1338:
733:
1314:
1356:
1326:
1367:
1249:, then General Miles' troops, aided by Apache scouts from other groups, pursued the exiles until they gave up. Mexico and the United States had negotiated an agreement allowing their troops in pursuit of the Apache to continue into each other's territories. This prevented the Chiricahua groups from using the border as an escape route, and as they could gain little time to rest and consider their next move, the fatigue, attrition and demoralization of the constant hunt led to their surrender.
1387:
1212:
1305:
Fort Sill or to relocate to the
Mescalero reservation near Ruidoso, New Mexico. Two-thirds of the group, 183 people, elected to go to New Mexico, while 78 remained in Oklahoma. Their descendants still reside in these places. At the time, they were not permitted to return to Arizona because of hostility from the long wars. in 1912 many different Apache bands returned to San Carlos Apache lands after their release from Fort Sill Apache Reservation.
95:
39:
961:, and their cultural differences made it oftentimes difficult to negotiate treaties and policies between. Their encounters were preceded by more than 100 years of Spanish colonial and Mexican incursions and settlement on the Apache lands, which pushed Apache tribes northward and exacerbated the martial nature of their society. The United States settlers were newcomers to the competition for land and resources in the
121:
178:
3437:
190:
109:
3795:
166:
153:
1084:, where, probably on Gen. Joseph R. West's orders, Mangas Coloradas was killed by American soldiers (Jan. 18, 1863). His body was mutilated by the soldiers, and his people were enraged by his murder. The Chiricahuas began to consider the Americans as "enemies we go against them." From that time, they waged almost constant war against US settlers and the Army for the next 23 years.
617:-speakers ranged over eastern Arizona and the American Southwest. The bands that are grouped under the Chiricahua term today had much history together: they intermarried and lived alongside each other, and they also occasionally fought with each other. They formed short-term as well as longer alliances that have caused scholars to classify them as one people.
1375:
1238:(all in southeastern Arizona). In late frontier times, the Chiricahua ranged from San Carlos and the White Mountains of Arizona, to the adjacent mountains of southwestern New Mexico around what is now Silver City, and down into the mountain sanctuaries of the Sierra Madre (of northern Mexico). There they often joined with their
1051:
Albuquerque), against
Mogollon and Coyotero Apaches: Loring's Pueblo Indian scouts found and attacked an Apache rancheria in the Canyon de Los Muertos Carneros (May 25, 1857), where Cuchillo Negro and some Mimbreño Apache were resting after a raid against the Navahos. Some Apaches, including Cuchillo Negro himself, were killed.
3006:, Spanish for "Cottonwood Canyon") was headquarters for the Southern Apache Agency before a post was established at nearby Ojo Caliente in 1874. About 500 Apaches lived at Cañada Alamosa in 1870. Cochise and his Chiricahuas visited the area in 1871. Most of the Apaches were gone by 1877. The Chiricahuas called it
3331:
Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Apache Plain and Other
Plainwares on Apache Sites in the Southern Southwest. In "Serendipity: Papers in Honor of Frances Joan Mathien," edited by R.N. Wiseman, T.C. O'Laughlin, C.T. Snow and C. Travis, pp. 163–86. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico No. 34.
1548:
in
Oklahoma say they have four bands in Fort Sill: (some of the Arizona Apaches did not return to San Carlos or Fort Apache, White Mountain Apache warrior Eyelash is buried in Fort Sill cememtry, Southern Tonto Apache Chief/Scout Hosay is buried in Fort Apache cememtery, Hosay has family in Fort Sill
976:
This forced the
Apachean people to change their lives as nomads, free on the land. The US Army defeated them and forced them into the confinement of reservation life, on lands ill-suited for subsistence farming, which the US proffered as the model of civilization. Today, the Chiricahua are preserving
3310:
Seymour, Deni J. (2004) Before the
Spanish Chronicles: Early Apache in the Southern Southwest, pp. 120–42. In "Ancient and Historic Lifeways in North America’s Rocky Mountains." Proceedings of the 2003 Rocky Mountain Anthropological Conference, Estes Park, Colorado, edited by Robert H. Brunswig
1304:
military reservation in
Oklahoma. In August 1912, by an act of the U.S. Congress, they were released from their prisoner of war status as they were thought to be no further threat. Although promised land at Fort Sill, they met resistance from local non-Apache. They were given the choice to remain at
1064:
to try to convince the miners to move away from the area he loved and to go to the Sierra Madre and seek gold there, but they tied him to a tree and whipped him badly. His Mimbreño and
Ndendahe followers and related Chiricahua bands were incensed by the treatment of their respected chief. Mangas had
972:
The Apache viewed the United States colonists with ambivalence, and in some cases enlisted them as allies in the early years against the
Mexicans. In 1852, the US and some of the Chiricahua signed a treaty, but it had little lasting effect. During the 1850s, American miners and settlers began moving
1050:
and other Mimbreño chiefs, signed a treaty at Fort
Webster in April 1853, but, during the spring of 1857 the U.S. Army set out on a campaign, led by Col. Benjamin L.E. deBonneville, Col. Dixon S. Miles (3°Cavalry from Fort Thorn) and Col. William W. Loring (commanding a Mounted Rifles Regiment from
3338:
Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Pre-Differentiation Athapaskans (Proto-Apache) in the 13th and 14th Century Southern Southwest. Chapter in edited volume under preparation. Also paper in the symposium: The Earliest Athapaskans in Southern Southwest: Implications for Migration, organized and chaired by Deni
652:. Among the last of such splits were those that resulted in the formation of the different Apachean bands whom the later Europeans encountered: the southwestern Apache groups and the Navajo. Although both speaking forms of Southern Athabaskan, the Navajo and Apache have become culturally distinct.
2280:
The Chokonen, Chihenne, Nednhi, and Bedonkohe had probably up to three other groups, named respectively after their leaders or homelands. By the end of the 19th century, surviving Apache no longer identified these groups. They may have been wiped out (like the Pinaleño-Nednhi) or had joined more
1039:(1853), Americans began to enter the territory in greater numbers. This increased the opportunities for incidents and misunderstandings. The Apaches, including Mangas Coloradas and Cuchillo Negro, were not at first hostile to the Americans, considering them enemies of their own Mexican enemies.
3314:
Seymour, Deni J. (2007) Sexually Based War Crimes or Structured Conflict Strategies: An Archaeological Example from the American Southwest. In Texas and Points West: Papers in Honor of John A. Hedrick and Carol P. Hedrick, edited by Regge N. Wiseman, Thomas C. O’Laughlin, and Cordelia T. Snow,
3260:. Memoirs of the American folk-lore society, (Vol. 37). New York: American Folk-lore Society. (Reprinted in 1969 by New York: Kraus Reprint Co.; in 1970 by New York; in 1976 by Millwood, NY: Kraus Reprint Co.; & in 1994 under M. E. Opler, Morris by Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
3324:
Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Despoblado or Athapaskan Heartland: A Methodological Perspective on Ancestral Apache Landscape Use in the Safford Area. Chapter 5 in Crossroads of the Southwest: Culture, Ethnicity, and Migration in Arizona's Safford Basin, pp. 121–62, edited by David E. Purcell,
1296:
mountains. There they built hidden camps, raided homes for cattle and other food supplies, and engaged in periodic firefights with units of the Mexican Army and police. Most were eventually captured or killed by soldiers or by private ranchers armed and deputized by the Mexican government.
2078:, eastern local group; often the name Mimbreños is used to identify the whole Chihenne people, sometimes it is just thought of simply as an aggregation of some families belonging to the Chihenne people around the Mimbres Agency established by temporary Indian agent James M. Smith in 1853)
3132:. The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press,
1252:
The final 34 hold-outs, including Geronimo and Naiche, surrendered to units of General Miles' forces in September 1886. From Bowie Station, Arizona, they were entrained, along with most of the other remaining Chiricahua (as well as the Army's Apache scouts), and exiled to
1410:, later corrupted into Chiricahui/Chiricahua. The Chiricahua tribal territory encompassed today's SE Arizona, SW New Mexico, NE Sonora and NW Chihuahua. The Chiricahua range extended to the east as far as the Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico and to the west as far as the
655:
The "Chihenne (Tchihende)", "Nednai/Nednhi (Ndendahe)" and "Bedonkohe" intermarried sometimes with Mescalero Bands of New Mexico and Chihuahua and formed alliances with them; therefore their Mescalero kin did know the names of Chiricahua bands and local groups:
344:, and Western Apache. Chiricahua historically shared a common area, language, customs, and intertwined family relations with their fellow Apaches. At the time of European contact, they had a territory of 15 million acres (61,000 km) in Southwestern
3194:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted in 1962 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1965 by New York: Cooper Square Publishers; in 1965 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1994 by Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,
1397:
In the Chiricahua culture, the "band" as a unit was much more important than the American or European concept of "tribe". The Chiricahua had no name for themselves (autonym) as a people. The name Chiricahua is most likely the Spanish rendering of the
530:. This word has two possible meanings, the first being "strange people, non-Apache people" or "enemy", but another being "eye". Sometimes it is said that all Apaches referred to the Americans and European settlers (with exception of the Mexicans) as
2296:
by the Spanish). The Spanish referred to the Apache band by the same name of Tsebekinéndé. These two different Apache bands were often confused with each other. (Similar confusion arose over distinguishing the Janeros-Nednhi of the Chiricahua
1076:. Remembering how Cochise had escaped, the Chiricahua called the incident "cut the tent." In 1863, Gen. James H. Carleton set out leading a new campaign against the Mescalero Apache, and Capt. Edmund Shirland (10°California Cavalry) invited
696:
The major Chiricahuan deity is called Ussen, an all-powerful creator figure. Other figures in Chiricahuan mythology include White Painted Woman, a virgin who offered herself in sacrifice to end a drought, and her son, Child of the Waters.
2011:
Gileños / Gila Apache (often used as a collective name for different Apache groups living along the Gila River; sometimes for all Chiricahua local groups and sometimes for the Aravaipa / Arivaipa Apache and Pinaleño / Pinal Apache of the
610:(recte, both of them together: Ndendahe). Today, all are commonly referred to as Chiricahua, but they were not historically a single band nor the same Apache division, being more correctly identified, all together, as "Central Apaches".
977:
their culture as much as possible, while forging new relationships with the peoples around them. The Chiricahua are a living and vibrant culture, a part of the greater American whole and yet distinct based on their history and culture.
1016:(a ground corn flour) had been placed for them, Johnson and his men opened fire on the Chihenne with rifles and a concealed cannon loaded with scrap iron, glass, and a length of chain. They killed about 20 Apache, including the chief
1004:(only two days' travel from Santa Rita del Cobre), and his son Cuchillo Negro succeeded him as head chief and went to war against Chihuahua for revenge. In the same 1837, the American John (also known as James) Johnson invited the
3289:
Seymour, Deni J. (2002) Conquest and Concealment: After the El Paso Phase on Fort Bliss. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss. Lone Mountain Report 525/528. This document can be obtained by contacting
668:("The People whom We Met", "The People whom We Came Upon"), The Mescalero use the term -õde, -éõde, -néõde, or -héõde ("the people of") instead of the Chiricahua Nde, Ne, Néndé, Héndé, Hen-de or õne ("the people of").
3303:
Seymour, Deni J. (2003) The Cerro Rojo Complex: A Unique Indigenous Assemblage in the El Paso Area and Its Implications For The Early Apache. Proceedings of the XII Jornada Mogollon Conference in 2001. Geo-Marine, El
3296:
Seymour, Deni J. (2003) Protohistoric and Early Historic Temporal Resolution. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss. Lone Mountain Report 560–003. This document can be obtained by contacting
1028:, took Mimbreño revenge. The historian Rex W. Strickland argued that the Apache had come to the meeting with their own intentions of attacking Johnson's party, but were taken by surprise. In 1839 scalp-hunter
1179:. It remained open for about 4 years, during which the chief Cochise died (from natural causes). In 1876, about two years after Cochise's death, the US moved the Chiricahua and some other Apache bands to the
3351:
Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Comments On Genetic Data Relating to Athapaskan Migrations: Implications of the Malhi et al. Study for the Apache and Navajo. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139(3):281–83.
1739:
Dzil-dun-as-le-n / Tsétáguãgáõne local group (′Rocks at Foot of Grass-Expanse′, 'The People of the Plains among the Rocks', 'The People of Rocky Plains', 'The People among White Rocks', lived in the
3321:
Seymour, Deni J. (2007) An Archaeological Perspective on the Hohokam-Pima Continuum. Old Pueblo Archaeology Bulletin No. 51 (December 2007):1–7. (This discusses the early presence of Athapaskans.)
3122:. Ethnobiological studies in the American Southwest, (Vol. 3); Biological series (Vol. 4, No. 5); Bulletin, University of New Mexico, whole, (No. 297). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
3318:
Seymour, Deni J. (2007) Apache, Spanish, and Protohistoric Archaeology on Fort Bliss. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss. Lone Mountain Report 560–005. With Tim Church
3345:
Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Distinctive Places, Suitable Spaces: Conceptualizing Mobile Group Occupational Duration and Landscape Use. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 13(3): 255–81.
546:
means "it is white" or it can be translate as "it is pale colored". The í on the end usually translates as "the one that is", but in the context of human beings, can mean "the group who are".
1337:
2366:, Cuchillo Negro, (ca. 1796–1857) war chief of the southern Warm Springs local group of the Tchihende people and principal chief of them after his own father's (Fuerte / Soldado Fiero) death
340:
and Southwestern United States, the Chiricahua (Tsokanende) are related to other Apache groups: Ndendahe (Mogollon, Carrizaleño), Tchihende (Mimbreño), Sehende (Mescalero), Lipan, Salinero,
2019:
Ne-be-ke-yen-de local group (′Country of People′ or ′Earth They Own It People′, presumably a mixed Chihenne-Bedonkohe local group, lived southwest of the Gila River, centered around the
1024:
is said to have witnessed this attack, which inflamed his and other Apache warriors' desires for vengeance for many years; he led the survivors to safety and subsequently, together with
3342:
Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts of Native Peoples along the Coronado Trail from the International Border to Cibola. New Mexico Historical Review 84(3):399–435.
3678:
3425:
3348:
Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Nineteenth-Century Apache Wickiups: Historically Documented Models for Archaeological Signatures of the Dwellings of Mobile People. Antiquity 83(319):157–64.
632:. As the people moved south and east into North America, groups splintered off and became differentiated by language and culture over time. Some anthropologists believe that the
1944:
Warm Springs Apache (The vicinity of a southern New Mexico hot spring known as Ojo Caliente (Spanish for Hot Spring) was their favourite retreat and was known to the Apache as
732:
2493:
2318:
388:
1313:
2191:
Haiahende local group (′People of the Rising Sun, i.e. People of the East′, lived in the Peloncillo Mountains, Animas Mountains and Florida Mountains in SE Arizona and in
3364:
Seymour, Deni J. (2010) Contextual Incongruities, Statistical Outliers, and Anomalies: Targeting Inconspicuous Occupational Events. American Antiquity. (Winter, in press)
1991:
1613:
Other sources list these and additional bands (only the Chokonen and Chihuicahui local groups of the Chokonen band were considered by Chiricahua tribal members to be
518:("The People, Men", "the People of"); they never called themselves ″Apaches". The Chiricahua referred to outsiders, such as Americans, Mexicans or other Indians, as
3600:
4317:
3335:
Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Surfing Behind The Wave: A Counterpoint Discussion Relating To "A Ranchería In the Gran Apachería." Plains Anthropologist 53(206):241–62.
989:
up to about 1860, the Chiricahua became increasingly hostile to American encroachment in the Southwest after a number of provocations had occurred between them.
718:
Other traditional practices include death rituals and puberty ceremonies for young women. Caves, waterways, and birthplaces hold special spiritual significance.
4327:
4302:
2089:(called by the Chihenne Dzilnokone – Long Hanging Mountain) moved to the Rio Grande in the east and south to the Mexican border, southern group)
1265:
and Gray Lizard, escaped from their prison car and made their way back to San Carlos Arizona in a 1,200-mile (1,900 km) journey to their ancestral lands.
3307:
Seymour, Deni J. (2004) A Ranchería in the Gran Apachería: Evidence of Intercultural Interaction at the Cerro Rojo Site. Plains Anthropologist 49(190):153–92.
4332:
4312:
4322:
3671:
3418:
1732:
Tse-ga-ta-hen-de / Tséghát'ahéõne local group (′Rock Pocket People′, 'The People beside the Rocks', 'The People on the side of the Rocks', lived in the
575:
3361:
Seymour, Deni J. (2010) Cycles of Renewal, Transportable Assets: Aspects of the Ancestral Apache Housing Landscape. Accepted at Plains Anthropologist.
3328:
Seymour, Deni J. (2008) A Pledge of Peace: Evidence of the Cochise-Howard Treaty Campsite. Historical Archaeology 42(4):154–79. With George Robertson.
3403:
957:
From the beginning of European-Apache relations, there was conflict between them. The two groups contested the control of land and trade routes in
4117:
935:(known to the Americans as Geronimo). After Victorio's death, Nana, Gerónimo, Mangus (youngest Mangas Coloradas' son) and youngest Cochise's son
3647:
4307:
3664:
3411:
3048:
3028:
2991:
2971:
2599:
1865:
1768:
1656:
330:
2918:
1776:
1208:(the son of Cochise and hereditary leader after Tahzay's death) together led many of the resisters during those last few years of freedom.
1180:
965:, but they inherited its complex history, and brought their own attitudes with them about American Indians and how to use the land. By the
2897:
1191:
hated the desert environment of San Carlos, and some frequently began to leave the reservation and sometimes raided neighboring settlers.
3355:
2184:
was in the bend of the Papigochic River (Aros River) east of the border of Sonora in the vicinity of a mountain, which called the Apache
1729:
Cai-a-he-ne local group (′Sun Goes Down People, i.e. People of the West′, were the westernmost of all Chihuicahui, western local group)
973:
into Chiricahua territory, beginning encroachment that had been renewed in the migration to the Southwest of the previous two decades.
1198:
in 1886. The best-known warrior leader of the "renegades", although he was not considered a 'chief', was the forceful and influential
2402:, (ca. 1793–1863) war chief of the Copper Mines local group of the Tchihende people and principal chief after Juan José Compà's death
3265:
3199:
3137:
3101:
3072:
2501:
1999:
314:
2414:(ca. 1857–1919), second son of Cochise, was the final hereditary chief of the Chihuicahui local group of the Tsokanende people
463:
which means ″Eastern Sunrise″, or ″People in the East″. Sometimes they adapted this appellation and referred to themselves also as
3087:
2281:
powerful groups. For instance, the remnant of the Carrizaleño-Nedhni camped together with their northern kin, the Janero-Nednhi.
1435:
1160:
1080:
for a "parley" but, after he entered the U.S. camp to negotiate a peace, the great Mimbreño chief was arrested and convicted in
749:. Historians disagree on the exact dates of the migration, with estimates ranging from the early 1100s to about 1500. Historian
1506:'Enemy People' or 'The Apache People (who live among) Enemies' known as the Southern Chiricahua, Pinery Apache, Bronco Apache,
1292:) were not captured by U.S. forces and refused to surrender. They escaped over the border to Mexico, and settled in the remote
1065:
been just as great a chief in his prime (during the 1830s and 1840s), along with Cuchillo Negro, as Cochise was then becoming.
969:
of 1848, the US took on the responsibility to prevent and punish cross-border incursions by Apache who were raiding in Mexico.
3315:
pp. 117–34. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico No. 33. Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
479:("Western Apache People", "The People of the Sunset", "The People of the West"), when referring only to Chiricahuas they used
2479:
2444:, also Bidu-ya, Beduiat (He who checks his horse) (ca. 1825–1880), chief of the Warm Springs Tchihende (Mimbreño) people
1885:
1128:(last son of Mangas Coloradas) and other minor chiefs led on the warpath the Mimbreños, Chiricahuas' cousins and allies, and
1982:
southern Warm Springs local group (Warm Springs proper, settled around a warm spring known as Ojo Caliente near present-day
1284:. Geronimo's surrender ended the Indian Wars in the United States. However, another group of Chiricahua (also known as the
4297:
3441:
2459:
2454:
2232:
559:
1667:
to the southwest, northeastern local group – headed by Chief Chihuahua (Kla-esh) and his segundo (war chief) and brother
4210:
3687:
2044:
1379:
1355:
1227:
1215:
2558:
1108:
and other warring chiefs became a nightmare to settlers and military garrisons and patrols. In the meantime, the great
4235:
4110:
2951:
966:
918:
586:
Several loosely affiliated bands of Apache came improperly to be usually known as the Chiricahuas. These included the
380:
20:
2165:, because they preferred living in the nearly inaccessible Sierra Madre Occidental, their autonym for themselves was
1794:
local group (today no longer known by name) (lived in NE Sonora and adjacent Arizona, in Guadalupe Canyon, along the
1054:
In December 1860, after several bad incidents provoked by the miners led by James H. Tevis in the Pinos Altos area,
910:
542:
meaning "White skinned or pale colored people" or literally "Strange, non-Apache people, which are white-skinned").
3003:
2284:
The Carrizaleňo-Nednhi shared overlapping territory in the surroundings of Casas Grandes and Aguas Nuevas with the
1987:
962:
368:
208:
2814:"Executive Order of December 14, 1872 ~ Chiricahua Reservation Lands Restored to Public Domain - October 30, 1876"
1325:
2145:, Sierra de Carcay, Sierra de Boca Grande, west beyond the Aros River to Bavispe, east along the Janos River and
1679:
1411:
534:("White Eyes"), but this seems a name from Mescalero and Lipan Apache bands, as the Chiricahua bands called them
3145:
An analysis of Mescalero and Chiricahua Apache social organization in the light of their systems of relationship
4200:
2839:
2375:
2224:
1462:
1419:
1374:
1366:
1113:
1043:
814:
3541:
2426:(ca. 1843–1876), son of Cochise and his successor as chief of the Chihuicahui local group of Tsokanende people
941:
were the last leaders of the Central Apaches, and their mixed Apache group was the last to continue to resist
3120:
The ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache: The use of plants for foods, beverages and narcotics
1818:
4225:
4215:
4192:
3958:
3908:
2322:
2116:
1293:
1061:
993:
396:
3253:(pp. 401–18). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 10). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
4292:
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4205:
4103:
3397:
3271:
Opler, Morris E.; & Hoijer, Harry. (1940). The raid and war-path language of the Chiricahua Apache.
2339:
2314:
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2024:
1983:
1695:
1545:
1318:
1273:
1269:
1005:
372:
232:
3150:
Opler, Morris E. (1935). The concept of supernatural power among the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apaches.
2263:
2020:
1117:
4240:
4175:
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3563:
1964:
1873:
1825:
1757:
1749:
1699:
1415:
432:
2255:
2180:
Tu-ntsa-nde local group (′Big Water People, i.e. People along the Aros River′, their stronghold called
1960:
1807:
2220:
2002: – hence called Warm Springs or Ojo Caliente Apaches, southern local group – headed by
4024:
2228:
2036:
1803:
1795:
1733:
1423:
1407:
1223:
1164:
1017:
1009:
986:
906:
850:
3286:. Apache Indians (No. 4), American Indian ethnohistory, Indians of the Southwest. New York: Garland.
798:
770:
4287:
4150:
4044:
3608:
3594:
3238:
Opler, Morris E. (1947). Notes on Chiricahua Apache culture, I: Supernatural power and the shaman.
3115:
2709:
Strickland, Rex W. (Autumn 1976) "The Birth and Death of a Legend: The Johnson Massacre of 1837"],
2192:
2146:
2028:
1968:
1956:
1884:, were also known – together with other Apache local groups living along the Gila River and in the
1281:
997:
992:
In 1835, Mexico had placed a bounty on Apache scalps which further inflamed the situation. In 1837
854:
778:
708:
633:
555:
392:
367:
Today Chiricahua live in Northern Mexico and in the United States where they are enrolled in three
253:
60:
3356:
The Cerro Rojo Site (LA 37188) – A Large Mountain-Top Ancestral Apache Site in Southern New Mexico
4230:
3172:
Opler, Morris E. (1937). An outline of Chiricahua Apache social organization. In F. Egan (Ed.),
2540:
1877:
1691:
1675:
1660:
1341:
1081:
946:
802:
503:
384:
2396:, "Dextrous Horse Thief" (ca. 1840–1890), woman warrior and prophet of the Tchihende people
902:
2231:, controlled the southern part of the Guzmán Basin, and the mountains along the Casas Grandes,
1998:(Dził Diłhił) west of the Rio Grande to the Rio Gila, used the warm springs in the vicinity of
1634:
Ch’ók’ánéń, Tsoka-ne-nde, Tcokanene, Chu-ku-nde, Chukunen, Ch’úk’ánéń, Ch’uuk’anén, Chuukonende
1386:
1211:
782:
4079:
3261:
3195:
3192:
An Apache life-way: The economic, social, and religious institutions of the Chiricahua Indians
3133:
3097:
3083:
3068:
3044:
3024:
2987:
2967:
2821:
2785:
2759:
2595:
2378:, (ca. 1810–1864), principal chief of the Copper Mine local group of the Tchihende people
2351:
2267:
2086:
2082:
2067:
2032:
1740:
1235:
1156:
1093:
1089:
826:
822:
614:
563:
454:
357:
183:
914:
4170:
4145:
4029:
4019:
3953:
3867:
3701:
3618:
3311:
and William B. Butler. Department of Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley.
2816:[Executive Orders Relating to Indian Reserves, from May 14, 1855, to July 1, 1902].
2754:[Executive Orders Relating to Indian Reserves, from May 14, 1855, to July 1, 1902].
2532:
2399:
2363:
2335:
2173:– ′Blue Mountain People, i.e. People of the Sierra Madre′, northern local group – headed by
2158:
2142:
2052:
1784:
1687:
1664:
1648:
1427:
1148:
1136:
1125:
1097:
1077:
1056:
1036:
1021:
1001:
922:
882:
858:
834:
794:
790:
786:
774:
376:
279:
257:
249:
216:
212:
3161:
Opler, Morris E. (1936). The kinship systems of the Southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes.
898:
715:
to the sun, threw it after snakes, and used it in medicine dances and around dying people.
4266:
4074:
3989:
3943:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3781:
3761:
3509:
3494:
2592:
Salvation Through Slavery: Chiricahua Apaches and Priests on the Spanish Colonial Frontier
2438:(ca. 1821–1909), war chief Chihuahua of the Chokonen local group of Tsokanende people
2196:
2138:
1952:
1799:
1683:
1442:
1188:
1152:
1140:
942:
769:) Apache division was once led, from the beginning of the 18th century, by chiefs such as
746:
640:
were pushed south and west into what is now New Mexico and Arizona by pressure from other
337:
3706:
3179:
Opler, Morris E. (1938). A Chiricahua Apache's account of the Geronimo campaign of 1886.
2813:
2751:
2494:"Fort Sill Apache Tribe Receives U.S. Reservation Proclamation Following a 125 Year Wait"
2154:
2071:
1767:
Animas local group (lived south of the Rio Gila, and west of the San Simon Valley in the
753:
speculates that there may have been two or more mass migrations during this time period.
1929:– 'Red Painted People', their autonym could relate to the mineral red coloration of the
1690:, and north along the San Simon River to east of SW New Mexico, controlled the southern
566:
language family. It is very closely related to Mescalero, and more distantly related to
3963:
3771:
3721:
3711:
3628:
3573:
2390:, (ca. 1825–1883), medicine man and chief of the Janero local group of Nednhi band
2345:
2150:
2013:
2003:
1753:
1703:
1399:
1391:
1184:
1025:
862:
750:
745:
The Athabaskan ancestors of the Chiricahua people migrated south from Canada along the
567:
444:
261:
48:
38:
4281:
4165:
4126:
4064:
4054:
4034:
3913:
3903:
3800:
3504:
3499:
2417:
2063:
2056:
1833:
1780:
1359:
1231:
1121:
1073:
878:
870:
637:
625:
492:
341:
265:
245:
100:
64:
2372:, woman warrior and Lozen's companion; sister of Ilth-goz-ay, the wife of Chihuahua,
4180:
4059:
3887:
3842:
3827:
3716:
3553:
3125:
2236:
2062:
Mimbreño / Mimbres local group (lived in southeast-central New Mexico, between the
1897:
1829:
1246:
1195:
1172:
1029:
641:
228:
4160:
3751:
2243: – 'Stone House People' or 'Rock House People', southeastern group)
1951:
northern Warm Springs local group (lived in the northeast of the Bedonkohe in the
1906:
local group (today no longer known by name) (lived also in the Mogollon Mountains)
2081:
local group (today no longer known by name) (lived in southern New Mexico in the
4256:
4069:
4014:
3948:
3938:
3918:
3862:
3852:
3832:
3756:
3731:
3578:
3546:
3514:
3474:
3298:
3291:
1995:
1254:
1183:, still in Arizona. This was in response to public outcry after the killings of
1069:
727:
3656:
2777:
1346:
3999:
3847:
3790:
3558:
3536:
3459:
2615:
2423:
2251:
1972:
1869:
1652:
1176:
685:
621:
506:, or name by which they refer to themselves, is simply (depending on dialect)
345:
126:
2384:, (ca. 1857–1903), woman from the Warm Springs group of Tchihende people
1909:
local group (today no longer known by name) (lived in the Tularosa Mountains)
1903:
local group (today no longer known by name) (lived in the Mogollon Mountains)
1678:("Wa-CHOO-ka" Mountains; Apache name meaning "thunder mountain") west of the
1032:
was employed by Robert McKnight to re-open the road to Santa Rita del Cobre.
4261:
4155:
4049:
4009:
3837:
3529:
3479:
2420:, (ca. 1805/1810?–1896), war chief of the Warm Springs Tchihende people
2289:
1817:
local group (today no longer known by name) (lived east of Fronteras in der
1811:
1301:
1168:
1101:
958:
866:
838:
681:
470:
56:
52:
4004:
1456:'Red Paint People' (also known as Eastern Chiricahua, Warm Springs Apache,
688:
representing and performing their traditional dances and other ceremonies.
660:("The People of Red Ceremonial Paint", "The Red Ceremonial Paint People"),
2408:, also Mah–sii (ca. 1847–1906/1911), warrior of the Mimbres Tchihende band
1714:("Western People", "Sunset People"), southwestern local group – headed by
1560:, more correctly known as the Warm Springs and Coppermine Mimbreño bands,
4039:
3973:
3857:
3822:
3489:
3216:
Opler, Morris E. (1946). Chiricahua Apache material relating to sorcery.
2441:
2369:
2329:
2216:
2202:
Hakaye local group (were part of Sierra Madre Mountains of Sonora Mexico)
1976:
1893:
1864:– 'Standing in front of the enemy', lived in West New Mexico between the
1418:
just below present day Hwy I-40 corridor in New Mexico and with the town
1330:
1199:
1109:
1047:
930:
874:
645:
195:
114:
3387:
2111:– 'Enemy People', 'People who make trouble', the Mexicans adopted it as
1990:, between the Cuchillo Negro Creek and the Animas Creek, controlled the
1068:
In 1861, the US Army seized and killed some of Cochise's relatives near
3968:
3877:
3817:
3776:
3766:
3726:
3633:
3623:
3613:
3519:
3469:
3445:
3436:
2620:
2357:
2247:
1715:
1277:
1258:
1144:
1085:
1000:
also known as Fuerte was killed by Mexican soldiers of the garrison at
806:
704:
629:
349:
2544:
2130:
Nednhi / Ndendahe Apache (they were subdivided in three local groups)
1484:‘Ridge of the Mountainside People’ (also known as Central Chiricahua,
1175:
for the Chiricahua Reservation residing near Apache Pass, Arizona and
3872:
3741:
3736:
2435:
2429:
2411:
2405:
2381:
2313:
For people after the 19th century, see the pages of specific tribes:
2120:
1930:
1775:– "Black Mountain") along the Arizona–New Mexico border south to the
1668:
1262:
1204:
1105:
937:
830:
818:
571:
361:
353:
327:
171:
158:
68:
44:
3381:
3358:. Digital History Project. New Mexico Office of the State Historian.
3227:
Opler, Morris E. (1946). Mountain spirits of the Chiricahua Apache.
2432:, also Panayotishn, Pe-nel-tishn, "Peaches," Scout for General Crook
2338:(Fort Sill Apache Tribe), served as first tribal chairperson of the
2215:– ′Prairie Dog People′, lived exclusively in Chihuahua, between the
1743:– according to Christian Naiche Jr. this was Cochise's local group.)
813:
meaning "having the quality of oak") and, after his death, his sons
2536:
2188:– ′Mountain Holding Head Up And Peering Out′, smallest local group)
1008:
in the Pinos Altos area to trade with his party (near the mines at
821:, under the guardianship of Cochise's war chief and brother-in-law
3882:
3746:
3568:
3375:
2671:
2393:
2123:
of NW Chihuahua, NO Sonora and SE Arizona, therefore often called
2109:
Ndéndai, Nde-nda-i, Nédnaa’í, Ndé’indaaí, Ndé’indaande, Ndaandénde
1385:
1373:
1365:
1354:
1336:
1324:
1312:
1210:
731:
649:
624:
migration into the North American continent from Asia, across the
2332:(1829–1909), warrior, medicine man of the Bedonkohe Ndendahe band
2195:
and south into the deserts and mountains of NE of Sonora and the
1300:
Eventually, the surviving Chiricahua prisoners were moved to the
4095:
3524:
3484:
2938:
three variants of Chiricahua band names are listed: First: i.e.
2825:
2789:
2763:
2523:
Hoijer, Harry (1943). "Pitch Accent in the Apachean Languages".
1012:, New Mexico) and, when they gathered around a blanket on which
4099:
3660:
3407:
3249:
Opler, Morris E. (1983). Chiricahua Apache. In A. Ortiz (Ed.),
2360:, chief of the Chihuicahui local group of the Tsokanende people
2348:, also Bidayajislnl or Pedes-klinje (1854–1934), warrior, scout
288:
3392:
3205:
Opler, Morris E. (1942). The identity of the Apache Mansos.
2387:
2174:
1129:
926:
591:
1935:
Copper Mine, Ojo Caliente / Warm Springs, Mimbreños / Mimbres
985:
Although they had lived peaceably with most Americans in the
473:
called the Western Apache and Chiricahua bands to their west
300:
285:
1378:
Viola and Agnes Chihuahua, Chiricahuas, photographed at the
620:
The Apachean groups and the Navajo peoples were part of the
47:
tribes in the late 18th century (Ch – Chiricahua, WA –
3147:. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago.
306:
2758:. United States Government Printing Office. pp. 5–6.
1824:
local group (today no longer known by name) (lived in the
1035:
After the conclusion of the US/Mexican War (1848) and the
3176:(pp. 171–239). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1155:
establishing the Chiricahua Reservation in the southeast
291:
2820:. United States Government Printing Office. p. 6.
2207:
Carrizaleños local group (known by other Chiricahua as
1718:("wood") and after him by his sons, therefore known as
849:) people was led, during the same period, by chiefs as
3041:
Apaches at War and Peace: The Janos Presidio 1750–1858
2946:
is used by Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma, Third:
2137:, lived in NW Chihuahua and NE Sonora, south into the
1606:) to refer to the Chiricahua in general, and the word
676:
Chiricahuas from Mexico participate every year in the
3339:
Seymour, Society for American Archaeology, Vancouver.
315:
303:
297:
282:
1927:
Chi-he-nde, Tci-he-nde, Chíhéne, Chííhénee’, Chiende
485:("People of a ridge or mountainside ") or sometimes
4249:
4191:
4133:
3982:
3896:
3810:
3694:
3587:
3452:
3256:Opler, Morris E.; & French, David H. (1941).
2876:
Mexicans Recall Last Apaches Living in Sierra Madre
2319:
Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation
664:("The Apache People (who live among) Enemies") and
389:
Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation
294:
239:
222:
202:
141:
133:
86:
76:
3332:Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
2559:"Catálogo Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas de México"
1445:(1941), the Chiricahuas consisted of three bands:
1132:led the Ndendahe (Nednhi and Bedonkohe together).
3021:Mangas Coloradas: Chief of the Chiricahua Apaches
2354:, also Chewawa, Kla-esh, Tłá’í’ez (ca. 1825–1901)
2039:along the Mimbres River in the east, then called
1574:, also known as the Chiricahua band, Chokonende),
3258:Myths and tales of the Chiricahua Apache Indians
2898:"Fort Sill Apache Tribe – Tribal Territory"
71:, a separate people speaking a related language)
2246:Pinaleños / Pinery local group (lived south of
2227:and Agua Nuevas 60 miles (97 km) north of
1390:Hattie Tom, Chiricahua Apache, photographed by
3023:, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.
2986:, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007.
2594:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 16.
2254:in NE Sonora and NW Chihuahua, controlled the
1748:Dzilmora local group (in SW New Mexico in the
1674:Chihuicahui group (lived in SE Arizona in the
1546:Chiricahua-Warm Springs Fort Sill Apache tribe
897:) Apache people, in the meanwhile, was led by
736:Ba-keitz-ogie (Yellow Coyote), U.S. Army Scout
4111:
3672:
3419:
3284:A study of the Apache Indians: Parts IV and V
1722:("The People of Wood", "The Wood People") or
1422:(276 km northwest of the state capital,
809:(whose name was derived from the Apache word
707:pollen, is used in many Chiricahuan rituals.
8:
3174:Social anthropology of North American tribes
2752:"Chiricahua Reservation ~ December 14, 1872"
1187:and Nicholas Rogers at Sulpher Springs. The
29:
1682:, in the northwest along a line of today's
1268:After a number of Chiricahua deaths at the
431:, were given that name by the Spanish. The
4118:
4104:
4096:
3679:
3665:
3657:
3426:
3412:
3404:
1651:, Arizona, along the upper reaches of the
1317:Chiricahua Apaches as they arrived at the
37:
28:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2270: – hence they were called
2157:, because they traded at the presidio of
2047:at Santa Rita del Cobre they were called
1900:(but not a chief) belonged to this band)
570:. It's considered a national language of
447:, referred to the Chiricahua by the name
2942:is now the common / usual form, Second:
2590:Stockel, Henrietta (15 September 2022).
2031:, controlled the Pinos Altos Mountains,
1466:Apache, Coppermine Apache, Copper Mine,
1406:('mountain of the wild turkey') for the
1143:, succeeded in negotiating a peace with
3065:Geronimo: The Man, His Time, His Place,
2471:
1159:encompassing the Chiricahua Mountains,
576:Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas
407:The Chiricahua Apache, also written as
3648:List of Indian reservations in Arizona
3453:Contemporary peoples native to Arizona
3393:Allan Houser, Chiricahua Apache artist
3096:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
3067:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
2616:"Danza Apache Chiricahua in Comonfort"
2223:in the east, south toward Corralitos,
2219:of Janos in the west and Carrizal and
2055:, an Bedonkohe by birth, and later by
1933:-containing tribal area, often called
1640:– ‘Ridge of the Mountainside People’,
4318:Native American history of New Mexico
3388:Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts
3130:Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts
3043:, University of Oklahoma Press 1998,
2966:, University of Oklahoma Press 1995,
2784:. United States General Land Office.
2266:, the mountains had a large stock of
2199:in NW Chihuahua, eastern local group)
1610:, to refer to the Apache in general.
1276:, the survivors were moved, first to
711:recorded that the Chiricahua offered
538:, meaning "Blue/green eye people" or
352:in the United States and in Northern
7:
4328:Native American tribes in New Mexico
4303:History of Catron County, New Mexico
2115:– ′Wild, Untamed Apaches′, lived in
1647:Chokonen local group (lived west of
1181:San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation
532:Bi'ndah-Li'ghi' / Bi'nda-li'ghi'o'yi
87:Regions with significant populations
3325:Cambridge Scholars Press, New York.
2878:, Chicago Tribune, 7 September 1997
2133:Janeros local group (also known as
1975:, northern local group – headed by
1760:(which were known to the Apache as
1514:Schroeder (1947) lists five bands:
4333:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
4313:Native American history of Arizona
2984:Victorio: Apache Warrior and Chief
2500:. 23 November 2011. Archived from
2051:, western local group – headed by
1663:in New Mexico in the east and the
1351:, Head Chief, Warm Springs Apaches
1147:. On December 14, 1872, President
14:
4323:Native American tribes in Arizona
3082:New York: Simon & Schuster.
2782:United States Library of Congress
2672:"Chiricahua Apache Indian Nation"
1941:, improperly Eastern Chiricahua)
1584:, also known as Bidanku, Bronco),
1092:(war chief of Cochise's people),
3793:
3435:
2778:"Territory of Arizona Map, 1876"
2309:Notable Chiricahua Apache people
2250:, between the Bavispe River and
1856:– 'In Front of the End People',
1594:, also known as Ndénai, Nednai).
1438:), as their southernmost range.
1261:. At least two Apache warriors,
278:
188:
176:
164:
151:
119:
107:
93:
3588:Prehistoric cultures in Arizona
3128:and Opler, Morris E. (1938).
2043:, after discovering profitable
1872:to the southeast, lived in the
1836:towards Fronteras in the north)
1602:(derived from the Spanish word
1510:), or "those ahead at the end".
1426:, and 536 km southwest of
996:' head chief and famed raider,
613:Many other bands and groups of
491:("The Ones who are Covered ").
16:Band of Apache Native Americans
3080:Once They Moved Like the Wind,
1226:, part of which is now inside
1222:They made a stronghold in the
1072:, in what became known as the
433:White Mountain Coyotero Apache
1:
3282:Schroeder, Albert H. (1974).
3002:Monticello (originally named
2713:, Vol. 18, No. 3. pp. 257–86.
2460:Southern Athabaskan languages
2455:Mescalero-Chiricahua language
2292:band (which was often called
2066:and the Rio Grande up in the
1876:and in their stronghold, the
1230:, and across the intervening
825:, and the independent chiefs
235:, traditional tribal religion
4308:Indigenous peoples in Mexico
4211:Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
3688:Indigenous peoples of Mexico
3181:New Mexico Historical Review
2274:, southwestern local group).
2153:in the northern part of the
1892:, Northeastern Chiricahua –
1798:, northwestern parts of the
1764:), southeastern local group)
1380:Mescalero Apache Reservation
1228:Chiricahua National Monument
1216:Chiricahua National Monument
1194:They surrendered to General
1171:were designated as the U.S.
1042:Cuchillo Negro, with Ponce,
560:Southern Athabaskan language
4236:White Mountain Apache Tribe
3190:Opler, Morris E. (1941).
3143:Opler, Morris E. (1933).
2962:Edwin R. Sweeney: Cochise:
1436:Mexico–United States border
1362:, Warm Springs Apache chief
1161:Mexico–United States border
967:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
666:Bidáõ'kaõde / Bidáõ'kahéõde
495:refer to the Chiricahua as
369:federally recognized tribes
21:Chiricahua (disambiguation)
4351:
3094:The Conquest of Apacheria,
2812:Grant, Ulysses S. (1912).
2750:Grant, Ulysses S. (1912).
2272:Pinaleños / Pinery Apaches
2076:Mimbreño / Mimbres Apaches
1702:, Chiricahua, Dragoon and
1615:the real Chiricahua people
1404:Chihuicahui or Chiguicagui
725:
662:Ndé'ndaa'õde / Ndé'ndaaõde
209:Chiricahua Apache language
18:
3788:
3642:
3114:Castetter, Edward F. and
2982:Kathleen P. Chamberlain,
2211:– ′Open Place People′ or
1896:, a prominent leader and
1880:, therefore often called
1708:Huachuca Mountains Apache
1496:), or the Sunrise People;
1234:to the northeast, in the
953:European-Apache relations
540:Indaaɫigáí / Indaaɫigánde
399:in southeastern Arizona.
244:
227:
207:
149:
91:
81:
36:
4201:Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
3695:More than 100,000 people
3354:Seymour, Deni J. (2009)
2921:. Fortsillapache-nsn.gov
2900:. Fortsillapache-nsn.gov
2844:SouthernArizonaGuide.com
1598:Today they use the word
1474:, Mogollones, Tcihende),
1370:Bonito, Chiricahua chief
703:, ceremonially prepared
598:(recte: Tchihende), the
582:Culture and organization
574:and is regulated by the
488:Tã'aa'ji k'ee'déõkaa'õde
469:('Sunrise People'). The
4226:San Carlos Apache Tribe
4216:Jicarilla Apache Nation
3811:20,000 – 100,000 people
3400:, National Park Service
3273:American Anthropologist
3207:American Anthropologist
3163:American Anthropologist
3152:American Anthropologist
3078:Roberts, David. (1993)
3010:– "Dilapidated Houses".
2964:Chiricahua Apache Chief
2323:San Carlos Apache Tribe
2127:, Southern Chiricahua)
2117:Sierra Madre Occidental
1948:– ′four broad plains′)
1819:Sierra Pilares de Teras
1644:or Central Chiricahua)
1116:(soon killed in 1864),
1062:Pinos Altos, New Mexico
853:, Fuerte also known as
397:San Carlos Apache Tribe
4221:Mescalero Apache Tribe
4206:Fort Sill Apache Tribe
3983:Less than 1,000 people
3382:Mescalero Apache Tribe
3376:Fort Sill Apache Tribe
3092:Thrapp, Dan L. (1988)
2674:. Chiricahuaapache.org
2340:Fort Sill Apache Tribe
2315:Fort Sill Apache Tribe
2041:Gileños / Gila Apaches
1984:Monticello, New Mexico
1939:Gileños / Gila Apaches
1890:Gileños / Gila Apaches
1814:, as their stronghold)
1710:or by the Apache name
1549:and San Carlos today)
1412:San Pedro River Valley
1394:
1383:
1371:
1363:
1352:
1334:
1322:
1319:Carlisle Indian School
1274:St. Augustine, Florida
1219:
994:Warm Springs Mimbreños
737:
678:Fiesta de los Remedios
373:Fort Sill Apache Tribe
233:Native American Church
4241:Yavapai Apache Nation
4176:Western Apache people
3897:1,000 – 20,000 people
3398:The Chiricahua Apache
2480:"Explore Census Data"
2000:Truth or Consequences
1965:Plains of San Agustin
1758:Big Hatchet Mountains
1492:proper, Chiricaguis,
1414:in Arizona, north of
1389:
1377:
1369:
1358:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1214:
1167:border. Jeffords and
1088:, his brother-in-law
735:
726:Further information:
644:Indians, such as the
558:(n'dee biyat'i) is a
508:Nde, Ne, Néndé, Héndé
499:("Southern People").
413:Apaches de Chiricahui
240:Related ethnic groups
4298:Chiricahua Mountains
3063:Debo, Angie. (1976)
3039:William B. Griffen:
2711:Arizona and the West
2260:Sierra de los Alisos
2125:Sierre Madre Apaches
2037:Santa Rita del Cobre
2035:and the vicinity of
1868:in the West and the
1796:San Bernardino River
1789:southern local group
1779:and eastward in the
1769:Peloncillo Mountains
1734:Chiricahua Mountains
1659:in the north to the
1408:Chiricahua Mountains
1224:Chiricahua Mountains
1165:New Mexico Territory
1010:Santa Rita del Cobre
1006:Coppermine Mimbreños
987:New Mexico Territory
895:Carrizaleño / Janero
19:For other uses, see
2856:Roberts pp. 223–24.
2846:. 28 November 2016.
2504:on 26 November 2015
2370:Dahteste (Tahdeste)
2264:Sierra Nacori Chico
2193:New Mexico Bootheel
2147:Casas Grandes River
2049:Copper Mine Apaches
2029:Big Burro Mountains
2021:Santa Lucia Springs
1967:, and from today's
1866:San Francisco River
1716:Cochise (Kùù'chish)
1657:San Francisco River
1430:(formerly known as
1282:Fort Sill, Oklahoma
1139:, with the help of
709:John Gregory Bourke
594:: Tsokanende), the
556:Chiricahua language
393:Ruidoso, New Mexico
33:
4231:Tonto Apache Tribe
3442:Indigenous peoples
3384:, official website
3378:, official website
3019:Edwin R. Sweeney.
2865:Thrapp pp. 366–67.
2305:of the Mescalero.
2268:Apache Pine forest
1878:Mogollon Mountains
1874:Tularosa Mountains
1862:Bedonkohe Ndendahe
1826:Sierra de los Ajos
1787:in SW New Mexico,
1771:(called by Apache
1676:Huachuca Mountains
1661:Mogollon Mountains
1582:Bedonkohe Ndendahe
1488:, Cochise Apache,
1395:
1384:
1372:
1364:
1353:
1335:
1323:
1220:
947:American Southwest
738:
466:Ha’ishu Na gukande
385:Deming, New Mexico
4275:
4274:
4093:
4092:
3654:
3653:
3049:978-0-8061-3084-2
3029:978-0-8061-3063-7
2992:978-0-8061-3843-5
2972:978-0-8061-2606-7
2740:Roberts pp. 21–29
2601:978-0-8263-4327-7
2342:, elected in 1976
2299:Dzilthdaklizhéndé
2256:Sierra Huachinera
2167:Dzilthdaklizhénde
2161:they were called
2087:Florida Mountains
2083:Pyramid Mountains
2068:Mimbres Mountains
2033:Pyramid Mountains
1961:Socorro Mountains
1858:Bi-da-a-naka-enda
1828:northeast of the
1808:Sierra Pitaycachi
1741:Dragoon Mountains
1539:Chiricahua proper
1333:), in native garb
1236:Dragoon Mountains
1157:Arizona Territory
1135:In 1872, General
615:Apachean language
455:San Carlos Apache
348:and Southeastern
271:
270:
4340:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4097:
3909:Chichimeca Jonaz
3803:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3658:
3603:
3595:Ancestral Pueblo
3440:
3439:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3405:
3116:Opler, Morris E.
3051:
3037:
3031:
3017:
3011:
3000:
2994:
2980:
2974:
2960:
2954:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2919:"Tribal History"
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2818:Internet Archive
2809:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2756:Internet Archive
2747:
2741:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2714:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2587:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2400:Mangas Coloradas
2336:Mildred Cleghorn
2239:, likely called
2221:Lake Santa Maria
2143:Sierra del Tigre
2053:Mangas Coloradas
1971:east toward the
1882:Mogollon Apaches
1785:Animas Mountains
1777:Guadalupe Canyon
1706:, also known as
1665:San Simon Valley
1350:
1218:entrance roadway
1137:Oliver O. Howard
1078:Mangas Coloradas
1057:Mangas Coloradas
1037:Gadsden Purchase
1022:Mangas Coloradas
901:and, after him,
859:Mangas Coloradas
471:Mescalero Apache
435:, including the
377:Apache, Oklahoma
331:Native Americans
322:
318:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
258:Mescalero Apache
250:Jicarilla Apache
194:
192:
191:
182:
180:
179:
170:
168:
167:
157:
155:
154:
125:
123:
122:
113:
111:
110:
99:
97:
96:
77:Total population
41:
34:
4350:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4245:
4187:
4129:
4124:
4094:
4089:
3978:
3892:
3806:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3690:
3685:
3655:
3650:
3638:
3599:
3583:
3510:Southern Paiute
3448:
3434:
3432:
3372:
3367:
3110:
3108:Further reading
3060:
3055:
3054:
3038:
3034:
3018:
3014:
3001:
2997:
2981:
2977:
2961:
2957:
2937:
2933:
2924:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2887:Debo pp. 447–48
2886:
2882:
2874:Salopek, Paul,
2873:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2708:
2704:
2700:Roberts: p. 36.
2699:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:Thrapp, p. 366.
2633:
2629:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2589:
2588:
2575:
2571:Debo, pp. 9–13.
2570:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2451:
2311:
2197:Mexican Plateau
2171:Dził Dklishende
2139:Sierra San Luis
2107:(also known as
2074:, hence called
1994:as well as the
1925:(also known as
1804:Batepito Valley
1800:Sierra San Luis
1680:San Pedro River
1632:(also known as
1592:Nednhi Ndendahe
1443:Morris E. Opler
1344:
1321:in Pennsylvania
1311:
1280:, and later to
1189:mountain people
1153:Executive Order
1141:Thomas Jeffords
1018:Juan José Compá
983:
955:
945:control of the
943:U.S. government
907:Coleto Amarillo
851:Juan José Compa
759:
747:Rocky Mountains
743:
741:Great Migration
730:
724:
694:
674:
584:
552:
502:The Chiricahua
405:
379:, with a small
375:, located near
338:Southern Plains
326:) is a band of
320:
316:
281:
277:
189:
187:
177:
175:
165:
163:
161:
152:
150:
120:
118:
108:
106:
104:
94:
92:
72:
31:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4280:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4100:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4085:Western Apache
4082:
4080:Tohono Oʼodham
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3661:
3652:
3651:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3564:Western Apache
3561:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3547:Akimel O'odham
3544:
3542:Tohono Oʼodham
3534:
3533:
3532:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3371:
3370:External links
3368:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3269:
3254:
3247:
3236:
3225:
3214:
3203:
3188:
3177:
3170:
3159:
3148:
3141:
3123:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3090:
3076:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3032:
3012:
3004:Cañada Alamosa
2995:
2975:
2955:
2931:
2910:
2889:
2880:
2867:
2858:
2849:
2840:"Tom Jeffords"
2831:
2804:
2795:
2769:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2702:
2693:
2684:
2663:
2654:
2645:
2643:Thrapp pp. 6–8
2636:
2627:
2607:
2600:
2573:
2564:
2550:
2537:10.2307/410317
2515:
2485:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2333:
2310:
2307:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2244:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2189:
2186:Dzil-da-na-tal
2178:
2163:Janeros Apache
2113:Bronco Apaches
2094:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2079:
2060:
2014:Western Apache
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:Cuchillo Negro
1988:Cañada Alamosa
1980:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1886:Gila Mountains
1839:
1838:
1837:
1822:
1815:
1792:
1765:
1754:Little Hatchet
1746:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1724:Cochise Apache
1704:Mule Mountains
1672:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1575:
1565:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1497:
1475:
1432:Paso del Norte
1392:Frank Rinehart
1310:
1307:
1185:Orizoba Spence
1026:Cuchillo Negro
982:
979:
954:
951:
925:, and finally
863:Cuchillo Negro
805:, and finally
799:Miguel Narbona
771:Pisago Cabezón
758:
755:
751:Jack D. Forbes
742:
739:
723:
720:
693:
690:
673:
670:
583:
580:
568:Western Apache
551:
548:
445:Western Apache
443:groups of the
404:
401:
269:
268:
262:Western Apache
242:
241:
237:
236:
225:
224:
220:
219:
205:
204:
200:
199:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
89:
88:
84:
83:
79:
78:
74:
73:
49:Western Apache
42:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4346:
4345:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4293:Apache tribes
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4127:Apache people
4121:
4116:
4114:
4109:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3801:Mexico portal
3791:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3677:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3649:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3429:
3424:
3422:
3417:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:0-8032-8602-3
3263:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3240:Primitive Man
3237:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3224:(3–4), 81–92.
3223:
3219:
3218:Primitive Man
3215:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:0-8032-8610-4
3197:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3138:0-404-15783-1
3135:
3131:
3127:
3126:Hoijer, Harry
3124:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3102:0-8061-1286-7
3099:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3073:0-8061-1828-8
3070:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2952:transcription
2949:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2802:Thrapp p. 168
2799:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2731:Roberts p. 35
2728:
2725:
2722:Roberts p. 37
2719:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2288:, a southern
2287:
2282:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:Casas Grandes
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:Mimbres River
2061:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1834:Bavispe River
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:Animas Valley
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1441:According to
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:Ciudad Juárez
1425:
1421:
1420:Ciudad Madera
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:Bronco Apache
1287:
1286:Nameless Ones
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:Willcox Playa
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:Indian Agents
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:Ulysses Grant
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:Bascom Affair
1071:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:Soldado Fiero
995:
990:
988:
980:
978:
974:
970:
968:
964:
960:
952:
950:
948:
944:
940:
939:
934:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:Soldado Fiero
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:Posito Moraga
776:
772:
768:
764:
756:
754:
752:
748:
740:
734:
729:
721:
719:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
689:
687:
683:
679:
671:
669:
667:
663:
659:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
626:Bering Strait
623:
618:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
581:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
549:
547:
545:
541:
537:
536:Daadatlijende
533:
529:
528:Indah / N'daa
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
489:
484:
483:
478:
477:
472:
468:
467:
462:
461:
456:
452:
451:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
402:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:Based in the
334:
332:
329:
325:
324:
311:
275:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:Plains Apache
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
197:
185:
173:
160:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
116:
102:
101:United States
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
66:
65:Plains Apache
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
35:
22:
4250:Other topics
4140:
4055:Motozintleco
3994:
3828:Chontal Maya
3644:
3559:Southern Ute
3554:Tonto Apache
3464:
3283:
3279:(4), 617–34.
3276:
3272:
3257:
3250:
3246:(1–2), 1–14.
3243:
3239:
3235:(4), 125–31.
3232:
3228:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3206:
3191:
3187:(4), 360–86.
3184:
3180:
3173:
3169:(4), 620–33.
3166:
3162:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3129:
3119:
3093:
3088:0-671-702211
3079:
3064:
3040:
3035:
3020:
3015:
3007:
2998:
2983:
2978:
2963:
2958:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2923:. Retrieved
2913:
2902:. Retrieved
2892:
2883:
2875:
2870:
2861:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2817:
2807:
2798:
2781:
2772:
2755:
2745:
2736:
2727:
2718:
2710:
2705:
2696:
2687:
2676:. Retrieved
2666:
2661:Thrapp p. 19
2657:
2648:
2639:
2630:
2619:
2610:
2591:
2567:
2553:
2531:(1): 38–41.
2528:
2524:
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2502:the original
2497:
2488:
2474:
2312:
2303:Dzithinahndé
2302:
2298:
2294:Aguas Nuevas
2293:
2286:Tsebekinéndé
2285:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2241:Tsebekinéndé
2240:
2237:Carmen River
2212:
2209:Gol-ga-he-ne
2208:
2185:
2181:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:Guzmán Basin
2134:
2124:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2075:
2072:Cook's Range
2048:
2045:copper mines
2040:
2025:Little Burro
1945:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1898:medicine man
1889:
1881:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1832:, along the
1830:Sonora River
1788:
1772:
1761:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1655:, along the
1641:
1638:Ch'úk'ânéõne
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1572:Tsoka-ne-nde
1571:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1463:Ojo Caliente
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1403:
1396:
1299:
1294:Sierra Madre
1289:
1285:
1272:prison near
1267:
1251:
1247:George Crook
1244:
1242:Apache kin.
1239:
1221:
1203:
1196:Nelson Miles
1193:
1134:
1067:
1055:
1053:
1041:
1034:
1030:James Kirker
1013:
991:
984:
975:
971:
956:
936:
931:
894:
890:
886:
846:
842:
817:and, later,
810:
766:
762:
760:
757:18th century
744:
717:
712:
700:
699:
695:
677:
675:
665:
661:
657:
654:
642:Great Plains
634:Lipan Apache
619:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
587:
585:
553:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
501:
496:
487:
486:
482:Ch'úk'ânéõde
481:
480:
475:
474:
465:
464:
459:
458:
457:called them
453:, while the
449:
448:
440:
436:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
406:
366:
335:
273:
272:
254:Lipan Apache
229:Christianity
43:Location of
26:Ethnic group
4257:Apache Wars
3609:Basketmaker
3475:Halchidhoma
3158:(1), 65–70.
3058:Cited works
2950:is another
2691:Debo p. 42.
2652:Thrapp p. 7
2508:25 November
2233:Santa Maria
2151:Lake Guzmán
2149:toward the
2135:real Nednhi
1996:Black Range
1756:and in the
1750:Alamo Hueco
1700:Dos Cabezas
1686:, Johnson,
1558:Tchi-he-nde
1534:Warm Spring
1524:Copper Mine
1482:Ch'uuk'anén
1345: [
1342:Ka-e-te-nay
1270:Fort Marion
1255:Fort Marion
1082:Fort McLane
1070:Apache Pass
981:Hostilities
803:Esquinaline
728:Apache Wars
417:Chiricahues
381:reservation
4288:Chiricahua
4282:Categories
4141:Chiricahua
3995:Chiricahua
3959:Qʼanjobʼal
3939:Mexicanero
3465:Chiricahua
3460:Chemehuevi
2948:Tsokanende
2944:Chukunende
2925:2012-07-16
2904:2013-11-06
2678:2010-03-11
2466:References
2301:) and the
2252:Aros River
1986:along the
1973:Rio Grande
1946:Tih-go-tel
1870:Gila River
1850:Bidankande
1821:in Sonora)
1810:, east of
1773:Dziltilcil
1720:Chishhéõne
1696:Winchester
1653:Gila River
1630:Tsokanende
1626:Chukunende
1604:Chiricahua
1600:Chidikáágu
1500:Ndé'indaaí
1490:Chiricahua
1486:Ch'ók'ánéń
1478:Ch'úk'ánéń
1454:Chííhénee’
1177:Fort Bowie
1151:issued an
903:Mano Mocha
767:Chiricahua
763:Tsokanende
686:Guanajuato
622:Athabaskan
476:Shá'i'áõde
429:Chiricagua
425:Chilecagez
421:Chilicague
409:Chiricagui
395:; and the
346:New Mexico
274:Chiricahua
142:New Mexico
127:New Mexico
30:Chiricahua
4262:Apacheria
4161:Mimbreños
4156:Mescalero
4146:Jicarilla
4050:Mezcalero
4020:Kaqchikel
4010:Ixcatecos
3954:Pima Bajo
3868:Tojolabal
3752:Purépecha
3702:Chinantec
3645:See also:
3601:dwellings
3530:Hopi-Tewa
3480:Havasupai
3251:Southwest
3229:Masterkey
3213:(1), 725.
3118:(1936).
2376:Delgadito
2352:Chihuahua
2290:Mescalero
2229:Chihuahua
2217:presidios
2213:Gul-ga-ki
1992:San Mateo
1957:Magdalena
1923:Tchihende
1854:Bi-dan-ku
1842:Bedonkohe
1812:Fronteras
1806:with the
1802:, in the
1712:Shaiahene
1494:Tcokanene
1468:Mimbreños
1434:) on the
1424:Chihuahua
1416:Magdalena
1329:Goyaałé (
1302:Fort Sill
1202:. He and
1169:John Clum
1114:Delgadito
1102:Pionsenay
1094:Chihuahua
1044:Delgadito
963:Southwest
959:Apacheria
869:, Ponce,
867:Delgadito
843:Tchihende
839:Pionsenay
827:Chihuahua
783:Yrigollen
713:hoddentin
701:Hoddentin
682:Comonfort
608:Bedonkohe
562:from the
450:Ha'i’ą́há
358:Chihuahua
203:Languages
184:Chihuahua
134:Fort Sill
57:Jicarilla
53:Mescalero
4267:Language
4171:Salinero
3990:Awakatek
3964:Qʼeqchiʼ
3944:Ocuiltec
3934:Lacandon
3929:Jakaltek
3924:Guarijio
3878:Wixarika
3863:Tepehuán
3858:Popoluca
3838:Cuicatec
3762:Tlapanec
3757:Rarámuri
3619:Mogollon
3495:Maricopa
3490:Hualapai
2940:Chokonen
2826:34008449
2790:99446141
2764:34008449
2525:Language
2449:See also
2442:Victorio
2330:Geronimo
2182:Guaynopa
2105:Ndendahe
2101:Nde’ndai
2070:and the
1977:Victorio
1919:Chihende
1915:Chihenne
1894:Geronimo
1762:Dzilmora
1692:Pinaleño
1622:Chokonen
1568:Chukunen
1519:Mogollon
1504:Nédnaa'í
1382:in 1916.
1331:Geronimo
1245:General
1200:Geronimo
1124:, young
1110:Victorio
1090:Nahilzay
1060:went to
1048:Victorio
891:Mogollón
887:Ndendahe
875:Victorio
847:Mimbreño
823:Nahilzay
692:Religion
658:Chíhéõde
646:Comanche
636:and the
596:Chihenne
588:Chokonen
550:Language
460:Hák'ą́yé
383:outside
223:Religion
196:Coahuila
115:Oklahoma
4025:Kʼicheʼ
4000:Cochimí
3974:Tepehua
3969:Tacuate
3823:Chatino
3782:Zapotec
3777:Tzotzil
3772:Tzeltal
3767:Totonac
3727:Mazatec
3722:Mazahua
3712:Huastec
3634:Sinagua
3624:Patayan
3614:Hohokam
3574:Yavapai
3537:Oʼodham
3520:Quechan
3470:Cocopah
3446:Arizona
3008:Kegotoi
2621:YouTube
2498:Reuters
2364:Baishan
2358:Cochise
2248:Bavispe
2121:deserts
2023:in the
1969:Quemado
1846:Bidánku
1688:Willcox
1649:Safford
1590:(recte
1588:Ndéndai
1580:(recte
1578:Bidánku
1570:(recte
1556:(recte
1554:Chíhéne
1529:Mimbres
1508:Ne'na'i
1472:Mimbres
1458:Gileños
1450:Chíhéne
1278:Alabama
1259:Florida
1145:Cochise
1086:Cochise
932:Goyaałé
915:Laceres
807:Cochise
722:History
705:cattail
630:Siberia
564:Na-dene
504:autonym
437:Cibecue
350:Arizona
217:Spanish
213:English
63:, Pl –
4193:Tribes
4166:Plains
4065:Paipai
4040:Kumiai
4035:Kiliwa
4030:Kikapú
4005:Cucapá
3914:Chocho
3904:Akatek
3873:Triqui
3818:Amuzgo
3737:Mixtec
3629:Salado
3505:Navajo
3500:Mohave
3264:
3198:
3136:
3100:
3086:
3071:
3047:
3027:
2990:
2970:
2824:
2788:
2762:
2598:
2545:410317
2543:
2436:Ulzana
2430:Tso-ay
2424:Tahzay
2412:Naiche
2406:Massai
2382:Gouyen
2321:, and
2097:Nednhi
1963:, the
1931:copper
1684:Benson
1669:Ulzana
1642:proper
1562:Chinde
1263:Massai
1240:Nednai
1205:Naiche
1163:, and
1126:Mangus
1106:Ulzana
1098:Skinya
1014:pinole
938:Naiche
923:Natiza
919:Felipe
883:Mangus
835:Skinya
831:Ulzana
819:Naiche
815:Tahzay
811:Cheis,
795:Vívora
791:Teboca
787:Tapilá
775:Relles
672:Dances
638:Navajo
606:) and
604:Nednhi
600:Nednai
572:Mexico
512:Hen-de
497:Chíshí
493:Navajo
427:, and
387:; the
371:: the
362:Mexico
354:Sonora
342:Plains
328:Apache
266:Navajo
193:
181:
172:Sonora
169:
159:Mexico
156:
124:
112:
98:
69:Navajo
67:, N –
59:, L –
55:, J –
51:, M –
45:Apache
4181:Tonto
4151:Lipan
4134:Bands
4060:Opata
4045:Lipán
3888:Zoque
3883:Yaqui
3843:Huave
3747:Otomi
3742:Nahua
3707:Chʼol
3569:Yaqui
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