838:
each party. When the parties are together, both would usually sign both copies, one copy of which being retained by each party, sometimes with a formal handing over of a copy from one party to the other. However, it is usually sufficient that only the copy retained by each party be signed by the other party only — hence contracts are "exchanged". This rule enables contracts to be "exchanged" by mail. Both copies of the contract of sale become binding only after each party is in possession of a copy of the contract signed by the other party—i.e., the exchange is said to be "complete". An exchange by electronic means is generally insufficient for an exchange, unless the laws of the jurisdiction expressly validate such signatures.
1104:. The contractual stage of the transfer is called the missives of sale between the buyer, or buyer's agent, and seller, or seller's agent. Missives are letters the body of which contain the contract of sale is formed. Once all the contractual terms are agreed, the missives are said to be concluded, and these serve as a binding contract for the sale of the property. Normally the contract is conditional upon matters such as the sellers being able, before completion of the transaction, to prove that they have good title to the property and to exhibit clear searches from the land registers and the local authority.
1290:.) Practice vary from state to state as to who conducts the title search to make sure the seller has or can convey clear title, including what liens must be paid, and as to who acts as the escrow holder. In many states attorneys still act as the escrow agent and title inspector. In many others those functions are conducted by licensed escrow agents who often are affiliated with or even employed by a title insurance company. Some use a mix, such as having an attorney conduct the escrow while the title investigation is handled by the title insurance company or its agent.
275:
86:
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149:
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45:
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1218:
Searches tend to take up the bulk of the conveyance. Due to the three level system of government (federal, state and local), it must be made sure that the vendor is entitled to all rights and title. Most information is retrieved from state or local (council) authorities. Conveyancing processes, legal
1107:
From 1 December 2008 properties for sale are marketed with a 'Home
Information Report. This consists of: a Single Survey, an Energy Report and a Property Questionnaire. The Home Report is available on request to prospective buyers of the property. The date of final settlement is in Scotland known as
934:
It takes on average 10–12 weeks to complete a conveyancing transaction, but while some transactions are quicker, many take longer. The timescale is determined by a host of factors – legal, personal, social and financial. During this period prior to exchange of contracts (exchange being the point at
903:
It is a common myth that conveyancing has to be carried out by a local solicitor or conveyancer. This is no longer the case, with many conveyancers and solicitors conducting transactions from a distance using email and online technology. However, the Law
Society warns solicitors to be wary of clients
899:
if present. The domestic conveyancing market is price competitive, with a high number of firms of solicitors and conveyancing companies offering a similar service. It is possible for someone to carry out their own conveyancing, but it is labour-intensive. If the transaction involves a mortgage, it is
907:
There were approximately 5,357 firms operating in the conveyancing market in 2015, but this number has fallen from 5,871 the year before. The number of firms in the market is almost a third lower than the 7,779 firms recording transactions in 2005, following a severe conveyancing shortage during the
1062:
Local authority searches, according to the Law
Society, are a ‘vital part of the conveyancing process and give buyers important information about matters affecting a property that is registered or recorded with the local authority. However, over the years, delays with local authority searches have
841:
It is the responsibility of the buyer of real property to ensure that he or she obtains a good and marketable title to the land—i.e., that the seller is the owner, has the right to sell the property, and there is no factor which would impede a mortgage or re-sale. Some jurisdictions have legislated
837:
is governed by the laws and practices of the jurisdiction in which the land is located. It is a legal requirement in all jurisdictions that contracts for the sale of land be in writing. An exchange of contracts involves two copies of a contract of sale being signed, one copy of which is retained by
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The conveyancing process in the United States varies from state to state depending on local legal requirements and historical practice. In rare situations, the parties will engage in a formal "closing." In a formal closing three attorneys will be involved in the process: one each to represent the
918:
The normal practice is for the buyer to negotiate an agreed price with the seller then organise a survey and have the solicitor (or conveyancer) carry out their searches and pre-contract enquiries. The seller's solicitor or conveyancer will prepare the draft contract to be approved by the buyer's
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section 32 which creates a criminal offence for any unlicensed person preparing conveyancing documents in the expectation of a fee. Having said that, there is no legal requirement in
Scotland to use the services of a solicitor, advocate or licensed conveyancing practitioner to transfer property
1170:
has 2 days. During this time the purchaser may reconsider the purchase and, if they so wish, cancel the contract, in which case the purchaser may be legally bound to pay 0.25% of the purchasing price to the seller (0.2% in
Victoria). Not all contracts have a cooling off period such as when the
871:, qualified legal experts delegated by the State (they must have a University Degree in Law), represents - besides an assistance for the involved parties in the property transfer process - also a gatekeeping for the soundness of the economic system and the protection of vulnerable parties.
1331:
for unacceptable repairs), seller's right of first refusal for resale, declaration of trust, or other entity formation or consolidation (incorporation, limited partnership investors, etc.). Where "time is of the essence," there have been cases where the entire deposit is forfeited (as
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A system of conveyancing is usually designed to ensure that the buyer secures title to the land together with all the rights that run with the land, and is notified of any restrictions in advance of purchase. Many jurisdictions have adopted a system of
895:. What is being conveyed, or transferred, is a piece of land or property, that historically (especially in England) may or may not include the "messuage", that would be the principal dwelling, and might include an orchard, any outbuildings, and
1822:
858:
In the Roman tradition, private rights to land were enforceable even if secret; this tradition remained to some extent in Europe up through the 19th century, but modern systems no longer allow for such secrecy. In many
1108:
the "date of entry", the date on which the Buyer is able to take possession of the property. The transfer of ownership itself only completes after the completion of the registration of the disposition document in the
915:, agreements are not legally binding until contracts are exchanged. This affords both the advantage of freedom before contract, but also the disadvantage of wasted time and expense in the event the deal is not done.
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Optional and location specific searches – sometimes extra searches are required or recommended depending on the location or type of property or due to particular concerns raised by the buyer. These could include:
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1624:
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Solicitors, advocates and licensed conveyancing practitioners are the only individuals legally permitted to conduct conveyancing for a fee in
Scotland, and as such enjoy a conveyancing monopoly, under the
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Requirements, searches and costs can vary between jurisdictions, depending on local property legislation and regulations. Depending on the circumstances of each case, and depending on the jurisdiction, a
1479:
A Law
Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America, and of the Several States of the American Union: With References to the Civil and Other Systems of Foreign Law
935:
which the transaction becomes legally binding) either party can pull out of the transaction at any time and for any reason, with no legal obligation to the other. This gives rise to a risk of
1137:, introduced between 1857 and 1875. Some parcels of land are still unregistered and commonly referred to as general law land. Property law in Australia is derived from English common law.
1148:. Kits are available for the buyer to complete the process themselves, but due to the complexity of varying state and council laws and processes, this is usually not recommended.
1814:
1074:
Private search companies and ordering platforms have been integrating Land
Registry's data to speed up the process of search ordering, improve accuracy and reduce the chances of
931:– about the transacted property. These are designed to uncover factors the estate agent or surveyor may not know about, which could impact the buyer's enjoyment of the property.
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1579:
1426:
Real
Property Transfers and Civil Law Notaries: Legal Empowerment is a Key Factor at Global Level, Especially in Developing Economies of Africa, Asia and Latin America
1308:, occupancy, and financing) under which the buyer may withdraw the offer without forfeiting the deposit. Once the conditions have been met (or waived), the buyer has "
1711:
1621:
1078:. One example is the use of Land Registry's National Spatial Dataset to display boundary maps on-screen using a live data link to help validate property locations.
1662:
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buyer, seller, and mortgage holder; frequently all three will sit around a table with the buyer and seller and literally "pass papers" to effect the transaction.
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is made in the form of a written contract and bound with a deposit on the purchase price. The offer will set out conditions (such as appraisal, title clearance,
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1174:
A common conveyance by a solicitor or a licensed conveyancer usually takes 4 to 6 weeks. Most firms offer fixed price services which normally include costs for
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In Scots law, conveyancing is carried out as a second stage in the voluntary transfer of land after the completion of the contractual stage. The position in
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countries, the real estate transfers are usually supervised by notaries who, after a due diligence verification, execute the deed of sale and send it to the
1327:
property taxes, title insurance binder, and fire insurance binder. There may also be side agreements (e.g., holdover tenants, delivery contracts, payment
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for domestic conveyancing. When undertaking property transactions, the conveyancer's role is to carry out due diligence by submitting queries – known as
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solicitor. The seller's solicitor will also collect and prepare property information to be provided to the buyer's solicitors, in line with the
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ownership/land title. A willing buyer and seller can submit all the necessary completed documents to the Land
Register of Scotland themselves.
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at this time for themselves. They will almost always be required to purchase title insurance for their lender as a condition of the loan.
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1178:, legal advice and other outlays. In most states and territories a typical conveyance includes, but is not limited to, the following:
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to facilitate conveyancing and encourage reliance on public records and assure purchasers of land that they are taking good title.
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for the vendor, liaising with the financiers of the vendor to arrange settlement and obtain discharge of mortgages on the title
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are created) and completion (also called settlement, when legal title passes and equitable rights merge with the legal title).
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by submitting queries – known as searches – about the transacted property. These are designed to uncover factors that the
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1336:) if the conveyancing is delayed beyond the time limits of the buyer's contingencies, even if the purchase is completed.
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office and inspects and records the information kept by the local authority on behalf of the conveyancer or solicitor.
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search – to ensure there are no potential leftover medieval liabilities on the property to help pay for church repairs.
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2017:
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1316:. There may be other last-minute conditions to closing, such as "broom clean" premises, evictions, and repairs.
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for the purchaser, liaising with the financiers of the purchaser to satisfy their requirements before settlement
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may not know about, which could impact the buyer’s enjoyment of the property. Conveyancing searches include:
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1415:. Chapter 12 in Kenneth Ayotte and Henry E. Smith, eds.,Research Handbook on the Economics of Property Law.
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some protections for the buyer, besides the ability for the buyer to do searches relating to the property.
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is that the contract is generally concluded at a much earlier stage than in the English & Welsh and
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documentation, contract requirements, and search requirements vary between each state and territory.
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1447:-A Digest of the Laws of England Respecting Real Property, Volume 4, p 321 #42, Retrieved 2016-05-14
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search – to find out if any public drains on the property might affect extensions or building works.
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to order a ‘personal’ search, carried out by a third party or a search provider, who visits the
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search – to confirm ownership and boundaries by checking the ‘title register’ and ‘title plan’.
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gas hazard, ground stability issues, and other related information at or around the property.
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instructing their firm with no geographic connection to them for risk of money laundering.
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In order to protect themselves from defects in the title, buyers will frequently purchase
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almost certain that the lender will insist that a solicitor is used for the conveyancing.
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search – to discover potential hazards from coastal, river or surface water flooding.
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Conveyancing in Australia (also called a transfer) is usually carried out by a
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1024:
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Additional Local Authority searches for potential issues such as: Pipelines,
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property is purchased at auction or if the purchaser expedites the process.
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822:. A typical conveyancing transaction has two major phases: the exchange of
1196:, land tax and water consumption charges are paid by the appropriate party
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1482:. Vol. II (Fourth ed.). Philadelphia: G.W. Childs. p. 176
17:
1884:
Land and Property Information - Old System Information and Search Guide
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in 2012, all Australian states are in the process of transitioning to
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arranging for the payment of fees and charges and government duties
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Most privately owned land in Australia is now regulated under the
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registered plan search or building units/group titles plan search
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819:
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1958:
984:– to reveal any charges or restrictions of use on the property.
1954:
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have a 5 days "cooling off" period for residential contracts.
757:
142:
79:
38:
1279:
Much more commonly, the transaction is closed by use of an
1903:"The Conveyancing Process | Simplified | Teddington Legal"
1182:
checking for encumbrances and restrictions on the property
1542:"Do I have to use a local solicitor for my conveyancing"
1752:'Conveyancing - Personal searches vs Official Searches'
104:
95:
deal primarily with common law and do not represent a
1660:
What Property Searches are done when Buying a House?
1622:'Why conveyancing is where it's at for legal eagles'
1005:
Environmental search – to provide information about
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2448:
2355:
2227:
2191:
2091:
2010:
1323:, promissory note, mortgage, certificate of liens,
1319:Typical papers at a conveyancing include: deed(s),
1312:" and conveyancing proceeds or may be compelled by
173:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
810:from one person to another, or the granting of an
891:; either may employ or supervise an unqualified
1795:'Search provider integrates land registry data'
1679:Russell, Hewitson; Silverman, Frances (2011).
1395:Dukeminier et al., Property 559 (6th ed. 2006)
2617:List of housing markets by real estate prices
1970:
1804:Mortgage Introducer. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
1611:Law Society Gazette. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
1185:ensuring special conditions mentioned in the
779:
93:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1754:Estate Agent Today. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
1034:Mining searches in various parts of the UK.
73:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2657:
1977:
1963:
1955:
945:cost of moving house in the United Kingdom
928:
786:
772:
262:
1641:Conveyancing Process Explained for buyers
1602:'Conveyancers – ‘no room for complacency’
1267:in accordance with state-based mandates.
1246:full council inspection of records search
1214:arranging and attending final settlement.
251:Learn how and when to remove this message
233:Learn how and when to remove this message
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
1379:
1343:include grant, devise, give, and sell.
708:
610:
567:
530:
463:
387:
321:
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265:
1933:"Electronic Conveyancing National Law"
1524:Benjamin Lynde Oliver, R. Day (1827).
1339:Words used to indicate conveyance, or
1300:In most states, a prospective buyer's
1825:from the original on 12 November 2020
1683:(4th ed.). Bristol: Jordan Pub.
1600:Monidipa Fouzder (February 15, 2016)
1530:. Glazier & Company. p. 250.
1386:Black's Law Dictionary (7th ed. 1999)
943:. Conveyancing is a component of the
360:Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property
7:
2644:
1939:from the original on 27 January 2019
1261:Electronic Conveyancing National Law
1013:sites, former and current industry,
883:, conveyancing is usually done by a
171:adding citations to reliable sources
1913:from the original on 2 October 2018
1765:"National Polygon Service - GOV.UK"
1712:The CON 29 and CON 29O consultation
1681:Conveyancing searches and enquiries
1572:"Warning signs of money laundering"
27:Transfer of legal title of property
2602:Undergraduate real estate programs
1741:Guardian. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
1552:from the original on 19 April 2017
25:
2400:Investment rating for real estate
1864:from the original on 28 July 2020
1793:Ryan Bembridge (January 8, 2016)
1775:from the original on 2 April 2018
1631:City AM. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
1435:. EXCAS working paper WP/20/079 .
1424:European Xtramile Center (2020).
1406:Property titling and conveyancing
54:This article has multiple issues.
2656:
2643:
2631:
2630:
1854:"Solicitors (Scotland) Act 1980"
867:. The involvement of civil law
273:
147:
84:
43:
1620:Hayley Kirton (June 13, 2016)
1582:from the original on 8 May 2023
1466:- p 35-36, Retrieved 2016-05-15
158:needs additional citations for
62:or discuss these issues on the
2695:State law in the United States
2557:Graduate real estate education
2002:Tertiary sector of the economy
1118:Solicitors (Scotland) Act 1980
1:
1750:Rob Hailstone (June 4, 2014)
1259:With the introduction of the
667:Lateral and subjacent support
2511:Real estate investment trust
2116:Extraterrestrial real estate
1730:Emma Tyrrell (Dec 7, 2002)
1088:Missives of Sale (Scots law)
634:Practicing without a license
2516:Real property administrator
2506:Real estate investment club
1843:Housing (Scotland) Act 2006
1815:"Scottish Standard Clauses"
1721:Law Society (June 23, 2016)
1368:Verification and validation
107:, discuss the issue on the
32:Conveyance (disambiguation)
2716:
2173:Private equity real estate
1732:'Can't they get a move on'
1353:List of real estate topics
1085:
560:Doctrine of worthier title
29:
2690:Law of the United Kingdom
2625:
2121:International real estate
1992:
1800:17 September 2016 at the
1737:25 September 2016 at the
1646:13 September 2016 at the
1501:Sheets v. Selden's Lessee
1110:Land Register of Scotland
802:is the transfer of legal
691:Conflict of property laws
547:Rule against perpetuities
1240:contaminated land search
1102:common law jurisdictions
1000:Chancel repair liability
959:’s role is to carry out
2700:Australian property law
2315:Real estate transaction
2204:Real estate development
1882:ISSN 2200-9698 (2013).
1819:Law Society of Scotland
1607:6 December 2016 at the
1476:Bouvier, John (1870) .
1431:28 January 2021 at the
1265:electronic conveyancing
1243:council property search
542:Restraint on alienation
2415:Real estate derivative
2375:Effective gross income
2141:Healthcare real estate
1907:teddingtonlegal.com.au
1858:www.legislation.gov.uk
1665:10 August 2023 at the
1527:Practical Conveyancing
1445:Definition of messuage
982:Local authority search
569:Nonpossessory interest
2572:Industry trade groups
2476:Exclusive buyer agent
2430:Real estate valuation
2420:Real estate economics
2380:Gross rent multiplier
2209:Real estate investing
2111:Corporate Real Estate
1650:Home Owners Alliance.
1576:www.lawsociety.org.uk
1358:Real estate appraisal
1166:on private sales and
1162:has a 3 business day
1045:Noise Abatement Zones
951:Conveyancing searches
929:conveyancing searches
518:Action to quiet title
2390:Highest and best use
2356:Economics, financing
2320:Real estate contract
2214:Real estate flipping
2183:Residential property
2126:Lease administration
2078:United Arab Emirates
1627:5 March 2017 at the
1546:The First Time Buyer
1462:5 March 2017 at the
1411:26 June 2010 at the
1404:Arruñada B. (2011).
1288:Escrow § Real estate
1146:licensed conveyancer
889:licensed conveyancer
513:Equitable conversion
167:improve this article
113:create a new article
105:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2370:Capitalization rate
2365:Asset-based lending
2199:Property management
2104:Commercial building
2099:Commercial property
1457:example of messuage
1341:words of conveyance
828:equitable interests
655:prior appropriation
603:Equitable servitude
2597:Real estate trends
2501:Real estate broker
2471:Chartered Surveyor
2425:Real estate bubble
2405:Mortgage insurance
2238:Adverse possession
2161:Luxury real estate
2136:Garden real estate
1889:2016-03-03 at the
1717:2017-03-06 at the
1363:Transfer of equity
1334:liquidated damages
1255:main roads search.
1227:may also involve:
1164:cooling off period
939:and its converse,
685:Quicquid plantatur
493:Deeds registration
335:Adverse possession
304:Community property
2685:Real property law
2672:
2671:
2310:Property abstract
2293:Land registration
2253:Concurrent estate
2178:Real estate owned
2168:Off-plan property
2146:Vacation property
2131:Niche real estate
1302:offer to purchase
1135:land registration
1007:contaminated land
925:National Protocol
881:England and Wales
875:England and Wales
848:land registration
796:
795:
436:Concurrent estate
419:Defeasible estate
299:Personal property
261:
260:
253:
243:
242:
235:
217:
141:
140:
133:
115:, as appropriate.
77:
16:(Redirected from
2707:
2660:
2659:
2647:
2646:
2634:
2633:
2577:Investment firms
2496:Property manager
2395:Home equity loan
2298:Leasehold estate
2258:Conditional sale
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1548:. 2 March 2015.
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1058:Search providers
865:Public Registers
788:
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774:
755:Higher category:
701:Security deposit
498:Estoppel by deed
441:Leasehold estate
314:Unowned property
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1086:Main article:
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1038:Cheshire Brine
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611:Related topics
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182:"Conveyancing"
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2358:and valuation
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2156:Golf property
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961:due diligence
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854:Public record
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808:real property
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184: –
183:
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178:Find sources:
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156:This article
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55:
50:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2661:
2649:
2635:
2582:Land banking
2481:Land banking
2466:Buyer broker
2440:Rental value
2263:Conveyancing
2262:
2073:Saudi Arabia
1941:. Retrieved
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1906:
1897:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1857:
1848:
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1818:
1809:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1768:
1759:
1746:
1726:
1707:
1680:
1674:
1655:
1636:
1616:
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1575:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1545:
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1519:
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1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1478:
1471:
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1382:
1340:
1338:
1324:
1318:
1299:
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1274:
1260:
1258:
1225:title search
1221:
1217:
1192:making sure
1173:
1150:
1139:
1128:
1117:
1114:
1106:
1091:
1073:
1061:
1027:searches in
965:estate agent
954:
933:
917:
910:
906:
902:
878:
857:
844:
840:
835:sale of land
832:
800:conveyancing
799:
797:
754:
744:Criminal law
721:Contract law
683:
676:
650:Water rights
553:
488:Strata title
474:
465:Conveyancing
464:
446:Condominiums
282:Part of the
267:Property law
247:
229:
220:
210:
203:
196:
189:
177:
165:Please help
160:verification
157:
127:
121:January 2011
118:
94:
70:
63:
57:
56:Please help
53:
36:
2607:Urban decay
2461:Buyer agent
2283:Foreclosure
2278:Encumbrance
2151:Arable land
2063:Puerto Rico
2011:By location
1986:Real estate
1556:19 November
1514: (1864)
1314:court order
1076:human error
1049:Common Land
957:conveyancer
941:gazundering
921:Law Society
913:English law
908:recession.
893:conveyancer
812:encumbrance
456:Land tenure
451:Real estate
414:Life estate
322:Acquisition
2679:Categories
2562:Green belt
2435:Remortgage
2219:Relocation
2018:Bangladesh
1943:27 January
1769:www.gov.uk
1486:6 December
1306:inspection
1152:Queensland
1025:Tin Mining
994:Flood risk
814:such as a
762:Common law
711:common law
672:Assignment
532:Future use
403:Fee simple
380:Alienation
284:common law
193:newspapers
59:improve it
2547:Filtering
2537:Companies
2456:Appraiser
2337:Severance
2033:Indonesia
1917:2 October
1699:644654265
1142:solicitor
1125:Australia
1098:Scots law
1063:prompted
1040:searches.
937:gazumping
897:curtilage
885:solicitor
861:civil law
824:contracts
696:Blackacre
629:Partition
477:purchaser
475:Bona fide
429:remainder
355:Accession
350:Discovery
109:talk page
65:talk page
2637:Category
2542:Eviction
2486:Landlord
2288:Land law
2053:Pakistan
1997:Property
1937:Archived
1911:Archived
1887:Archived
1868:26 April
1862:Archived
1829:26 April
1823:Archived
1798:Archived
1773:Archived
1735:Archived
1715:Archived
1663:Archived
1644:Archived
1625:Archived
1605:Archived
1580:Archived
1550:Archived
1512:177, 187
1460:Archived
1429:Archived
1409:Archived
1347:See also
1329:holdback
1325:pro rata
1285:See also
1250:land tax
1187:contract
1176:searches
1160:Victoria
1094:Scotland
1082:Scotland
1029:Cornwall
1011:landfill
969:surveyor
869:notaries
816:mortgage
798:In law,
749:Evidence
726:Tort law
678:Nemo dat
660:riparian
619:Fixtures
598:Covenant
593:Usufruct
583:Easement
552:Rule in
508:Mortgage
408:Fee tail
370:Bailment
345:Conquest
223:May 2009
103:You may
18:Messuage
2650:Commons
2567:Indices
2449:Parties
2248:Closing
2192:Sectors
1779:1 April
1235:company
1189:are met
1069:council
1065:lawyers
739:estates
534:control
523:Escheat
375:License
207:scholar
2655:
2642:
2629:
2587:People
2521:Tenant
2347:Zoning
2068:Russia
2058:Panama
2043:Turkey
2023:Canada
1697:
1687:
1281:escrow
1252:search
1237:search
1096:under
1051:, etc.
911:Under
826:(when
735:trusts
709:Other
588:Profit
286:series
209:
202:
195:
188:
180:
2530:Other
2303:Lease
2092:Types
2048:Kenya
2038:Italy
2028:China
1669:QLAW.
1586:8 May
1507:
1374:Notes
1194:rates
1144:or a
1015:radon
887:or a
818:or a
804:title
731:Wills
713:areas
624:Waste
291:Types
214:JSTOR
200:books
111:, or
2268:Deed
1945:2019
1919:2018
1870:2020
1831:2020
1781:2018
1695:OCLC
1685:ISBN
1588:2023
1558:2016
1509:U.S.
1488:2012
1283:. (
1154:and
955:The
833:The
820:lien
760:and
737:and
578:Lien
340:Deed
330:Gift
186:news
2229:Law
1133:of
967:or
923:'s
879:In
806:of
758:Law
169:by
2681::
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