6913:
2389:
1237:, and recycler groups, but some plankton are able to benefit from more than just one trophic level. In this mixed trophic strategyâknown as mixotrophyâorganisms act as both producers and consumers, either at the same time or switching between modes of nutrition in response to ambient conditions. This makes it possible to use photosynthesis for growth when nutrients and light are abundant, but switch to eating phytoplankton, zooplankton or each other when growing conditions are poor. Mixotrophs are divided into two groups; constitutive mixotrophs (CMs) which are able to perform photosynthesis on their own, and non-constitutive mixotrophs (NCMs) which use
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3211:. These bacteria benefit not only from the food provided by the chiton from the zooplankton, but also from the protection from acidic environments. Once the copepods have been ingested by a human host, the chitinous exterior protects the bacteria from the stomach acids in the stomach and proceed to the intestines. Once there, the bacteria bind with the surface of the small intestine and the host will start developing symptoms, including extreme diarrhea, within five days.
2895:
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1826:
These aerosols are able to remain suspended in the atmosphere for about 31 days. Evidence suggests that bacteria can remain viable after being transported inland through aerosols. Some reached as far as 200 meters at 30 meters above sea level. The process which transfers this material to the atmosphere causes further enrichment in both bacteria and viruses in comparison to either the SML or sub-surface waters (up to three orders of magnitude in some locations).
3190:. Essentially, this research is focused on understanding whether changes in the food web are driven by nutrients at the bottom of the food web or predators at the top. The general conclusion is that the bottom-up approach seemed to be more predictive of food web behavior. This indicates that plankton have more sway in determining the success of the primary consumer species that prey on them than do the secondary consumers that prey on the primary consumers.
3023:
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72:
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nutrient supply, while light often limits phytoplankton growth in subarctic gyres. Environmental variability at multiple scales influences the nutrient and light available for phytoplankton, and as these organisms form the base of the marine food web, this variability in phytoplankton growth influences higher trophic levels. For example, at interannual scales phytoplankton levels temporarily plummet during
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2420:
1942:
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1798:. Additionally, peripatetic microorganisms are swept into the air from terrestrial dust storms, and an even larger amount of airborne marine microorganisms are propelled high into the atmosphere in sea spray. Aeroplankton deposits hundreds of millions of airborne viruses and tens of millions of bacteria every day on every square meter around the planet.
3983:
Karsenti, Eric; Acinas, Silvia G.; Bork, Peer; Bowler, Chris; De Vargas, Colomban; Raes, Jeroen; Sullivan, Matthew; Arendt, Detlev; Benzoni, Francesca; Claverie, Jean-Michel; Follows, Mick; Gorsky, Gaby; Hingamp, Pascal; Iudicone, Daniele; Jaillon, Olivier; Kandels-Lewis, Stefanie; Krzic, Uros; Not,
1825:
can be transported long distances to coastal regions. If they hit land they can have an effect on animal, vegetation and human health. Marine aerosols that contain viruses can travel hundreds of kilometers from their source and remain in liquid form as long as the humidity is high enough (over 70%).
1625:
However, some of these terms may be used with very different boundaries, especially on the larger end. The existence and importance of nano- and even smaller plankton was only discovered during the 1980s, but they are thought to make up the largest proportion of all plankton in number and diversity.
3163:
Of all animal fecal matter, it is whale feces that is the 'trophy' in terms of increasing nutrient availability. Phytoplankton are the powerhouse of open ocean primary production and they can acquire many nutrients from whale feces. In the marine food web, phytoplankton are at the base of the food
3154:
The importance of both phytoplankton and zooplankton is also well-recognized in extensive and semi-intensive pond fish farming. Plankton population-based pond management strategies for fish rearing have been practiced by traditional fish farmers for decades, illustrating the importance of plankton
1988:
that eat smaller plankton, while fish eggs carry their food supply. Both eggs and larvae are themselves eaten by larger animals. Fish can produce high numbers of eggs which are often released into the open water column. Fish eggs typically have a diameter of about 1 millimetre (0.039 in). The
2842:
The growth of phytoplankton populations is dependent on light levels and nutrient availability. The chief factor limiting growth varies from region to region in the world's oceans. On a broad scale, growth of phytoplankton in the oligotrophic tropical and subtropical gyres is generally limited by
2265:
or by disruption of the substrate and subsequent entrainment in the water column. Tychoplankton are, therefore, a primary subdivision for sorting planktonic organisms by duration of lifecycle spent in the plankton, as neither their entire lives nor particular reproductive portions are confined to
2854:
The effects of anthropogenic warming on the global population of phytoplankton is an area of active research. Changes in the vertical stratification of the water column, the rate of temperature-dependent biological reactions, and the atmospheric supply of nutrients are expected to have important
2817:
production, and thus regulates how much organic material is recycled back to the marine environment. Low feeding rates typically lead to high absorption efficiency and small, dense pellets, while high feeding rates typically lead to low absorption efficiency and larger pellets with more organic
3146:
It's been shown that plankton can be patchy in marine environments where there aren't significant fish populations and additionally, where fish are abundant, zooplankton dynamics are influenced by the fish predation rate in their environment. Depending on the predation rate, they could express
2813:(AE) of plankton is the proportion of food absorbed by the plankton that determines how available the consumed organic materials are in meeting the required physiological demands. Depending on the feeding rate and prey composition, variations in absorption efficiency may lead to variations in
1848:
which lay resilient eggs capable of surviving years in dry environments, and some of which can go dormant themselves. Nematodes are usually microscopic with this lifestyle. Water bears, despite only having lifespans of a few months, famously can enter suspended animation during dry or hostile
3487:
2429:
Apart from aeroplankton, plankton inhabits oceans, seas, lakes and ponds. Local abundance varies horizontally, vertically and seasonally. The primary cause of this variability is the availability of light. All plankton ecosystems are driven by the input of solar energy (but see
1980:, meaning they cannot swim effectively under their own power, but must drift with the ocean currents. Fish eggs cannot swim at all, and are unambiguously planktonic. Early stage larvae swim poorly, but later stage larvae swim better and cease to be planktonic as they grow into
1257:. Studies have shown that mixotrophs are much more important for marine ecology than previously assumed and comprise more than half of all microscopic plankton. Their presence acts as a buffer that prevents the collapse of ecosystems during times with little to no light.
2830:. Smaller prey are ingested whole, whereas larger prey may be fed on more "sloppily", that is more biomatter is released through inefficient consumption. There is also evidence that diet composition can impact nutrient release, with carnivorous diets releasing more
458:
is more strictly the correct adjective. When deriving
English words from their Greek or Latin roots, the gender-specific ending (in this case, "-on" which indicates the word is neuter) is normally dropped, using only the root of the word in the derivation.
1997:(for nourishment), and are very different in appearance from juvenile and adult specimens. The larval period in oviparous fish is relatively short (usually only several weeks), and larvae rapidly grow and change appearance and structure (a process termed
3150:
A negative effect that fish larvae can have on planktonic algal blooms is that the larvae will prolong the blooming event by diminishing available zooplankton numbers; this in turn permits excessive phytoplankton growth allowing the bloom to flourish .
4123:
Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Green, M. C., Lowenthal, D. H., Bates, B., Oslund, W., & Torre, G. (2000). Cross-border transport and spatial variability of suspended particles in
Mexicali and California's Imperial Valley. Atmospheric Environment, 34,
1700:
3138:
to external feeding. Fish rely on the density and distribution of zooplankton to match that of new larvae, which can otherwise starve. Natural factors (e.g., current variations, temperature changes) and man-made factors (e.g. river dams,
4076:
Blanchard, D.C., 1983. The production, distribution and bacterial enrichment of the sea-salt aerosol. In: Liss, P.S., Slinn, W.G.N. ĆœEds.., AirâSea
Exchange of Gases and Particles. D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp.
4113:
Moorthy, K. K., Satheesh, S. K., & Krishna Murthy, B.V. (1998). Characteristics ofspectral optical depths and size distributions of aerosols over tropical oceanic regions. Journal of
Atmospheric and SolarâTerrestrial Physics, 60,
2388:
3049:
2822:(DOM) release is respiration rate. Physical factors such as oxygen availability, pH, and light conditions may affect overall oxygen consumption and how much carbon is loss from zooplankton in the form of respired CO
2972:
2005:
prey, a process which depends on typically inadequate zooplankton density, starving many larvae. In time fish larvae become able to swim against currents, at which point they cease to be plankton and become
2424:
World concentrations of surface ocean chlorophyll as viewed by satellite during the northern spring, averaged from 1998 to 2004. Chlorophyll is a marker for the distribution and abundance of phytoplankton.
7072:
7564:
4133:
Aller, J., Kuznetsova, M., Jahns, C., Kemp, P. (2005) The sea surface microlayer as a source of viral and bacterial enrichment in marine aerosols. Journal of aerosol science. Vol. 36, pp. 801-812.
2181:
their young. Depending on the particular species and the environmental conditions, larval or juvenile-stage meroplankton may remain in the pelagic zone for durations ranging from hours to months.
2914:
3984:
Fabrice; Ogata, Hiroyuki; Pesant, Stéphane; Reynaud, Emmanuel
Georges; Sardet, Christian; Sieracki, Michael E.; Speich, Sabrina; Velayoudon, Didier; Weissenbach, Jean; Wincker, Patrick (2011).
2317:
1895:
are fragile animals that live in the water column in the ocean. Their delicate bodies have no hard parts and are easily damaged or destroyed. Gelatinous zooplankton are often transparent. All
3164:
web and are consumed by zooplankton & krill, which are preyed upon by larger and larger marine organisms, including whales, so it can be said that whale poop fuels the entire food web.
2759:) into the water as a waste byproduct. It is estimated that about 50% of the world's oxygen is produced via phytoplankton photosynthesis. The rest is produced via photosynthesis on land by
6536:
2935:
2894:
4095:
WHO, 1998. Draft guidelines for safe recreational water environments: coastal and fresh waters, draft for consultation. World Health
Organization, Geneva, EOSrDRAFTr98 14, pp. 207â299.
3186:
Plankton also make up the base of the marine food web, providing food for all the trophic levels above. Recent studies have analyzed the marine food web to see if the system runs on a
6556:
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conditions and survive for decades. This allows them to be ubiquitous in terrestrial environments despite needing water to grow and reproduce. Many microscopic crustacean groups like
2341:
7067:
3003:
2298:
3069:
1644:
996:
4145:
Marks, R., Kruczalak, K., Jankowska, K., & Michalska, M. (2001). Bacteria and fungi in air over the GulfofGdansk and Baltic sea. Journal of
Aerosol Science, 32, 237â250.
454:
is widely used in both the scientific and popular literature, and is a generally accepted term. However, from the standpoint of prescriptive grammar, the less-commonly used
4197:
2261:
and other non-planktonic organisms, that are carried into the plankton through a disturbance of their benthic habitat, or by winds and currents. This can occur by direct
4104:
Klassen, R. D., & Roberge, P. R. (1999). Aerosol transport modeling as an aid to understanding atmospheric corrosivity patterns. Materials & Design, 20, 159â168.
6912:
3100:
7097:
6546:
210:
Although plankton are usually thought of as inhabiting water, there are also airborne versions that live part of their lives drifting in the atmosphere. These
2855:
impacts on future phytoplankton productivity. Additionally, changes in the mortality of phytoplankton due to rates of zooplankton grazing may be significant.
6589:
3084:
5123:
3034:
2368:
345:
to "drift" or "wander". While some forms are capable of independent movement and can swim hundreds of meters vertically in a single day (a behavior called
6937:
2957:
2177:
make up a significant proportion of planktonic communities. The planktonic larval stage is particularly crucial to many benthic invertebrates in order to
465:
1927:, contain gelatinous species, but many of those odd species live in the open ocean and the deep sea and are less available to the casual ocean observer.
1044:
3589:
Wang, G.; Wang, X.; Liu, X.; Li, Q. (2012). "Diversity and biogeochemical function of planktonic fungi in the ocean". In
Raghukumar, Chandralata (ed.).
1192:, which play an important role in remineralising organic material down the water column (note that prokaryotic phytoplankton are also bacterioplankton).
5389:
1241:
to engulf phototrophic prey that are either kept alive inside the host cell, which benefits from its photosynthesis, or they digested, except for the
4711:
3402:
203:
plankton are similar to marine plankton, but are found in lakes and rivers. Mostly plankton just drift where currents take them, though some, like
7087:
5952:
2764:
3903:
Chust, G., Vogt, M., Benedetti, F., Nakov, T., Villéger, S., Aubert, A., Vallina, S.M., Righetti, D., Not, F., Biard, T. and
Bittner, L.(2017) "
6476:
5867:
1282:
organisms with different sizes, shapes, feeding strategies, ecological functions, life cycle characteristics, and environmental sensitivities.
4086:
Wallace Jr., G.T., Duce, R.A., 1978. Transport of particulate organic matter by bubbles in marine waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 23 Ćœ6., 1155â1167.
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in size, and many can be difficult to identify because of their tiny size. Scientists can collect them for study in traps and sweep nets from
5720:
5705:
5690:
5675:
4053:
3967:
3942:
3600:
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3470:
2495:. Iron primarily reaches the ocean through the deposition of dust on the sea surface. Paradoxically, oceanic areas adjacent to unproductive,
7679:
7102:
4867:
VĂĄzquez-DomĂnguez, E.; VaquĂ©, D.; Gasol, JM. (2007). "Ocean warming enhances respiration and carbon demand of coastal microbial plankton".
3875:
3143:, rising temperatures) can strongly affect zooplankton, which can in turn strongly affect larval survival, and therefore breeding success.
247:
includes organisms over a wide range of sizes, including large organisms such as jellyfish. This is because plankton are defined by their
2518:
While plankton are most abundant in surface waters, they live throughout the water column. At depths where no primary production occurs,
7200:
7062:
4437:"Diversity and Distribution of Meroplanktonic Larvae in the Pacific Arctic and Connectivity With Adult Benthic Invertebrate Communities"
5306:"Fate of organic carbon released from decomposing copepod fecal pellets in relation to bacterial production and ectoenzymatic activity"
1253:
Recognition of the importance of mixotrophy as an ecological strategy is increasing, as well as the wider role this may play in marine
485:
5831:
4596:
4569:
4536:
3336:
5265:"Production of dissolved organic carbon by sloppy feeding in the copepods Acartia tonsa, Centropages typicus, and Temora longicornis"
4034:
A. C. Hardy and P. S. Milne (1938) Studies in the
Distribution of Insects by Aerial Currents. Journal of Animal Ecology, 7(2):199-229
1840:
Many animals live in terrestrial environments by thriving in transient often microscopic bodies of water and moisture, these include
7092:
4965:"Temperature control of microbial respiration and growth efficiency in the mesopelagic zone of the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans"
4497:
4325:
3279:
4922:"Temperature effects on the heterotrophic bacteria, heterotrophic nanoflagellates, and microbial top predators of NW Mediterranean"
3022:
228:. They may also include microorganisms swept into the air from terrestrial dust storms and oceanic plankton swept into the air by
7664:
6727:
6582:
2988:
2675:. However, it has been shown to be influenced by increments of temperature. In 2019, a study indicated that at ongoing rates of
2699:
2663:, so it sinks into open ocean ecosystems away from the coastlines, transporting carbon along with it. This process, called the
2469:. In such regions, primary production usually occurs at greater depth, although at a reduced level (because of reduced light).
5797:
1899:
are gelatinous zooplankton, but not all gelatinous zooplankton are jellyfish. The most commonly encountered organisms include
7554:
2526:
instead consume organic material sinking from more productive surface waters above. This flux of sinking material, so-called
1037:
263:
classification. The "plankton" category differentiates these organisms from those that float on the water's surface, called
4659:
Boyd, P.W.; et al. (2000). "A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by fertilization".
2449:
oceans have abundant light, they experience relatively low primary production because they offer limited nutrients such as
5407:
Medvinsky, Alexander B.; Tikhonova, Irene A.; Aliev, Rubin R.; Li, Bai-Lian; Lin, Zhen-Shan; Malchow, Horst (2001-07-26).
3187:
1314:
900:
4382:
529:
349:), their horizontal position is primarily determined by the surrounding water movement, and plankton typically flow with
7574:
7559:
6682:
6541:
4616:
Martin, J.H.; Fitzwater, S.E. (1988). "Iron-deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in the Northeast Pacific Subarctic".
940:
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38:
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absorb energy from the Sun and nutrients from the water to produce their own nourishment or energy. In the process of
629:
5551:
Frederiksen, Morten; Edwards, Martin; Richardson, Anthony J.; Halliday, Nicholas C.; Wanless, Sarah (November 2006).
3409:
2679:, Antarctic phytoplanktons could become smaller and less effective at storing carbon before the end of the century.
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as plankton throughout their entire life cycle. After some time in the plankton, many meroplankton graduate to the
1218:
991:
598:
1813:. These materials can be transferred from the sea-surface to the atmosphere in the form of wind-generated aqueous
7185:
7079:
6511:
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1689:
Freshwater plankton are similar to marine plankton, but are found inland in the freshwaters of lakes and rivers.
1030:
955:
63:
7674:
7638:
7431:
7426:
6722:
6173:
6045:
6032:
5742:
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are organisms that attach themselves to planktonic organisms or other floating objects, such as drifting wood,
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performing photosynthesis, meaning that the majority of the oxygen available for us and other organisms that
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7150:
7044:
6772:
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and drifting or floating animals that inhabit the saltwater of oceans and the brackish waters of estuaries.
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622:
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6857:
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6461:
6313:
5824:
3442:[On the determination of the plankton or the material floating in the sea on plants and animals].
3225:
1892:
1887:
1802:
950:
823:
5007:
4820:"Warming effects on marine microbial food web processes: how far can we go when it comes to predictions?"
3413:
3207:. These species have been shown to have a symbiotic relationship with chitinous zooplankton species like
144:. In the ocean, they provide a crucial source of food to many small and large aquatic organisms, such as
7584:
7511:
7311:
7286:
7261:
7145:
6892:
6672:
6506:
6333:
6276:
6011:
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4963:
Mazuecos, E.; ArĂstegui, J.; VĂĄzquez-DomĂnguez, E.; Ortega-Retuerta, E.; Gasol, JM.; Reche, I. (2012).
3786:"Marine mixotrophy increases trophic transfer efficiency, mean organism size, and vertical carbon flux"
3725:
Hartmann, M.; Grob, C.; Tarran, G.A.; Martin, A.P.; Burkill, P.H.; Scanlan, D.J.; Zubkov, M.V. (2012).
290:
5774:
4772:
3696:"Modelling mixotrophic functional diversity and implications for ecosystem function - Oxford Journals"
1294:
Plankton are also often described in terms of size. Usually the following divisions are used:
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7281:
6612:
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5962:
5927:
5564:
5420:
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4625:
4209:
3797:
3738:
3547:
3375:
3180:
2640:
2602:
2542:
2538:
2466:
880:
644:
496:
436:
77:
7541:
7195:
7004:
6962:
6732:
6692:
6501:
6436:
6203:
6192:
6069:
6052:
5553:"From plankton to top predators: bottom-up control of a marine food web across four trophic levels"
4528:
3673:
3440:"Uber die Bestimmung des Plankton's oder des im Meere treibenden Materials an Pflanzen und Thieren"
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2901:
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2001:) to become juveniles. During this transition larvae must switch from their yolk sac to feeding on
1404:
1344:
964:
885:
803:
432:
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7456:
7324:
7266:
7160:
7009:
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6812:
6792:
6702:
6645:
5762:
5533:
5056:
4902:
4750:
4692:
4641:
4468:
4233:
3883:
3571:
3563:
3318:
2703:
2622:
2488:
2435:
2328:
2047:
are organisms that are planktic for their entire life cycle. Holoplankton can be contrasted with
1670:
969:
905:
787:
739:
728:
723:
260:
4301:
5232:"Sloppy feeding in marine copepods: Prey-size-dependent production of dissolved organic carbon"
4561:
7659:
7471:
7446:
7349:
7296:
7215:
6882:
6847:
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6747:
6717:
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6598:
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6386:
6208:
6127:
5972:
5892:
5817:
5716:
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5686:
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5627:
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4800:
4742:
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4592:
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4532:
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4321:
4315:
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4059:
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4017:
3963:
3938:
3825:
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3665:
3647:
3596:
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3108:
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2398:
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1743:
1017:
910:
691:
617:
240:
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7271:
7175:
7127:
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5428:
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5317:
5284:
5243:
5204:
5187:
Steinberg, Deborah K.; Landry, Michael R. (2017). "Zooplankton and the Ocean Carbon Cycle".
5169:
5152:
Tappan, Helen (April 1968). "Primary production, isotopes, extinctions and the atmosphere".
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4943:
4933:
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4304:
Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA. Modified 3 September 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
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1949:. In a few days, the sac fry will absorb the yolk sac and start feeding on smaller plankton.
1265:
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612:
571:
248:
207:, swim slowly but not fast enough to generally gain control from the influence of currents.
4161:
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3344:
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to oceanic plankton. Most of the living things that make up aeroplankton are very small to
1204:. Viruses are more abundant in the plankton than bacteria and archaea, though much smaller.
7549:
7516:
7377:
7329:
7205:
7180:
6989:
6942:
6867:
6712:
6697:
6446:
6323:
6149:
6133:
6121:
5862:
5746:
5373:
3230:
3203:
3040:
2925:
2826:. The relative sizes of zooplankton and prey also mediate how much carbon is released via
2804:
2664:
2626:
2584:
2419:
2379:
2359:
2347:
2034:
1953:
1936:
1783:
1634:
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833:
792:
782:
675:
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369:, which can swim against the ambient flow and control their position in the environment.
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5424:
5354:
5280:
5200:
5165:
5095:
4880:
4788:
4773:"The relationship between plankton blooms, the hatching of fish larvae, and recruitment"
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4796:
3450:(12â16). Berlin, Germany: Paul Parey: 1-108 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
3444:
FĂŒnfter Bericht der Kommission zur Wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung der Deutschen Meere
3387:
7653:
7627:
7521:
7486:
7387:
7382:
7357:
6887:
6852:
6827:
6677:
6640:
6526:
6496:
6381:
6376:
6103:
6080:
6017:
5987:
5982:
5792:
5576:
5173:
5060:
4888:
4554:
4516:
4472:
3642:
3617:
3575:
3176:
2848:
2736:
2710:
into the ocean. However, this technique may not be practical at a large scale. Ocean
2672:
2508:
2481:
2473:
2462:
2394:
2254:
2249:
2100:
2007:
1998:
1981:
1755:
1630:
1500:
1279:
1196:
1101:
1066:
1058:
848:
702:
634:
547:
476:
366:
350:
317:
256:
133:
90:
5803:
5711:
Dolan, J.R., Agatha, S., Coats, D.W., Montagnes, D.J.S., Stocker, D.K., eds. (2013).
4754:
4237:
3322:
71:
7622:
7613:
7392:
7372:
7276:
7014:
6897:
6817:
6777:
6767:
6737:
6521:
6416:
6343:
6298:
6270:
6167:
6143:
5992:
5917:
5887:
5882:
5872:
5537:
4906:
4696:
4645:
3220:
2906:
2814:
2731:
2610:
2531:
2446:
2174:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2119:
2096:
2092:
2068:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2019:
1965:
1912:
1728:
1723:
1714:
1613:
1580:
1507:
1392:
1246:
1238:
1201:
1156:
890:
838:
828:
768:
664:
639:
566:
561:
440:
397:
373:
212:
153:
106:
102:
5786:
5623:
4602:
3633:
2438:
to surface waters, and to geographical regions and seasons having abundant light.
4818:
Sarmento, H.; Montoya, JM.; VĂĄzquez-DomĂnguez, E.; VaquĂ©, D.; Gasol, JM. (2010).
4487:
4002:
3590:
7526:
7501:
7496:
7466:
7249:
7225:
7190:
6999:
6902:
6822:
6782:
6635:
6486:
6471:
6421:
6286:
6110:
5907:
5902:
5857:
5339:"Projected 21st century decrease in marine productivity: a multi-model analysis"
4193:
3538:
Emiliani, C. (1991). "Planktic/Planktonic, Nektic/Nektonic, Benthic/Benthonic".
2876:
2792:
2668:
2527:
2519:
2504:
2492:
2375:
2237:
2104:
2060:
2002:
1985:
1973:
1941:
1845:
1835:
1740:
1732:
1600:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1468:
1420:
1388:
1360:
1275:
1234:
1116:
986:
981:
930:
870:
862:
773:
552:
501:
447:
217:
200:
125:
98:
5432:
4221:
7506:
7441:
7230:
7210:
6994:
6967:
6752:
6665:
6371:
6308:
6237:
6229:
6027:
6022:
5967:
5736:â Short film narrated by David Attenborough about the varied roles of plankton
5503:
5289:
5264:
4411:
4390:
3559:
3461:
Karleskint, George; Turner, Richard; Small, James (2013). "17: The Open Sea".
3131:
3013:
3010:
2868:
2844:
2715:
2644:
2590:
2571:
2355:
2262:
2124:
2037:
2029:
1977:
1969:
1924:
1900:
1878:
1858:
1747:
1589:
1561:
1557:
1546:
1527:
1487:
1133:
1078:
696:
607:
417:
409:
129:
5631:
5584:
5521:
5488:"Mathematical Modelling of PlanktonâOxygen Dynamics Under the Climate Change"
5440:
4804:
4453:
4436:
3920:
2236:, which are buoyant. Pseudoplankton are often found in the guts of filtering
7531:
7436:
7220:
6984:
6977:
6952:
6862:
6441:
6426:
6366:
6348:
6328:
6303:
6264:
6252:
6092:
5487:
5248:
5231:
5044:
4178:
4063:
3862:"Uncovered: the mysterious killer triffids that dominate life in our oceans"
3810:
3751:
3711:
3313:
3296:
3075:
3060:
2872:
2598:
2454:
2402:
2218:
2088:
2024:
1957:
1904:
1896:
1854:
1706:
1596:
1511:
1493:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1432:
1384:
1377:
1364:
1340:
1230:
1225:
1082:
1075:
492:
393:
295:
Plankton (organisms that drift with water currents) can be contrasted with
229:
204:
196:
184:
7240:
5649:
5592:
5529:
5448:
5216:
5052:
4853:
4835:
4746:
4688:
4229:
4021:
3829:
3770:
3651:
2763:. Furthermore, phytoplankton photosynthesis has controlled the atmospheric
2441:
A secondary variable is nutrient availability. Although large areas of the
1865:
are known to go dormant when dry and live in transient bodies of water too
1637:, where the viscosity of water is more important than its mass or inertia.
5363:
5338:
4712:"The role of phytoplankton photosynthesis in global biogeochemical cycles"
3175:
Around 70% of the oxygen in the atmosphere is produced in the oceans from
2051:, which are planktic organisms that spend part of their life cycle in the
17:
7481:
7291:
6837:
6757:
6491:
6197:
6156:
6138:
5912:
5104:
5075:
5031:
Chisholm, S.W.; et al. (2001). "Dis-crediting ocean fertilization".
3403:"Microzooplankton: the microscopic (micro) animals (zoo) of the plankton"
3135:
3091:
2660:
2652:
2458:
2308:
2223:
2170:
2072:
1994:
1920:
1916:
1862:
1822:
1806:
1805:, compared to the sub-surface waters, contains elevated concentration of
1763:
1751:
1678:
1523:
1519:
1504:
1476:
1445:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1356:
1352:
1333:
1185:
1125:
712:
413:
252:
192:
172:
160:
121:
110:
83:
59:
Organisms living in water or air that are drifters on the current or wind
5752:
4523:
Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth
2847:
periods, influencing populations of zooplankton, fishes, sea birds, and
450:
and a planktonic individual is referred to as a plankter. The adjective
7491:
7451:
7421:
7399:
7019:
6807:
6707:
6551:
6481:
6358:
6097:
5390:"Animal with an anus that comes and goes could reveal how ours evolved"
4991:
4948:
4897:
4738:
4463:
3567:
3250:
3208:
3198:
2963:
2656:
2636:
2594:
2450:
2442:
2258:
2228:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2162:
2108:
2080:
1850:
1841:
1814:
1810:
1771:
1592:
1549:
1531:
1515:
1496:
1456:
1452:
1400:
1242:
1189:
1149:
1129:
405:
385:
304:
300:
278:
265:
236:
164:
145:
5512:
5322:
5305:
4824:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2905:, the most common bacteria in the ocean, plays a major role in global
2613:. Fish larvae mainly eat zooplankton, which in turn eat phytoplankton
2141:
are a wide variety of aquatic organisms that have both planktonic and
408:(sea floor) existence. Examples of meroplankton include the larvae of
7476:
6802:
6567:
6213:
6184:
5739:
5713:
Biology and Ecology of Tintinnid Ciliates: Models for Marine Plankton
4981:
4964:
4938:
4921:
4680:
4637:
3245:
3235:
2778:
2744:
2632:
2512:
2324:
2304:
2158:
2056:
1961:
1791:
1767:
1553:
1165:
1137:
1097:
707:
669:
472:
354:
296:
272:
221:
180:
94:
5755:â Global coverage database of zooplankton biomass and abundance data
5608:"Effects of Global Climate on Infectious Disease: the Cholera Model"
5008:"Acid oceans are shrinking plankton, fueling faster climate change"
2499:
land thus typically have abundant phytoplankton (e.g., the eastern
1731:
are tiny lifeforms that float and drift in the air, carried by the
4771:
James, Alex; Pitchford, Jonathan W.; Brindley, John (2003-02-01).
3907:: A glimpse into future plankton diversity and ecology research".
2966:
from Antarctica, a translucent ovoid animal with two long antennae
2867:
2857:
2760:
2537:
The local distribution of plankton can be affected by wind-driven
2418:
2351:
2146:
2145:
stages in their life cycles. Much of the meroplankton consists of
2118:
2076:
2023:
1990:
1940:
1908:
1877:
1787:
1786:
that live some part of their life cycle as aeroplankton, often as
1775:
1759:
1713:
can be swept high into the atmosphere and may travel the globe as
1674:
1396:
1264:
1161:
1145:
1089:
1085:
401:
381:
362:
289:
188:
176:
168:
70:
6972:
6531:
3113:
3043:, probably the largest biomass of a single species on the planet
2979:
2707:
2496:
2484:
2477:
2332:
2149:
stages of larger organisms. Meroplankton can be contrasted with
2084:
1795:
1779:
1736:
1408:
1348:
425:
421:
389:
358:
225:
149:
137:
86:. The image contains diverse planktonic organisms, ranging from
62:
This article is about the marine organisms. For other uses, see
7125:
6609:
6571:
5813:
3016:
has a transient anus which forms only when it needs to defecate
2476:
concentrations, some ocean regions are unproductive (so-called
2226:, which contrasts them with true planktonic organisms, such as
1915:
in coastal waters. However, almost all marine phyla, including
7034:
7024:
5733:
4314:
Allen, Dr. Larry G.; Horn, Dr. Michael H. (15 February 2005).
3343:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Archived from
3197:
for deadly parasites in humans. One such case is that of
3078:
seaweed drifts with currents using air bladders to stay afloat
1141:
5758:
5409:"Patchy environment as a factor of complex plankton dynamics"
337:
328:
140:). The individual organisms constituting plankton are called
5683:
Living at Micro Scale: The Unexpected Physics of Being Small
5606:
Lipp, Erin K.; Huq, Anwar; Colwell, Rita R. (October 2002).
4317:
The Ecology of Marine Fishes: California and Adjacent Waters
3960:
Living at micro scale: the unexpected physics of being small
5809:
4527:(. ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press/Elsevier. pp.
3297:"Aeroplankton and the Need for a Global Monitoring Network"
2631:
Primarily by grazing on phytoplankton, zooplankton provide
1968:, less than 200 metres deep, which is sometimes called the
1148:
of larger nektonic animals, such as fish, crustaceans, and
1088:
that live near the water surface where there is sufficient
404:
stage), and then graduate to either a nektic (swimming) or
5769:
Guide to the marine zooplankton of south-eastern Australia
4198:"A Paradigm Shift in the Trophic Importance of Jellyfish?"
4162:"Year-round meroplankton dynamics in high-Arctic Svalbard"
3172:
Plankton have many direct and indirect effects on humans.
2266:
planktonic existence. Tychoplankton are sometimes called
1964:
of fish. They are mostly found in the sunlit zone of the
1754:, kites or balloons. Aeroplankton is made up of numerous
1057:
Plankton are primarily divided into broad functional (or
3055:
Microzooplankton are major grazers of the plankton: two
2289:
Some planktons are protected with mineralized shells or
1817:
due to their high vapour tension and a process known as
1168:, which, like bacterioplankton, are also significant in
5463:"whale poop and phytoplankton, fighting climate change"
4969:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
4588:
Estuarine Research, Monitoring, and Resource Protection
3727:"Mixotrophic basis of Atlantic oligotrophic ecosystems"
3201:, an infection caused by several pathogenic strains of
2682:
It might be possible to increase the ocean's uptake of
400:
are only planktic for part of their lives (usually the
132:) but are unable to actively propel themselves against
42:
2530:, can be especially high following the termination of
5685:. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts
4920:
VĂĄzquez-DomĂnguez, E.; VaquĂ©, D.; Gasol, JM. (2012).
4560:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
4492:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 96.
3130:
Zooplankton are the initial prey item for almost all
4766:
4764:
4320:. University of California Press. pp. 269â319.
4196:; Doyle, Thomas K.; Houghton, Jonathan D.R. (2018).
2863:
Marine phytoplankton cycling throughout water column
276:, and those that live on the deep sea floor, called
7540:
7412:
7348:
7310:
7248:
7138:
7055:
6920:
6623:
6409:
6357:
6285:
6228:
6183:
6079:
6001:
5945:
5847:
5486:Sekerci, Yadigar; Petrovskii, Sergei (2015-12-01).
4552:Simberloff, Daniel; Rejmanek, Marcel, eds. (2011).
3986:"A Holistic Approach to Marine Eco-Systems Biology"
2667:, is one reason that oceans constitute the largest
2589:Aside from representing the bottom few levels of a
2560:
5124:"Source of Half Earth's Oxygen Gets Little Credit"
4048:. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press.
3366:Lawton, Graham (10 February 2024). "Fungi ahoy!".
3112:snail (with bubble float) cast up onto a beach in
2982:and the long gut visible in the transparent animal
2153:, which are planktonic organisms that stay in the
1229:. Plankton have traditionally been categorized as
5154:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
5006:Petrou, Katherina; Nielsen, Daniel (2019-08-27).
1989:newly hatched young of oviparous fish are called
5668:Ocean Drifters: A Secret World Beneath the Waves
4511:
4509:
1993:. They are usually poorly formed, carry a large
439:of plankton depends on available nutrients, the
5781:Australian Continuous Plankton Recorder Project
5771:â Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute
3465:(4th ed.). Brooks/Cole. pp. 442â443.
3193:In some cases, plankton act as an intermediate
2257:are organisms, such as free-living or attached
2107:and vary in size. The most common plankton are
303:(organisms that live at the ocean surface) and
5775:Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science
5700:. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
3618:"Virioplankton: viruses in aquatic ecosystems"
3595:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 71â88.
299:(organisms that swim against water currents),
270:those that can swim against a current, called
6873:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
6583:
5825:
4435:Ershova, E. A.; Descoteaux, R. (2019-08-13).
4160:StĂŒbner, E. I.; SĂžreide, J. E. (2016-01-27).
2978:Herring larva imaged with the remains of the
1038:
8:
4591:. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. p. 194.
3937:. Malabar, USA: Krieger Publishing Company.
2929:is a major contributor to atmospheric oxygen
1245:, which continue to perform photosynthesis (
109:(temporary residents of the plankton, e.g.,
6938:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
5806:â Scientific periodical devoted to plankton
3616:Wommack, K.E.; Colwell, R.R. (March 2000).
2491:can lead to the formation of phytoplankton
2091:mollusk species. Holoplankton dwell in the
1140:) that feed on other plankton. Some of the
26:
7254:
7135:
7122:
6620:
6606:
6590:
6576:
6568:
6291:
6085:
5832:
5818:
5810:
5698:A Mechanistic Approach to Plankton Ecology
3622:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
2997:larvae from Antarctica have no haemoglobin
2834:(DOC) and ammonium than omnivorous diets.
2702:by increasing plankton production through
1096:. Among the more important groups are the
1045:
1031:
512:
105:(permanent residents of the plankton) and
5639:
5511:
5372:
5362:
5321:
5288:
5247:
5117:
5115:
5103:
4990:
4980:
4947:
4937:
4896:
4843:
4462:
4452:
4177:
4011:
4001:
3819:
3809:
3760:
3750:
3694:Leles, Suzana Gonçalves (November 2018).
3641:
3312:
2311:) and produce much of the world's oxygen.
1629:The microplankton and smaller groups are
307:(organisms that live at the ocean floor).
4141:
4139:
3272:Biological Oceanography: An Introduction
2818:content. Another contributing factor to
2055:. Examples of holoplankton include some
1300:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
3962:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
3486:Agrawai, Anju; Gopnal, Krishna (2013).
3262:
3028:Eel larva drifting with the gulf stream
2889:Some of the diversity found in plankton
2887:
2287:
1696:
1639:
1215:Marine microorganisms § Mixotrophs
520:
461:
28:
5765:database of images of plankton species
5304:Thor, P.; Dam, HG; Rogers, DR (2003).
3489:Biomonitoring of Water and Waste Water
2557:
443:and a large amount of other plankton.
316:was coined by German marine biologist
5794:â Images of planktonic microorganisms
5777:â Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey
5753:COPEPOD: The Global Plankton Database
4155:
4153:
4151:
3935:Methods in Marine Zooplankton Ecology
2722:at depth) is one potential drawback.
2593:that supports commercially important
2222:. By themselves these animals cannot
1882:Jellyfish are gelatinous zooplankton.
82:Part of the contents of one dip of a
78:Marine microplankton and mesoplankton
7:
5783:â Integrated Marine Observing System
5749:â Short documentary films and photos
5337:Steinacher, M.; et al. (2010).
5209:10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015924
4556:Encyclopedia of biological invasions
7201:Oceanic physical-biological process
7063:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
2879:and two long and two short antennae
2487:is deficient in these regions, and
539:
4486:Sorokin, Yuri I. (12 March 2013).
3784:Ward, B.A.; Follows, M.J. (2016).
3094:bubbles with image of photographer
2948:glows in the night to produce the
2743:, phytoplankton release molecular
1762:, about 1000 different species of
1651:Plankton sizes by taxonomic groups
1285:Courtesy of Christian Sardet/CNRS/
57:
4585:Kennish, Michael J., ed. (2004).
4202:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
4046:The sea surface and global change
3844:"Mixing It Up in the Web of Life"
2718:(caused by the excess production
2382:off the southern coast of England
320:in 1887 from shortening the word
7634:
7633:
7621:
7607:
7239:
6911:
6728:Colored dissolved organic matter
5936:
5577:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01148.x
5492:Bulletin of Mathematical Biology
5076:"Globalizing results from ocean
4889:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01377.x
4387:Marine Life/Marine Invertebrates
3099:
3083:
3068:
3048:
3033:
3021:
3002:
2987:
2971:
2956:
2934:
2913:
2893:
2566:
2461:. This results from large-scale
2387:
2367:
2340:
2316:
2297:
1699:
1642:
1012:
1011:
590:
528:
484:
464:
446:The study of plankton is termed
7073:Latin America and the Caribbean
5189:Annual Review of Marine Science
4251:Lalli, C.M. & Parsons, T.R.
3270:Lalli, C.; Parsons, T. (1993).
3155:even in man-made environments.
2655:. Organic material tends to be
2173:. The larval stages of benthic
1274:Diverse assemblages consist of
7555:Ecological values of mangroves
7098:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
5798:Plankton, planktic, planktonic
5715:. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK
5388:Michael Le Page (March 2019).
5374:11858/00-001M-0000-0011-F69E-5
4341:Harvey, Edmund Newton (1952).
4292:. University of Chicago Press.
3492:. Springer India. p. 34.
3463:Introduction to Marine Biology
3188:top-down or bottom-up approach
1984:. Fish larvae are part of the
120:are the diverse collection of
1:
5868:High lipid content microalgae
5624:10.1128/CMR.15.4.757-770.2002
5612:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
5074:Aumont, O.; Bopp, L. (2006).
4797:10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00311-3
3933:Omori, M.; Ikeda, T. (1992).
3634:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.69-114.2000
3401:Dolan, John (November 2012).
3388:10.1016/S0262-4079(24)00274-4
3295:Smith, David J. (July 2013).
3147:regular or chaotic behavior.
1770:, and hundreds of species of
1766:, around 40,000 varieties of
1717:before falling back to earth.
901:Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt
7575:Marine conservation activism
7560:Fisheries and climate change
5804:Journal of Plankton Research
5681:Dusenbery, David B. (2009).
5236:Journal of Plankton Research
5174:10.1016/0031-0182(68)90047-3
5122:Roach, John (June 7, 2004).
5084:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
4269:(2000) Transparent Animals.
4166:Journal of Plankton Research
4003:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001177
3958:Dusenbery, David B. (2009).
3700:Journal of Plankton Research
3341:American Heritage Dictionary
2202:shells of organisms such as
2099:. Holoplankton include both
1431:(two genera of gastropods);
113:, crab larvae, worm larvae).
7680:Oceanographical terminology
7570:Human impact on marine life
7447:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
6683:Aquatic population dynamics
6467:Fish diseases and parasites
5978:Photosynthetic picoplankton
5080:iron fertilization studies"
4710:Falkowski, Paul G. (1994).
4441:Frontiers in Marine Science
3909:Frontiers in Marine Science
3521:"Plankter â marine biology"
2572:The Secret Life of Plankton
1945:Salmon egg hatching into a
1671:marine bacteria and archaea
630:Photosynthetic picoplankton
179:, and drifting or floating
97:to many different types of
7696:
6457:Dimethylsulfoniopropionate
5958:Heterotrophic picoplankton
5666:Kirby, Richard R. (2010).
5433:10.1103/PhysRevE.64.021915
5269:Limnology and Oceanography
5263:MĂžller, Eva Friis (2007).
4222:10.1016/j.tree.2018.09.001
3790:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
3731:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
3134:as they switch from their
2802:
2729:
2620:
2582:
2545:of this physical process.
2277:
2247:
2188:
2131:
2017:
1934:
1885:
1833:
1721:
1271:Plankton species diversity
1219:Mixotrophic dinoflagellate
1212:
599:Heterotrophic picoplankton
338:
329:
61:
7601:
7257:
7237:
7186:Marine primary production
7134:
7121:
7080:List of marine ecoregions
6909:
6619:
6605:
6512:Marine primary production
6294:
6088:
5934:
5670:. Studio Cactus Ltd, UK.
5557:Journal of Animal Ecology
5504:10.1007/s11538-015-0126-0
5310:Aquatic Microbial Ecology
5290:10.4319/lo.2007.52.1.0079
4926:Aquatic Microbial Ecology
4519:; Margulis, Lynn (2009).
4302:What are Ichthyoplankton?
3560:10.1017/S0022336000020576
3274:. Butterworth-Heinemann.
3183:is produced by plankton.
2706:â introducing amounts of
2647:energy, or upon death as
2565:
1669:Marine plankton includes
1319:
1313: (
1308:
1303:
956:Marine primary production
353:. This is in contrast to
64:Plankton (disambiguation)
7432:Coastal biogeomorphology
7427:Marine coastal ecosystem
6432:Algal nutrient solutions
6174:Thalassiosira pseudonana
6046:Flavobacterium columnare
6033:Enteric redmouth disease
5800:â Essays on nomenclature
5696:KiĂžrboe, Thomas (2008).
5128:National Geographic News
4454:10.3389/fmars.2019.00490
4257:. Butterworth-Heinemann.
3921:10.3389/fmars.2017.00068
3410:Institut océanographique
3121:Planktonic relationships
2832:dissolved organic carbon
2820:dissolved organic matter
2791:balance since the early
2609:, including the ocean's
2401:shells and produced the
159:Marine plankton include
39:latest accepted revision
7665:Biological oceanography
7340:Paradox of the plankton
7151:Diel vertical migration
7045:Freshwater swamp forest
6763:GIS and aquatic science
6611:General components and
6452:Diel vertical migration
5968:Microphyte (microalgae)
5953:Eukaryotic picoplankton
5898:Paradox of the plankton
5045:10.1126/science.1065349
4719:Photosynthesis Research
4255:Biological Oceanography
3876:"Catastrophic Darkness"
3811:10.1073/pnas.1517118113
3752:10.1073/pnas.1118179109
3592:Biology of Marine Fungi
3540:Journal of Paleontology
3525:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3438:Hansen, Victor (1887).
3314:10.1525/bio.2013.63.7.3
3241:Paradox of the plankton
2549:Ecological significance
2331:can eventually produce
1821:. When airborne, these
1124:, or animal) are small
977:Paradox of the plankton
946:Diel vertical migration
380:as plankton (e.g. most
347:diel vertical migration
235:Though many planktonic
7166:Large marine ecosystem
6858:Shoaling and schooling
6314:Gelatinous zooplankton
5230:Moller, E. F. (2004).
4836:10.1098/rstb.2010.0045
3848:The Scientist Magazine
3226:Gelatinous zooplankton
2880:
2865:
2677:seawater acidification
2426:
2327:shells of microscopic
2129:
2041:
1976:. Ichthyoplankton are
1950:
1893:Gelatinous zooplankton
1888:Gelatinous zooplankton
1883:
1874:Gelatinous zooplankton
1803:sea surface microlayer
1291:
824:Gelatinous zooplankton
309:
114:
7585:Marine protected area
7512:Salt pannes and pools
7287:Marine larval ecology
7262:Census of Marine Life
7146:Deep scattering layer
7103:San Francisco Estuary
7068:Africa and Madagascar
6893:Underwater camouflage
6673:Aquatic biomonitoring
6613:freshwater ecosystems
6507:Marine microorganisms
6277:Velvet (fish disease)
6012:Aeromonas salmonicida
5878:Marine microorganisms
5789:â BBC Audio slideshow
5364:10.5194/bg-7-979-2010
5249:10.1093/plankt/fbh147
4869:Global Change Biology
4179:10.1093/plankt/fbv124
3880:Astrobiology Magazine
3712:10.1093/plankt/fby044
2871:
2861:
2811:absorption efficiency
2799:Absorption efficiency
2603:biogeochemical cycles
2422:
2234:Portuguese Man o' War
2122:
2027:
1944:
1881:
1794:, and wind-scattered
1711:marine microorganisms
1268:
1213:Further information:
1166:fungus-like organisms
372:Within the plankton,
293:
74:
7320:Marine bacteriophage
7282:Marine invertebrates
6259:Pfiesteria piscicida
6059:Marine bacteriophage
5963:Marine microplankton
5105:10.1029/2005GB002591
4777:Ecological Modelling
4044:Liss, P. S. (1997).
2698:) generated through
2539:Langmuir circulation
2507:bring dust from the
2472:Despite significant
2274:Mineralized plankton
1152:, are included here.
881:Cyanobacterial bloom
645:Marine microplankton
497:Hyperia macrocephala
7196:Ocean fertilization
7005:Trophic state index
6963:Lake stratification
6693:Aquatic respiration
6502:Ocean acidification
6437:Artificial seawater
6204:Coscinodiscophyceae
6070:Streptococcus iniae
6053:Pelagibacter ubique
5740:Plankton Chronicles
5569:2006JAnEc..75.1259F
5425:2001PhRvE..64b1915M
5355:2010BGeo....7..979S
5281:2007LimOc..52...79M
5201:2017ARMS....9..413S
5166:1968PPP.....4..187T
5096:2006GBioC..20.2017A
4881:2007GCBio..13.1327V
4830:(1549): 2137â2149.
4789:2003EcMod.160...77J
4731:1994PhoRe..39..235F
4673:2000Natur.407..695B
4630:1988Natur.331..341M
4517:Chapman, Michael J.
4271:Scientific American
4214:2018TEcoE..33..874H
3802:2016PNAS..113.2958W
3743:2012PNAS..109.5756H
3674:National Geographic
3552:1991JPal...65..329E
3380:2024NewSc.261b..37L
3181:respire aerobically
3168:Humans and plankton
3159:Whales and plankton
3141:ocean acidification
2902:Pelagibacter ubique
2838:Biomass variability
2601:play a role in the
2358:, and produced the
2329:marine radiolarians
2307:have glass shells (
2268:accidental plankton
2212:. Examples include
2169:) lifestyle on the
1685:Freshwater plankton
1633:and operate at low
965:Ocean fertilization
886:Harmful algal bloom
804:Freshwater plankton
516:Part of a series on
376:spend their entire
357:organisms, such as
255:rather than by any
224:and wind-scattered
29:Page version status
7462:Intertidal wetland
7457:Intertidal ecology
7325:Marine prokaryotes
7267:Deep-sea community
7161:Iron fertilization
7084:Specific examples
7010:Upland and lowland
6928:Freshwater biology
6793:Microbial food web
6703:Aquatic toxicology
6646:Aquatic adaptation
6599:Aquatic ecosystems
5745:2020-07-28 at the
4739:10.1007/BF00014586
4489:Coral Reef Ecology
3864:. 3 November 2016.
3347:on 9 November 2018
2884:Plankton diversity
2881:
2866:
2716:methane production
2704:iron fertilization
2623:ocean carbon cycle
2605:of many important
2543:biological effects
2436:primary production
2427:
2130:
2127:of a spiny lobster
2095:as opposed to the
2087:, as well as some
2042:
1951:
1884:
1292:
906:Great Calcite Belt
310:
115:
35:
7647:
7646:
7628:Oceans portal
7597:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7472:Hydrothermal vent
7408:
7407:
7297:Seashore wildlife
7128:Marine ecosystems
7117:
7116:
7113:
7112:
6883:Thermal pollution
6848:Ramsar Convention
6788:Microbial ecology
6748:Fisheries science
6688:Aquatic predation
6565:
6564:
6405:
6404:
6392:Siphonostomatoida
6387:Poecilostomatoida
6339:Crustacean larvae
6243:Choanoflagellates
6224:
6223:
6214:Bacillariophyceae
6209:Fragilariophyceae
6128:Emiliania huxleyi
5973:Nanophytoplankton
5893:Milky seas effect
5721:978-0-470-67151-1
5706:978-0-691-13422-2
5691:978-0-674-03116-6
5676:978-1-904239-10-9
5498:(12): 2325â2353.
5413:Physical Review E
5323:10.3354/ame033279
5039:(5541): 309â310.
4667:(6805): 695â702.
4624:(6154): 341â343.
4358:"Marine Plankton"
4356:Anderson, Genny.
4345:. Academic Press.
4055:978-0-521-56273-7
3969:978-0-674-03116-6
3944:978-0-89464-653-9
3796:(11): 2958â2963.
3737:(15): 5756â5760.
3602:978-3-642-23342-5
3499:978-8-132-20864-8
3472:978-1-133-36446-7
3126:Fish and plankton
3109:Janthina janthina
3106:Macroplankton: a
2950:milky seas effect
2726:Oxygen production
2607:chemical elements
2581:
2580:
2465:and water column
2463:ocean circulation
2399:calcium carbonate
2284:biomineralization
2259:benthic organisms
2216:and the bryozoan
2033:, a holoplanktic
1861:are members) and
1619:
1618:
1289:
1055:
1054:
911:Milky seas effect
618:Nanophytoplankton
183:that inhabit the
101:, including both
16:(Redirected from
7687:
7637:
7636:
7630:
7626:
7625:
7616:
7614:Lakes portal
7612:
7611:
7610:
7580:Marine pollution
7272:Deep-water coral
7255:
7243:
7176:Marine chemistry
7136:
7123:
7040:Freshwater marsh
6933:Freshwater biome
6915:
6631:Acoustic ecology
6621:
6607:
6592:
6585:
6578:
6569:
6319:Hunting copepods
6292:
6117:Chaetocerotaceae
6086:
6003:Bacterioplankton
5940:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5811:
5654:
5653:
5643:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5563:(6): 1259â1268.
5548:
5542:
5541:
5515:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5366:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5130:. Archived from
5119:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4984:
4982:10.3354/ame01583
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4941:
4939:10.3354/ame01583
4917:
4911:
4910:
4900:
4875:(7): 1327â1334.
4864:
4858:
4857:
4847:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4768:
4759:
4758:
4716:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4681:10.1038/35037500
4656:
4650:
4649:
4638:10.1038/331341a0
4613:
4607:
4606:
4601:. Archived from
4582:
4576:
4575:
4559:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4526:
4513:
4504:
4503:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4466:
4456:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4389:. Archived from
4378:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4157:
4146:
4143:
4134:
4131:
4125:
4121:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4015:
4005:
3996:(10): e1001177.
3980:
3974:
3973:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3930:
3924:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3882:. Archived from
3872:
3866:
3865:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3823:
3813:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3754:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3670:Resource Library
3662:
3656:
3655:
3645:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3418:
3412:. Archived from
3407:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3316:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3267:
3103:
3087:
3072:
3052:
3037:
3025:
3006:
2991:
2975:
2960:
2938:
2917:
2897:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2712:oxygen depletion
2700:human activities
2697:
2696:
2695:
2635:to the planktic
2570:
2569:
2558:
2524:bacterioplankton
2391:
2380:coccolithophores
2371:
2348:Coccolithophores
2344:
2320:
2301:
1703:
1646:
1635:Reynolds numbers
1610:< 0.2 ÎŒm
1411:, doliolids and
1301:
1287:Tara expeditions
1284:
1181:Bacterioplankton
1174:nutrient cycling
1170:remineralisation
1110:coccolithophores
1074:, or plant) are
1047:
1040:
1033:
1020:
1015:
1014:
676:coccolithophores
613:Microzooplankton
572:Bacterioplankton
532:
513:
488:
468:
396:). By contrast,
341:
340:
332:
331:
249:ecological niche
47:8 September 2024
21:
7695:
7694:
7690:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7685:
7684:
7675:Aquatic ecology
7650:
7649:
7648:
7643:
7620:
7619:
7608:
7606:
7605:
7589:
7550:Coral bleaching
7536:
7517:Seagrass meadow
7414:Marine habitats
7404:
7378:Coral reef fish
7344:
7330:Marine protists
7306:
7244:
7235:
7206:Ocean turbidity
7181:Marine food web
7130:
7109:
7051:
6990:River ecosystem
6943:Freshwater fish
6916:
6907:
6713:Bioluminescence
6698:Aquatic science
6615:
6601:
6596:
6566:
6561:
6492:Marine mucilage
6447:Biological pump
6401:
6353:
6324:Ichthyoplankton
6281:
6248:Dinoflagellates
6220:
6179:
6150:Nannochloropsis
6134:Eustigmatophyte
6122:Coccolithophore
6075:
5997:
5941:
5932:
5863:CLAW hypothesis
5843:
5838:
5747:Wayback Machine
5730:
5663:
5661:Further reading
5658:
5657:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5550:
5549:
5545:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5471:
5469:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5349:(3): 979â1005.
5336:
5335:
5331:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5137:
5135:
5134:on June 8, 2004
5121:
5120:
5113:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5016:
5014:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4770:
4769:
4762:
4714:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4599:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4539:
4515:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4420:
4418:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4396:
4394:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4366:
4364:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4343:Bioluminescence
4340:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4300:
4296:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4208:(11): 874â884.
4194:Hays, Graeme C.
4192:
4191:
4187:
4159:
4158:
4149:
4144:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4071:
4056:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4029:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3905:Mare incognitum
3902:
3898:
3889:
3887:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3420:
3419:on 4 March 2016
3416:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3374:(3477): 37â39.
3365:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3231:Ichthyoplankton
3217:
3204:Vibrio cholerae
3170:
3161:
3128:
3123:
3116:
3104:
3095:
3088:
3079:
3073:
3064:
3057:dinoflagellates
3053:
3044:
3041:Antarctic krill
3038:
3029:
3026:
3017:
3007:
2998:
2992:
2983:
2976:
2967:
2961:
2952:
2939:
2930:
2926:Prochlorococcus
2918:
2909:
2898:
2886:
2864:
2840:
2825:
2807:
2805:biological pump
2801:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2734:
2728:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2665:biological pump
2629:
2627:biological pump
2619:
2587:
2585:marine food web
2567:
2561:External videos
2556:
2551:
2425:
2417:
2410:
2392:
2383:
2372:
2363:
2360:Cliffs of Dover
2345:
2336:
2321:
2312:
2302:
2286:
2276:
2252:
2246:
2214:goose barnacles
2193:
2187:
2136:
2128:
2117:
2065:dinoflagellates
2035:bioluminescence
2022:
2016:
1954:Ichthyoplankton
1939:
1937:Ichthyoplankton
1933:
1931:Ichthyoplankton
1890:
1876:
1871:
1838:
1832:
1739:; they are the
1726:
1718:
1704:
1695:
1687:
1667:
1665:Marine plankton
1662:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1330:> 20 cm
1312:
1290:
1273:
1263:
1255:biogeochemistry
1221:
1211:
1106:dinoflagellates
1051:
1010:
1003:
1002:
1001:
960:
936:CLAW hypothesis
925:
917:
916:
915:
865:
855:
854:
853:
834:Ichthyoplankton
818:
810:
809:
808:
799:
783:Marine plankton
778:
763:
755:
754:
753:
744:
735:
719:
699:
687:
681:dinoflagellates
672:
659:
651:
650:
649:
603:
593:
583:
582:
581:
557:
542:
511:
504:
489:
480:
469:
308:
288:
81:
67:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7693:
7691:
7683:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7652:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7631:
7617:
7602:
7599:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7546:
7544:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7418:
7416:
7410:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7402:
7397:
7396:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7368:Saltwater fish
7365:
7363:Marine reptile
7360:
7354:
7352:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7342:
7337:
7335:Marine viruses
7332:
7327:
7322:
7316:
7314:
7312:Microorganisms
7308:
7307:
7305:
7304:
7302:Wild fisheries
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7258:
7252:
7246:
7245:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7216:Thorson's rule
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7171:Marine biology
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7142:
7140:
7132:
7131:
7126:
7119:
7118:
7115:
7114:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7082:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7070:
7059:
7057:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7030:Brackish marsh
7027:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6958:Lake ecosystem
6955:
6950:
6948:Hyporheic zone
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6917:
6910:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6798:Microbial loop
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6743:Eutrophication
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6723:Cascade effect
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6669:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6651:Aquatic animal
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6627:
6625:
6617:
6616:
6610:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6587:
6580:
6572:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6517:Pseudoplankton
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6413:
6411:
6410:Related topics
6407:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6363:
6361:
6359:Copepod orders
6355:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6295:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6274:
6267:
6262:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6234:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6195:
6189:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6170:
6165:
6163:Prasinophyceae
6160:
6153:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6039:Flavobacterium
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6007:
6005:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5949:
5947:
5943:
5942:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5854:
5852:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5829:
5822:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5801:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5766:
5756:
5750:
5737:
5734:Ocean Drifters
5729:
5728:External links
5726:
5725:
5724:
5709:
5694:
5679:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5618:(4): 757â770.
5598:
5543:
5478:
5454:
5399:
5380:
5343:Biogeosciences
5329:
5296:
5255:
5222:
5179:
5160:(3): 187â210.
5144:
5111:
5066:
5023:
4998:
4975:(2): 131â138.
4955:
4932:(2): 107â121.
4912:
4859:
4810:
4760:
4725:(3): 235â258.
4702:
4651:
4608:
4605:on 2013-01-20.
4598:978-0849319600
4597:
4577:
4571:978-0520264212
4570:
4544:
4538:978-0123736215
4537:
4505:
4498:
4478:
4427:
4403:
4373:
4362:Marine Science
4348:
4333:
4326:
4306:
4294:
4278:
4259:
4243:
4185:
4172:(3): 522â536.
4147:
4135:
4126:
4116:
4106:
4097:
4088:
4079:
4069:
4054:
4036:
4027:
3975:
3968:
3950:
3943:
3925:
3896:
3867:
3853:
3835:
3776:
3717:
3706:(6): 627â642.
3686:
3657:
3608:
3601:
3581:
3530:
3512:
3498:
3478:
3471:
3453:
3430:
3393:
3358:
3328:
3307:(7): 515â516.
3287:
3280:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3213:
3169:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3105:
3098:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3080:
3074:
3067:
3065:
3054:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3020:
3018:
3008:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2986:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2955:
2953:
2946:dinoflagellate
2940:
2933:
2931:
2922:cyanobacterium
2919:
2912:
2910:
2899:
2892:
2890:
2885:
2882:
2862:
2849:marine mammals
2839:
2836:
2828:sloppy feeding
2823:
2800:
2797:
2784:
2770:
2753:
2741:photosynthesis
2727:
2724:
2720:remineralising
2714:and resultant
2692:
2684:carbon dioxide
2643:it to provide
2618:
2615:
2579:
2578:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2501:Atlantic Ocean
2467:stratification
2432:chemosynthesis
2423:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2407:Great Pyramids
2395:Foraminiferans
2393:
2386:
2384:
2373:
2366:
2364:
2354:plates called
2346:
2339:
2337:
2323:The elaborate
2322:
2315:
2313:
2303:
2296:
2294:
2280:protist shells
2275:
2272:
2248:Main article:
2245:
2242:
2208:, or man-made
2196:Pseudoplankton
2191:Pseudoplankton
2189:Main article:
2186:
2185:Pseudoplankton
2183:
2132:Main article:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2018:Main article:
2015:
2012:
1935:Main article:
1932:
1929:
1886:Main article:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1831:
1828:
1819:volatilisation
1722:Main article:
1720:
1719:
1705:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:Habitat groups
1658:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1631:microorganisms
1623:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:marine viruses
1611:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1443:
1442:0.2â20 mm
1440:
1436:
1435:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1307:
1283:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1193:
1177:
1153:
1113:
1094:photosynthesis
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1005:
1004:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
973:
972:
961:
959:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
927:
926:
924:Related topics
923:
922:
919:
918:
914:
913:
908:
903:
898:
896:Eutrophication
893:
888:
883:
878:
876:Critical depth
873:
867:
866:
861:
860:
857:
856:
852:
851:
846:
844:Pseudoplankton
841:
836:
831:
826:
820:
819:
816:
815:
812:
811:
807:
806:
800:
798:
797:
796:
795:
790:
779:
777:
776:
771:
765:
764:
761:
760:
757:
756:
752:
751:
745:
743:
742:
736:
734:
733:
732:
731:
720:
718:
717:
716:
715:
710:
705:
703:foraminiferans
700:
688:
686:
685:
684:
683:
678:
673:
661:
660:
657:
656:
653:
652:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
626:
625:
615:
610:
604:
602:
601:
595:
594:
589:
588:
585:
584:
580:
579:
574:
569:
564:
558:
556:
555:
550:
544:
543:
538:
537:
534:
533:
525:
524:
518:
517:
510:
509:Trophic groups
507:
506:
505:
500:â part of the
490:
483:
481:
470:
463:
441:state of water
367:marine mammals
351:ocean currents
294:
287:
284:
175:, microscopic
124:that drift in
88:photosynthetic
75:
58:
56:
36:
30:
27:
25:
24:
23:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7692:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7640:
7632:
7629:
7624:
7618:
7615:
7604:
7603:
7600:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7547:
7545:
7543:
7539:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7522:Sponge ground
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7487:Marine biomes
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7411:
7401:
7398:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7388:Demersal fish
7386:
7384:
7383:Deep-sea fish
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7358:Marine mammal
7356:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7347:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7313:
7309:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7259:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7247:
7242:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7124:
7120:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7065:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7054:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6919:
6914:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6888:Trophic level
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6853:Sediment trap
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6828:Phytoplankton
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6678:Aquatic plant
6676:
6674:
6671:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6641:Anoxic waters
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6593:
6588:
6586:
6581:
6579:
6574:
6573:
6570:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6527:Tychoplankton
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6497:Microbial mat
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6382:Monstrilloida
6380:
6378:
6377:Harpacticoida
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6334:Marine larvae
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6284:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6185:Diatom orders
6182:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6145:
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6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6104:Bacteriastrum
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6081:Phytoplankton
6078:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6018:Cyanobacteria
6016:
6014:
6013:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6004:
6000:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5988:Picoeukaryote
5986:
5984:
5983:Picobiliphyte
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
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5805:
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5493:
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5468:
5464:
5458:
5455:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5419:(2): 021915.
5418:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5400:
5395:
5394:New Scientist
5391:
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5145:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5090:(2): GB2017.
5089:
5085:
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5079:
5070:
5067:
5062:
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4706:
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4525:
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4506:
4501:
4499:9783642800467
4495:
4491:
4490:
4482:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4431:
4428:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4393:on 2017-12-07
4392:
4388:
4384:
4383:"Zooplankton"
4377:
4374:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4349:
4344:
4337:
4334:
4329:
4327:9780520932470
4323:
4319:
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4310:
4307:
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4298:
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4073:
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4065:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3979:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3886:on 2015-09-26
3885:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3836:
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3732:
3728:
3721:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3687:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3628:(1): 69â114.
3627:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3585:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3569:
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3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3454:
3449:
3446:(in German).
3445:
3441:
3434:
3431:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3368:New Scientist
3362:
3359:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3281:0-7506-3384-0
3277:
3273:
3266:
3263:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3189:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:phytoplankton
3173:
3167:
3165:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3110:
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3097:
3093:
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3081:
3077:
3071:
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3024:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2985:
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2969:
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2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2907:carbon cycles
2904:
2903:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2776:
2762:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2737:Phytoplankton
2733:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2577:
2573:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2532:spring blooms
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2509:Sahara Desert
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:micronutrient
2479:
2475:
2474:macronutrient
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2434:), confining
2433:
2421:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:Tychoplankton
2251:
2250:Tychoplankton
2244:Tychoplankton
2243:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:invertebrates
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2101:phytoplankton
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2008:juvenile fish
2004:
2000:
1999:metamorphosis
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1880:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1607:Femtoplankton
1606:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1585:0.2â2 ÎŒm
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1501:phytoplankton
1498:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1483:Microplankton
1482:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1371:Macroplankton
1370:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1280:multicellular
1277:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1197:Virioplankton
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:cyanobacteria
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1067:Phytoplankton
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:) groups:
1060:
1059:trophic level
1048:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
971:
968:
967:
966:
963:
962:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
921:
920:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
864:
859:
858:
850:
849:Tychoplankton
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
814:
813:
805:
802:
801:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
784:
781:
780:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
759:
758:
750:
747:
746:
741:
738:
737:
730:
729:cyanobacteria
727:
726:
725:
722:
721:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
698:
695:
694:
693:
690:
689:
682:
679:
677:
674:
671:
668:
667:
666:
663:
662:
655:
654:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
635:Picoeukaryote
633:
631:
628:
624:
621:
620:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
605:
600:
597:
596:
592:
587:
586:
578:
577:Virioplankton
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
554:
551:
549:
548:Phytoplankton
546:
545:
541:
536:
535:
531:
527:
526:
523:
519:
515:
514:
508:
503:
499:
498:
494:
487:
482:
478:
477:phytoplankton
474:
467:
462:
460:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
335:
327:
323:
319:
318:Victor Hensen
315:
306:
302:
298:
292:
285:
283:
281:
280:
275:
274:
269:
267:
262:
258:
254:
251:and level of
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
154:baleen whales
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:cyanobacteria
89:
85:
80:
79:
73:
69:
65:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
7542:Conservation
7393:Pelagic fish
7373:Coastal fish
7277:Marine fungi
7015:Water garden
6898:Water column
6843:Productivity
6832:
6818:Pelagic zone
6778:Macrobenthos
6768:Hydrobiology
6738:Ecohydrology
6522:Stromatolite
6417:Aeroplankton
6344:Salmon louse
6299:Chaetognatha
6271:Symbiodinium
6269:
6257:
6172:
6168:Raphidophyte
6155:
6148:
6144:Stramenopile
6126:
6109:
6102:
6068:
6051:
6044:
6037:
6010:
5993:Picoplankton
5918:Spring bloom
5888:Mycoplankton
5883:Meroplankton
5873:Holoplankton
5849:
5840:
5787:Sea Drifters
5759:Plankton*Net
5712:
5697:
5682:
5667:
5615:
5611:
5601:
5560:
5556:
5546:
5495:
5491:
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5466:
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5383:
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5132:the original
5127:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5069:
5036:
5032:
5026:
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5011:
5001:
4972:
4968:
4958:
4929:
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4783:(1): 77â90.
4780:
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4660:
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4621:
4617:
4611:
4603:the original
4587:
4580:
4555:
4547:
4522:
4488:
4481:
4444:
4440:
4430:
4419:. Retrieved
4415:
4406:
4395:. Retrieved
4391:the original
4386:
4381:Talks, Ted.
4376:
4365:. Retrieved
4361:
4351:
4342:
4336:
4316:
4309:
4297:
4289:
4281:
4273:
4270:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4205:
4201:
4188:
4169:
4165:
4129:
4119:
4109:
4100:
4091:
4082:
4072:
4045:
4039:
4030:
3993:
3990:PLOS Biology
3989:
3978:
3959:
3953:
3934:
3928:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3888:. Retrieved
3884:the original
3879:
3870:
3856:
3847:
3838:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3734:
3730:
3720:
3703:
3699:
3689:
3679:13 September
3677:. Retrieved
3669:
3660:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3591:
3584:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3524:
3515:
3503:. Retrieved
3488:
3481:
3462:
3456:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3421:. Retrieved
3414:the original
3396:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3349:. Retrieved
3345:the original
3340:
3331:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3271:
3265:
3221:Aeroplankton
3202:
3192:
3185:
3174:
3171:
3162:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3129:
3107:
2924:
2900:
2875:with curved
2853:
2841:
2815:fecal pellet
2810:
2808:
2735:
2732:oxygen cycle
2681:
2630:
2617:Carbon cycle
2611:carbon cycle
2588:
2575:
2536:
2517:
2493:algal blooms
2478:HNLC regions
2471:
2447:sub-tropical
2440:
2428:
2415:Distribution
2267:
2253:
2238:zooplankters
2227:
2217:
2203:
2194:
2155:pelagic zone
2151:holoplankton
2139:Meroplankton
2137:
2134:Meroplankton
2115:Meroplankton
2097:benthic zone
2093:pelagic zone
2069:foraminifera
2061:radiolarians
2053:benthic zone
2049:meroplankton
2045:Holoplankton
2043:
2028:
2020:Holoplankton
2014:Holoplankton
1966:water column
1952:
1946:
1913:Chaetognatha
1891:
1869:Other groups
1846:gastrotrichs
1839:
1800:
1758:, including
1729:Aeroplankton
1727:
1724:Aeroplankton
1715:aeroplankton
1693:Aeroplankton
1688:
1668:
1650:
1628:
1624:
1581:Picoplankton
1542:2â20 ÎŒm
1539:Nanoplankton
1508:Foraminifera
1469:Chaetognaths
1449:
1439:Mesoplankton
1393:Euphausiacea
1389:Chaetognaths
1381:
1374:2â20 cm
1337:
1327:Megaplankton
1320:
1309:
1304:
1293:
1270:
1252:
1247:kleptoplasty
1239:phagocytosis
1224:
1209:Mixoplankton
1195:
1179:
1157:Mycoplankton
1155:
1121:
1120:(from Greek
1115:
1071:
1070:(from Greek
1065:
1056:
891:Spring bloom
839:Meroplankton
829:Holoplankton
769:Aeroplankton
697:radiolarians
640:Picoplankton
567:Mycoplankton
562:Mixoplankton
540:Trophic mode
521:
495:
471:Some marine
455:
451:
445:
437:distribution
430:
398:meroplankton
374:holoplankton
371:
342:
333:
322:halyplankton
321:
313:
311:
277:
271:
264:
257:phylogenetic
244:
234:
218:plant spores
213:aeroplankton
211:
209:
158:
141:
117:
116:
107:meroplankton
103:holoplankton
76:
68:
46:
37:This is the
31:
7670:Planktology
7527:Sponge reef
7502:Rocky shore
7497:Oyster reef
7467:Kelp forest
7350:Vertebrates
7250:Marine life
7226:Viral shunt
7191:Marine snow
7093:Maharashtra
7000:Stream pool
6903:Zooplankton
6823:Photic zone
6783:Meiobenthos
6636:Algal bloom
6487:Manta trawl
6472:Heterotroph
6422:Algaculture
6287:Zooplankton
6230:Flagellates
6111:Chaetoceros
6064:SAR11 clade
5923:Thin layers
5908:Planktology
5903:Planktivore
5858:Algal bloom
5316:: 279â288.
5195:: 413â444.
4992:10261/95626
4949:10261/95626
4898:10261/15731
4464:10037/16483
4286:Nouvian, C.
4267:Johnsen, S.
3132:fish larvae
3090:Planktonic
2943:sea sparkle
2877:exoskeleton
2793:Precambrian
2669:carbon sink
2597:, plankton
2528:marine snow
2520:zooplankton
2505:trade winds
2376:algae bloom
2374:Planktonic
2161:or adopt a
2125:Larva stage
2105:zooplankton
2003:zooplankton
1986:zooplankton
1974:photic zone
1901:ctenophores
1863:seed shrimp
1859:sandhoppers
1836:Geoplankton
1830:Geoplankton
1748:microscopic
1741:atmospheric
1709:containing
1601:Chrysophyta
1574:Xanthophyta
1570:Chlorophyta
1566:Chrysophyta
1558:flagellates
1522:; juvenile
1421:Cephalopoda
1405:ctenophores
1361:Cephalopoda
1345:ctenophores
1276:unicellular
1261:Size groups
1134:crustaceans
1117:Zooplankton
1092:to support
1079:prokaryotic
1076:autotrophic
992:Thin layers
987:Planktology
982:Planktivore
931:Algaculture
871:Algal bloom
817:Other types
788:prokaryotes
774:Geoplankton
658:By taxonomy
553:Zooplankton
502:zooplankton
448:planktology
424:, and most
418:crustaceans
410:sea urchins
392:, and some
286:Terminology
241:microscopic
99:zooplankton
7654:Categories
7507:Salt marsh
7442:Coral reef
7231:Whale fall
7211:Photophore
7088:Everglades
7056:Ecoregions
6995:Stream bed
6968:Macrophyte
6921:Freshwater
6753:Food chain
6666:Water bird
6482:Macroalgae
6442:Autotrophs
6372:Cyclopoida
6309:Ctenophora
6238:Brevetoxin
6028:Cyanotoxin
6023:Cyanobiont
5513:2381/36058
5472:2022-03-29
5138:2016-04-04
5017:2019-09-07
4421:2020-06-13
4416:Britannica
4412:"Plankton"
4397:2012-04-04
4367:2012-04-04
4124:1833â1843.
3890:2019-11-27
3666:"Plankton"
3546:(2): 329.
3423:16 January
3351:9 November
3337:"plankter"
3301:BioScience
3257:References
3014:ctenophore
3011:sea walnut
2803:See also:
2730:See also:
2621:See also:
2599:ecosystems
2591:food chain
2583:See also:
2554:Food chain
2356:coccoliths
2278:See also:
2263:turbulence
2038:polychaete
2030:Tomopteris
1978:planktonic
1970:epipelagic
1925:Arthropoda
1857:(of which
1834:See also:
1784:liverworts
1590:eukaryotic
1562:Pyrrophyta
1547:eukaryotic
1512:tintinnids
1494:eukaryotic
1310:Size range
1226:Mixotrophs
1136:and other
1126:protozoans
1083:eukaryotic
762:By habitat
692:Protozoans
623:calcareous
608:Microalgae
452:planktonic
378:life cycle
336:"sea" and
201:Freshwater
195:waters of
18:Planktonic
7532:Tide pool
7437:Cold seep
7221:Upwelling
6985:Rheotaxis
6978:Fish pond
6953:Limnology
6878:Substrate
6863:Siltation
6733:Dead zone
6427:Algal mat
6367:Calanoida
6349:Sea louse
6329:Jellyfish
6304:Ciguatera
6265:Saxitoxin
6253:Flagellum
6202:Classes:
6193:Centrales
6093:Auxospore
5763:Taxonomic
5632:0893-8512
5585:0021-8790
5522:1522-9602
5441:1063-651X
5242:: 27â35.
5061:130687109
4805:0304-3800
4473:199638114
3576:131283465
3136:yolk sacs
3076:Sargassum
3061:tintinnid
2920:The tiny
2645:metabolic
2641:respiring
2639:, either
2595:fisheries
2511:in north
2489:adding it
2455:phosphate
2403:limestone
2309:frustules
2219:Jellyella
2089:gastropod
2073:amphipods
1982:juveniles
1897:jellyfish
1855:amphipods
1707:Sea spray
1534:nauplii)
1528:Crustacea
1524:metazoans
1473:Pteropoda
1465:Ostracoda
1461:Cladocera
1446:metazoans
1433:Amphipoda
1415:(pelagic
1413:pyrosomes
1385:Pteropoda
1378:metazoans
1365:Amphipoda
1355:(pelagic
1353:pyrosomes
1341:jellyfish
1334:metazoans
1130:metazoans
420:, marine
394:jellyfish
312:The name
261:taxonomic
243:in size,
230:sea spray
205:jellyfish
197:estuaries
185:saltwater
142:plankters
122:organisms
111:fish eggs
7660:Plankton
7639:Category
7565:HERMIONE
7482:Mangrove
7292:Seagrass
6838:Pleuston
6833:Plankton
6813:Particle
6758:Food web
6198:Pennales
6157:Navicula
6139:Frustule
5913:Red tide
5850:plankton
5841:Plankton
5743:Archived
5650:12364378
5593:17032358
5530:26607949
5449:11497628
5217:27814033
5053:11598285
5012:phys.org
4854:20513721
4755:12129871
4747:24311124
4689:11048709
4290:The Deep
4276:: 62-71.
4238:52336522
4230:30245075
4114:981â992.
4077:407-444.
4064:34933503
4022:22028628
3830:26831076
3771:22451938
3652:10704475
3323:86371218
3215:See also
3209:copepods
3092:sea foam
3063:ciliate.
2873:Amphipod
2661:seawater
2653:detritus
2541:and the
2503:, where
2459:silicate
2443:tropical
2232:and the
2179:disperse
2171:seafloor
2109:protists
2081:copepods
1995:yolk sac
1956:are the
1921:Mollusca
1917:Annelida
1851:copepods
1842:rotifers
1823:microbes
1815:aerosols
1807:bacteria
1772:protists
1764:bacteria
1756:microbes
1752:aircraft
1744:analogue
1679:protozoa
1597:bacteria
1593:protists
1556:; small
1552:; small
1550:protists
1520:Rotifera
1516:ciliates
1514:; other
1505:Protozoa
1497:protists
1477:Tunicata
1453:copepods
1429:Recluzia
1425:Janthina
1417:Tunicata
1357:Tunicata
1321:Examples
1243:plastids
1235:consumer
1231:producer
1186:bacteria
1184:include
1160:include
1150:annelids
1018:Category
793:protists
724:Bacteria
713:ciliates
522:Plankton
493:amphipod
475:â a key
456:planktic
414:starfish
386:copepods
314:plankton
253:motility
245:plankton
216:include
193:brackish
191:and the
173:protozoa
161:bacteria
146:bivalves
134:currents
118:Plankton
84:hand net
43:reviewed
7492:Mudflat
7452:Estuary
7422:Bay mud
7400:Seabird
7156:f-ratio
7139:General
7020:Wetland
6808:Neuston
6773:Hypoxia
6718:Biomass
6708:Benthos
6624:General
6552:MOCNESS
6462:f-ratio
6397:More...
6098:Axodine
5946:By size
5928:More...
5565:Bibcode
5538:8637912
5421:Bibcode
5351:Bibcode
5277:Bibcode
5197:Bibcode
5162:Bibcode
5092:Bibcode
5078:in situ
5033:Science
4907:8721854
4877:Bibcode
4845:2880134
4785:Bibcode
4727:Bibcode
4697:4368261
4669:Bibcode
4646:4325562
4626:Bibcode
4288:(2007)
4253:(2001)
4210:Bibcode
4013:3196472
3821:4801304
3798:Bibcode
3762:3326507
3739:Bibcode
3568:1305769
3548:Bibcode
3505:2 April
3376:Bibcode
3251:Veliger
3199:cholera
2995:Icefish
2964:Copepod
2845:El Niño
2649:biomass
2637:foodweb
2576:YouTube
2480:). The
2451:nitrate
2405:in the
2305:Diatoms
2229:Velella
2210:flotsam
2205:Spirula
2200:buoyant
2167:sessile
2165:(often
2163:benthic
2143:benthic
2063:, some
2057:diatoms
1947:sac fry
1905:medusae
1811:viruses
1760:viruses
1735:of the
1733:current
1653:
1554:diatoms
1532:copepod
1499:; most
1486:20â200
1457:Medusae
1401:Medusae
1202:viruses
1190:archaea
1138:animals
1098:diatoms
951:f-ratio
749:Viruses
740:Archaea
708:amoebae
670:diatoms
591:By size
473:diatoms
406:benthic
305:benthos
301:neuston
279:benthos
266:neuston
237:species
181:animals
165:archaea
95:diatoms
7477:Lagoon
6803:Nekton
6661:Mammal
6656:Insect
6547:AusCPR
6537:C-MORE
5848:About
5719:
5704:
5689:
5674:
5648:
5641:126864
5638:
5630:
5591:
5583:
5536:
5528:
5520:
5447:
5439:
5215:
5059:
5051:
4905:
4852:
4842:
4803:
4753:
4745:
4695:
4687:
4661:Nature
4644:
4618:Nature
4595:
4568:
4535:
4496:
4471:
4324:
4236:
4228:
4062:
4052:
4020:
4010:
3966:
3941:
3915:: 68.
3828:
3818:
3769:
3759:
3650:
3640:
3599:
3574:
3566:
3496:
3469:
3321:
3278:
3246:Seston
3236:Nekton
3059:and a
2761:plants
2745:oxygen
2657:denser
2633:carbon
2513:Africa
2325:silica
2159:nekton
2147:larval
2083:, and
1991:larvae
1962:larvae
1911:, and
1792:pollen
1788:spores
1780:mosses
1588:small
1545:small
1492:large
1217:, and
1146:larvae
1132:(e.g.
1108:, and
1072:phyton
1016:
997:NAAMES
863:Blooms
433:amount
402:larval
355:nekton
343:planĂĄĆ
339:ÏÎ»Î±ÎœÎŹÏ
297:nekton
273:nekton
222:pollen
189:oceans
152:, and
6868:Spawn
5534:S2CID
5057:S2CID
4903:S2CID
4751:S2CID
4715:(PDF)
4693:S2CID
4642:S2CID
4469:S2CID
4234:S2CID
3643:98987
3572:S2CID
3564:JSTOR
3417:(PDF)
3406:(PDF)
3319:S2CID
2795:Eon.
2673:Earth
2659:than
2397:have
2352:chalk
2350:have
2291:tests
2224:float
2085:salps
2077:krill
1909:salps
1796:seeds
1776:algae
1768:fungi
1675:algae
1409:salps
1397:krill
1349:salps
1305:Group
1162:fungi
1090:light
1086:algae
665:Algae
479:group
422:worms
390:salps
382:algae
363:squid
330:៰ÌÌλÏ
326:Greek
324:from
226:seeds
177:fungi
169:algae
126:water
6973:Pond
6557:SCAR
6532:Zoid
6477:HNLC
5717:ISBN
5702:ISBN
5687:ISBN
5672:ISBN
5646:PMID
5628:ISSN
5589:PMID
5581:ISSN
5526:PMID
5518:ISSN
5467:IFAW
5445:PMID
5437:ISSN
5213:PMID
5049:PMID
4850:PMID
4801:ISSN
4743:PMID
4685:PMID
4593:ISBN
4566:ISBN
4533:ISBN
4494:ISBN
4322:ISBN
4226:PMID
4060:OCLC
4050:ISBN
4018:PMID
3964:ISBN
3939:ISBN
3826:PMID
3767:PMID
3681:2019
3648:PMID
3597:ISBN
3507:2018
3494:ISBN
3467:ISBN
3425:2014
3353:2018
3276:ISBN
3195:host
3114:Maui
3009:The
2980:yolk
2941:The
2809:The
2708:iron
2625:and
2522:and
2497:arid
2485:iron
2457:and
2445:and
2333:opal
2282:and
2103:and
2040:worm
1960:and
1958:eggs
1923:and
1853:and
1844:and
1809:and
1801:The
1782:and
1737:wind
1450:e.g.
1427:and
1382:e.g.
1351:and
1338:e.g.
1278:and
1200:are
1188:and
1172:and
1164:and
1144:and
1142:eggs
1122:zoon
970:iron
491:The
435:and
431:The
426:fish
365:and
359:fish
334:hĂĄls
239:are
150:fish
138:wind
136:(or
128:(or
93:and
7035:Fen
7025:Bog
6542:CPR
5636:PMC
5620:doi
5573:doi
5508:hdl
5500:doi
5429:doi
5369:hdl
5359:doi
5318:doi
5285:doi
5244:doi
5205:doi
5170:doi
5100:doi
5041:doi
5037:294
4987:hdl
4977:doi
4944:hdl
4934:doi
4893:hdl
4885:doi
4840:PMC
4832:doi
4828:365
4793:doi
4781:160
4735:doi
4677:doi
4665:407
4634:doi
4622:331
4562:736
4529:566
4459:hdl
4449:doi
4274:282
4218:doi
4174:doi
4008:PMC
3998:doi
3917:doi
3816:PMC
3806:doi
3794:113
3757:PMC
3747:doi
3735:109
3708:doi
3638:PMC
3630:doi
3556:doi
3384:doi
3372:261
3309:doi
2671:on
2651:or
2515:).
2378:of
1972:or
1419:);
1399:);
1359:);
1315:ESD
1128:or
1081:or
941:CPR
259:or
187:of
130:air
45:on
7656::
5761:â
5644:.
5634:.
5626:.
5616:15
5614:.
5610:.
5587:.
5579:.
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5561:75
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5532:.
5524:.
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5506:.
5496:77
5494:.
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5417:64
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5411:.
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5341:.
5314:33
5312:.
5308:.
5283:.
5273:52
5271:.
5267:.
5240:27
5238:.
5234:.
5211:.
5203:.
5191:.
5168:.
5156:.
5126:.
5114:^
5098:.
5088:20
5086:.
5082:.
5055:.
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5035:.
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4985:.
4973:95
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4967:.
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4930:67
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4883:.
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4763:^
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4741:.
4733:.
4723:39
4721:.
4717:.
4691:.
4683:.
4675:.
4663:.
4640:.
4632:.
4620:.
4564:.
4531:.
4508:^
4467:.
4457:.
4447:.
4443:.
4439:.
4414:.
4385:.
4360:.
4232:.
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