Lebanese Shia Muslims - Knowledge (XXG)

1420: 2593: 2607: 1161: 1782:) to the attention of the French authorities, petitions were signed and presented to the French High Commissioner and the Service de l'Instruction Publique. This institution – since 1920 headquartered in Beirut- oversaw every educational policy regarding public and private school in the mandate territories. According to historian Elizabeth Thompson, private schools were part of "constant negotiations" between citizen and the French authorities in Lebanon, specifically regarding the hierarchical distribution of 2319: 2663: 2735: 1699:

under the Ottomans. Consequently, the establishment of Ja'fari shari'a courts during the French Mandate period in Lebanon complicated the understanding of citizenship by intertwining it with sectarian identification, while also reinforcing sectarian divisions within the legal and political framework of the nation-state. Instead of armed rebellion and uprisings, protests and civil strikes in Shia areas became the medium to protest French policies and

1962: 1624:, due to French arming and their perceived acceptance of French mandatory rule. The French sent an expedition of 4,000–6,000 soldiers led by Colonel Niger to the south in an effort to pacify the Shiite rebels, devastating their villages and crushing Shiite rebels by June 1920. The defeat dispersed thousands of peasants who feared harsh reprisals, and the high fines imposed on the villagers contributed to financial hardship in the region. 2749: 2677: 6424: 6434: 2133:, they began discreetly proselytising around the year 1017 among certain Arab tribes in the Levant. The Isma'ilis of Wadi al-Taym and Jabal Shuf were among those who converted before the movement was permanently closed off a few decades later to guard against outside prying by mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims, who often viewed their doctrines as heresy. This deeply esoteric group became known as the 6482: 2183:. However, Muslims collectively rejected being classified as divided, and so were left out of the law in the end. Ignored in a post-independence law passed in 1951 that defined only Judaism and Christian sects as official, Muslims continued under traditional Ottoman law, within the confines of which small communities like Isma'ilis and Alawites found it difficult to establish their own institutions. 701: 2721: 127: 2635: 2693: 2621: 2649: 2579: 54: 2707: 1364:. The campaign was a failure, and Baydara was only able to extricate his troops after offering gifts and releasing prisoners. In 1299, Kisrawan mountaineers attacked the fleeing Mamluk army, which brought Kisrawan back to Mamluk priority, prompting a swift retribution in 1300. Punishment did not suffice, and following the death of the Ilkhan 1863: 857:, pointed out that genetic variation preceded religious variation and divisions: "Lebanon already had well-differentiated communities with their own genetic peculiarities, but not significant differences, and religions came as layers of paint on top. There is no distinct pattern that shows that one community carries significantly more 2207:

glass per day. Al-Fil closed the plant down on 15 July just after the war broke out to safeguard against the deaths of workers in the event of such an attack, but the damage was estimated at a steep 55 million US dollars, with the reconstruction timeframe indefinite due to instability and government hesitation.

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believed that the only way to ward off foreign political influence was to establish modern schools while maintaining Islamic teachings. In 1938, he built two schools, one for girls and another for boys, at his own expense. However, the girls' school did not last long due to financial difficulties and

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supported educational reforms in order to improve the social and political marginalization of the Shia community and increase their involvement in the newly born nation-state of Lebanon. This led to the establishment of several private Shia schools in Lebanon, among them The Charitable Islamic ʿĀmili

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Once far more numerous and widespread in many areas now part of Lebanon, the Isma'ili population has largely vanished over time. It has been suggested that Ottoman-era persecution might have spurred them to leave for elsewhere in the region, though there is no record or evidence of any kind of large

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influences, spread into the area of the Beqaa valley and possibly also Jabal Shuf starting in the 9th century. The group soon became widely vilified in the Islamic world for its armed campaigns across throughout the following decades, which included slaughtering Muslim pilgrims and sacking Mecca and

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under the direction of Isma'ili entrepreneur Abdel-Hamid al-Fil after the Aga Khan personally brought the two into contact. It had expanded over the next few decades from an ailing relic to the largest glass manufacturer in the Levant, with 300 locally hired workers producing around 220,000 tons of

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in the 18th century was really under the control of the Metawali, which also refers to the Shia Twelvers specifically from the landmass that is modern Lebanon. Metawali, Metouali, or Mutawili, is an archaic term used to specifically refer to Lebanese Twelver Shias in the past. The term was a way to

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Skourtanioti, Eirini; Erdal, Yilmaz S.; Frangipane, Marcella; Balossi Restelli, Francesca; Yener, K. Aslıhan; Pinnock, Frances; Matthiae, Paolo; Özbal, Rana; Schoop, Ulf-Dietrich; Guliyev, Farhad; Akhundov, Tufan; Lyonnet, Bertille; Hammer, Emily L.; Nugent, Selin E.; Burri, Marta; Neumann, Gunnar

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The region experienced a decade of stability following the revolt. Shiites had become largely accepting of Greater Lebanon for sectarian and non-sectarian reasons, and the establishment of the Ja'fari court further strengthened communal ties and validated a sense of particularism otherwise denied

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Haber, Marc; Doumet-Serhal, Claude; Scheib, Christiana; Xue, Yali; Danecek, Petr; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Youhanna, Sonia; Martiniano, Rui; Prado-Martinez, Javier; Szpak, Michał; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Schutkowski, Holger; Mikulski, Richard; Zalloua, Pierre; Kivisild, Toomas; Tyler-Smith, Chris

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missions in Beirut, the British established educational institutions in Druze areas, and Sunnis mainly benefitted from Ottoman state institutions. However, Shiites were the only ones who did not benefit from such activities. This neglectance continued into the early days of the French mandate.

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visit. This angered the French, who encouraged an unsuccessful assassination attempt against him. Sharafeddine strongly denounced sectarian hostility as it only gave purpose for the French military presence. During the famous the conference of Wadi al-Hujayr on 24 April 1920, he called for the

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made a brief stop in Beirut on 4 August 1957 while on a global tour of Nizari Isma'ili centres, drawing an estimated 600 Syrian and Lebanese followers of the religion to the Beirut Airport in order to welcome him. In the mid-1980s, several hundred Isma'ilis were thought to still live in a few

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On the other hand, the official recognition of legal and religious Shiite institutions by the French authorities strengthened a sectarian awareness within the Shia community. Historian Max Weiss underlines how "sectarian claims were increasingly bound up with the institutionalization of Shi'i

1153:, it's possible that Shia tribespeople were present in the area in the Umayyad period or after the 759 Munaytra uprising, and were well-established in the area by the 940s–960s. Muahjir contrasts this view, contending that the Shia community in the highlands likely formed following the 1837:, and held judicial and political power on multiple levels. The institutionalization of Shia Islam during this period provoked discussions between Shiite scholars and clergy about how Shiite orthodoxy should be defined. For example, discussions about the mourning of the martyrdom of 1822:

In January 1926, the French High Commissioner officially recognized the Shia community as an "independent religious community," which was permitted to judge matters of personal status "according to the principles of the rite known by the name of Ja'fari." This meant that the Shiite

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In the late 18th century, traditional Shiite feudatories and mukataa-based familial system had largely become redundant and weak, and Shia influence diminished in favor of an increasingly powerful Maronite-Druze alliance which reached heights under the Sunni (and later Maronite)

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allies. The Mamluk pincer movement converged on the Kisrawan rebels, resulting in fierce battles that eventually crushed the defenders. The Mamluks then devastated villages and cultivation through August 1305 and expelled much of the population, most of whom settled in

2137:, who in belief, practice, and history have long since become distinct from Isma'ilis proper. Druze constitute 5.2% of the modern population of Lebanon and still have a strong demographic presence in their traditional regions within the country to this day. 2075:(the supposed resting place of the Imam Isma'il) in the 8th century, it has been present in what is now Lebanon for centuries. Early Lebanese Isma'ilism showed perhaps an unusual propensity to foster radical movements within it, particularly in the areas of 1648:

The Christians (Nasara) are your brethren in the country and in destiny. Show to them the love you show to yourselves. Protect their lives and possessions as you do to your own. Only by this can you face the conspiracy and put an end to the civil

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Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte, pendant les années 1783, 1784 et 1785: avec deux cartes géographiques et deux planches gravées représentant les Ruines du Temple du Soleil à Balbek, et celles de la ville de Palmyre, dans le désert de Syrie, volume

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U.; Penske, Sandra; Ingman, Tara; Akar, Murat; Shafiq, Rula; Palumbi, Giulio; Eisenmann, Stefanie; d'Andrea, Marta; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Haak, Wolfgang; Krause, Johannes (2020).

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What the Shi'ites did for the Christians in the south will be cherished in our hearts for as long as Lebanon and the Christians remain. What happened should be written in gold. Long live Lebanon, Long live Lebanese unity and long live the

1498:, no more than 500 Shiite families survived Jazzar's rampage at the time of his visit in 1785. According to Tamara Chalabi, these events would persist in the collective memory of the Shia of Jabal Amel well into the early 20th century. 2191:

communities scattered across several parts of Lebanon. Though they are nominally counted among the 18 officially-recognised sects under modern Lebanese law, they currently have no representation in state functions and continue to lack

1530:(Grand viziers) in a prolix edict in 1533. Tahmasp reportedly told him: "You are the real king and I am just one of your agents". This brought new political and court power to the Islamic clerics and their networks, intersecting 1419: 5726:

Haber, Marc; Nassar, Joyce; Almarri, Mohamed A.; Saupe, Tina; Saag, Lehti; Griffith, Samuel J.; Doumet-Serhal, Claude; Chanteau, Julien; Saghieh-Beydoun, Muntaha; Xue, Yali; Scheib, Christiana L.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2020).

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on the coast. Meanwhile Greek was used as language of administration, education and trading. It is important to note that most villages and towns in Lebanon today have Aramaic names, reflecting this heritage. However,

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A census in 1921 put the numbers of Shiites at 17.2% (104,947 of 609,069). The last official census in Lebanon in 1932 put the numbers of Shias at 19.6% of the population (154,208 of 785,543). A study done by the

2334:(CIA) in 1985 put the numbers of Shias at 41% of the population (919,000 of 2,228,000). More recently, the CIA World Factbook estimated that Shia Muslims constitute 31.2% of Lebanon's population in 2022. 2592: 1256:

from 1079, who invested large sums in turning the city into a famous center for learning, founding a "House of Knowledge" that attracted scholars as well as a notable library of 100,000 volumes.

1768:. While several Shia educational institutions were established before and at the beginning of the mandate period, they often ran out of support and funding which resulted in their abolishment. 853:

is a blend of both indigenous elements and the foreign cultures that have come to rule the land and its people over the course of thousands of years. In a 2013 interview the lead investigator,

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offered by the French mandate authorities for all Shiite rebels who had taken part in the fighting, with the intention to bind the Shia community in Lebanon to the new Mandate state. When the

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with fiscal and police responsibilities over a vast section of the Syrian coastal highlands. According to Abdelnour, the Shiite population in 1765 probably stood around 40,000.

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replaced the former urban centers of Shiite learning in the Levant, and Shiite scholars enjoyed protection under Shia chiefs starting from Husam ad-Din Bishara in 1187 until the

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Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E; Badro, Danielle A; Xue, Yali; El-Sibai, Mirvat; Bonab, Maziar Ashrafian; Youhanna, Sonia C; Saade, Stephanie; Soria-Hernanz, David F (March 2011).

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Isma'ilis were originally included as one of five officially-defined Muslim sects in a 1936 edict issued by the French Mandate governing religious affairs in the territory of

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Medina—and Salamiyah. Other Muslim rulers soon acted to crush this powerful heretical movement. In the Levant, the Qarmatians were ordered to be stamped out by the ruling

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was a complex, multi-faceted phenomnon over a few centuries. By the time of the Islamic conquest, Jabal Amel was an ethno-linguistic hybrid which included the tribes of

546: 3698: 3021: 1176:(944–991), and cultural and material interactions between Aleppo and Jabal Amel may have reinforced nascent local development of Twelver Shi'ism in the area prior to 1011:, its namesake, who have particular importance for the Lebanese Shia for adopting and nurturing Shi'ism in the southern population. The Banu Amilah were part of the 3496: 1981:, where they have lived since at least the 16th century. They are recognized as one of the 18 official Lebanese sects, and due to the efforts of an Alawite leader 4932: 3364: 3097: 2315:

Note that the following percentages are estimates only. However, in a country that had last census in 1932, it is difficult to have correct population estimates.

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The semi-divine personality of the Fatimid caliph in Isma'ilism was elevated further in the doctrines of a secretive group which began to venerate the caliph

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Lebanese Shia Muslims are concentrated in south Beirut and its southern suburbs, northern and western area of the Beqaa Valley, as well as Southern Lebanon.

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are said to have fled west during the 12th century. Some settled in the mountains of Lebanon, while others settled further north along the coastal ridges in

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and the adjacent areas likely hosted several disgruntled groups or communities that were susceptible to Twelver Shia doctrine, and a positive and inviting

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along religious communal lines. During these negotiations, petitions were often used by different sects to demand support for reforms. For example, the

1466:. Further south, the Shiites of Jabal Amel retained their tax farms well into the mid-18th century, greatly benefiting from the foreign demand for dyed 1849:

difference." With the Ja'fari shar'ia courts in practice, the Shia community was deliberately encouraged to "practice sectarianism" on a daily basis.

729: 3058: 2202:, Israeli warplanes bombed the factory of the Maliban Glass company in the Beqaa valley on 19 July. The factory was bought in the late 1960s by the 5174:

The Alawites have been present in modern-day Lebanon since the 16th century and are estimated to number 100,000 today, mostly in Akkar and Tripoli.

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and its social milieu gave precedence to the Shiite possibility. Per al-Muhajir, the beginning of the process can be traced right after the

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Between 1921 and 1988, Shiites maintained the highest fertility rate of all communities, contributing to a rapid increase from 17% to 32%.

662: 5081: 3352:متوال mutawālin successive, consecutive, uninterrupted, incessant; -- (pl. متاولة matāwila) member of the Shiite sect of Metualis in Syria 2809: 6525: 3328: 1000:-speaking city in the whole East. On the coast, Tyre prospered under the Romans and was allowed to keep much of its independence as a " 6561: 6389: 4322: 3459: 3283: 2480: 2195:

laws for their sect, which has led to increased conversions to established sects to avoid the perpetual inconveniences this produces.

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respectively. Genetic studies have shown that there are no significant genetic differences between Lebanese Muslims and non-Muslims.

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traditional views, prompting Sayyid Sharafeddine to transfer the girls and teach them in his own home. The boys' school was known as

1558:, who authored mathematical and astronomical treatises, including the possibility of the Earth's movement prior to the spread of the 1310:

invited him to instruct his court in Twelver Shiism. On 30 June 1384, Ibn Makki was charged with heresy and subsequently executed in

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Sbaiti, Nadya (2013). ""A Massacre Without Precedent": Pedagogical Constituencies and Communities of Knowledge in Mandate Lebanon".

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In the 19th century, Lebanon saw dramatic changes when missionaries started establishing schools throughout the country. While the

3409: 6643: 6530: 6456: 2989: 2497: 6673: 6619: 6399: 3030: 1998: 1172:, which figures in the scholastic heritage of Jabal Amel, had become fertile ground for Twelver Shi'ism under the reign of the 418: 386: 381: 3549: 1578:

and barred the local populace from carrying out political activity. Local chiefs rejected the demand, and instead hoisted the

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throughout its history was home of many historic peoples who inhabited the region. The Lebanese coast was mainly inhabited by

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Today, Shia Muslims constitute around 27% of the Lebanese population. Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the

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of 1989 gave them two reserved seats in the Parliament. Lebanese Alawites live mostly in the Jabal Mohsen neighbourhood of

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received the iltizam concession for the Bekaa as well as a rank in the provincial military hierarchy. In the province of

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who advocated developing religious law through debate with Sunni scholars, whose fame as a legal expert spread as far as

6535: 3273: 1620:. Rebels attacked French military bases and garrisons in their areas, and sectarian clashes also took place, notably in 1041:

reached Lebanon, these Arab tribes received the most power which encouraged the non-Arabic-speaking population to adopt

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Political awareness of the Shi'ites in Lebanon: the role of Sayyid 'Abd al-Husain Sharaf al-Din and Sayyid Musa al-Sadr

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and good commercial contacts with the French, and by the 1750s the area provided more tax revenues than Mount Lebanon.

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from French forces. Many Christians who fled their villages during the revolt were accommodated by Shia notables from

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The primary outlet for discussions concerning educational reforms among Shia scholars was the monthly Shiite journal

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is claimed to descend. The Qarmatian movement in the Levant was largely extinguished by the turn of the millennium.

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distinguish the uniqueness and unity of the community. The term 'mutawili' is also the name of a trustee in Islamic

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During the 1920s and 1930s, educational institutions became places for different religious communities to construct

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prices. Shiites were later active in providing ammunition, manpower and assistance to Palestinian rebels during the

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between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon, Shias are the only sect eligible for the post of

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period, each contributing 3%–11% of non-local ancestry to the local population. The admixtures were tied to the

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which analyzed ancient human remains from the region, found that there is substantial genetic continuity in the

1134: 6768: 6713: 6520: 6318: 6293: 6198: 6193: 6108: 6098: 6080: 6058: 3313: 3093: 3043: 1845:, which was a clandestine affair before the 1920s and 1930s, led to its transformation into a public ceremony. 1583: 1317:

Between 1292 and 1305, the Mamluks carried out a series of punitive expeditions against the Shia population of

1106:, whose presence in the region dates back to Biblical times. Banu Amilah, according to tenth century historian 715: 413: 398: 284: 239: 110: 6208: 6188: 6138: 4427: 2549:, studies have shown that it has been present in the Levant since the Bronze Age and only expanded later into 1160: 6404: 6283: 5455: 4854:"Education and Reconfiguring Lebanese Shiʿi Muslims into the Nation-State during the French Mandate, 1920–43" 6824: 6818: 6763: 6583: 6578: 6507: 6486: 6348: 6298: 6278: 6233: 6158: 6123: 4724: 2924: 1368:

in 1304, the Mamluks assembled the main Mamluk field army for a third campaign. In July 1305, according to

682: 460: 423: 311: 190: 6323: 6238: 6093: 5729:"A Genetic History of the Near East from an aDNA Time Course Sampling Eight Points in the Past 4,000 Years" 5360: 3475: 2318: 2067:

Though perhaps somewhat better established in neighbouring Syria, where the faith founded one of its first

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Metamorphosis of the Nation (al-Umma): The Rise of Arabism and Minorities in Syria and Lebanon, 1850–1940

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Between the Ottomans and the Entente: The First World War in the Syrian and Lebanese Diaspora, 1908-1925

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who brought Jabal Amel under his suzerainty, concurrent with the earlier fall of Shiite multezims in

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broke out in 1925, the calm remained in Jabal Amel. Nevertheless, many Shiites joined the rebels in

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Lessons in History: Education and the Formation of National Society in Beirut, Lebanon 1920-1960s

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Being Modern in the Middle East: Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class

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Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon

4853: 4019: 2804: 2662: 818: 5801:"Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in Lebanon" 5089: 1462:, the Hamada family were charged with multiple tax collection assignments in the hinterland of 6733: 6718: 6005: 5956: 5938: 5890: 5838: 5820: 5758: 5706: 5631: 5409: 5340: 5288: 5031:

Sectarian Homes: The Making of Shi'I Families and Citizens under the French Mandate, 1918–1943

5009: 4984: 4959: 4955: 4914: 4904: 4873: 4812: 4787: 4688: 4656: 4620: 4585: 4547: 4454: 4403: 4375: 4365: 4318: 4282: 4234: 4116: 4077: 4069: 4038: 3995: 3955: 3908: 3882: 3798: 3680: 3670: 3642: 3605: 3455: 3343: 3333: 3222: 3007: 2955:– Former military leader in Hezbollah and both the cousin and brother-in-law of Imad Mughniyah 2943:– Speaker of the Lebanese Parliament, and one of the founding fathers of the Lebanese Republic 2554: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2108: 1990: 1799: 1654: 1559: 1303: 1196: 1180: 1001: 536: 484: 356: 341: 246: 5859:"Genomic History of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia, Northern Levant, and Southern Caucasus" 5187: 5163:"'Lebanese Alawites welcome Syria's withdrawal as 'necessary' 2005, The Daily Star, 30 April" 4541: 3766:

ABISAAB, R. (1999). "SH?'ITE BEGINNINGS AND SCHOLASTIC TRADITION IN JABAL 'ĀMIL IN LEBANON".

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Matthee, Rudi (2014). "The Ottoman-Safavid War of 986-998/1578-90: Motives and Causes". In

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in March 1920, anti-French riots and clashed broke out in the predominantly Shia areas of

1579: 1479: 1451: 1408: 1402: 1330: 850: 794: 790: 760: 746: 687: 617: 603: 563: 158: 118: 81: 3720: 2778:(1334–1385) – Prominent Shia scholar from Jezzine, known as "Shahid Awwal"/"First Martyr" 1164:

A political map of the Levant (c. 1090), highlighting the territories of Tripoli and Tyre

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Collelo, Thomas (1 January 2003). "Lebanon: A Country Study". In John C. Rolland (ed.).

5124:"Report: Hizbullah Training Shiite Syrians to Defend Villages against Rebels — Naharnet" 4768:(Doctoral). Durham: Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, University of Durham. 1594:, emphasizing their Arab identity, while simultaneously defending Shiite particularism. 1353:, entering Kisrawan from the south. According to al-Ayni, the defenders, whom he called 6648: 6000: 5975: 5951: 5918: 5833: 5800: 5753: 5728: 4439: 4431: 3985: 3867: 3863: 3779: 3256: 3186: 3162: 3054: 3035: 2946: 2899: 2748: 2558: 2501: 2203: 2144:

that stoked escalating sectarian clashes with Sunnis, many Isma'ilis in the regions of

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Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Makki "al-Shahid al-Awwal" (d. 1384) and the Shi'ah of Syria

3526:"Fadlallah Charges Every Sect in Lebanon Except his Own Wants to Dominate the Country" 6838: 6427: 5902: 4948: 4885: 4599: 4148: 4060: 3984:

Prawer, Joshua (1985). "Social Classes in the Crusader States: The "Minorities"". In

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The Shi'is of Jabal `Amil and the New Lebanon: Community and Nation-State, 1918-1943

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The Shiʿis of Jabal ʿĀmil and the New Lebanon: Community and Nation-State, 1918–1943

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mainly encouraged Maronite and Orthodox active learning respectively, along with

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in several villages. Shiites participated in the Syrian nationalist movement and

6814: 6437: 5110: 3991:

A History of the Crusades, Volume V: The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East

3583: 3210: 3198: 3145: 3129: 3017: 2980: 2974: 2857: 2726: 2712: 2634: 2505: 2187: 2103: 1838: 1791: 1736: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1033:, whose presence in the region likely dates back to Biblical times according to 1026: 1008: 6827:, the Druze community is designated as a part of the Lebanese Muslim community. 5991: 5934: 5875: 5858: 5744: 5309: 3086:– Pioneering feminist, novelist, playwright, poet and historian of famous women 2692: 1866:

Shia Twelver (Metawali) woman in the Bekaa Valley in traditional clothes, 1950s

6777: 4869: 4581: 3267: 3261: 3204: 3171: 3158: 3149: 3048: 2876: 2740: 2530: 2509: 2489: 2156:, where the Alawites had earlier taken refuge—and where their brethren in the 2099: 1923: 1877: 1708: 1686: 1613: 1587: 1428: 1369: 1265: 1253: 1243: 1211: 1138: 1122: 1111: 1096: 1072: 1060: 1012: 961: 941: 922: 872: 798: 126: 97: 5942: 5885: 5824: 4918: 4877: 4379: 4315:

In the Shadow of Sectarianism: Law, Shi'ism, and the Making of Modern Lebanon

4081: 3912: 3886: 3684: 2342:

Percentage growth of the Lebanese Shia Muslim population (other sources est.)

5780:

Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events

5463:

Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Progress Amid Resistance

3166: 3026: 2867: 2852: 2843: 2800: 2492:(3300–1200 BC) interrupted by three significant admixture events during the 2072: 2049: 2025: 1519: 1515: 1381: 1307: 1285: 1239: 1173: 1126: 1107: 1099: 1054: 1017: 929: 858: 531: 6009: 5960: 5894: 5842: 5762: 5123: 4500:

Introduction à l'histoire urbaine de la Syrie Ottomane (XVIe-XVIIIe siècle)

3347: 2620: 2068: 1597: 5816: 4652: 3795:

Rome and the Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs

3602:

Rome and the Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs

3051:– Marxist philosopher and prominent member of the Lebanese Communist party 2648: 2578: 2198:

War in the region has also caused pressures on Lebanese Isma'ilis. In the

1910:

in a 1924 border-redrawing agreement were forcibly depopulated during the

4543:

The Shi'is of Jabal 'Amil and the New Lebanon: Community and Nation-State

3529: 3500: 3175: 3077: 2791: 2493: 2145: 2115: 2053: 1974: 1935: 1795: 1682: 1621: 1575: 1514:, contributing significantly to the empire's conversion into Shia Islam. 1487: 1373: 1318: 1298: 1215: 1191:

took hold in Syria, cultural exchange between scholars in Jabal Amel and

1146: 933: 910: 896: 876: 17: 5232:"Lebanon: Displaced families struggle on both sides of sectarian divide" 3737: 2706: 2044:

as the Twelvers believe. Isma'ili Shi'ism also differs doctrinally from

1590:

often stated their support for Syrian unity and independence within the

1506:

During this time period, Shiites built particularly close ties with the

1423:

An 18th century copy of a miniature depicting Sheikh Baha'uddin al-Amili

53: 6490: 6481: 5212:. Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN). UNHCR. 5 August 2008 5085: 3574:

Maroon, Habib (31 March 2013). "A geneticist with a unifying message".

3039: 2161: 2021: 1982: 1978: 1891: 1880: 1829: 1700: 1563: 1539: 1455: 1356: 1346: 1281: 1130: 1076: 993: 976: 968:, who fought them after they blocked his army's access to wood supply. 864: 802: 135: 5381: 5234:. Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN). UNHCR. 31 July 2008 3994:. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 59–115. 3148:– Singer and actress, considered one of the best-known artists in the 1272:. During this period, a stream of scholars shifted to Jabal Amel from 1157:

in 1109 after the city's depopulation of its former Shia inhabitants.

6043: 5535:

World Directory of Minorities. June 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2013.

5210:"Lebanon: Displaced Allawis find little relief in impoverished north" 2550: 2485: 2339: 2149: 2126: 2112: 1943: 1842: 1757: 1720: 1670: 1547: 1535: 1531: 1467: 1444: 1365: 1361: 1334: 1326: 1273: 1269: 1248: 1169: 1150: 1042: 984: 949: 945: 937: 888: 822: 598: 131: 5581: 3080:, mathematician and inventor with patents in television transmission 2160:

were cultivating a fearsome reputation as they staved off armies of

1862: 1280:

takeover as the area provided refuge from Sunni rigor. The towns of

5654:

The Shiite Community in Lebanon: From Marginalization to Ascendancy

4479: 3930: 3739:

History of Shiites in Lebanon, Syria and Jazira in the Middle Ages

2527: 2317: 2130: 1960: 1949:

In addition, the Shia Twelvers in Lebanon have close links to the

1931: 1919: 1861: 1744: 1678: 1674: 1662: 1596: 1543: 1427:

After the Ottoman conquest circa 1516, leading Shiite families in

1350: 1223: 1219: 1188: 1184: 997: 953: 914: 884: 821:, making them the only major Twelver Shia community extant in the 93: 4901:

The Routledge handbook of the history of the Middle East mandates

4760: 3935:

Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras, Volume 4

3722:

The Foundation of the History of the Shiites in Lebanon and Syria

3454:. Boulder - San Francisco - Oxford: Westview Press. p. 122. 1604:

and Sadiq Hamzeh, two prominent anti-French revolutionary figures

1562:, and is responsible for many architectural feats in the city of 1141:

gave rare exposure to a Shia-minded population on the fringes of

2790:(1547–1621) – Shia Islamic scholar, philosopher, architect, and 1902:

Seven Shia (Mutawili) villages that were reassigned from French

1896: 1551: 1511: 1377: 1202:

Shiites also had a strong presence in certain areas in northern

1192: 987:, including what is nowadays known as Lebanon, replacing spoken 905: 6452: 6047: 5976:"Origin and diffusion of human Y chromosome haplogroup J1-M267" 3550:"Aspects of Christian-Muslim Relations in Contemporary Lebanon" 2111:, themselves Isma'ilis and from whom the lineage of the modern 1360:, mobilized 10,000 defenders who lured Mamluk contingents into 1095:, the pre-Islamic tribes of Amilah and Judham were part of the 5582:"Contemporary distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups" 5576: 5574: 5572: 3639:

Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Volume 2, Part 2

3425:"Pressures in Syria affect Alawites in Lebanon – The National" 3183:– Singer, composer, television personality, and philanthropist 2784:(1465–1534) – Shiite scholar and a member of the Safavid court 1915: 1794:

areas expressed their demands for educational reforms through

817:

sects. The vast majority of Shia Muslims in Lebanon adhere to

6817:, comprising 18 recognized religious sects recognized by the 5493:. United Nations Development Program. 1 June 2009. p. 70 5336:

A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered

5284:

A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered

4502:. Beirut: Publications de l'Université Libanaise. p. 80. 4399:

A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered

3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 1689:, an act that was appreciated by the local Christian clergy. 1380:

of Tripoli coming from the south, also summoning their Druze

1025:, and they were connected to other pre-Islamic Arabs such as 956:

themselves. These Itureans inhabited the hills above Tyre in

5429:

Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (27 July 2012).

4522:

de Chasseboeuf de Volney, Comte Constantin François (1782).

3905:

Histoire de la dynastie des Hamdanides de Jazîra et de Syrie

1242:

that most of the inhabitants of the two cities were Shiite.

5974:

Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Margaryan, Ashot; Saag, Lauri (2021).

4317:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 58–59. 3624:

E. G. Hardy, Roman Laws and Charters, New Jersey 2005, p.95

2526:

studies on Lebanese people have shown that the most common

1814:, and was able to continue despite financial difficulties. 1252:, a pejorative term denoting Shiites. Tripoli was ruled by 895:, which was founded as a center of a confederation between 5551:"2012 Report on International Religious Freedom – Lebanon" 5513:"War with Israel interrupts rare industrial success story" 4645:

Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals

2860:– Shiite scholar and leader of resistance in South Lebanon 1883:

community with a significant presence throughout Lebanon.

6039:

The Shia Rulers of Banu Ammar, Banu Mardas and the Mazidi

1673:, where Shiites reportedly took a booty of more than 400 4903:. Schayegh, Cyrus,, Arsan, Andrew. London. p. 322. 4573:

The Shah of Iran, the Iraqi Kurds, and the Lebanese Shia

2553:. Other haplogroups present among Lebanese Shia include 1574:

With the Ottoman withdrawal in 1918, the French entered

6813:

has the most religious diversity of all peoples in the

5682:

La protection sanitaire et sociale au Liban (1860-1963)

3452:

A Lebanon Defied - Musa Al-sadr And The Shi'a Community

2977:– Former Speaker of the parliament and political leader 2971:– Former Speaker of the Parliament and political leader 4983:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 213. 2923:– Lebanese revolutionary who attempted to assassinate 2102:, typically classed as an Isma'ili splinter sect with 1798:

directed towards the French High Commissioner and the

1195:

contributed to a mutual systematic observation of the

4809:"Negotiating Citizenship," in Practicing Sectarianism 4197: 4195: 4185: 4183: 2888:– Reformist scholar, Arab nationalist and founder of 5287:. University of California Press. pp. 118–119. 4678:"ʿĀmilī: Bahāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ḥusayn al-ʿĀmilī" 4230:

The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1788

3403: 3401: 2983:– Speaker of the Parliament and political leader of 2545:(17.3%). Although haplogroup J1 is most frequent in 1778:, founded in 1909. In order to bring their demands ( 948:

might have been born, and was later also settled by

928:

During the Iron Age, the Bekaa was dominated by the

805:, which plays a major role alongside Lebanon's main 6686: 6661: 6610: 6506: 6497: 6377: 6337: 6079: 5111:

Completing The Task Of Evicting Israel From Lebanon

5008:. Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press. p. 94. 3907:(in French). Algiers: Faculté des Lettres d'Alger. 1478:. Decline amplified in 1781 following the death of 1268:was becoming the Twelver Shia center of the entire 87: 73: 63: 30:"Mutawālī" redirects here. Not to be confused with 4059: 3849: 3641:(illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. 3497:"March for secularism; religious laws are archaic" 3332:(Third ed.). Ithaca, New York. p. 1101. 2898:– Shiite scholar and patriarch of the influential 1665:, and played a central role in the battles of the 1129:relationship between the theological construct of 6687:Ethnic minorities, refugees and foreign nationals 5431:"International Religious Freedom Report for 2011" 5276: 5274: 5272: 3595: 3593: 3384:Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913-1936) 1349:to take three thousand cavalry up the coast from 5484:"Lebanon 2008 – 2009: Towards a Citizen's State" 5033:. Columbia University: PhD diss. pp. 78–81. 4954:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 4254:Majmu‘ Fatawa Shaykh al-Islam Ahmad ibn Taymiyah 3951:The Shi'a of Lebanon: Clans, Parties and Clerics 3933:. In Vermeulen, U.; Van Steenbergen, J. (eds.). 3742:(in Arabic). Baalbek: Dar Baha'uddine al-'Amili. 2812:– prominent Shia scholar during the 16th century 1091:émigrés, and non-Arab communities. According to 5339:. University of California Press. p. 137. 1007:On the other hand, Jabal Amel was inhabited by 5774: 5772: 5310:"Isma'ili Da'wa and Politics in Fatimid Egypt" 3988:; Zacour, Norman P.; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). 2933:– Lebanese revolutionary who took part in the 1518:(1524–1576) appointed Muhaqqiq al-Karaki from 1199:, which also continued after Fatimid demise. 6464: 6059: 5607:Social Classes and Political Power in Lebanon 5545: 5543: 5541: 5408:. Hauppage, NY: Nova Publishers. p. 74. 5072: 5070: 4836:. Georgetown University: PhD diss. p. 2. 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4112:The History of Shiites in Lebanon, Volume One 3413:. Mideast Monitor. Vol. 3, No. 2, August 2008 3029:– Member of cabinet, former president of the 723: 8: 4723:Kohlberg, E. (2009). "BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN ʿĀMELĪ". 4685:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers 4638: 4636: 4278:The Arab Lands Under Ottoman Rule: 1516–1800 3697:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2565:occurring at smaller but significant rates. 2005:between pro-Syrian Alawites and anti-Syrian 899:, Sidonians, and Tyrians. Further east, the 849:The cultural and linguistic heritage of the 777: 768: 43: 40: 5688:(Thesis). Université Nice Sophia Antipolis. 5630:. Cambridge University Press. p. 175. 5255:"Syrian violence finds its echo in Lebanon" 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4493: 4491: 1973:There are approximately 100,000 to 120,000 1946:. The inhabitants in turn fled to Lebanon. 1653:This period of unrest ended in 1921 with a 1526:, and granted him extensive power over the 6658: 6607: 6503: 6471: 6457: 6449: 6066: 6052: 6044: 5461:. In Sanja Kelly and Julia Breslin (ed.). 4931:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4777: 4775: 4616:Authority and Political Culture in Shi'ism 4445:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4361:Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 1575–1650 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 3873:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3632: 3630: 3363:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3326:Wehr, Hans (1976). Cowan, J Milton (ed.). 2129:. Unsuccessful in the imperial capital of 2024:Shi'ism", is a branch of Shia Islam which 1743:modes of identification. Shia leaders and 1608:Following the official declaration of the 730: 716: 105: 52: 39: 5999: 5950: 5884: 5874: 5832: 5784:The American Journal of Human Genetics 82 5752: 5600: 5598: 5465:. New York, NY: Freedom House. p. 10 4710:Iranian Cities: Formation and Development 4565: 4563: 4453:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 343–344. 4364:. Beirut: American University of Beirut. 4104: 4102: 4100: 3881:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 126–131. 3660: 3658: 3042:philosopher and former key member of the 2140:Due to official persecution by the Sunni 1750:al-Jamʿiyya al-Khayriyya al-Islāmiyya al- 4786:. New York: Palgrave. pp. 115–138. 4726:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 4 4683:. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.). 4481:International Journal of Turkish Studies 4342:The Kızılbaş of Syria and Ottoman Shiism 3445: 3443: 3441: 3059:Communist Action Organization in Lebanon 2836:, philosopher and Shi'a religious leader 1635:since 1919, who demanded US support for 1418: 1159: 753:), communally and historically known as 58:Distribution of Shi'a Muslims in Lebanon 3552:. Macdonald.hartsem.edu. Archived from 3299: 3003:General Directorate of General Security 2994:General Directorate of General Security 2062:five pillars and ten ancillary precepts 1876:Shia Twelvers in Lebanon refers to the 1627:The armed effort was paralleled by the 1586:in 1919, and prominent Shiites such as 1376:to meet up with another army under the 1292:. One particular scholar from Jezzine, 117: 5923:The American Journal of Human Genetics 5794: 5792: 5405:Lebanon: Current Issues and Background 4924: 4619:. State University of New York Press. 4348:(London: Routledge, 2011). p. 171-183. 3690: 3356: 2842:– Shiite scholar and former leader of 2832:– Spiritual leader and founder of the 2776:Muhammad Jamaluddin al-Makki al-ʿĀmili 2474:Lebanese Sunni Muslims § Genetics 2211:Geographic distribution within Lebanon 1833:was legally recognized as an official 1762:al-Jamʿiyya al-Khayriyya al-Jaʿfariyya 5491:The National Human Development Report 5454:Khalaf, Mona Chemali (8 April 2010). 4847: 4845: 4843: 4687:. New York: Springer. pp. 42–3. 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 3937:. Leuven, Dudley: Peeters Publishers. 3669:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2003:Bab al-Tabbaneh, Jabal Mohsen clashes 229:Native communities outside of Lebanon 7: 5511:Ohrstrom, Lysandra (2 August 2007). 4713:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 47. 1997:, and are mainly represented by the 1760:and The Charitable Jaʿfari Society ( 921:, and had local city-states such as 663:List of political parties in Lebanon 5533:Lebanon Ithna'ashari Shias Overview 5436:. United States Department of State 5186:Jackson Allers (22 November 2008). 3329:Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic 3022:Lebanese Arab Socialist Baath Party 2949:– Hezbollah's former Chief of Staff 1890:was merely nominal in the Lebanon. 1187:(969–1174). Before Fatimid Ismaili 909:in the Bronze Age, and was part of 778: 769: 764: 750: 44: 5805:European Journal of Human Genetics 5733:American Journal of Human Genetics 3780:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1999.tb03666.x 3725:(in Arabic). Beirut: Dar al-Malak. 3284:Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christians 2992:– Former General director of the 2866:– Spiritual Leader and Shia Grand 2481:American Journal of Human Genetics 2009:have haunted Tripoli for decades. 25: 5555:United States Department of State 5308:Mahamid, Hatim (September 2006). 5253:David Enders (13 February 2012). 4613:Arjomand, Saïd Amir, ed. (1988). 3132:– Former university professor at 3001:– Former General director of the 2164:and Sunnis alike for many years. 1817: 1707:, which was co-administered from 1121:During the early Islamic period, 940:, and established the kingdom of 6480: 6432: 6423: 6422: 4358:Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (1985). 4227:Winter, Stefan (11 March 2010). 4068:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; 3140:Artists, singers and journalists 2747: 2733: 2719: 2705: 2691: 2675: 2661: 2647: 2633: 2619: 2605: 2591: 2577: 932:, who formed kingdoms nearby in 699: 125: 27:Lebanese adherents of Shia Islam 4643:Streusand, Douglas E. (2019) . 4344:. in Christine Woodhead (ed.), 3174:– Model and winner of the 2010 3031:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 2961:– Statesman, co-founder of the 2851:– Shiite scholar and Leader of 2468:Lebanese people § Genetics 2179:, Twelver Shias, Alawites, and 1554:. Another prominent cleric was 6390:British Indian Ocean Territory 4233:. Cambridge University Press. 4076:(3rd ed.). Brill Online. 4037:. Edinburgh University Press. 3423:Zoi Constantine (2012-12-13). 3392:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_4996 3289:Lebanese Protestant Christians 3225:– Lebanese Dance choreographer 3195:- Canadian-Lebanese journalist 3117:– Political writer and analyst 2810:Zayn al-Din al-Juba'i al'Amili 2782:Nur-al-Din al-Karaki al-ʿĀmilī 1296:, became a widely known Shi'i 1110:, were also affiliates of the 964:, since at least the times of 879:ages, who built the cities of 1: 5584:. Central Intelligence Agency 5061:In the Shadow of Sectarianism 5046:In the Shadow of Sectarianism 4782:Chalabi, ( ., Tamara (2006). 4759:Gharbieh, Hussein M. (1996). 4484:. Vol. 20, Nos 1& 2. 3314:"Lebanon: people and society" 2872:Islamic Dawa Party in Lebanon 2799:(1624–1693) – prominent Shia 2569:Notable Lebanese Shia Muslims 2098:The syncretic beliefs of the 2028:from a disagreement over the 1705:1936–1939 revolt in Palestine 1443:or as governors of secondary 1039:Muslim conquest of the Levant 5384:. Ismaili.net. 4 August 1957 5188:"The view from Jabal Mohsen" 4946:Thompson, Elizabeth (2000). 4676:Hashemipour, Behnaz (2007). 4498:Abdel Nour, Antoine (1982). 3667:Lebanon: a history, 600–2011 3665:W., Harris, William (2012). 3410:Return of the Pink Panthers? 3274:Lebanese Maronite Christians 3207:– Model, actress, and singer 3057:– Founder and leader of the 2870:, former spiritual guide of 2533:among Lebanese Shiites were 1993:, and in 10 villages in the 1908:British Mandate of Palestine 527:Timeline of Lebanese history 6555:Assyrian Church of the East 5705:. Oxford University Press. 5699:Fahrenthold, Stacy (2019). 5361:"Lebanon – Religious Sects" 4852:Sayed, Linda (2019-09-11). 4570:Reisinezhad, Arash (2018). 4256:(Riyadh, 1961-66), 5:149-60 3719:Al-Muhajir, Jaafar (1992). 3584:10.1038/nmiddleeast.2013.46 3279:Lebanese Melkite Christians 3201:– Singer and former actress 2914:(c. 1750–1781) – Sheikh of 2332:Central Intelligence Agency 1965:Alawite El-Zahra Mosque in 1502:Relations with Safavid Iran 1289: 1264:By the early 14th century, 1114:who supplied troops to the 552:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate 6866: 5992:10.1038/s41598-021-85883-2 5935:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.06.013 5876:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.044 5745:10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.05.008 5651:Yusri Hazran (June 2009). 5515:. The Daily Star (Lebanon) 5382:"FIRST VISIT TO FOLLOWERS" 4979:Watenpaugh, Keith (2006). 4707:Kheirabadi Masoud (2000). 4478:; Balgamış, Deniz (eds.). 3231:– Brazilian-Lebanese actor 2864:Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah 2816:Abdel Hussein Charafeddine 2683:Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah 2478:A 2020 study published in 2471: 2465: 2354:Total Lebanese Population 2324:Lebanon's religious groups 1872:Shia villages in Palestine 1869: 1644:protection of Christians. 1412: 1406: 1400: 1064: 1058: 1052: 751:المسلمون الشيعة اللبنانيون 623:French language in Lebanon 517:History of ancient Lebanon 45:المسلمون الشيعة اللبنانيون 29: 6807: 6418: 5333:Salibi, Kamal S. (1990). 5281:Salibi, Kamal S. (1990). 5082:"The Seven Lost Villages" 4870:10.1163/15700607-05934P02 4582:10.1007/978-3-319-89947-3 4529:(in French). p. 335. 3948:Shanahan, Rodger (2005). 3736:Hamade, Mohammad (2013). 3476:"Lebanon-Religious Sects" 2965:and Speaker of Parliament 2613:Abdul-Husayn Sharafeddine 2306: 2298: 2293: 2285: 2280: 2272: 2267: 2259: 2254: 2246: 2239: 2232: 2227: 1918:. The seven villages are 1807:Abdul-Husayn Sharafeddine 1633:Abdul Husayn Sharafeddine 92: 78: 68: 51: 6139:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 6022:Chalabi, Tamara (2006). 4540:Chalabi, Tamara (2006). 4281:. Taylor & Francis. 4109:Ḥamādah, Saʻdūn (2008). 3123:– Historian, writer and 3044:Lebanese Communist Party 3020:– Former leader of the 2071:outposts in the city of 1886:The jurisdiction of the 1858:Shia Twelvers (Metouali) 1584:Syrian National Congress 1214:(c. 966-985), mainly in 1139:842 revolt in Jabal Amel 1137:in 661. Per Harris, the 960:, historically known as 6825:Constitution of Lebanon 6823:Under the terms of the 6819:Constitution of Lebanon 6400:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5679:Yahya, Houssam (2015). 4402:. London: I.B. Tauris. 4275:Hathaway, Jane (2019). 4147:Winter, Stefan (1999). 4031:Brett, Michael (2017). 3264:, Shia tribe in Lebanon 1790:of predominantly urban 683:Coat of arms of Lebanon 456:Cultural Heritage sites 5612:Heinrich Böll Stiftung 5257:. McClatchy Newspapers 4832:Sbaiti, Nadya (2008). 4546:. Palgrave Macmillan. 4094:Harris 2011, pp. 83-84 4074:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4061:"ʿAmmār, Banū (Syria)" 4058:Mallett, Alex (2014). 3826:Harris 2011, pp. 29-30 3793:Shahid, Irfan (1984). 3600:Shahid, Irfan (1984). 3450:Halawi, Majed (1992). 3252:Lebanese Sunni Muslims 3213:– Television show host 3121:Muhammad Jaber Al Safa 3071:Hassan Kamel Al-Sabbah 2788:Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī 2585:Baha' al-din al-'Amili 2326: 2091:, in the highlands of 2040:seventh imam, and not 2032:. Isma'ilis hold that 2030:succession to Muhammad 1970: 1867: 1818:Ja'fari shar'ia courts 1696: 1651: 1605: 1424: 1341:, in 1292, the Sultan 1165: 1045:as the main language. 996:became the only fully 574:South Lebanon conflict 6850:Shia Islam in Lebanon 6845:Lebanese Shia Muslims 5817:10.1038/ejhg.2010.177 5786:, 873–882, April 2008 5660:. Brandeis University 5149:Minority Rights Group 5145:"Alawites in Lebanon" 5029:Sayed, Linda (2013). 4807:SAYED, LINDA (2022). 4653:10.4324/9780429499586 4647:. London: Routledge. 4158:University of Chicago 3637:Irfan Shahid (2010). 3478:. Global security.org 3111:– Author and Novelist 2896:Sadr al-Din bin Saleh 2824:nonviolent resistance 2466:Further information: 2321: 2228:Lebanese Shia Muslims 2125:as the embodiment of 2060:of faith rather than 2050:beliefs and practices 1999:Arab Democratic Party 1964: 1912:1948 Arab-Israeli War 1865: 1825:Ja'fari jurisprudence 1691: 1646: 1641:King–Crane Commission 1629:nonviolent resistance 1610:Arab Kingdom of Syria 1600: 1570:French mandate period 1522:as the deputy of the 1422: 1413:Further information: 1407:Further information: 1401:Further information: 1306:, where the reigning 1163: 869:Phoenician Canaanites 834:Speaker of Parliament 797:who are adherents of 743:Lebanese Shia Muslims 41:Lebanese Shia Muslims 6314:United Arab Emirates 5869:(5): 1158–1175.e28. 5778:Zalloua, Pierre A., 5624:Farha, Mark (2019). 5363:. GlobalSecurity.org 5315:. Nebula. p. 13 5004:Firro, Kais (2009). 4016:Description of Syria 2818:– Spiritual leader, 2599:Emir Khanjar Harfush 2322:The distribution of 1951:Syrian Shia Twelvers 1226:. Traveling through 1135:Hasan–Muawiya treaty 1049:Early Islamic period 673:Lebanese nationalism 409:United Arab Emirates 6574:Armenian Apostolics 6341:limited recognition 5059:Weiss, Max (2010). 5044:Weiss, Max (2010). 4858:Die Welt des Islams 4729:. pp. 429–430. 4512:Harris 2011, p. 120 4313:Weiss, Max (2010). 3270:, region in Lebanon 3242:Religion in Lebanon 3134:Stanford University 2959:Hussein el Husseini 2935:Great Syrian Revolt 2931:Tawfiq Hawlo Haidar 2344: 1914:and repopulated by 1729:American Protestant 1659:Great Syrian Revolt 1556:Baha'uddin al-Amili 1339:Badr al-Din al-Ayni 1312:Citadel of Damascus 966:Alexander the Great 559:1958 Lebanon crisis 191:Lebanese Christians 48: 6536:Maronite Catholics 6526:Chaldean Catholics 6521:Armenian Catholics 6074:Shia Islam in Asia 5604:Fawwaz Traboulsi, 5165:. dailystar.com.lb 4265:Harris 2011, p. 72 4210:Harris 2011, p. 71 4201:Harris 2011, p. 70 4189:Harris 2011, p. 69 4064:. In Fleet, Kate; 4034:The Fatimid Empire 3986:Setton, Kenneth M. 3974:Harris 2011, p. 40 3835:Harris 2011, p. 45 3817:Harris 2011, p. 33 3797:. Dumbarton Oaks. 3604:. Dumbarton Oaks. 3576:Nature Middle East 3378:Massignon, Louis. 3115:Amal Saad-Ghorayeb 2953:Mustafa Badreddine 2886:Ahmed Aref El-Zein 2826:against the French 2351:Shiite Population 2340: 2327: 2012: 1971: 1868: 1667:Qalamoun Mountains 1606: 1482:in battle against 1425: 1397:Under Ottoman rule 1294:Muhammad ibn Makki 1166: 952:, who were likely 706:Lebanon portal 569:Lebanese Civil War 522:History of Lebanon 6832: 6831: 6682: 6681: 6657: 6656: 6606: 6605: 6569:Oriental Orthodox 6541:Melkite Catholics 6446: 6445: 6383:other territories 5886:20.500.12154/1254 5080:(6 August 2006). 5048:. pp. 61–62. 4910:978-1-315-71312-0 4793:978-1-4039-7028-2 4694:978-0-387-31022-0 4460:978-90-04-08112-3 4409:978-1-86064-912-7 4371:978-0-8156-6072-9 4346:The Ottoman World 3804:978-0-88402-115-5 3229:Mouhamed Harfouch 3223:Alissar Caracalla 3008:Hussein al-Musawi 2906:Political figures 2770:Religious figures 2767: 2766: 2547:Arabian peninsula 2459: 2458: 2311: 2310: 2034:Isma'il ibn Jafar 1800:League of Nations 1655:political amnesty 1639:unity during the 1560:Copernican theory 1002:civitas foederata 740: 739: 648:Lebanese politics 537:County of Tripoli 247:Lebanese diaspora 145: 104: 103: 16:(Redirected from 6857: 6659: 6608: 6546:Syriac Catholics 6504: 6485: 6484: 6473: 6466: 6459: 6450: 6436: 6426: 6425: 6395:Christmas Island 6081:Sovereign states 6068: 6061: 6054: 6045: 6027: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6003: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5954: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5888: 5878: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5836: 5796: 5787: 5776: 5767: 5766: 5756: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5659: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5621: 5615: 5602: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5578: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5547: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5488: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5460: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5435: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5314: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5278: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5170: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5120: 5114: 5109:Lamb, Franklin. 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5088:. Archived from 5078:Danny Rubinstein 5074: 5065: 5064: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4953: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4930: 4922: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4864:(3–4): 282–312. 4849: 4838: 4837: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4779: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4756: 4731: 4730: 4720: 4714: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4682: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4640: 4631: 4630: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4567: 4558: 4557: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4495: 4486: 4485: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4355: 4349: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4310: 4293: 4292: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4224: 4211: 4208: 4202: 4199: 4190: 4187: 4178: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4155: 4144: 4127: 4126: 4106: 4095: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4063: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4028: 4022: 4012: 4006: 4005: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3853: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3768:The Muslim World 3763: 3744: 3743: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3716: 3703: 3702: 3696: 3688: 3662: 3653: 3652: 3634: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3597: 3588: 3587: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3536: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3503:. 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Thenational.ae 3420: 3414: 3405: 3396: 3395: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3362: 3354: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3247:Islam in Lebanon 3193:Mouhamad Rachini 3125:Arab nationalist 3094:Condensed matter 2912:Nassif al-Nassar 2892:magazine in 1909 2849:Hassan Nasrallah 2803:and compiler of 2797:Al-Hurr al-Amili 2751: 2737: 2723: 2709: 2699:Hassan Nasrallah 2695: 2679: 2665: 2651: 2637: 2623: 2609: 2595: 2581: 2573: 2572: 2345: 2225: 2224: 2200:2006 Lebanon War 2079:, adjoining the 2056:and maintaining 2048:Shi'ism, having 1745:religious clergy 1631:movement led by 1592:Kingdom of Syria 1415:El Assaad Family 1387:Southern Lebanon 1343:al-Ashraf Khalil 1210:as confirmed by 958:Southern Lebanon 781: 780: 776:; pronounced as 772: 771: 766: 752: 732: 725: 718: 704: 703: 702: 614: 442:Lebanese culture 169:Lebanese Muslims 139: 129: 106: 64:Total population 56: 49: 47: 46: 21: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6822: 6811:Lebanese people 6803: 6678: 6653: 6635:Ismaili Shiites 6630:Alawite Shiites 6625:Shiite Twelvers 6602: 6584:Syriac Orthodox 6579:Coptic Orthodox 6531:Latin Catholics 6493: 6479: 6477: 6447: 6442: 6414: 6382: 6373: 6354:Northern Cyprus 6340: 6333: 6075: 6072: 6035: 6030: 6021: 6017: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5915: 5914: 5910: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5798: 5797: 5790: 5777: 5770: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5713: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5685: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5638: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5603: 5596: 5587: 5585: 5580: 5579: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5549: 5548: 5539: 5531: 5527: 5518: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5496: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5468: 5466: 5458: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5416: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5387: 5385: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5366: 5364: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5347: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5280: 5279: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5237: 5235: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5193: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5168: 5166: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5129: 5127: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5108: 5104: 5095: 5093: 5076: 5075: 5068: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5028: 5027: 5023: 5016: 5003: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4923: 4911: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4851: 4850: 4841: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4819: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4781: 4780: 4773: 4765: 4758: 4757: 4734: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4680: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4642: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4592: 4569: 4568: 4561: 4554: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4497: 4496: 4489: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4432:Bosworth, C. E. 4422: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4372: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4312: 4311: 4296: 4289: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4226: 4225: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4193: 4188: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4162: 4160: 4153: 4146: 4145: 4130: 4123: 4108: 4107: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4070:Rowson, Everett 4057: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3765: 3764: 3747: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3718: 3717: 3706: 3689: 3677: 3664: 3663: 3656: 3649: 3636: 3635: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3599: 3598: 3591: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3559: 3557: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3534: 3532: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3510: 3508: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3481: 3479: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3449: 3448: 3439: 3430: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3406: 3399: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3355: 3340: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3301: 3297: 3238: 3189:– Famous singer 3142: 3109:Hanan al-Shaykh 3103:Ali Chamseddine 3067: 3014:militia in 1982 2999:Jamil Al Sayyed 2908: 2840:Abbas al-Musawi 2820:social reformer 2805:Wasa'il al-Shia 2772: 2757: 2755:Hanan al-Shaykh 2752: 2743: 2738: 2729: 2724: 2715: 2710: 2701: 2696: 2685: 2680: 2671: 2666: 2657: 2652: 2643: 2638: 2629: 2624: 2615: 2610: 2601: 2596: 2587: 2582: 2571: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2313: 2312: 2304: 2291: 2278: 2265: 2252: 2221: 2213: 2193:personal status 2173:Greater Lebanon 2083:at the foot of 2015: 1959: 1904:Greater Lebanon 1874: 1860: 1855: 1820: 1717: 1572: 1504: 1496:Comte de Volney 1494:. According to 1480:Nasif al-Nassar 1417: 1411: 1409:Nasif al-Nassar 1405: 1403:Harfush dynasty 1399: 1333:. According to 1331:Aqqush al-Afram 1262: 1155:Fall of Tripoli 1069: 1063: 1057: 1051: 871:throughout the 861:than another." 851:Lebanese people 847: 842: 819:Twelver Shi'ism 795:Lebanese people 791:Lebanese Arabic 736: 700: 698: 693: 692: 688:Flag of Lebanon 643: 635: 634: 612: 604:Lebanese Arabic 594: 586: 585: 564:Greater Lebanon 512: 504: 503: 437: 429: 428: 226: 218: 217: 159:Lebanese people 154: 153:Lebanese people 146: 138: 119:Lebanese people 82:Lebanese Arabic 80: 59: 42: 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6863: 6861: 6853: 6852: 6847: 6837: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6676: 6671: 6665: 6663: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6616: 6614: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6565: 6564: 6562:Greek Orthodox 6558: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6512: 6510: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6468: 6461: 6453: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6440: 6430: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6386: 6384: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6345: 6343: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6085: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6034: 6033:External links 6031: 6029: 6028: 6015: 5966: 5929:(2): 274–282. 5917:(2017-08-03). 5908: 5848: 5811:(3): 334–340. 5788: 5768: 5739:(1): 149–157. 5718: 5711: 5691: 5671: 5643: 5636: 5616: 5594: 5568: 5537: 5525: 5503: 5475: 5446: 5421: 5414: 5394: 5373: 5352: 5345: 5325: 5300: 5293: 5268: 5245: 5223: 5201: 5190:. Menassat.com 5178: 5154: 5136: 5126:. naharnet.com 5115: 5102: 5066: 5051: 5036: 5021: 5014: 4996: 4989: 4971: 4964: 4938: 4909: 4891: 4839: 4824: 4817: 4799: 4792: 4771: 4732: 4715: 4700: 4693: 4668: 4661: 4632: 4625: 4605: 4590: 4559: 4552: 4532: 4514: 4505: 4487: 4466: 4459: 4436:van Donzel, E. 4415: 4408: 4385: 4370: 4350: 4330: 4324:978-0674052987 4323: 4294: 4287: 4267: 4258: 4246: 4239: 4212: 4203: 4191: 4179: 4170: 4128: 4121: 4096: 4087: 4066:Krämer, Gudrun 4050: 4043: 4023: 4007: 4000: 3976: 3967: 3960: 3954:. I.B.Tauris. 3940: 3918: 3901:Canard, Marius 3892: 3846:Canard, Marius 3837: 3828: 3819: 3810: 3803: 3785: 3745: 3728: 3704: 3675: 3654: 3647: 3626: 3617: 3610: 3589: 3566: 3541: 3517: 3488: 3467: 3461:978-0813383187 3460: 3437: 3415: 3407:Riad Yazbeck. 3397: 3370: 3338: 3318: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3257:Lebanese Druze 3254: 3249: 3244: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3187:Assi El Helani 3184: 3178: 3169: 3152: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3136: 3127: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3087: 3081: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3061: 3055:Muhsin Ibrahim 3052: 3046: 3036:Husayn Muruwwa 3033: 3024: 3015: 3005: 2996: 2987: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2956: 2950: 2947:Imad Mughniyah 2944: 2938: 2928: 2918: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2893: 2883: 2874: 2861: 2855: 2846: 2837: 2827: 2822:and leader of 2813: 2807: 2794: 2785: 2779: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2753: 2746: 2744: 2739: 2732: 2730: 2725: 2718: 2716: 2711: 2704: 2702: 2697: 2690: 2687: 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east of 1071:The spread of 1050: 1047: 983:of the entire 919:Amurru kingdom 855:Pierre Zalloua 846: 843: 841: 838: 738: 737: 735: 734: 727: 720: 712: 709: 708: 695: 694: 691: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 658:Prime Minister 655: 650: 644: 641: 640: 637: 636: 633: 632: 627: 626: 625: 615: 609: 608: 607: 606: 595: 592: 591: 588: 587: 584: 583: 582: 581: 579:Taif Agreement 576: 566: 561: 556: 555: 554: 549: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 513: 510: 509: 506: 505: 502: 501: 495: 494: 488: 487: 482: 476: 475: 470: 464: 463: 458: 452: 451: 445: 444: 438: 435: 434: 431: 430: 427: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 390: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 288: 287: 282: 277: 272: 270:United Kingdom 267: 262: 243: 242: 237: 227: 224: 223: 220: 219: 216: 215: 214: 213: 208: 203: 201:Greek Orthodox 198: 188: 187: 186: 181: 176: 166: 155: 152: 151: 148: 147: 142:Lebanese cedar 130: 122: 121: 115: 114: 113:of articles on 102: 101: 90: 89: 85: 84: 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6387: 6385: 6380: 6376: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6364:South Ossetia 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6069: 6064: 6062: 6057: 6055: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6019: 6016: 6011: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5967: 5962: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5912: 5909: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 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5079: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5063:. p. 36. 5062: 5055: 5052: 5047: 5040: 5037: 5032: 5025: 5022: 5017: 5015:9781845193164 5011: 5007: 5000: 4997: 4992: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4972: 4967: 4965:9780231106610 4961: 4957: 4952: 4951: 4942: 4939: 4934: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4828: 4825: 4820: 4818:9781503631090 4814: 4810: 4803: 4800: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4763: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4727: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4704: 4701: 4696: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4672: 4669: 4664: 4662:9780429499586 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4626:9780887066382 4622: 4618: 4617: 4609: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4591:9783319899473 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4574: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4553:9781403982940 4549: 4545: 4544: 4536: 4533: 4528: 4527: 4518: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4501: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4476:Karpat, Kemal 4470: 4467: 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3880: 3876: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3860:Ménage, V. L. 3857: 3852: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3823: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3806: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3740: 3732: 3729: 3724: 3723: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3676:9780195181128 3672: 3668: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3648:9780884023470 3644: 3640: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3613: 3611:9780884021155 3607: 3603: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3567: 3556:on 2011-07-25 3555: 3551: 3545: 3542: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3507:on 2018-07-18 3506: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3463: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3426: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3371: 3366: 3360: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3339:0-87950-001-8 3335: 3331: 3330: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3227: 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1585: 1581: 1577: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1492:North Lebanon 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1464:Mount Lebanon 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1437:Mount Lebanon 1434: 1430: 1421: 1416: 1410: 1404: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1323:Mount Lebanon 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1260:Mamluk period 1259: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1238:noted in his 1237: 1236:Nasir Khusraw 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1162: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1143:Mount Lebanon 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1068: 1067:Tyre, Lebanon 1062: 1056: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 986: 982: 981:lingua franca 978: 974: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 907: 903:was known as 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 860: 856: 852: 844: 839: 837: 835: 831: 830:National Pact 826: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 775: 762: 758: 757: 748: 744: 733: 728: 726: 721: 719: 714: 713: 711: 710: 707: 697: 696: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 678:Phoenicianism 676: 674: 671: 669: 668:National Pact 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 645: 639: 638: 631: 628: 624: 621: 620: 619: 616: 611: 610: 605: 602: 601: 600: 597: 596: 590: 589: 580: 577: 575: 572: 571: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 553: 550: 548: 547:1860 conflict 545: 544: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 514: 508: 507: 500: 497: 496: 493: 490: 489: 486: 483: 481: 478: 477: 474: 471: 469: 466: 465: 462: 459: 457: 454: 453: 450: 447: 446: 443: 440: 439: 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