:Brachyprosopus
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4250:Beaufort Group
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4071:Alopecognathus
4068:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3958:Onychopterella
3955:
3949:
3947:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3787:Tswaing crater
3784:
3779:
3777:Kalkkop crater
3773:
3771:
3770:Impact craters
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3612:Ellisras Basin
3609:
3607:Cape Fold Belt
3604:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3495:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3461:Beaufort Group
3453:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3444:Enon Formation
3441:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3410:Enon Formation
3407:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3310:Carboniferous
3307:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3263:Palaeoarchaean
3257:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3149:Younginiformes
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2924:
2922:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2872:
2870:
2861:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2837:Thalattosauria
2830:
2828:
2826:Thalattosauria
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2804:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2778:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2752:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2595:Ancistronychus
2590:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2572:Weigeltisaurus
2568:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2508:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2471:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2436:
2426:
2416:
2406:
2396:
2386:
2376:
2366:
2356:
2346:
2335:
2325:
2315:
2305:
2295:
2283:
2277:
2272:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2173:Nanomilleretta
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2006:
2003:Acleistorhinus
1998:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1973:
1963:
1960:Australothyris
1952:
1946:
1941:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1877:Reptiliomorpha
1870:
1864:
1862:Reptiliomorpha
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1843:
1837:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1791:
1784:
1783:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1707:
1701:
1689:Margulis, Lynn
1685:
1679:
1658:
1652:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1616:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1560:
1545:
1529:
1502:(6): 620–630.
1486:
1473:(2): 384–406.
1453:
1446:
1425:
1418:
1400:
1354:
1341:(3): 345–368.
1314:
1307:. New Series.
1295:
1282:
1265:
1252:
1233:(5): 379–391.
1217:
1199:
1148:
1125:
1112:(2): 299–318.
1089:
1058:(3): 205–235.
1023:
998:
997:
995:
992:
991:
990:
983:
976:
974:
964:
957:
955:
948:
941:
939:
932:
925:
923:
917:
910:
908:
905:
898:
896:
893:
886:
884:
881:
874:
870:
867:
863:Atlantic Ocean
853:, Uruguay and
851:Melo Formation
831:
828:
682:filter feeding
639:
636:
578:
575:
478:
475:
379:
378:
376:
375:
367:
356:
345:
343:(Gurich, 1889)
337:
329:
327:McGregor, 1908
315:
314:
313:
310:
309:
303:
302:
299:
285:
284:
278:
277:
269:
267:
263:
262:
245:
241:
240:
232:
228:
227:
219:
215:
214:
206:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
145:
144:
136:
135:
127:
126:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
62:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5549:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5450:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5415:
5410:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5389:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5367:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5265:
5261:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5237:
5233:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5138:
5137:Hans Merensky
5135:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5093:
5089:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5064:Scylacorhinus
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5002:Africanacetus
5000:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4874:Litargosuchus
4872:
4870:
4869:Lesothosaurus
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4844:Gigantoscelus
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4794:Abrictosaurus
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4713:Scaloposaurus
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4698:Proterosuchus
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4688:Progalesaurus
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4613:Lepidodendron
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:Euskelosaurus
4586:
4584:
4583:Eucnemesaurus
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4573:Erythrosuchus
4571:
4569:
4568:Ericiolacerta
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4538:Blikanasaurus
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4422:Pelictosuchus
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4397:Lepidodendron
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4367:Ictidochampsa
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:Cryptocynodon
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:Anomocephalus
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4231:Thliptosaurus
4229:
4227:
4226:Theriognathus
4224:
4222:
4221:Stereosternum
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4206:Scylacosaurus
4204:
4202:
4201:Procynosuchus
4199:
4197:
4196:Odontocyclops
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4176:Lepidodendron
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4166:Ictidognathus
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4131:Dwykaselachus
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4101:Crapartinella
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4076:Anomocephalus
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4050:Lepidodendron
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:Carboniferous
4036:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3989:Antarctilamna
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3917:Paleontology
3914:
3910:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3850:Witwatersrand
3848:
3846:
3845:Merensky Reef
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3827:
3823:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3589:
3585:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:Moodies Group
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3191:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Millerosauria
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:Recumbirostra
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:Captorhinidae
3066:
3064:
3063:Araeoscelidia
3061:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3016:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2974:Pantestudines
2971:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2963:Pantestudines
2960:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:Archelosauria
2908:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2820:
2812:
2811:Sauropterygia
2808:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2800:Sauropterygia
2794:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2719:Kuehneosuchus
2716:
2714:
2713:
2712:Kuehneosaurus
2709:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2616:Drepanosaurus
2613:
2611:
2610:
2609:Dolabrosaurus
2606:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2504:Tangasauridae
2498:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2453:Sphodrosaurus
2447:
2445:
2444:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2403:Maiothisavros
2397:
2395:
2394:
2393:Lanthanolania
2387:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2302:Claudiosaurus
2296:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2244:
2239:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2199:
2198:Procolophonia
2195:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2187:Procolophonia
2181:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2159:Millerosaurus
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2129:Millerettidae
2123:
2117:
2116:
2115:Stereosternum
2112:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2101:Brazilosaurus
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1655:
1653:9780716718222
1649:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1617:
1614:
1603:
1598:
1589:
1587:9781118786352
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1046:Brazilosaurus
1043:
1042:Stereosternum
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
993:
987:
980:
975:
972:
968:
961:
956:
952:
945:
940:
936:
929:
924:
921:
914:
909:
902:
897:
890:
885:
878:
873:
868:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
829:
827:
825:
820:
815:
813:
809:
808:ovoviviparous
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:-type fossil
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
657:
652:
651:Late Devonian
648:
644:
638:Palaeobiology
637:
631:
627:
625:
621:
620:interclavicle
617:
613:
609:
605:
597:
593:
589:
587:
586:Stereosternum
583:
576:
574:
572:
568:
564:
563:
562:Brazilosaurus
558:
557:
556:Stereosternum
552:
547:
546:to this day.
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:South America
525:
520:
518:
514:
511:
508:
503:
499:
495:
492:
488:
484:
476:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
433:
429:
426:
422:
421:
420:Stereosternum
416:
415:
414:Brazilosaurus
410:
409:South America
406:
402:
401:Early Permian
398:
394:
391:
387:
386:
371:
368:
363:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
341:
338:
333:
330:
325:
322:
311:
308:
304:
300:Gervais, 1865
297:
295:
286:
283:
282:Binomial name
279:
275:
274:
268:
265:
264:
259:
254:
253:
246:
243:
242:
239:
233:
230:
229:
226:
220:
217:
216:
213:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
155:
150:
146:
142:
137:
133:
128:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
60:
52:
48:
45:
41:
40:
35:
34:
19:
5527:Paraná Basin
5378:
5351:
5337:
5318:
5304:
5198:Andre Keyser
5173:Alfred Brown
5168:Robert Broom
4960:Nqwebasaurus
4950:Kangnasaurus
4914:Sphenosuchus
4839:Geranosaurus
4819:Dracovenator
4799:Antetonitrus
4743:Ufudocyclops
4728:Tetracynodon
4718:Scymnosaurus
4623:Lystrosaurus
4608:Kannemeyeria
4563:Elliotherium
4462:Silpholestes
4412:Moschorhinus
4392:Leontosaurus
4362:Icticephalus
4352:Euchambersia
4302:Colobodectes
4292:Choerosaurus
4257:Aelurosaurus
4236:Trochosaurus
4216:Simorhinella
4211:Scymnosaurus
4185:
4156:Glossopteris
4141:Eunotosaurus
4019:Serenichthys
4004:Diplacanthus
3984:Africanaspis
3728:Karoo-Ferrar
3159:Eolacertilia
3134:Ankyramorpha
3114:Parareptilia
3104:Captorhinida
3018:
2981:
2951:crocodilians
2938:
2888:Lepidosauria
2886:
2759:Choristodera
2748:Choristodera
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2695:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2630:Kyrgyzsaurus
2628:
2623:Hypuronector
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2526:
2519:
2511:
2488:
2483:Thadeosaurus
2481:
2474:
2451:
2443:Saurosternon
2441:
2431:
2421:
2411:
2401:
2391:
2381:
2371:
2361:
2353:Feralisaurus
2351:
2342:Eunotosaurus
2340:
2330:
2322:Dolerosaurus
2320:
2310:
2300:
2289:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:Bolosauridae
2039:
2031:
2025:Delorhynchus
2023:
2017:Colobomycter
2015:
2010:Carbonodraco
2008:
2001:
1978:
1968:
1958:
1814:
1808:Superclass:
1777:
1719:
1715:
1692:
1664:
1641:
1569:
1563:
1554:
1548:
1532:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1437:
1409:
1403:
1370:
1366:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1276:
1261:ResearchGate
1260:
1255:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1109:
1105:
1092:
1075:11336/175571
1055:
1051:
1048:valid taxa?"
1045:
1041:
1021:6(2):169-175
1018:
1014:
985:
967:Keetmanshoop
950:
934:
858:
834:
833:
830:Distribution
824:pachyostosis
818:
816:
811:
795:
783:
767:
743:
733:
724:
720:
716:
713:water column
704:
702:
693:
689:
664:had a small
661:
660:
642:
641:
623:
607:
604:pachyostosis
601:
595:
585:
581:
580:
570:
566:
560:
554:
548:
543:
540:M. tenuidens
539:
535:
531:
523:
522:Since then,
521:
516:
513:Paul Gervais
500:, likely in
498:South Africa
493:
487:M. tenuidens
486:
480:
466:
459:Parareptilia
438:
428:Mesosauridae
418:
412:
403:of southern
384:
383:
382:
369:
358:
347:
339:
335:Gurich, 1889
331:
323:
293:
288:
272:
271:
251:
250:
238:Mesosauridae
212:Parareptilia
202:
140:
139:Holotype of
50:
44:
38:
32:
5403:Wikispecies
5028:Homo naledi
5016:Pleistocene
4965:Paranthodon
4940:Algoasaurus
4919:Tritheledon
4904:Pulanesaura
4834:Fabrosaurus
4809:Coelophysis
4757:Assemblages
4738:Trirachodon
4733:Thrinaxodon
4683:Procolophon
4668:Pentasaurus
4653:Noteosuchus
4643:Micropholis
4618:Lydekkerina
4558:Dinanomodon
4548:Cynognathus
4481:Assemblages
4447:Procolophon
4432:Pristerodon
4427:Polycynodon
4382:Ictidostoma
4377:Ictidodraco
4342:Eohyosaurus
4337:Eodicynodon
4332:Dinanomodon
4282:Broomistega
4151:Glanosuchus
4136:Endothiodon
4121:Dinanomodon
4086:Bulbasaurus
4014:Priscomyzon
3738:Earthquakes
3723:Drakensberg
3678:Pilanesberg
3602:Algoa Basin
3570:Algoa Group
3493:Dwyka Group
3396:Cretaceous
3375:Ordovician
3354:Dwyka Group
3314:Dwyka Group
3139:Neodiapsida
3083:Varanopidae
2940:Archosauria
2733:Rhabdopelix
2697:Icarosaurus
2674:Vallesaurus
2667:Unguinychus
2637:Longisquama
2528:Tangasaurus
2476:Galesphyrus
2467:Younginidae
2373:Kenyasaurus
2363:Heleosuchus
2291:Adelosaurus
2166:Milleropsis
2145:Heleophilus
2033:Feeserpeton
1098:Piñeiro, G.
906:Restoration
780:egg fossils
729:sea turtles
577:Description
551:mesosaurids
449:, although
5466:Categories
5409:Mesosaurus
5379:Mesosaurus
5130:Geologists
5059:Planolites
5023:Boskop Man
4928:Cretaceous
4894:Pegomastax
4879:Lycorhinus
4864:Ledumahadi
4854:Gyposaurus
4804:Arcusaurus
4723:Shansiodon
4708:Regisaurus
4693:Prolacerta
4633:Mesosuchus
4593:Galesaurus
4553:Diademodon
4543:Bolotridon
4347:Emyduranus
4322:Cynosaurus
4297:Clelandina
4186:Mesosaurus
4181:Lycosuchus
4146:Galechirus
4126:Dinogorgon
4106:Cynosaurus
3953:Notiodella
3946:Ordovician
3840:Kimberlite
3801:Meteorites
3692:Diatremes
3498:Ecca Group
3379:Soom Shale
3164:Euryapsida
3154:Avicephala
3109:Eureptilia
3092:Other taxa
2983:Testudines
2660:Skybalonyx
2602:Avicranium
2521:Hovasaurus
2433:Palaeagama
2423:Palacrodon
2413:Orovenator
2219:see below↓
2152:Milleretta
2108:Mesosaurus
2092:Mesosauria
2071:Bolosaurus
1980:Microleter
1943:Sauropsida
1930:Sauropsida
1898:see below↓
1889:Sauropsida
1778:sensu lato
1768:Sauropsida
1311:: 351–358.
1135:Mesosaurus
994:References
986:Mesosaurus
859:Mesosaurus
835:Mesosaurus
819:Mesosaurus
812:Mesosaurus
804:viviparity
796:Mesosaurus
784:Mesosaurus
776:archosaurs
768:Mesosaurus
760:calcareous
744:Mesosaurus
725:Mesosaurus
721:Mesosaurus
717:Mesosaurus
705:Mesosaurus
694:Mesosaurus
690:Mesosaurus
686:planktonic
668:with long
662:Mesosaurus
643:Mesosaurus
624:Mesosaurus
608:Mesosaurus
596:Mesosaurus
582:Mesosaurus
544:Mesosaurus
524:Mesosaurus
494:Mesosaurus
467:Mesosaurus
463:Sauropsida
439:Mesosaurus
435:Mesosauria
385:Mesosaurus
373:Cope, 1885
365:Cope, 1885
252:Mesosaurus
225:Mesosauria
59:Cisuralian
51:Mesosaurus
39:Mesosuchus
33:Mosasaurus
5007:Nummulite
4986:Nummulite
4979:Paleogene
4945:Baculites
4663:Orosaurus
4648:Myosaurus
4467:Tamboeria
4417:Paliguana
4402:Lycideops
4372:Ictidodon
4327:Diictodon
4307:Compsodon
4267:Basilodon
4161:Hofmeyria
4116:Diictodon
4081:Basilodon
4066:Abdalodon
4045:Dadoxylon
4029:Umzantsia
3968:Soomaspis
3963:Promissum
3666:Volcanism
3652:Witteberg
3533:Triassic
3435:Jurassic
3325:Devonian
3304:Paleozoic
2980:Includes
2945:includes
2937:Includes
2899:squamates
2893:includes
2885:Includes
2704:Idiosaura
2652:Protoavis
2565:Rautiania
2078:Eudibamus
1970:Erpetonyx
1810:Tetrapoda
1796:Kingdom:
1722:: 5–560.
1395:131561248
1293:25, 7-15.
1084:244188443
678:crocodile
647:tetrapods
616:bony fish
612:cleithrum
598:, Brazil.
519:in 1865.
399:from the
266:Species:
172:Kingdom:
166:Eukaryota
5388:Wikidata
5353:Glossary
5339:Category
4849:Gryponyx
4824:Eocursor
4789:Aardonyx
4782:Jurassic
4526:Triassic
4241:Youngina
4191:Moschops
4024:Tutusius
3994:Bainella
3977:Devonian
3696:Big Hole
3563:Cenozoic
3390:Mesozoic
3340:Permian
3190:Category
3144:Eosuchia
3099:Anapsida
3046:See also
2858:Reptilia
2726:Pamelina
2558:Glaurung
2490:Youngina
2274:Diapsida
2261:Diapsida
2210:Diapsida
1804:Chordata
1802:Phylum:
1798:Animalia
1774:Reptilia
1524:59475679
1280:301-336.
1145:: 45–58.
792:in utero
788:rib cage
756:Triassic
734:Clearly
698:nektonic
674:nostrils
573:(2021).
483:holotype
455:synapsid
430:and the
307:Synonyms
231:Family:
196:Reptilia
186:Chordata
182:Phylum:
176:Animalia
162:Domain:
5436:4816246
5423:4532617
5394:Q132822
5288:Swazian
4995:Neogene
4598:Howesia
4059:Permian
2988:turtles
2138:Broomia
2064:Belebey
2041:Karutia
1819:Amniota
1504:Bibcode
1375:Bibcode
1235:Bibcode
1170:Bibcode
971:Namibia
869:Gallery
764:oviduct
748:fetuses
740:embryos
736:amniote
447:anapsid
397:reptile
390:extinct
291:†
270:†
258:Gervais
244:Genus:
218:Order:
192:Class:
4889:Ngwevu
2849:Sauria
1726:
1699:
1677:
1650:
1584:
1522:
1444:
1416:
1393:
1168:: 88.
1082:
839:theory
672:. The
571:et al.
507:French
491:Griqua
425:family
405:Africa
260:, 1865
5449:36324
5268:Other
5047:Other
2947:birds
2854:Crown
2383:Kudnu
1815:Clade
1520:S2CID
1391:S2CID
1080:S2CID
666:skull
432:order
393:genus
203:Clade
5431:GBIF
2972:see
2949:and
2929:see
2897:and
2877:see
2835:see
2809:see
2783:see
2757:see
2196:see
1875:see
1848:see
1724:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1648:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1414:ISBN
1044:and
670:jaws
656:ribs
559:and
481:The
417:and
407:and
317:List
65:PreꞒ
5418:EoL
1720:363
1671:313
1574:doi
1538:doi
1512:doi
1475:doi
1471:100
1383:doi
1343:doi
1339:146
1263:36.
1243:doi
1188:hdl
1178:doi
1137:".
1114:doi
1070:hdl
1060:doi
841:of
766:of
742:of
684:of
622:of
485:of
395:of
36:or
5468::
5446::
5433::
5420::
5405::
5390::
1817::
1718:.
1714:.
1673:.
1580:.
1518:.
1510:.
1500:24
1498:.
1469:.
1465:.
1428:^
1389:.
1381:.
1371:30
1369:.
1357:^
1337:.
1333:.
1317:^
1309:64
1268:^
1241:.
1231:11
1229:.
1186:.
1176:.
1164:.
1160:.
1143:92
1141:.
1110:57
1108:.
1104:.
1078:.
1068:.
1056:24
1054:.
1050:.
1026:^
1002:^
969:,
814:.
606:.
473:.
437:.
205::
115:Pg
3224:e
3217:t
3210:v
2860:)
2856:-
2852:(
2823:†
2797:†
2771:†
2745:†
2736:?
2707:?
2685:†
2655:?
2640:?
2583:†
2539:†
2516:?
2501:†
2464:†
2449:†
2439:†
2429:†
2419:†
2409:†
2399:†
2389:†
2379:†
2369:†
2359:†
2349:†
2345:?
2338:†
2328:†
2318:†
2308:†
2298:†
2294:?
2287:†
2184:†
2126:†
2089:†
2052:†
2036:?
2028:?
2020:?
1991:†
1976:†
1966:†
1956:†
1780:)
1771:(
1760:e
1753:t
1746:v
1732:.
1705:.
1683:.
1656:.
1590:.
1576::
1540::
1526:.
1514::
1506::
1483:.
1477::
1450:.
1422:.
1397:.
1385::
1377::
1351:.
1345::
1249:.
1245::
1237::
1196:.
1190::
1180::
1172::
1166:5
1122:.
1116::
1086:.
1072::
1062::
362:?
351:?
248:†
235:†
222:†
209:†
120:N
110:K
105:J
100:T
95:P
90:C
85:D
80:S
75:O
70:Ꞓ
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
