803:, demonstrated that even in the presence of industrial pollutants, most species of meroplankton were able to proliferate almost unaffected. The authors of this study attribute these findings to the fact that meroplankton are transported by ocean currents generally from cleaner open waters inshore. Furthermore, the same study also concluded that even in heavily polluted areas, meroplankton populations were able to reestablish if pollution was brought under control and sufficient time was allowed to pass. However, the rate of recolonization was demonstrated to be notably slow, on average taking about 10 years before the abundance and diversity of meroplankton returned to its original levels. This is in part due to the slow nature of detoxification of benthic
157:
1358:
783:
particular time of year, while minimising presence of other species which exploit the same food source
Diversity and abundance are depth dependent qualities. Generally, shallow coastal waters contain far greater numbers of meroplankton than deep, open ocean waters. Most abundant regions occur at depths between 0 and 200 meters of the water column, where light penetration is highest. Availability of sunlight allows for proliferation of
770:. In order to ensure that larvae have sufficient sources of nutrition, many species coordinate larval release with times of algal blooms. This synchronicity between release of larvae and algal blooms often leads to meroplankton making up the largest percentage of the planktonic community during such reproductive periods. It has been demonstrated that certain species are able to commence spawning as they come into contact with
698:
640:
685:
42:
744:
The distribution of meroplankton is also highly seasonal. Many meroplankton have short residence times in the pelagic zone which follow seasonal reproduction patterns. The timing of meroplankton population rises can be used as a proxy to estimate the timing of seasonal reproduction of the species in
719:
depends on spatial distribution and reproductive habits of adults in a given area. Biotic and abiotic factors such as tidal and lunar cycles and availability of food determine adult spawning schedules, in turn, determining subsequent meroplankton populations. Behavioural factors, such as predator
782:
Meroplankton diversity and abundance are affected by many factors. Seasonal and spatial variations are among some of the main causes of such variability. A study which was conducted in
Dunkellin Estuary, determined that spawning times of many species are timed to maximise food availability at a
753:
Survival rate of
Meroplankton is critical to successful development of adult organisms. One factor which often determines meroplankton survival is larval dispersal. Most species within the meroplankton community rely on ocean currents for dispersal. Currents play a key role in delivering larval
843:
larvae were found to increase in abundance as well, and were found to appear earlier in the year. Bivalve larvae showed an overall decline in abundance. It was also concluded that PCI levels increased throughout the study, particularly during the summer months. It was determined that climate,
1153:
5. Brink L., Brubaker J., Hooff R., Largier J., Shanks A.L, 2002. Observations on the distribution of meroplankton during a downwelling event and associated intrusion of the
Chesapeake Bay estuarine plume. Journal of Plankton Research. Vo. 24, No. 4, pp.
28:
720:
avoidance are also important. Freshwater inputs play a key role in meroplankton species composition in estuarine environments. Effects of tides contribute greatly to meroplankton species distribution. One study conducted in a
Patagonian
1173:
2. Arntz W.E., Schnack-Schiel S., Thatje S., 2003. Developmental trade-offs in
Subantarctic meroplankton communities and the enigma of low decapod diversity in high southern latitudes. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vo. 260, pp.
754:
organisms to specific settlement locations, where they are able to transition and mature into adult forms. Organisms which do not make it to the right settlement site are unlikely to complete their lifecycle.
1210:
4. Beaugrand G., Kirby R. R., Lindley J. A., 2008. Climate-induced effects on the meroplankton and the benthic-pelagic ecology of the North Sea. American
Society of Limnology and Oceanography, pp. 1805–1815
736:
also affect meroplankton species distribution. Most species are swept in the direction of the flow of water, either off shore during an upwelling or near shore during a downwelling. Some species, such as
1163:
3. Attrill M.J., Conway D.V.P., Eloire D., Highfeild J.M., Lindeque P.K., SomerfeildP.J., 2010. Seasonal dynamics of meroplankton assemblages at station L4. Journal of
Plankton Research. Vol. 00, No. 0,
1201:
6. Kulikova V. A., Omelyanenko V. A., Tarasov V. G. 2004. Effect of
Pollution on the Meroplankton of Gaidamak Bight (Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan), Russian Journal of Ecology, Vo. 35, No. 2, pp. 91-97
101:
their young. Depending on the particular species and the environmental conditions, larval or juvenile-stage meroplankton may remain in the pelagic zone for durations ranging from hour to months.
795:
Water and benthos pollution from industrial sources has been demonstrated to have varying effects on biological diversity and survival potential of meroplankton. One study conducted in the
1956:
1135:
7. Castrob L., R., Meerhoffa E., Tapiab F. J. 2014. Spatial structure of the meroplankton community along a
Patagonian Fjord – The Role of Changing Freshwater Inputs. Vo. 129A, pp.125-135
1183:
8. Byrne, P., 1995. Seasonal Composition of Meroplankton in the Dunkellin Estuary, Galway Bay. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Vo. 95B, No. 1, pp. 35–48
1976:
839:) were examined. Researchers concluded that echinoderm larvae increased in abundance throughout the study, with the largest increase occurring in the Northern and Central regions.
1144:
10. Brubaker J., Largier J., Shanks A.L., 2003. Observations on the Distribution of Meroplankton During an Upwelling Event. Journal of Plankton Research. Vo. 25, No 6, pp: 645-667
1192:
9. Gallego R., Lavery S., Sewell M.A., 2014. Meroplankton Community of the Oceanic Ross Sea During Late Summer. Antarctic Science Antarctic Science, Vo. 26, No. 4, pp. 345–360
844:
particularly sea surface temperature, drives meroplankton abundance. Warmer sea surface temperature shortens developmental time of the larvae, increasing their survival rate.
623:
112:
and dormancy in the benthic zone followed by excystment and reproduction in the pelagic zone before returning to the benthic zone once more. There also exist meroplanktonic
787:, which serves as one of the major food sources for meroplankton. Deep oceanic waters show significantly lower abundance than shelf regions, due to poor light penetration.
1008:"Seasonal occurrence of planktonic dinoflagellates and cyst production in relationship to environmental variables in subtropical Bahı´a Concepción, Gulf of California"
1966:
671:
97:
make up a significant proportion of planktonic communities. The planktonic larval stage is particularly crucial to many benthic invertebrate in order to
1372:
1896:
1287:
1074:
2007:
774:
cells. These species store embryos in the mantle cavity until they detect algal blooms. This adaptation allows for better larval survival.
1097:"Effects of light, temperature and habitat quality on meroplanktonic diatom rejuvenation in Lake Erie: implications for seasonal hypoxia"
957:"Diversity and Distribution of Meroplanktonic Larvae in the Pacific Arctic and Connectivity With Adult Benthic Invertebrate Communities"
1251:
835:, cirripedes, and ectoprocts. Meroplankton abundance as well as PCI levels (amount of chlorophyll in each sample in relation to
664:
527:
156:
1961:
567:
762:
A major factor affecting meroplankton survival is food availability. While some larval or juvenile stage organisms are
1886:
1397:
1007:
724:
found that species composition of the meroplankton community depended on the seasonally varying input levels from the
256:
1876:
1377:
1342:
618:
225:
1931:
657:
582:
1997:
1593:
1465:
1452:
1871:
1851:
1317:
836:
603:
572:
249:
823:
between 1958-2005, collected samples of meroplankton using a CPR survey. These samples consisted of larval
1881:
1733:
1244:
577:
450:
1926:
1753:
1696:
1431:
1297:
1054:
2002:
1678:
1478:
1382:
1347:
507:
271:
1921:
1856:
1623:
1612:
1489:
1472:
725:
716:
591:
512:
430:
86:
1357:
728:
as well as vertical and horizontal stratification of the water column. Events such as wind driven
1035:
988:
596:
532:
414:
366:
355:
350:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1628:
1547:
1392:
1312:
1237:
1118:
1070:
1027:
644:
537:
318:
244:
1758:
1738:
1662:
1536:
1483:
1422:
1108:
1062:
1019:
978:
968:
911:
239:
198:
98:
899:
1866:
1743:
1569:
1553:
1541:
1282:
863:
562:
460:
419:
409:
302:
1055:"Diversity of dinoflagellate life cycles: facets and implications of complex strategies"
1936:
1667:
1582:
1458:
763:
522:
502:
470:
375:
307:
203:
109:
105:
697:
1991:
1946:
1916:
1801:
1796:
1523:
1500:
1437:
1407:
1402:
992:
784:
771:
707:
475:
329:
261:
174:
1039:
1941:
1836:
1763:
1718:
1690:
1587:
1563:
1412:
1337:
1307:
1292:
858:
741:
larvae, have the ability to maintain their nearshore position during these events.
684:
517:
455:
395:
291:
266:
193:
188:
94:
71:
67:
59:
1906:
1891:
1841:
1706:
1530:
1327:
1322:
1277:
868:
824:
767:
733:
613:
608:
557:
497:
489:
400:
179:
117:
27:
1791:
1728:
1657:
1649:
1447:
1442:
1387:
1223:
931:
796:
703:
689:
323:
234:
33:
1122:
1031:
973:
956:
104:
Not all meroplankton are larvae or juvenile stages of larger organisms. Many
1861:
1846:
1786:
1768:
1748:
1723:
1684:
1672:
1512:
1113:
1096:
916:
820:
808:
729:
17:
77:
After a period of time in the plankton, many meroplankton graduate to the
1911:
1617:
1576:
1558:
1332:
1269:
1260:
1023:
853:
840:
832:
828:
804:
738:
339:
217:
166:
148:
90:
55:
1971:
1901:
1778:
1517:
983:
121:
82:
41:
1633:
1604:
873:
800:
334:
296:
113:
78:
1066:
1053:
Kremp, A. (2013), Lewis, J. M.; Marret, F.; Bradley, L. R. (eds.),
721:
696:
683:
129:
63:
62:
stages in their life cycles. Much of the meroplankton consists of
40:
26:
1951:
125:
1233:
66:
stages of larger organism. Meroplankton can be contrasted with
1006:
Morquecho, Lourdes; Lechuga-Devéze, Carlos H. (2004-01-01).
1229:
900:"Year-round meroplankton dynamics in high-Arctic Svalbard"
1059:
Biological and Geological Perspectives of Dinoflagellates
54:
are a wide variety of aquatic organisms which have both
1829:
1777:
1705:
1648:
1603:
1499:
1421:
1365:
1267:
108:are meroplanktonic, undergoing a seasonal cycle of
1061:, Geological Society of London, pp. 197–205,
70:, which are planktonic organisms that stay in the
766:, many members of the meroplankton community are
116:; these have a seasonal resting phase below the
74:as plankton throughout their entire life cycle.
1095:Lashaway, A. R.; Carrick, H. J. (2010-04-01).
1245:
955:Ershova, E. A.; Descoteaux, R. (2019-08-13).
898:Stübner, E. I.; Søreide, J. E. (2016-01-27).
665:
8:
1711:
1505:
1252:
1238:
1230:
672:
658:
139:
1112:
982:
972:
915:
885:
807:, which retain much of the heavy metal
147:
120:and can be found commonly amongst the
7:
893:
891:
889:
25:
1356:
639:
638:
155:
815:Meroplankton and climate change
93:. The larval stages of benthic
1:
1288:High lipid content microalgae
528:Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt
1101:Journal of Plankton Research
904:Journal of Plankton Research
2008:Oceanographical terminology
1887:Fish diseases and parasites
1398:Photosynthetic picoplankton
961:Frontiers in Marine Science
257:Photosynthetic picoplankton
2024:
1877:Dimethylsulfoniopropionate
1378:Heterotrophic picoplankton
819:A study conducted in the
226:Heterotrophic picoplankton
1932:Marine primary production
1714:
1508:
1354:
583:Marine primary production
1852:Algal nutrient solutions
1594:Thalassiosira pseudonana
1466:Flavobacterium columnare
1453:Enteric redmouth disease
974:10.3389/fmars.2019.00490
702:Early larval state of a
1872:Diel vertical migration
1388:Microphyte (microalgae)
1373:Eukaryotic picoplankton
1318:Paradox of the plankton
837:sea surface temperature
778:Diversity and abundance
604:Paradox of the plankton
573:Diel vertical migration
1734:Gelatinous zooplankton
712:
694:
451:Gelatinous zooplankton
48:
38:
1927:Marine microorganisms
1697:Velvet (fish disease)
1432:Aeromonas salmonicida
1298:Marine microorganisms
1114:10.1093/plankt/fbp147
917:10.1093/plankt/fbv124
700:
687:
44:
30:
1679:Pfiesteria piscicida
1479:Marine bacteriophage
1383:Marine microplankton
1024:10.1515/BOT.2004.037
791:Effects of pollution
508:Cyanobacterial bloom
272:Marine microplankton
136:Spatial distribution
1922:Ocean acidification
1857:Artificial seawater
1624:Coscinodiscophyceae
1490:Streptococcus iniae
1473:Pelagibacter ubique
1226:(Australian Museum)
717:species composition
592:Ocean fertilization
513:Harmful algal bloom
431:Freshwater plankton
143:Part of a series on
89:) lifestyle on the
713:
706:larva (drawing by
695:
692:of a spiny lobster
533:Great Calcite Belt
49:
39:
1985:
1984:
1825:
1824:
1812:Siphonostomatoida
1807:Poecilostomatoida
1759:Crustacean larvae
1663:Choanoflagellates
1644:
1643:
1634:Bacillariophyceae
1629:Fragilariophyceae
1548:Emiliania huxleyi
1393:Nanophytoplankton
1313:Milky seas effect
1076:978-1-86239-368-4
758:Food availability
682:
681:
538:Milky seas effect
245:Nanophytoplankton
16:(Redirected from
2015:
1739:Hunting copepods
1712:
1537:Chaetocerotaceae
1506:
1423:Bacterioplankton
1360:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1231:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1003:
997:
996:
986:
976:
952:
946:
945:
943:
942:
928:
922:
921:
919:
895:
674:
667:
660:
647:
642:
641:
303:coccolithophores
240:Microzooplankton
199:Bacterioplankton
159:
140:
21:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2012:
1998:Aquatic ecology
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1912:Marine mucilage
1867:Biological pump
1821:
1773:
1744:Ichthyoplankton
1701:
1668:Dinoflagellates
1640:
1599:
1570:Nannochloropsis
1554:Eustigmatophyte
1542:Coccolithophore
1495:
1417:
1361:
1352:
1283:CLAW hypothesis
1263:
1258:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1067:10.1144/tms5.18
1052:
1051:
1047:
1012:Botanica Marina
1005:
1004:
1000:
954:
953:
949:
940:
938:
930:
929:
925:
897:
896:
887:
882:
864:Ichthyoplankton
850:
817:
793:
780:
760:
751:
711:
693:
678:
637:
630:
629:
628:
587:
563:CLAW hypothesis
552:
544:
543:
542:
492:
482:
481:
480:
461:Ichthyoplankton
445:
437:
436:
435:
426:
410:Marine plankton
405:
390:
382:
381:
380:
371:
362:
346:
326:
314:
308:dinoflagellates
299:
286:
278:
277:
276:
230:
220:
210:
209:
208:
184:
169:
138:
106:dinoflagellates
47:
37:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1937:Pseudoplankton
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1830:Related topics
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1779:Copepod orders
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
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1646:
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1641:
1639:
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1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1583:Prasinophyceae
1580:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1459:Flavobacterium
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
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1362:
1355:
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1315:
1310:
1305:
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1249:
1242:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1166:
1156:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1107:(4): 479–490.
1087:
1075:
1045:
998:
947:
923:
910:(3): 522–536.
884:
883:
881:
878:
877:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
849:
846:
816:
813:
792:
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560:
554:
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551:Related topics
550:
549:
546:
545:
541:
540:
535:
530:
525:
523:Eutrophication
520:
515:
510:
505:
503:Critical depth
500:
494:
493:
488:
487:
484:
483:
479:
478:
473:
471:Pseudoplankton
468:
463:
458:
453:
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
434:
433:
427:
425:
424:
423:
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403:
398:
392:
391:
388:
387:
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379:
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372:
370:
369:
363:
361:
360:
359:
358:
347:
345:
344:
343:
342:
337:
332:
330:foraminiferans
327:
315:
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305:
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177:
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145:
144:
137:
134:
45:
32:Assemblage of
31:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2020:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:Tychoplankton
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1917:Microbial mat
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
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1875:
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1855:
1853:
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1840:
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1835:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:Monstrilloida
1800:
1798:
1797:Harpacticoida
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1754:Marine larvae
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1605:Diatom orders
1602:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1524:Bacteriastrum
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:Phytoplankton
1498:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1438:Cyanobacteria
1436:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1408:Picoeukaryote
1406:
1404:
1403:Picobiliphyte
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
999:
994:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
948:
937:
933:
927:
924:
918:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
892:
890:
886:
879:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
847:
845:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
814:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
790:
788:
786:
785:phytoplankton
777:
775:
773:
772:phytoplankton
769:
768:heterotrophic
765:
764:lecitotrophic
757:
755:
748:
746:
742:
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
715:Meroplankton
709:
705:
699:
691:
686:
675:
670:
668:
663:
661:
656:
655:
653:
652:
646:
636:
635:
634:
633:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
598:
595:
594:
593:
590:
589:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
548:
547:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
491:
486:
485:
477:
476:Tychoplankton
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
441:
440:
432:
429:
428:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
411:
408:
407:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
386:
385:
377:
374:
373:
368:
365:
364:
357:
356:cyanobacteria
354:
353:
352:
349:
348:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
325:
322:
321:
320:
317:
316:
309:
306:
304:
301:
298:
295:
294:
293:
290:
289:
282:
281:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
262:Picoeukaryote
260:
258:
255:
251:
248:
247:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
227:
224:
223:
219:
214:
213:
205:
204:Virioplankton
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
181:
178:
176:
175:Phytoplankton
173:
172:
168:
163:
162:
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
142:
141:
135:
133:
131:
130:coastal zones
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
95:invertebrates
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
46:Icefish larva
43:
35:
29:
19:
1942:Stromatolite
1837:Aeroplankton
1764:Salmon louse
1719:Chaetognatha
1691:Symbiodinium
1689:
1677:
1592:
1588:Raphidophyte
1575:
1568:
1564:Stramenopile
1546:
1529:
1522:
1488:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1430:
1413:Picoplankton
1338:Spring bloom
1308:Mycoplankton
1303:Meroplankton
1302:
1293:Holoplankton
1224:Meroplankton
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1169:
1159:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1080:, retrieved
1058:
1048:
1015:
1011:
1001:
964:
960:
950:
939:. Retrieved
935:
926:
907:
903:
859:Holoplankton
818:
794:
781:
761:
752:
743:
714:
518:Spring bloom
466:Meroplankton
465:
456:Holoplankton
396:Aeroplankton
324:radiolarians
267:Picoplankton
194:Mycoplankton
189:Mixoplankton
167:Trophic mode
103:
76:
72:pelagic zone
68:holoplankton
52:Meroplankton
51:
50:
18:Meroplanktic
2003:Planktology
1907:Manta trawl
1892:Heterotroph
1842:Algaculture
1707:Zooplankton
1650:Flagellates
1531:Chaetoceros
1484:SAR11 clade
1343:Thin layers
1328:Planktology
1323:Planktivore
1278:Algal bloom
984:10037/16483
869:Zooplankton
825:echinoderms
734:downwelling
726:Baker river
690:Larva stage
619:Thin layers
614:Planktology
609:Planktivore
558:Algaculture
498:Algal bloom
444:Other types
415:prokaryotes
401:Geoplankton
285:By taxonomy
180:Zooplankton
118:photic zone
81:or adopt a
1992:Categories
1902:Macroalgae
1862:Autotrophs
1792:Cyclopoida
1729:Ctenophora
1658:Brevetoxin
1448:Cyanotoxin
1443:Cyanobiont
1082:2020-06-13
941:2020-06-13
936:Britannica
932:"Plankton"
880:References
799:region in
797:Vostok Bay
745:question.
704:sea urchin
389:By habitat
319:Protozoans
250:calcareous
235:Microalgae
110:encystment
56:planktonic
34:planktonic
1847:Algal mat
1787:Calanoida
1769:Sea louse
1749:Jellyfish
1724:Ciguatera
1685:Saxitoxin
1673:Flagellum
1622:Classes:
1613:Centrales
1513:Auxospore
1123:0142-7873
1032:0006-8055
993:199638114
821:North Sea
809:pollution
805:sediments
749:Dispersal
730:upwelling
36:organisms
1618:Pennales
1577:Navicula
1559:Frustule
1333:Red tide
1270:plankton
1261:Plankton
1040:85192840
854:Plankton
848:See also
833:bivalves
829:decapods
645:Category
420:protists
351:Bacteria
340:ciliates
149:Plankton
99:disperse
91:seafloor
1972:MOCNESS
1882:f-ratio
1817:More...
1518:Axodine
1366:By size
1348:More...
1218:Sources
1174:195-207
1164:pp.1-11
1154:391-416
841:Decapod
739:bivalve
708:Haeckel
578:f-ratio
376:Viruses
367:Archaea
335:amoebae
297:diatoms
218:By size
122:benthos
114:diatoms
87:sessile
85:(often
83:benthic
60:benthic
1967:AusCPR
1957:C-MORE
1268:About
1121:
1073:
1038:
1030:
991:
874:Nekton
801:Russia
643:
624:NAAMES
490:Blooms
79:nekton
64:larval
1036:S2CID
1018:(4).
989:S2CID
722:Fjord
292:Algae
126:lakes
1977:SCAR
1952:Zoid
1897:HNLC
1119:ISSN
1071:ISBN
1028:ISSN
732:and
597:iron
128:and
58:and
1962:CPR
1109:doi
1063:doi
1020:doi
979:hdl
969:doi
912:doi
568:CPR
124:of
1994::
1117:.
1105:32
1103:.
1099:.
1069:,
1057:,
1034:.
1026:.
1016:47
1014:.
1010:.
987:.
977:.
967:.
963:.
959:.
934:.
908:38
906:.
902:.
888:^
831:,
827:,
811:.
132:.
1253:e
1246:t
1239:v
1125:.
1111::
1065::
1042:.
1022::
995:.
981::
971::
965:6
944:.
920:.
914::
710:)
673:e
666:t
659:v
20:)
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