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The two most distinguishable features on the egg case are the keel and the absence or presence of a fibrous covering. A keel runs laterally along both sides of the outer edge of the egg case; it is a flexible structure. Keels will also run the length of the horns on some skate species. Some egg cases have broad keels (greater than 10% of the maximum egg case width) while others have narrow keels (less than 10% of the maximum egg case width). Many egg cases are covered with a layer of fiber; some will have a fine layer while others have a thick layer.
369:, is considered a larger skate species; reaching a maximum size range of 145 cm total length. Although their egg cases are smaller than that of the big skate, their cases are also considered large; ranging 93–102 mm in length. Egg cases contain a single embryo. Longnose skate egg cases found in the field are brown in color. The external side is covered with a fibrous material, which is thicker on the top side and thinner on the bottom side of the case. The case is smooth underneath the fibrous material.
158:
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191:, with two spiral flanges. This allows the egg cases to become wedged in the crevices of rocky sea floors, where the eggs are protected from predators; however, some bullhead sharks deposit their eggs on sponges or seaweed. Hatchlings are considered large for sharks, reaching over 14 cm in length by the time they leave the egg case. Bullhead shark eggs typically hatch after 7 to 12 months, depending on the species. The female
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Predation on egg cases is thought to be a major source of mortality for developing oviparous sharks, skates and chimaeras. In general, predation is the leading cause of mortality for marine fish eggs, due to their abundance and high nutritional value. Parental care ends when the egg case is released
340:
which is called the egg case. Studies have been done where egg cases were removed from gravid females to ensure proper identification in regard to skate species. Egg cases have distinguishable characteristic traits that are unique to that species, thus making it a great tool for identifying a skate.
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Big skate egg cases are larger than most other skate egg cases; typically ranging from 210 to 280 mm in length and 110 to 180 mm in width. Big skates egg cases are approximately 15% of the overall length of the female skate. The egg case is very smooth and lacks external fibrous material.
168:
Oviparity in sharks can be categorized as single or retained. With single oviparity, the egg cases are extruded soon after fertilization. With retained oviparity, eggs are kept within the oviduct for a period of time before depositing outside of the body as an unhatched egg case. It is thought that
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protein strands, and are often described as feeling rough and leathery. Some egg cases have a fibrous material covering the outside of the egg case, thought to aid in attachment to substrate. Egg cases without a fibrous outer layer can be striated, bumpy, or smooth and glossy. With the exception of
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Shortly after internal fertilization, the fertilized ovum enters the partially formed egg case located in the oviduct. After the ovum enters, the rest of the egg case forms around it. Shortly after the egg case finishes developing, it is deposited outside the body; common locations include kelp
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differences that are specific to chimaeras. The holocephalan egg capsule, or egg case, has a bulbous center flanked laterally by flattened collagen tissue. The flattened collagen tissue joins on the anterior end of the egg capsule to form a tail. Sharp projections located on the anterior and
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Gestation can take anywhere from a few months to over a year. After a period of development, typically a week or two, small slits open on each side of the egg case to aid water flow. The embryo fans its tail constantly to promote exchange with surrounding water.
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51:
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Fischer, Jan, Martin Licht, Jürgen Kriwet, Jörg W. Schneider, Michael
Buchwitz, and Peter Bartsch. "Egg capsule morphology provides new information about the interrelationships of chondrichthyan fishes." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12.3 (2013):
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This egg case can be easily identified from all others in that it is the only one to have a steep ridge; giving the case a convex shape. The keel on the egg case is considered very broad; representing 30–33% of the width of the egg case.
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from the body, so the embryo relies on its tough, leathery exterior as its only source of protection. Some gastropods are known to feed on egg cases by boring into the exterior. Sharks are also common predators of egg cases.
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respectively, two groups of extinct shark-like cartilaginous fish more closely related to modern sharks and rays than to chimaeras, resemble those of bulldog sharks in having a spiral collarettes running around them. Both
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features a tendril and more rigid flanges, suggesting that egg case design of this species is evolving towards anchoring with tendrils and away from wedging into crevices. As a member of the order
Heterodontiformes, the
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forests and rocky seafloors. Egg cases are typically produced in pairs, each with one fertilized embryo inside, with the exception of a few species that produce egg cases with more than one viable embryo.
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Big skates are one of only two skates known to have multiple embryos inside an egg case; up to 7 embryos have been found inside a single case. But most big skate egg cases contain 3–4 embryos.
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found in each corner, which assist in anchorage. Egg cases from rays vary in that they have points rather than tendrils. The colours and shapes of egg cases also vary greatly from
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are the only members of their order that lay eggs. The egg cases of catsharks are purse-shaped with long tendrils at the corners that serve to anchor them to structures on the
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produce egg cases. The egg cases of chimaeras are spindle- or bottle-shaped with fins on the sides. They are laid on the bottom of the sea floor. Chimaeras (subclass
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eggs, egg cases are typically rectangular in shape with projections, called horns, at each corner. Depending on the species, egg cases may have one or more tendrils.
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Ebert, David A., Davis, Chante D. (2007). "Descriptions of skate egg cases (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from the eastern North
Pacific".
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posterior end of the egg case serve to better secure the egg case in between rocks, as well as protection against potential predators.
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Treloar, M.A.; Laurenson, L.J.B.; Stevens, J.D. (2006). "Description of Rajid egg cases from southeastern
Australian waters".
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is the ancestral condition for sharks, and that it evolved through the elongation of retention time of retained oviparity.
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815:"Reproductive Anatomy of Chondrichthyans: Notes on Specimen Handling and Sperm Extraction. II. Sharks and Chimaeras"
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has been known to deposit their eggs in one location along with other females, called a "nest". The egg case of the
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Fischer, Jan; Licht, Martin; Kriwet, Jürgen; Schneider, Jörg W.; Buchwitz, Michael; Bartsch, Peter (3 April 2014).
482:), with one end having a tendril. Unlike modern sharks, these eggs are typically found in freshwater environments.
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Ebert, D.A., Smith, W.D., and
Cailliet, G.M. (2008). "Reproductive biology of two commercially exploited skates,
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Lucifora, L.O.; Garcia, V.B. (2004). "Gastropod predation on egg cases of skates (Chondrichthyes, Rajidae)".
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Oviparous sharks are known to regularly produce unfertilized eggs when kept in captivity without males.
912:"Egg capsule morphology provides new information about the interrelationships of chondrichthyan fishes"
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235:. The egg cases are oval and covered with adhesive fibers that serve to secure them to the bottom.
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111:. Egg cases are also thought to have been produced by some extinct chondricthyan groups, such as
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Natural collagen casing found encompassing some aquatic lifeforms' fertilized eggs
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592:"The egg case of the oviparous elasmobranch, Raja Erinacea, does osmoregulate"
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231:(Stegostomatidae) lay eggs on the bottom, while the other carpet sharks give
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García-Salinas, Pablo; Gallego, Victor; Asturiano, Juan F. (23 July 2021).
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889:. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 286–288.
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taper towards their ends (with the tapering being more pronounced in
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is thought to be oviparous, but egg cases have never been observed.
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Illustration of an Early
Jurassic estuarine ecosystem, with
83:. Living chondricthyans that produce egg cases include some
324:(Rajidae, Arhynchobatidae, Anacanthobatidae) are the only
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95:. Egg cases typically contain one embryo, except for
336:. While in utero, a protected case forms around the
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575:Carrier, J.C; Musick, J.A.; Heithaus, M.R. (2004).
557:Carrier, J.C; Musick, J.A.; Heithaus, M.R. (2012).
639:Compagno, Leonard (2002). "Sharks of the World".
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461:, which are thought to have been produced by
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641:FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes
579:. Taylor & Francis Group. p. 270.
561:. Taylor & Francis Group. p. 296.
103:egg cases, which contain up to 7 embryos.
1599:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
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1027:http://www.glaucus.org.uk/Mermaid.htm
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916:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
72:, is the casing that surrounds the
792:, in the western Gulf of Alaska".
435:egg cases attached via tendril to
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559:Biology of Sharks: Second Edition
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577:Biology of Sharks: First Edition
1110:Environmental impact of fishing
740:"Most Commonly Asked Questions"
599:Journal of Experimental Biology
887:The Biology of Sharks and Rays
412:. However, there are some key
68:, often colloquially called a
56:Embryo active inside egg case.
1:
802:10.1016/j.fishres.2008.06.016
590:Evans, David H. (June 1981).
187:egg cases are shaped like an
1195:intramembranous ossification
936:10.1080/14772019.2012.762061
202:whitespotted bullhead sharks
404:are among the 43% of known
279:or lesser spotted dogfish,
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1574:Fin and flipper locomotion
1544:Sequential hermaphroditism
1431:Jamming avoidance response
1148:
885:Klimley, A. Peter (2013).
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986:10.1007/s00227-004-1377-8
689:10.11646/zootaxa.1231.1.3
258:(Scyliorhinidae) and the
227:(Hemiscylliidae) and the
722:"Heterodontus francisci"
213:brownbanded bamboo shark
2090:Glossary of ichthyology
1652:Diel vertical migration
761:(Big Skate, Big Skate)"
707:Aquarium of the Pacific
421:Extinct chondrichthyans
287:greater spotted dogfish
193:Japanese bullhead shark
1456:Surface wave detection
1421:Hydrodynamic reception
1095:Diseases and parasites
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277:small-spotted catshark
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127:Egg cases are made of
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1411:Ampullae of Lorenzini
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380:
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282:Scyliorhinus canicula
246:
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55:
35:
1822:Genetically modified
771:on 8 September 2008.
703:"Egg Identification"
611:10.1242/jeb.92.1.337
449:The egg case genera
18:Mermaid's purse
1627:Aquatic respiration
1514:Life history theory
928:2014JSPal..12..389F
832:10.3390/ani11082191
408:species to exhibit
2183:Cartilaginous fish
1466:Weberian apparatus
794:Fisheries Research
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163:Port Jackson shark
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2080:Fish common names
1991:
1990:
1622:Aquatic predation
1446:Capacity for pain
1175:Age determination
445:in the background
383:Cape elephantfish
260:finback catsharks
197:Mexican hornshark
53:
16:(Redirected from
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1085:Ethnoichthyology
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974:Marine Biology
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922:(3): 389–399.
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896:978-0226442495
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357:Longnose skate
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2020:Cartilaginous
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1657:Electric fish
1655:
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1288:Mauthner cell
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1207:Chromatophore
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1052:
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1045:
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1038:
1037:
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1028:
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1020:
1019:Sharks portal
1014:
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1004:
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991:
987:
983:
979:
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494:
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454:
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440:
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427:
420:
418:
415:
414:morphological
411:
407:
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395:
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384:
379:
372:
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364:
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354:
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344:
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316:
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304:
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296:
292:
288:
284:
283:
278:
273:
271:
267:
266:
262:in the genus
261:
257:
250:
245:
239:Ground sharks
238:
236:
234:
230:
226:
225:bamboo sharks
219:Carpet sharks
218:
214:
209:
205:
203:
198:
194:
190:
186:
179:
177:
174:
172:
164:
159:
152:
150:
146:
139:
137:
135:
130:
122:
120:
118:
114:
110:
109:Squalomorphii
106:
102:
101:mottled skate
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2159:
2147:
2047:spiny-finned
1996:Major groups
1717:Intelligence
1697:Scale eaters
1642:Cleaner fish
1524:Mouthbrooder
1493:
1476:Reproduction
1451:Schreckstoff
1436:Lateral line
1352:Swim bladder
1342:Spiral valve
1271:hyomandibula
1254:pseudobranch
1137:Hypoxia in -
977:
973:
919:
915:
905:
886:
880:
822:
818:
808:
796:, 94:48-57.
793:
789:
785:
769:the original
764:
758:
734:
725:
715:
706:
697:
680:
676:
644:
640:
602:
598:
585:
576:
558:
537:
489:
479:
475:
471:
456:
450:
448:
441:stems, with
438:Neocalamites
436:
430:
387:
366:
360:
352:
348:
319:
301:to species.
291:S. stellaris
290:
280:
274:
263:
253:
222:
183:
175:
167:
147:
143:
126:
69:
65:
61:
59:
29:
2161:WikiProject
2120:Prehistoric
2104:Threatened
1795:Other types
1692:Sardine run
1667:Forage fish
1647:Corallivory
1499:Development
1484:Bubble nest
1357:physoclisti
1347:Suckermouth
1320:Root effect
1142:Ichthyology
980:: 917–922.
825:(8): 2191.
540:1393: 1-18.
480:Palaeoxyris
472:Palaeoxyris
452:Palaeoxyris
432:Palaeoxyris
394:Holocephali
265:Proscyllium
229:zebra shark
140:Development
123:Description
66:egg capsule
2177:Categories
1776:Groundfish
1771:Freshwater
1766:Euryhaline
1751:Coral reef
1687:Salmon run
1677:Paedophagy
1579:Amphibious
1566:Locomotion
1374:pharyngeal
1362:physostome
1315:Photophore
1261:Glossohyal
1234:gill raker
1217:dorsal fin
1167:physiology
495:References
467:xenacanths
388:All known
367:Raja rhina
233:live birth
171:viviparity
117:xenacanths
2025:chimaeras
1912:Predatory
1889:Salmonids
1847:Whitefish
1837:Poisonous
1812:Diversity
1746:Coldwater
1682:Predatory
1672:Migratory
1632:Bait ball
1615:behaviour
1534:Pregnancy
1529:Polyandry
1303:papillare
1298:Operculum
1293:Meristics
1239:gill slit
1202:Cleithrum
1132:Fish kill
1122:Fear of -
1115:- as food
1105:Fisheries
1090:Evolution
1080:Diversity
944:1477-2019
841:2076-2615
463:hybodonts
443:hybodonts
410:oviparity
390:chimaeras
373:Chimaeras
345:Big skate
330:oviparous
328:that are
315:big skate
270:sea floor
256:catsharks
113:hybodonts
105:Oviparity
97:big skate
93:chimaeras
78:oviparous
2149:Category
2100:Smallest
2013:lampreys
1976:flatfish
1966:Demersal
1922:mackerel
1917:billfish
1857:Commerce
1786:Tropical
1761:Demersal
1756:Deep-sea
1712:Venomous
1604:RoboTuna
1554:triggers
1549:Spawning
1509:Juvenile
1494:Egg case
1127:FishBase
994:53508039
952:84827548
859:34438648
790:R. rhina
647:: 31–50.
396:), some
334:in utero
295:tendrils
249:catshark
129:collagen
62:egg case
2095:Largest
2008:hagfish
2003:Jawless
1981:pollock
1954:sardine
1949:herring
1944:anchovy
1894:Tilapia
1884:Octopus
1879:Catfish
1866:Farming
1781:Pelagic
1741:Coastal
1728:habitat
1584:Walking
1489:Clasper
1441:Otolith
1403:systems
1401:Sensory
1335:ganoine
1310:Papilla
1161:Anatomy
1100:Fishing
924:Bibcode
875:389-99.
850:8388383
819:Animals
709:. 2008.
677:Zootaxa
538:Zootaxa
486:Threats
476:Fayolia
458:Fayolia
299:species
2113:sharks
2030:sharks
1959:sprats
1939:Forage
1927:salmon
1807:Coarse
1589:Flying
1461:Vision
1416:Barbel
1330:Scales
1190:dermal
1070:About
992:
950:
942:
893:
857:
847:
839:
683:: 53.
402:skates
400:, and
398:sharks
338:embryo
322:skates
305:Skates
153:Sharks
89:skates
85:sharks
2075:Blind
2063:Lists
1842:Rough
1707:Sleep
1613:Other
1379:shark
1369:Teeth
990:S2CID
948:S2CID
595:(PDF)
254:Some
189:auger
38:skate
2108:rays
2042:Bony
2035:rays
1932:tuna
1874:Carp
1832:Oily
1817:Game
1802:Bait
1736:Cave
1519:Milt
1224:Gill
1212:Fins
1185:Bone
1072:fish
1063:Fish
940:ISSN
891:ISBN
855:PMID
837:ISSN
788:and
681:1231
474:and
465:and
455:and
361:The
326:rays
320:The
223:The
115:and
99:and
91:and
74:eggs
1971:cod
1726:By
1539:Roe
1266:Jaw
1164:and
982:doi
978:145
932:doi
845:PMC
827:doi
798:doi
685:doi
607:doi
76:of
64:or
60:An
2179::
988:.
976:.
960:^
946:.
938:.
930:.
920:12
918:.
914:.
867:^
853:.
843:.
835:.
823:11
821:.
817:.
777:^
763:.
748:^
724:.
705:.
679:.
653:^
643:.
619:^
605:.
603:92
601:.
597:.
567:^
545:^
503:^
365:,
289:,
272:.
119:.
87:,
1055:e
1048:t
1041:v
996:.
984::
954:.
934::
926::
899:.
861:.
829::
800::
757:"
728:.
691:.
687::
645:2
613:.
609::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
