156:. Metox was the German answer to the British radar. Metox sets received the transmitted pulses from the ASV and rendered them as audible beeps. It enjoyed the usual advantage of radar detectors over radar in that the signal is direct and only had to travel one way whereas the radar has to detect the very weak reflection from the submarine. Most radars increase the number of pulses and decrease the width of the pulses when switched to a shorter range, the shorter pulse widths allow the radar to look at closer objects. Metox exploited the fact that once the radar operator changed the range indication from 36 miles (58 km) to 9 miles (14 km), the
126:(110 km) away, though a typical U-boat detection range was 5 mi (8 km). The radar had a fairly crude display but was able to give the range and an approximate direction within an arc either side of the aircraft heading. Returns were lost in sea clutter once the aircraft was within about 1 mi (1.6 km) of the U-boat but usually by then, the aircraft was within visual range—and the U-boat was well into a
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146:, a powerful floodlight steered by the ASV radar, allowing aircraft to search for U-boats at night. The U-boat was tracked by the radar with the light switched off, following the radar track. Once the returns were lost, the light would be switched on bathing the U-boat in light. The first successful attack was on the
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December 1942 British codebreakers regained the ability to decipher messages encrypted with naval Enigma machines and the Germans noticed the resulting increase in U-boat sightings. Based on their confidence in the Enigma machine, as well as the testimony of a captured British bomber pilot, the
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of the radar's transmitter doubled. Radar cannot detect any reflections returned earlier than half a pulse width so when the U-boat was closer than 9 miles (14 km) the operator would change to the shorter scale. If the Metox set started beeping at twice the rate, the U-boat knew that they had
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and inability to determine height, which caused its failure in night fighters — were no handicap in this new role. With two range scales, 0–9 mi (0–14 km) and 0–36 mi (0–58 km), it could detect surfaced U-boats at up to 12 mi (19 km) and land at up to 70 mi
37:- This rudimentary antenna consisted of five pieces of wood tied together into a cross, with wires wrapped around it. It was installed into a bracket on the conning tower and periodically was rotated by hand. British photographs of the antenna led to their nickname, "Biscay Cross".
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been detected. By the time the aircraft was close enough to the U-boat's position to illuminate with the Leigh light, the U-boat was well under the water. As a bonus, the Metox set would also provide warning in excess of visual range in daylight.
197:, which Metox could not detect and once again the Leigh light forced U-boat crews to refuse to run surfaced at night. Even during the day the new radar was easily able to detect a submerged U-boat's
85:. It is not clear whether the design was German or French or both. It was installed on German U-boats starting in 1942 and used until the end of the war. The system given the official title of
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on 5 July 1942. The sudden light was often the first indication to the U-boat crew that they had been found. The Leigh light was initially very successful, particularly in the
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said of Metox, "Then, on August 3 , we received a message from
Headquarters which had a greater impact on our lives than any since the beginning of the Allied offensive.
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receiver that detected 10-centimetre wavelength H2S signals but was unable to detect the higher, 3 cm (10 GHz) frequency of the
American
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Germans came to the erroneous conclusion that the Allies could detect emissions produced by the Metox itself. The executive officer of
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ALL U-BOATS. ATTENTION. ALL U-BOATS. SHUT OFF METOX AT ONCE. ENEMY IS CAPABLE OF INTERCEPTING. KEEP RADIO SILENCE UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE.
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49:(RWR) used by the German forces on U-boats from 1942-45. It was initially installed to receive signals used by British radars.
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283:"Discussion Forums :: Technology and Operations :: RE: U-boat Radar"
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Iron
Coffins: A Personal Account of the German U-boat Battles of World War II
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Metox was eventually countered by a version of the 10 cm (3 GHz)
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Delusions of
Intelligence: Enigma, Ultra, and the End of Secure Ciphers
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121:-metre ASV". The radar's known AI weaknesses — problems due to land
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45:, named after its manufacturer, was a pioneering high-frequency
232:"U-boat Radar Detectors : FuMB 1 Metox 100U"
395:Military equipment introduced from 1940 to 1944
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311:. Cambridge University Press. p. 146.
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57:The Metox was manufactured by a small
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256:Johnson, Brian (1979). "Chapter 4".
307:Ratcliff, R. A. (14 August 2006).
287:German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net
236:German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net
27:Radar warning receiver used in WW2
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370:World War II German electronics
107:aircraft for use as the Mk II "
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95:, Radio measuring device).
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380:World War II German radars
158:pulse repetition frequency
92:Funkmessbeobachtungsgerät
385:Radar warning receivers
53:Manufacture and purpose
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140:Humphry de Verde Leigh
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47:radar warning receiver
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281:Helgason, GuĂ°mundur.
69:of the early and mid-
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342:. New York: Bantam.
79:RAF Coastal Command
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71:World War II
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165:Enigma code
144:Leigh light
134:Leigh light
61:company in
364:Categories
336:Werner, H.
318:0521855225
217:References
176:, Captain
128:crash dive
81:to attack
41:The R600A
338:(1978) .
211:H2X radar
199:periscope
195:H2S radar
189:Obsolete
77:used by
375:U-boats
260:. BBC.
230:Metox.
203:snorkel
123:clutter
116:⁄
83:U-boats
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292:3 June
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241:3 June
87:FuMB 1
67:radars
59:French
207:Naxos
173:U-230
149:U-502
89:(for
43:Metox
18:Metox
344:ISBN
313:ISBN
294:2010
262:ISBN
243:2024
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