Mescalero - Knowledge (XXG)

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Lincoln National Forest. The Mescalero designed, developed, own and operate Ski Apache Resort in the Sierra Blanca Mountains. This is the southern most large ski resort in North America. The Mescalero ownership and management of these facilities including all of the Alpine Sports including equestrian center and zip lines requires effective resource management. They reflect the entrepreneurial vision and resilience of the Mescalero Tribe. These resorts are premier destination tourism spots according to New Mexico, US, North American and global travel guides. Native American heritage combined with one-of-a kind resorts that features hand made cultural accessories to high tech operations. The mountains and foothills are forested with pines; resource and commercial development are managed carefully by the Mescalero Apache Tribal Council. The Mescalero Apache developed a cultural center near the tribal headquarters on U.S. Route 70 in the reservation's largest community of

307: 2070:"double irons" and "placed in charge of some one who will be responsible for their safe keeping and that every precaution be taken to prevent their escape." He emphasized "that they must not escape." Mackenzie later decided to keep Hosthea at Fort Stanton because the Indian agent wanted to file criminal charges of murder against him. The others were moved to Fort Union. When these three prisoners arrived at Fort Union, they joined 26 other Indian prisoners (one man, fourteen women, and eleven children) being detained at the post. Roman Chiquita, Horse-Thief, and Maria's Boy were soon sent to 344:

maintained coordination with the Defense Research Labs and US military bases in New Mexico. The new leadership was focused on building on past successes and accelerating economic development projects with a new focus on Native Innovation and the “Made-in-Native-America” campaign. Mr. Martinez was appointed chair of the Native American Regional Commission (comprising all 34 states with Federally recognized tribes) to accelerate economic security, development, and defense projects that benefit the Mescalero Apache Tribe and all Native American and other Indigenous peoples.

79: 298:(Dziãgais'â-ní = "sacred mountain") a 12,003-foot (3,659 m) mountain. It is the southernmost alpine peak in the continental United States, and is part of the Sacramento Mountains. Using the EPA's Level III Ecoregion System, derived from Omernik, this mountain is included in the Arizona/New Mexico Mountains, which are south of the Southern Rocky Mountains of northern New Mexico. Sierra Blanca Peak, located on the reservation, is sacred ground for the Mescalero Apache Tribe. They do not allow access without a permit. 1100:): a son and successor of Barranquito, after Santana he was the most prominent and powerful chief of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band, was more diplomatic than Santana and was a spokesman for the northern Mescalero bands. After the outbreak from Bosque Redondo on November 3, 1863, he had fled with his band toward the Staked Plains, trading stolen cattle and horses from Mexico directly or via the Comanchero to Comanche. He was murdered in 1872 while on a peace mission and returning from Tularosa. 1044: 67: 421:. They were innovative warriors, stealth, fierce, precise and tactical. Their capabilities are forever recognized as superior military tactics. Modern defense industrial base utilizes this irregular warfare precision and “brand” in naming the most superior military aircraft i.e. the Boeing Manufactured Apache helicopter, the Sikorsky Blackhawk etc. after the Native Americans. They traveled east on the arid plains to hunt the buffalo and south into the desert for gathering 1081:, ca. 1810 / 1815 – †1876): son and successor of Barranquito, since about 1830' had been a local group leader of great authority of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band, since the death of Barranquito Santana seem to have had the most influence within the northern Mescalero bands, but avoided the spotlight and was hardly known by the whites, in his later years he became the most steadfast friend of the whites, until his death of pneumonia or smallpox. 2225: 654: 360: 291:(T'iis ntsaadz-í 'úú'á). New museums and exhibits are being planned to fully capture the Mescalero Space Innovation integration capabilities through partnerships with the New Mexico Space Consortium, Spaceport America, NASA, other commercial space companies, the Intl Institute for Homeland Security Defense and US military partners (Air Force-AFRL and Space Force) the Mescalero Apache Space Innovation and Integration Centers. 2426: 1351:(Tsé'íchîî') toward east of the Limpia Mountains also known as Davis Mountains onto the edge of the Southern Plains. He was reported to have led frequent raids and attacks of parties on the San Antonio road and in the settlement near El Paso. He wished to join the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band, but their request was refused, because they were considered a Texas Mescalero band; active in the 1840s–1860s. 228: 1478:, born to a Mescalero woman and a member by blood of the influential Muzquiz family, captured with his band in 1878 at San Carlos de Chihuahua and deported to Mexico City to be jailed in "la Acordada", succeeded in escaping with his people in December 1879 and came back to the Big Bend; was caught again at San Carlos de Chihuahua in 1880 and executed together with his 1111:): after Barranquito and Santana, the most prominent leader of some local groups of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band. In April 1852 he signed a treaty with Calhoun representing the US, together with the minor leader of another group of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero and Chacon, leader of the Jicarilla Apache. 2233:

Casteter, Edward F.; & Opler, Morris E. (1936). The ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache: The use of plants for foods, beverages and narcotics. Ethnobiological studies in the American Southwest, (Vol. 3); Biological series (Vol. 4, No. 5); Bulletin, University of New Mexico, whole,

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with the Sacramento Mountains—the area where Fort Stanton was built—had alliances with eastern Mescalero bands, Lipan Apache bands as well as some Comanche bands; after Santana and Cadete were gone, chief San Juan and Nautzili took over the leadership of the Mescaleros on the reservation, but, unlike

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The Mescalero Apache relied on hunting and gathering for subsistence. Men led the hunting parties for buffalo, antelope, and deer. Women accompanied men and dressed the meat and skins and would also participate in the hunting of small game such as rabbits. Women would gather Mescal Agave in groups of

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The Mescalero Apache Tribe holds elections for the office of president every two years. The eight tribal council members also are elected for two years. Strong woman leadership is welcomed and encouraged in the Mescalero Apache Tribal Council. Election for the council is held every year, when one

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Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Pre-Differentiation Athapaskans (Proto-Apache) in the 13th and 14th Century Southern Southwest. Chapter in edited volume under preparation. Also paper in the symposium: The Earliest Athapaskans in Southern Southwest: Implications for Migration, organized and chaired by Deni

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were sent to round them up and capture the leaders (Roman Chiquita, Hosthea, Horse-Thief, and Maria's Boy). They were captured and sent to Fort Union to be imprisoned. Because Muchacho Negro had escaped while being transported to Fort Union, Mackenzie directed that these prisoners be shackled with

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towards east of the Limpia Mountains also known as Davis Mountains onto the edge of the Southern Plains, was reported to have committed frequent "depredations" on the San Antonio road and to have kidnapped Hermann—soon adopted in the tribe—and Willie Lehmann near Fort Mason in May 1870; in 1874 he

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band of Lipan Apaches of southeastern Texas and northeastern Mexico; together with his brothers Peso, Crook Neck, and leaders as Shanta Boy and Big Mouth he served as Apache Scout in the campaign against Geronimo, the war leader and shaman of the Bedonkohe band of the Ndendhe Apaches; he, together

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The Mescalero were divided into some regional bands, which were known to the Spanish/Mexican ('indantûhé-õde) and later Americans ('indaa łiga-ńne bindáa-í datł'ij-í – "white people with blue eyes" or 'indáá-ńne – "white people"; " enemies"; modern name: nndé bindáa datł'ijé-ńne – "white people";

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In 2022, Mr. Eddie Martinez was sworn in as the new president of the Mescalero Apache tribe. Leadership from Holloman Airforce Base attended the tribal council ceremony for the newly elected president, officers, and Tribal Council. Mr. Kelton Starr, retired Army veteran and Tribal Defense Liaison

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Given that the Mescalero Tribal lands in the Lincoln National Forest are ranked as one of the most beautiful scenic locations in the world, much of the tribal economy is in hospitality and tourism. The trades and ranching also contribute to their growing economy. With a growing technology sector

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of Texas and what became the Mexican provinces of Chihuahua and Coahuila to the south. The diverse landscape of this area has high mountains up to 12,000 feet, as well as watered and sheltered valleys, surrounded by arid semi-deserts and deserts, deep canyons and open plains. The Mescalero Apache

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Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Apache Plain and Other Plainwares on Apache Sites in the Southern Southwest. In "Serendipity: Papers in Honor of Frances Joan Mathien," edited by R.N. Wiseman, T.C O'Laughlin, C.T. Snow and C. Travis, pp 163–186. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico No. 34.

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Hoijer, Harry; & Opler, Morris E. (1938). Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts. The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago

425:. Spanish colonists associated them with this plant and named them Mescalero Apache. The Mescalero Apache, along with the other Apache groups, lived by traditional hunting and gathering. The Mescalero Apache culture protected the ecology and were able to utilize their resources very effectively. 282:

The Mescalero Department of Resource Management and Land Development celebrated 60 years of success in 2022 on the 20th anniversary of their two premier tourist destination resorts. The Mescalero designed, developed and own the Inn of the Mountain Gods (IMG) Casino and Golf Resort within the

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Seymour, Deni J. (2007) Sexually Based War Crimes or Structured Conflict Strategies: An Archaeological Example from the American Southwest. In Texas and Points West: Papers in Honor of John A. Hedrick and Carol P. Hedrick, edited by Regge N. Wiseman, Thomas C. O’Laughlin, and Cordelia T. Snow,

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Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Despoblado or Athapaskan Heartland: A Methodological Perspective on Ancestral Apache Landscape Use in the Safford Area. Chapter 5 in Crossroads of the Southwest: Culture, Ethnicity, and Migration in Arizona's Safford Basin, pp. 121–162, edited by David E. Purcell,

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Seymour, Deni J. (2004) Before the Spanish Chronicles: Early Apache in the Southern Southwest, pp. 120 –142. In "Ancient and Historic Lifeways in North America’s Rocky Mountains." Proceedings of the 2003 Rocky Mountain Anthropological Conference, Estes Park, Colorado, edited by Robert H.

1162:(and likely his brother-in-law as Mangas Coloradas' son-in-law); in March 1880 he left Tularosa and joined Victorio, fighting along with him in their last battles, but, according to some reports, he was killed in a trouble between the chiefs before the Tres Castillos massacre on oct. 14 1880. 633:; modern name: Gumáõchí-í) from the Southern Plains in northern and central Texas between 1700 and 1750, they took refuge in the mountains of New Mexico, western Texas, and Coahuila and Chihuahua in Mexico. Some southern Mescalero bands, together with Lipan, lived in the 1189:, in the late 1800s he, together with his brother Sin Miedo (Sans Peur, Without Fear) and Magoosh were the three primary leaders on the reservation—Magoosh for the Lipans at Elk Springs, Sin Miedo at Tule Canyon and Peso representing the Rinconada and the Three Rivers. 1540:

band and southern Lipan splinter groups living in northern Mexico, moved to reservation in 1876. In 1879 he had assumed leadership of most of the Mescalero reservation bands (including the Lipan) and persuaded many warriors not to join the Tchihende chief

1030:, Oklahoma, where they had been imprisoned since 1894, or to relocate to the Mescalero Apache reservation. One hundred and eighty-three elected to go to New Mexico, while seventy-eight remained in Oklahoma. Their descendants still reside in both places. 436:, but men's heritage would be remembered especially if there was a famous warrior in his lineage. Extended families consisted of grandparents, unmarried children, and their remarried daughters' nuclear families. The Mescalero also practiced 1249:

promoted a council of Mescalero, Mimbreño and Lipan Apache chiefs, and Victorio succeeded in persuading the council to send peace messengers to the Comanches and Kiowas; he was killed by a medicine man of his band in the spring 1876.

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Roman Grande: a son and successor of Barranquito, serving as chief of a local group of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band. Less important than Santana and Cadete, he followed the lead of his brother Santana; died during an epidemic in

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Seymour, Deni J. (2002) Conquest and Concealment: After the El Paso Phase on Fort Bliss. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss. Lone Mountain Report 525/528. This document can be obtained by contacting

1216:(where he was to be imprisoned), but he escaped early in August 1882. Muchacho Negro was considered a renegade who would return to his people and continue to cause trouble. He was captured in June 1883 and imprisoned at 2296:

Seymour, Deni J. (2003) The Cerro Rojo Complex: A Unique Indigenous Assemblage in the El Paso Area and Its Implications For The Early Apache. Proceedings of the XII Jornada Mogollon Conference in 2001. Geo-Marine, El

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Seymour, Deni J. (2003) Protohistoric and Early Historic Temporal Resolution. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss. Lone Mountain Report 560–003. This document can be obtained by contacting

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Apaches de Cuartelejo, Apaches del Río Grande, Apachi, Faraones, Mezcaleros, Natage (more correctly, one of the Lipan Apache subdivisions, along with the Nahizan), Natahene, Querechos, Teyas, Tularosa Apaches, and

953:, who lived in south central Texas and in northern Coahuila, camping together with several bands of the Mescalero on the Plains for hunting and raiding; they merged with the Mescalero, forming a Mescalero band) 2344:

Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Comments On Genetic Data Relating to Athapaskan Migrations: Implications of the Malhi et al. Study for the Apache and Navajo. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139(3):281-283.

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with his brother Peso and Magoosh were the three primary leaders on the reservation—Magoosh for the Lipans at Elk Springs, Peso representing the Rinconada and the Three Rivers, and Sin Miedo at Tule Canyon.

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Since each band of Mescalero had the right to use the resources of deer and plants of the neighboring groups, the different bands felt at home in any area of their wide tribal territory. The Mescalero or

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Mescalero Apache bands were often referred to by European colonists and settlers by different names, some related to their geographic territory. They were recorded in documents by a wide number of names:

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Seymour, Deni J. (2007) An Archaeological Perspective on the Hohokam-Pima Continuum. Old Pueblo Archaeology Bulletin No. 51 (December 2007):1-7. (This discusses the early presence of Athapaskans.)

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Opler, Morris E. (1933). An analysis of Mescalero and Chiricahua Apache social organization in the light of their systems of relationship. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago.

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Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Distinctive Places, Suitable Spaces: Conceptualizing Mobile Group Occupational Duration and Landscape Use. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 13(3): 255–281.

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Seymour, Deni J. (2007) Apache, Spanish, and Protohistoric Archaeology on Fort Bliss. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss. Lone Mountain Report 560–005. With Tim Church

287:. On display are tribal artifacts and important historical information. The tribe also operates another, larger museum on the western flank of the Sacramento Mountains in Dog Canyon, south of 2414: 795:("The People of the Side of the Land", "The People at the Side of the Earth", "The People at the Edge of the Earth", "People Who Live Against the Mountains", "Earth Crevine (Deer) People") or 318:

half of the members are up for re-election. The Apache nation of over 64,000 coordinate with each other through tribal meetings. The tribe comprised over 12,468 with 8,652 according to the

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Seymour, Deni J. (2009) The Cerro Rojo Site (LA 37188)--A Large Mountain-Top Ancestral Apache Site in Southern New Mexico. Digital History Project. New Mexico Office of the State Historian.

1702: 414:. These are considered the three dialects of Apachean. Although Navajo is a related Southern Athabaskan language, its language and culture are considered distinct from those of the Apache. 932: 1074:

east toward the Pecos River, probably the most important Mescalero chief in the early 1800s, when he died in 1857, his three sons and/or nephews Santana, Cadete and Roman succeeded him.

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Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Nineteenth-Century Apache Wickiups: Historically Documented Models for Archaeological Signatures of the Dwellings of Mobile People. Antiquity 83(319):157-164.

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Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts of Native Peoples along the Coronado Trail from the International Border to Cibola. New Mexico Historical Review 84(3):399-435.

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and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Gómez. In 1850 he and Simón Porode contacted the garrison at San Elizario to sue for peace, but were likely overruled by Gómez, 1840s–1860s)

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and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Gómez. In 1850 he and Simón Manuel contacted the garrison at San Elizario to sue for peace, but were likely overruled by Gómez, 1840s–1860s.

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is listed as the fourth sacred mountain instead of the Oscuru Mountain Peak). Moreover, their forefathers spoke of a creator giving them life on White Mountain. It was there that

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and war chief of the Chisos Mescalero chief Alsate, was caught and executed together with Alsate and Colorado at Ojinaga, opposite Presidio del Norte, Texas, late 1860s – 1882.

581:. Mescalero identity is filled with legends of the past. For instance, four mountains represent the direction of everyday life for the Mescalero Apache people: those being (1) 1497:

and war chief of the Chisos Mescalero chief Alsate, was caught and executed together with Alsate and Zorillo at Ojinaga, opposite Presidio del Norte, Texas, late 1860s – 1882.

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Colorado ("Red", likely "Avispa Colorada" "Red Wasp"): leader of a local group of Chisos, or maybe Lipan, Apaches in the border region of Coahuila, Chihuahua and West Texas,

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Seymour, Deni J. (2010) Contextual Incongruities, Statistical Outliers, and Anomalies: Targeting Inconspicuous Occupational Events. American Antiquity. (Winter, in press)

729:("Plains People"; really a Jicarilla group, they lived east of the mountains and the Pecos River, on the High Plains from the Texas Panhandle to the Pecos Valley, between 2392: 1256:

band of five local groups with about 400 warriors. His band lived in the Big Bend Country and the Trans-Pecos on both sides of the Rio Grande; his stronghold was in the

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band of Lipan Apaches of southeastern Texas and northeastern Mexico under Chief Magoosh, he was an expert tracker and served as Apache Scout in the campaigns against

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Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Surfing Behind The Wave: A Counterpoint Discussion Relating To "A Ranchería In the Gran Apachería." Plains Anthropologist 53(206):241-262.

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Muchacho Negro ("Black Boy", born ca. 1860, died 1930): important local group leader and war chief, joined the Chihenne Chief Victorio, because of taking part in

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Nautzili, San Juan left the reservation in spring 1880, after Caballero's outbreak, during "Victorio's war"; his son Peso would become the last Mescalero chief.

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Seymour, Deni J. (2004) A Ranchería in the Gran Apachería: Evidence of Intercultural Interaction at the Cerro Rojo Site. Plains Anthropologist 49(190):153-192.

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4–10 people, mainly consisting of female friends and family members and usually several men. Men would also take an active role in the processing of mescal.

785:("Antelope Band People", "The People of Antelope") (lived west of the Pecos west to the Rio Grande in the mountains of central and south New Mexico and the 2400: 1655: 2321:

Seymour, Deni J. (2008) A Pledge of Peace: Evidence of the Cochise-Howard Treaty Campsite. Historical Archaeology 42(4):154-179. With George Robertson.

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Seymour, Deni J. (2010) Cycles Of Renewal, Transportable Assets: Aspects of the Ancestral Apache Housing Landscape. Accepted at Plains Anthropologist.

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Because some of the Mescalero Apaches were raiding off their reservation in September 1882, a short time after Muchacho Negro's escape, troops from

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their Native Innovation Centers and multi state University Consortiums will soon provide a robust research and development sector to their economy.

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Sonnichsen, C. L. (1972) The Mescalero Apaches (The Civilization of the American Indian Series), Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (1972),

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Zorillo (likely "Zorrillo" "Little Fox"): leader of a local group of Chisos Apaches in the border region of Coahuila, Chihuahua and West Texas,

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Opler, Morris E. (1935). The concept of supernatural power among the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apaches. American Anthropologist, 37 (1), 65–70.

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band of the Lipan Apache, who had territory in northern Coahuila and Chihuahua; they eventually merged with some southern Mescalero bands)

251:(Zhúuníidu). The present reservation was established in 1883. It has a land area of 1,862.463 km (719.101 sq mi), almost entirely in 1252:

Gómez (also known as Chief Gómez or Juan Gómez or by the Apache Negoyani, "Old Man of Wisdom"): chief of the 1840s–1860s who led a large

865:("Mountains Extending into the River People") (lived on both sides of the Pecos River in southern New Mexico and into southwestern Texas) 306: 757:(Tsé táhúú'á-yá) in Texas (Ch'a nteeã-õde bikéé'yaa'). In Oklahoma (Indian Territory) they developed kinship ties by marriage with the 602: 329:

as its first woman president. She later was elected to the tribal council, serving on it until 1986. The tribe repeatedly re-elected

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Opler, Morris E. (1936). The kinship systems of the Southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes. American Anthropologist, 38 (4), 620–633.

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had had a considerable influence on the decision-making of some bands of the Western Lipan in the 18th century, especially on the

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Select: Place, Communities, Click on 'Cerro Rojo' on the map (orange square-dot NE of EL Paso, East of Las Cruces and Dona Ana ).

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pp. 117–134. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico No. 33. Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Albuquerque.

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for them. In times of need and hunger, they depended on stored mescal for survival. They adopted and identify today also as

2558: 2473: 2362: 395: 181: 167: 109: 55: 2719: 1996: 1213: 767:("Mountain Ridge Band People", "The People of the Mountainside", "The People who Live on the Edge of the Mountains") or 1312:

Chinonero: leader of a local group in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and in the lowlands of the Trans-Pecos;

829:("red rock", i.e. Guadalupe Mountains), the adjacent Plains of Texas and in northern Coahuila and Chihuahua of Mexico.) 687:(Spanish rendering and transliteration, pronounced Na-ta-hay); really a Lipan group, they lived between Rio Grande and 219:(Tú’édįnéńde and Túntsańde) also joined the reservation. Their descendants are enrolled in the Mescalero Apache Tribe. 2744: 2619: 1305:

Cigarito: leader of a local group in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and in the lowlands of the Trans-Pecos;

272: 2533: 1742: 1347:, including about 200 warriors. They lived in the Big Bend Country, ranged on both sides of the Rio Grande from the 855:(Ją́’é łą́yá- "the place where (there are) many donkeys"), also on both sides of the Rio Grande between El Paso and 2543: 1936: 1071: 808: 668: 582: 295: 264: 31: 2007: 1659: 621:("Mescalero Apache Country"; "Mescalero Apache Homelands"). When many Mescalero bands were displaced by the enemy 2796: 2538: 676:

lit. "blue-eyed people") by different names (most were transliterations or renderings of the bands Apache name).

526:(Tú 'ichii-dí – "the water that is the color of red ocher") in the west and the eastern and southern edge of the 2709: 2518: 2503: 2368: 1598: 548: 252: 1428:

and presumably followed the old ways of hunt and raid, since they were considered "troublesome.", 1840s–1860s.

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and presumably followed the old ways of hunt and raid, since they were considered "troublesome.", 1840s–1860s.

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on the Pecos and east of the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains onto the surrounding desert lowlands of the

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Sierra Blanca Apaches, Sacramento Mountains Apaches, Guadalupe Mountains Apaches, Limpia Mountains Apaches.

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band were close allies of the eastern Mescalero band named Gułgahéńde on the Southern Plains and of the

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band joined Nautzili's band of Guhlkahéndé on the Southern Plains, from time to time he also joined the

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in Chihuahua, migrating north toward the Sacramento Mountains and south to Agua Nueva 60 miles north of

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families. Mescalero is part of the southwestern branch of this subfamily; it is very closely related to

311: 284: 147: 987:. To fight their common enemy, the Comanche, and to protect the northeastern and eastern border of the 66: 2548: 2304:

Brunswig and William B. Butler. Department of Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley.

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St. Joseph's Catholic Church, Mescalero, New Mexico ca. 1975 Mountain Spirit Dancers painted on altar

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was elected as president. Chino's son, Mark Chino, also has been elected and served as president.

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band in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and east onto the edge of the Southern Plains,

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band in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and east onto the edge of the Southern Plains,

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In 2024, Thora Walsh Padilla serves as Tribe's president along side Vice President Duane Duffy.

1442:, also known as Pedro Muzquiz, ca. *1820 – †1881/1882): last chief of the Chisos Apaches (also 1192:

Sin Miedo ("Without Fear" = "Sans Peur"): brother of chief Peso and son of chief San Juan, his

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tribe were released from their prisoner-of-war status. They were given the choice to remain at

2273: 2253: 2242: 2196: 2180: 2135: 2088: 1918: 1908: 1869: 1859: 1828: 1546: 1471: 1463: 1269: 1209: 1127: 916: 900: 880: 821:("People of Hook Nose", "The People of Red Rock", "The People of the Guadalupe Mountains") or 772: 613:

bands often ranged widely for hunting, gathering, warring and raiding. They called their home

143: 1679: 617:("people, forming a group, when they are there," "place where people get together") or today 593:, (3) Three Sisters Mountain (Las Tres Hermanas) and (4) Oscura Mountain Peak (sometimes the 2679: 2654: 2568: 2513: 2448: 1467: 1459: 1451: 1295: 1257: 1155: 912: 896: 712: 543: 244: 236: 117: 113: 1888: 2775: 2224: 1749: 1487: 1455: 1285: 1261: 1244:, his band lived in the Big Bend Country, ranged on both sides of the Rio Grande from the 892: 750: 708: 539: 531: 418: 1965: 1949: 522:

Originally the different Mescalero bands and local groups ranged in an area between the

468:(in Mescalero: ’Indaa’bixúńde / ’Indabixúńde, modern name: Chusht’a ’íízhańde), another 2191: 1819:

Dubois, Betty Lou (1976). "A Study in Educational Anthropology: The Mescalero Apache".

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during the decades 1860s and 1870s, likely married to a daughter of the Chihenne Chief

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were marched over 350-mile (560 km) during the winter of 1864 and incarcerated at

653: 527: 411: 139: 359: 2790: 2674: 2635: 2553: 2528: 2458: 1565: 746: 734: 642: 465: 330: 151: 2128:"Documentos de la genealogía y la vida de Alsate, Jefe de los Apaches de los Chisos" 753:(Tsé daadeezhá-yá; Tsé deezhá-yá – "The place where rocks are jagged") eastwards to 2689: 2066: 1577: 1281: 1273: 950: 742: 730: 594: 498:("The People of the Mescal"). Since 1550 Spanish colonists referred to them as the 486: 422: 337: 248: 2669: 333:

as president; he served a total of 43 years, until his death on November 4, 1998.

2374: 2127: 771:(lived in the mountains west and south of the Pecos River, extending in northern 2765: 2578: 2291: 2284: 1367: 992: 884: 754: 738: 688: 638: 433: 2649: 2434: 2425: 2071: 1371: 1233: 1023: 908: 703:, with several local groups traveling on the southern and western edge of the 700: 523: 407: 227: 212: 197: 1832: 1022:

In August 1912, by an act of the U.S. Congress, the surviving members of the

568: 555: 2770: 1922: 1217: 1027: 988: 2117:

derives from the Apache word ch'íná'itíh, which means gate or mountain pass

1302:) were Cigarito, Chinonero or Chino Huero, Simón Porode, and Simón Manuel. 811:(Dził Gais ’ą́ní) in New Mexico with other local groups living east in the 741:

and the Llano Estacado, along the Sandia and Tijeras Mountains westward to

1873: 835:("Rock House People", "Stone House People", "The People of Rock Houses"), 514:

according to their homelands in northern or southern Mescalero territory.

1630: 1542: 1277: 1186: 1159: 776: 758: 622: 480:("The People", "Apaches"). Neighboring Apache bands called the Mescalero 208: 1907:. DeVita, Philip R., 1932-. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. 2000. 1840: 1362:(or war chiefs) Nicolás and Antonio. They ranged between Limpia Canyon, 803:(so named because their 19th century dominant local groups lived in the 243:

Originally established on May 27, 1873, by executive order of President

1858:. United States. Indian Claims Commission. New York: Garland Pub. Inc. 1490:, Texas, his people were sold into slavery in Mexico, ca. 1860 – 1882. 1483: 1280:, Gómez offered an equal amount for any Mexican or American scalp. The 1223:

Gorgonio: medicine-man, aide to old Barranquito and, later, to Santana.

310:

Mescalero Apache Tribal Administrative Offices and Community Center in

1856:

Mescalero Apache subsistence patterns and socio-political organization

1413:), stayed together with Verancia in the vicinity of Dog Canyon in the 663:. After being defeated by United States military forces, most of the 2495: 2192:

Thunder Rides a Black Horse: Mescalero Apaches and the Mythic Present

1559: 1431: 664: 445: 204: 203:

In the 19th century, the Mescalero opened their reservation to other

177: 30:

This article is about the Native American tribe. For other uses, see

2387: 1568:, former tribal president of the Mescalero Apache Tribe for 43 years 1420:

Verancia: said to be a son of Gomez, leader of a local group of the

1284:'s quest to capture Gómez on behalf of Gov. Trías was dramatized by 883:

and arid mountains ranging on both sides of the Rio Grande from the

464:("People close to the mountains" or "Mescalero Apache People"). The 2348: 1752:, LaGrone Funeral Chapel of Ruidoso Website, accessed 1 August 2011 2223: 1789:"Thora Walsh Padilla sworn in as Mescalero Apache Tribe president" 1424:, stayed together with Mateo in the vicinity of Dog Canyon in the 1042: 652: 491: 305: 226: 2041:– "People of the Forest" or named after the former Chizos Indians 440:

patterns. When a woman married, the couple would move into a new

255:. The 463,000-acre reservation lies on the eastern flank of the 2604: 891:

of North Mexico, with strongholds in the mountain ranges of the

859:; some local groups lived in the Guadalupe and Limpia mountains) 441: 232: 2608: 2396: 18:

Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation, New Mexico

1396:

and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Espejo, 1840s–1860s.

1385:

and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Espejo, 1840s–1860s.

1158:, close ally and long-time friend of the great Mimbreño chief 354: 2252:

Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press,

1583:

Dr. Felicia Fontenot, DDS, the first Mescalero Apache Dentist

711:, original Apachean group who would become the Mescalero and 605:

gave birth to two sons, Child of Water and Killer of Enemies

1764:"Eddie Martinez elected president of Mescalero Apache Tribe" 1316:

and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Gómez, 1840s–1860s

1309:

and war chief of southern Mescalero Chief Gómez, 1840s–1860s

959:("No Water People", "Tough People of the Desert") (once the 2019:

The Mescalero Apache Tribe and Mescalero Apache Band Names

194:

Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Apache Reservation

47: 2364:

Acculturation Among Mescalero Apache High School Students

2212: 879:(one mighty band with several local groups living in the 721:("People of the Plains", "The People of Open Spaces") or 294:

The ski area is situated adjacent to the massive peak of

129:

Catholic Religion, Mescalero and Native Cultural Heritage

1474:

of Coahuila and Sierra Alamos in Chihuahua north of the

1356:

Tsebekinéndé (Aguas Nuevas Apaches or Limpia Mescaleros)

1254:

Tsebekinéndé (Aguas Nuevas Apaches or Limpia Mescaleros)

1242:

Tsebekinéndé (Aguas Nuevas Apaches or Limpia Mescaleros)

1173:

as son of chief San Juan and his wife Nagoo-nah-go, his

939:

Protected Area are part of their former band territory.)

476:

Like other Apache peoples they often identify simply as

2234:(No. 297). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 2074:, Kansas, to get them farther away from their homeland. 1692:"Level III Ecoregions of the Continental United States" 371: 2332:

Seymour, Society for American Archaeology, Vancouver.

2087:(1981/paperback 1997), University of Oklahoma Press, 1905:

Stumbling toward truth : anthropologists at work

1326:

Simón Manuel: leader of a local group in West Texas;

1319:

Simón Porode: leader of a local group in West Texas;

1003:) on the Plains joined forces with their Lipan kin ( 484:("People of the Mescal"), because the mescal agave ( 456:

The Mescalero's autonym, or name for themselves, is

2758: 2700: 2642: 2494: 2441: 2241:, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (1976), 2179:, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (1976), 1656:"Bent and Mescalero — home of the Mescalero Apache" 1354:Espejo ("looking-glass"): chief of a large band of 490:) (Apache: naa’da / ’inaa’da / na’da) was a staple 133: 123: 103: 98: 88: 45: 2325:Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Albuquerque. 1616:List of Indian reservations in the United States 2126:Luis López Elizondo and Franklin W. Daugherty, 789:(Tséts’ųųsí yaneeł’ą́’-ee tú nk’ų́jí siką́-yá). 83:Location of Mescalero Apache Nation Reservation 2388:Official Website of the Mescalero Apache Tribe 2208:, February 6, 2005, section 5, pp. 7, 14. 2161:Encyclopedia of World Biography: Wendell Chino 1341:Tsehitcihéndé (Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros) 1238:Tsehitcihéndé (Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros) 1148:Nii’t’ahéńde (Sacramento Mountains Mescaleros) 1146:): war chief and later principal chief of the 1116:Nii’t’ahéńde (Sacramento Mountains Mescaleros) 417:The Mescalero Apache were primarily a nomadic 275:is the major highway through the reservation. 2620: 2408: 733:(Bighą́ą́’ gułga-yá / Bighą́ą́’ gułtsúú-yá), 683:("Mescal People", "People of the Mescal") or 8: 2817:Populated places in Otero County, New Mexico 40: 1680:"National Geodetic Survey of Sierra Blanca" 1198:Tséichíńde (Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros) 1179:Tséichíńde (Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros) 2627: 2613: 2605: 2415: 2401: 2393: 2029:perhaps an adaption from the 18th century 797:Sierra Blanca (White Mountains) Mescaleros 77: 65: 39: 2104:Mescalero Apache History in the Southwest 1165:Peso: ca. *1849 – †1929, was born in the 893:Davis Mountains (former Limpia Mountains) 247:, the reservation was first located near 211:(Chíhéńde, Warm Springs Apaches) and the 94:64,484 total Apache 8,652 MATReservation 1482:(or war chiefs) Colorado and Zorillo at 1388:Antonio: leader of a local group of the 1377:Nicolás: leader of a local group of the 2085:Apaches: A History and Culture Portrait 1743:"Obituary of Virginia Shanta Klinekole" 1733:, February 1959, accessed 1 August 2011 1658:. southernnewmexico.com. Archived from 1646: 1405:(often called by Spanish and Americans 869:Chisos Apaches / Chishéńde / Chishhéńde 534:in Texas in the east; from present-day 2239:Geronimo: The Man, His Time, His Place 2177:Geronimo: The Man, His Time, His Place 1928: 1401:Mateo: leader of a local group of the 1068:Nii’t’ahéńde (Sierra Blanca Mescalero) 913:Sierra del Burro (Serranias del Burro) 657:Mescalero painted boy; photo entitled 460:("People of the Mountain Forests") or 263:. A small, unpopulated section is in 1050:, Sierrablanca Mescalero medicine man 7: 2812:Native American tribes in New Mexico 1821:Journal of American Indian Education 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1511:Eastern Mescalero / Plains Mescalero 1374:, from the 1840s to the late 1860s. 1358:with several local groups under his 745:, from Nogal Canyon to the north to 472:-speaking tribe, call the Mescalero 370: with: section. You can help by 99:Regions with significant populations 2318:Cambridge Scholars Press, New York. 1986:Introduction to Apache Sacred Space 1138:, eventually to be identified with 933:Cañón de Santa Elena Protected Area 875:("People at the mountain pass") or 336:Soon after Chino's death, the late 215:(Shá’i’áńde or Chidikáágu). Some 27:Native American tribe in New Mexico 538:(Yuutu') in the northwest and the 25: 2213:Mescalero Reservation, New Mexico 1890:Culture Summary: Mescalero Apache 1562:(ca. 1857 – 1903), female warrior 1272:Ángel Trías Álvarez offered 1000 1066:): most influential chief of the 1019:) to the east and south of them. 825:(several bands, who lived in the 645:and the Rio Grande to the north. 2424: 2361:Scott, Richard B. (1959-05-18). 2349:http://www.newmexicohistory.org/ 1118:band, his band ranged along the 1092:– "Always Ready", also known as 907:– "gate" or "mountain pass") of 510:They were also distinguished as 410:, and more distantly related to 358: 2431:Indian reservations and Pueblos 1574:, first female tribal president 1070:band, which ranged between the 945:("Big Water People") (once the 809:Sierra Blanca (White Mountains) 801:Sacramento Mountains Mescaleros 583:Sierra Blanca Peak (White Peak) 823:Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros 765:Dził-í naańde / Dził-í naahńde 542:in the northeast, down to the 1: 2211:United States Census Bureau. 1893:. Human Relations Area Files. 1039:Historical chiefs and headmen 2720:Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation 2031:Forest Lipan Apache Division 847:(have been based around the 478:Ndé / Nndéí / Ndéne / Ndéńde 448:close to her parents' home. 398:which is a subfamily of the 396:Southern Athabaskan language 2745:White Mountain Apache Tribe 1854:Basehart, Harry W. (1974). 1536:– "buffalo"): chief of the 1450:), this band ranged in the 1062:Barranquito (also known as 917:Sierra (Maderas) del Carmen 843:("The Northerners"), later 715:("Salt producing People").) 325:In 1959, the tribe elected 196:, located in south-central 2833: 2008:Non Athabascan Tribe Names 1887:Farrer, Claire R. (2010). 1727:"Miscellany, Feb. 9, 1959" 1088:– "Volunteer", in Apache: 923:of Chihuahua north of the 793:Nii’t’ahéńde / Niit’ahéńde 671:with the Mescalero Apache. 669:Bosque Redondo, New Mexico 547:Reservation is located at 231:Two Mescalero women, with 171: 32:Mescalero (disambiguation) 29: 1580:, former tribal president 462:Mashgaléńde / Mashgaléneí 138: 128: 108: 93: 76: 64: 2710:Apache Tribe of Oklahoma 2377:- Master's degree thesis 2369:University of New Mexico 2195:. Waveland Press, 1996. 1599:Mescalero Apache Schools 1516:Nautzili (also known as 1107:Josecito (also known as 943:Túntsańde / Tú ntsaa-ńde 549:geographical coordinates 2735:San Carlos Apache Tribe 2725:Jicarilla Apache Nation 1654:Banks, Phyllis (2002). 1611:Lincoln National Forest 1554:Other notable Mescalero 1294:. Gómez's lieutenants ( 1114:San Juan: chief of the 1077:Santana (also known as 783:Ch’ilaańde / Jilaa’éńde 779:of present-day Mexico.) 681:Naa’dańde / Naa’dahéńdé 660:Long Walk of the Navajo 496:Naa'dahéńdé / Naa’dańde 261:Lincoln National Forest 48: 2730:Mescalero Apache Tribe 2715:Fort Sill Apache Tribe 2229: 1950:Languages of the World 1935:: CS1 maint: others ( 1601:is the tribal school. 1538:Guhlkahéndé (Llañeros) 1339:): chief of about 600 1299: 1212:he was transferred to 1084:Cadete (also known as 1051: 929:Big Bend National Park 672: 569:33.17833°N 105.61222°W 314: 271:(Tsé tághe' si'â-yá). 240: 2750:Yavapai Apache Nation 2685:Western Apache people 2227: 2035:Chishį́į́hį́į́, Tcici 1793:Alamogordo Daily News 1621:Mescalero, New Mexico 1335:Marco (also known as 1046: 911:and in the adjoining 889:Sierra Madre Oriental 863:Tahuundé / Tá'huú'ndé 719:Gułgahéńde / Gułgańde 656: 637:, moving between the 312:Mescalero, New Mexico 309: 230: 148:White Mountain Apache 134:Related ethnic groups 1997:Mescalero Dictionary 1636:Mescalero Escarpment 1426:Sacramento Mountains 1415:Sacramento Mountains 1152:Sacramento Mountains 1150:local groups of the 887:south down into the 837:Aguas Nuevas Apaches 805:Sacramento Mountains 599:San Andres Mountains 574:33.17833; -105.61222 438:matrilocal residence 351:Culture and language 320:United States Census 257:Sacramento Mountains 207:tribes, such as the 190:federally recognized 168:Mescalero-Chiricahua 56:Mescalero-Chiricahua 1349:Guadalupe Mountains 1246:Guadalupe Mountains 1220:, Indian Territory. 1167:Guadalupe Mountains 871:("Forest People"), 849:Nuevo Casas Grandes 813:Guadalupe Mountains 619:Mashgalé-ne bikéyaa 603:White Painted Woman 591:Guadalupe Mountains 565: / 432:Family descent was 182:Southern Athabaskan 42: 2740:Tonto Apache Tribe 2230: 2189:Farrer, Claire R. 1762:Onsurez, Jessica. 1748:2012-03-16 at the 1708:on 12 October 2015 1626:Mescalero language 1572:Virginia Klinekole 1488:Presidio del Norte 1448:Rio Grande Apaches 1364:Horsehead Crossing 1288:in his 1985 novel 1228:Southern Mescalero 1057:Northern Mescalero 1052: 937:Maderas del Carmen 903:(from Apache name 877:Rio Grande Apaches 857:Ojinaga, Chihuahua 815:of western Texas.) 707:onto the southern 673: 392:Mescalero language 327:Virginia Klinekole 315: 267:just southwest of 241: 2784: 2783: 2602: 2601: 2093:978-0-8061-2978-5 1472:Sierra del Carmen 1464:Chinati Mountains 1169:near present-day 1128:Capitan Mountains 1034:Notable Mescalero 995:, the Mescalero ( 931:in Texas and the 901:Chinati Mountains 881:Chihuahuan Desert 845:Limpia Mescaleros 530:and the southern 474:Naashgalí Dineʼé. 388: 387: 302:Tribal government 157: 156: 144:San Carlos Apache 16:(Redirected from 2824: 2797:Mescalero Apache 2629: 2622: 2615: 2606: 2429: 2428: 2417: 2410: 2403: 2394: 2372: 2163: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2134:XXIII(92) 2002, 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2101: 2095: 2083:James L. Haley: 2081: 2075: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2027: 2021: 2016: 2010: 2005: 1999: 1994: 1988: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1973: 1964:. Archived from 1958: 1952: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1934: 1926: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1816: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1799: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1774: 1759: 1753: 1740: 1734: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1707: 1701:. Archived from 1696: 1688: 1682: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1651: 1476:Bolsón de Mapimí 1460:Chisos Mountains 1452:Limpia Mountains 1258:Limpia Mountains 1156:Mangas Coloradas 977:Tcha shka-ózhäye 925:Bolsón de Mapimí 919:of Coahuila and 897:Chisos Mountains 713:Salinero Apaches 635:Bolsón de Mapimí 627:'Indaa tse'-éõde 580: 579: 577: 576: 575: 570: 566: 563: 562: 561: 558: 518:Tribal territory 383: 380: 362: 355: 259:and borders the 245:Ulysses S. Grant 186:Native Americans 175: 164:Mescalero Apache 89:Total population 81: 69: 59: 51: 43: 41:Mescalero Apache 21: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2754: 2696: 2638: 2633: 2603: 2598: 2490: 2437: 2423: 2421: 2384: 2360: 2222: 2217: 2171: 2166: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2098: 2082: 2078: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2013: 2006: 2002: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1980: 1971: 1969: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1948: 1944: 1927: 1915: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1866: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1818: 1817: 1806: 1797: 1795: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1772: 1770: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1750:Wayback Machine 1741: 1737: 1725: 1721: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1678: 1674: 1665: 1663: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1607: 1596: 1556: 1456:Davis Mountains 1434:(also known as 1286:Cormac McCarthy 1262:Davis Mountains 1098:Zhee Ah Nat Tsa 1094:Zhee-es-not-son 1041: 1036: 873:Chinati Apaches 751:Organ Mountains 709:Texas Panhandle 697:Rio del Natagee 691:(also known as 651: 615:Indeislun Nakah 573: 571: 567: 564: 559: 556: 554: 552: 551: 540:Texas Panhandle 532:Texas Panhandle 520: 454: 419:mountain people 384: 378: 375: 368:needs expansion 353: 304: 225: 188:. The tribe is 84: 72: 60: 53: 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2830: 2828: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2789: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2706: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2624: 2617: 2609: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2500: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2456: 2451: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2422: 2420: 2419: 2412: 2405: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2383: 2382:External links 2380: 2379: 2378: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2280: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2249: 2235: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2215: 2209: 2206:New York Times 2203: 2187: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2164: 2153: 2147: 2119: 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648: 646: 644: 643:Conchos River 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 578: 550: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 517: 515: 513: 509: 502: 501: 497: 493: 489: 488: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 451: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 430: 426: 424: 420: 415: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 382: 373: 369: 366:This section 364: 361: 357: 356: 350: 348: 345: 341: 339: 334: 332: 331:Wendell Chino 328: 323: 321: 313: 308: 301: 299: 297: 296:Sierra Blanca 292: 290: 286: 280: 276: 274: 273:U.S. Route 70 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 239:(to the left) 238: 234: 229: 222: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 201: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 174: 169: 165: 161: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 132: 127: 122: 119: 115: 111: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 80: 75: 68: 63: 57: 50: 44: 33: 19: 2802:Lipan Apache 2759:Other topics 2664: 2481:Ute Mountain 2453: 2442:Reservations 2363: 2238: 2220:Bibliography 2205: 2190: 2176: 2156: 2150: 2144:(in Spanish) 2131: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2099: 2084: 2079: 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When the 1236:: chief of 1134:Caballero ( 1126:and in the 1090:Gian-na-tah 997:Naa’dahéńdé 993:Comancheria 981:Tú’édįnéńde 969:Naa’dahéńdé 957:Tú’édįnéńde 905:ch'íná'itíh 885:Trans-Pecos 807:and in the 749:, from the 723:Cuelcajenne 689:Pecos River 639:Nazas River 597:within the 589:within the 572: / 560:105°36′44″W 492:food source 434:matrilineal 223:Reservation 173:Naa'dahéńdé 71:Tribal Flag 49:Naa'dahéńdé 2791:Categories 2650:Chiricahua 2559:San Felipe 2474:Tohajiilee 2435:New Mexico 2169:References 2132:Relaciones 2072:Fort Riley 1972:2012-02-19 1914:1577661257 1865:0824007131 1798:2024-06-19 1773:2024-06-19 1666:2006-12-01 1530:Nalt'zilli 1470:area, the 1372:West Texas 1234:Carnoviste 1214:Fort Union 1183:Tu'sis Nde 1120:Rio Bonito 1064:Palanquito 1024:Chiricahua 1017:Shá’i’áńde 1013:Ndáwe qóhä 1001:Gułgahéńde 985:Tú sis Ndé 947:Tú sis Ndé 927:, today's 909:West Texas 819:Tséichíńde 769:Chilpaines 701:New Mexico 693:Rio Salado 587:El Capitan 557:33°10′42″N 524:Rio Grande 500:Mescalero. 470:Athabascan 458:Shis-Inday 408:Chiricahua 400:Athabaskan 289:Alamogordo 213:Chiricahua 198:New Mexico 184:–speaking 2771:Apacheria 2670:Mimbreños 2665:Mescalero 2655:Jicarilla 2569:Santa Ana 2454:Mescalero 2449:Jicarilla 2140:0185-3929 1931:cite book 1833:0021-8731 1594:Education 1534:Nut Cilli 1343:or maybe 1270:Chihuahua 1240:or maybe 1218:Fort Sill 1202:Túsis Nde 1196:or maybe 1177:or maybe 1144:Kutu-hala 1140:Kutbhalla 1124:Rio Hondo 1109:José Cito 1079:Santa Ana 1028:Fort Sill 989:Apacheria 973:Tindi Ndé 773:Chihuahua 747:Las Vegas 735:Tucumcari 631:Indassene 508:Vaqueros. 482:Nadahéndé 285:Mescalero 180:tribe of 160:Mescalero 110:Mescalero 104:Languages 2776:Language 2680:Salinero 2549:Pojoaque 1923:44602504 1841:24397581 1746:Archived 1631:Winnetou 1605:See also 1543:Victorio 1526:Nodzilla 1522:Nautzile 1480:segundos 1468:Big Bend 1411:Norteños 1360:segundos 1300:segundos 1276:for his 1266:governor 1187:Geronimo 1171:Carlsbad 1160:Victorio 1048:Gorgonia 841:Norteños 777:Coahuila 759:Comanche 743:Santa Fe 731:Amarillo 727:Llañeros 725:, later 623:Comanche 544:Big Bend 536:Santa Fe 209:Mimbreno 176:) is an 124:Religion 2584:Tesuque 2544:Picuris 2509:Cochiti 2496:Pueblos 2375:Profile 2115:Chinati 2039:Tcicihi 1699:BLM.gov 1589:, actor 1518:Natzili 1502:segundo 1495:segundo 1484:Ojinaga 1466:in the 1444:Chinati 1440:Arzatti 1394:segundo 1383:segundo 1328:segundo 1321:segundo 1314:segundo 1307:segundo 1296:Spanish 1086:Cadette 827:Tséichí 755:El Paso 739:Lubbock 685:Natagés 446:wickiup 269:Ruidoso 192:as the 118:Spanish 114:English 2702:Tribes 2675:Plains 2554:Sandia 2529:Laguna 2514:Isleta 2459:Navajo 2276: 2256: 2245: 2199: 2183: 2142:(pdf) 2138: 2091: 1921: 1911: 1874:868002 1872: 1862: 1839: 1831: 1560:Gouyen 1436:Arzate 1432:Alsate 1337:Marcus 665:Navajo 641:, the 585:, (2) 466:Navajo 237:ramada 205:Apache 178:Apache 152:Navajo 52: 2690:Tonto 2660:Lipan 2643:Bands 2534:Nambe 2519:Jemez 2504:Acoma 2469:Ramah 2464:Alamo 2297:Paso. 1837:JSTOR 1706:(PDF) 1695:(PDF) 1642:Notes 1278:scalp 1274:pesos 1104:1885. 649:Bands 394:is a 233:tipis 2594:Zuni 2579:Taos 2524:Kewa 2486:Zuni 2274:ISBN 2254:ISBN 2243:ISBN 2197:ISBN 2181:ISBN 2136:ISSN 2089:ISBN 1937:link 1919:OCLC 1909:ISBN 1870:OCLC 1860:ISBN 1829:ISSN 1714:2015 1462:and 1454:(or 1015:and 999:and 983:and 967:The 935:and 899:and 775:and 442:tipi 402:and 390:The 235:and 2589:Zia 2433:in 2037:or 1545:in 1532:or 1458:), 1446:or 1409:or 1370:in 1268:of 1142:or 839:or 695:or 629:or 444:or 374:. 162:or 2793:: 2373:- 2367:. 2260:). 2130:, 1933:}} 1929:{{ 1917:. 1868:. 1835:. 1825:15 1823:. 1807:^ 1791:. 1766:. 1729:, 1697:. 1528:, 1524:, 1520:, 1438:, 1298:: 1122:, 1096:, 1011:, 1007:, 979:, 975:, 915:, 895:, 761:.) 737:, 322:. 200:. 170:: 150:, 146:, 142:, 116:, 112:, 2628:e 2621:t 2614:v 2416:e 2409:t 2402:v 2371:. 2293:. 2286:. 1975:. 1939:) 1925:. 1876:. 1843:. 1801:. 1776:. 1716:. 1669:. 1549:. 625:( 381:) 377:( 166:( 58:) 54:( 34:. 20:)

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