Methane emissions - Knowledge

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Although the majority of the natural gas leaks were carbon dioxide, a significant amount of methane was also being consistently released from the pipeline as a result of leaks and breakdowns. In 2001, natural gas emissions from the pipeline and natural gas transportation system accounted for 1% of the natural gas produced. Between 2001 and 2005, this was reduced to 0.7%, the 2001 value was significantly less than that of 1996.

1338: 2212:: "Emissions of unburnt methane (known as the 'methane slip') were around 7 g per kg LNG at higher engine loads, rising to 23–36 g at lower loads. This increase could be due to slow combustion at lower temperatures, which allows small quantities of gas to avoid the combustion process". Road vehicles run more on low load than marine engines causing relatively higher methane slip. 1803: 1635:

extraction and processing"—oil and/or natural gas—were "likely a factor of two or greater than cited in existing studies." By 2001, following a detailed study anthropogenic sources on climate change, IPCC researchers found that there was "stronger evidence that most of the observed warming observed over the last 50 years attributable to human activities." Since the

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such as rice and selecting strains of crops that produce more food per unit area can reduce the amount of land with ideal conditions for methanogenesis. Careful selection of areas of land conversion (for example, plowing down forests to create agricultural fields) can also reduce the destruction of major areas of methane oxidation.

2221: 1699:, as well as methane byproduct. However, unlike ruminants who lose 20% of the energy from the plants they eat, termites only lose 2% of their energy in the process. Thus comparatively, termites do not have to eat as much food as ruminants to obtain the same amount of energy, and give off proportionally less methane. 4371:

Zhang, Yuzhong; Gautam, Ritesh; Pandey, Sudhanshu; Omara, Mark; Maasakkers, Joannes D.; Sadavarte, Pankaj; Lyon, David; Nesser, Hannah; Sulprizio, Melissa P.; Varon, Daniel J.; Zhang, Ruixiong; Houweling, Sander; Zavala-Araiza, Daniel; Alvarez, Ramon A.; Lorente, Alba; Hamburg, Steven P.; Aben, Ilse;

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In order to reduce effects on methane oxidation in soil, several steps can be taken. Controlling the usage of nitrogen enhancing fertilizer and reducing the amount of nitrogen pollution into the air can both lower inhibition of methane oxidation. Additionally, using drier growing conditions for crops

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report, 2015 methane emissions from natural gas and petroleum systems totaled 8.1 Tg per year in the United States. Individually, the EPA estimates that the natural gas system emitted 6.5 Tg per year of methane while petroleum systems emitted 1.6 Tg per year of methane. Methane emissions occur in all

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Rice agriculture is a significant source of methane. With warm weather and water-logged soil, rice paddies act like wetlands, but are generated by humans for the purpose of food production. Due to the swamp-like environment of rice fields, these paddies emitted about 30 of the 400 million metric

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Due to the large collections of organic matter and availability of anaerobic conditions, landfills are the third largest source of atmospheric methane in the United States, accounting for roughly 18.2% of methane emissions globally in 2014. When waste is first added to a landfill, oxygen is abundant

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generating methane in warm, moist soils as well as in the digestive tracts of certain animals. Methanogens are methane producing microorganisms. In order to produce energy, they use an anaerobic process called methanogenesis. This process is used in lieu of aerobic, or with oxygen, processes because

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Miller, Scot M.; Wofsy, Steven C.; Michalak, Anna M.; Kort, Eric A.; Andrews, Arlyn E.; Biraud, Sebastien C.; Dlugokencky, Edward J.; Eluszkiewicz, Janusz; Fischer, Marc L.; Janssens-Maenhout, Greet; Miller, Ben R.; Miller, John B.; Montzka, Stephen A.; Nehrkorn, Thomas; Sweeney, Colm (December 10,

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Saunois, Marielle; Stavert, Ann R.; Poulter, Ben; Bousquet, Philippe; Canadell, Josep G.; Jackson, Robert B.; Raymond, Peter A.; Dlugokencky, Edward J.; Houweling, Sander; Patra, Prabir K.; Ciais, Philippe; Arora, Vivek K.; Bastviken, David; Bergamaschi, Peter; Blake, Donald R.; Brailsford, Gordon;

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The most clearly identified rise in atmospheric methane as a result of human activity occurred in the 1700s during the industrial revolution. During the 20th century—mainly because of the use of fossil fuels—concentration of methane in the atmosphere increased, then stabilized briefly in the 1990s,

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sectors of the natural gas industry, from drilling and production, through gathering and processing and transmission, to distribution. These emissions occur through normal operation, routine maintenance, fugitive leaks, system upsets, and venting of equipment. In the oil industry, some underground

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In wetlands, where the rate of methane production is high, plants help methane travel into the atmosphere—acting like inverted lightning rods as they direct the gas up through the soil and into the air. They are also suspected to produce methane themselves, but because the plants would have to use

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Emissions of methane into the atmosphere are directly related to temperature and moisture. Thus, the natural environmental changes that occur during seasonal change act as a major control of methane emission. Additionally, even changes in temperature during the day can affect the amount of methane

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budget as the concentration of methane continues to increase—it is now second after carbon dioxide in terms of climate forcing. Further understanding of atmospheric methane is necessary in "assessing realistic pathways" towards climate change mitigation. Various research groups give the following

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exist gas fields in Russia with a methane concentration of 97%. In accordance with the IPCC and other natural gas emissions control groups, measurements had to be taken throughout the pipeline to measure methane emissions from technological discharges and leaks at the pipeline fittings and vents.

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techniques have been developed to counteract emissions from livestock manure. Educational resources have begun to be provided for small farms. Management techniques include daily pickup and storage of manure in a completely closed off storage facility that will prevent runoff from making it into

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report likely significantly underestimated 2015 methane emissions from the oil and natural gas supply chain. The review concluded that in 2015 the oil and natural gas supply chain emitted 13 Tg per year of methane, which is about 60% more than the EPA report for the same time period. The authors

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A 2013 study by a team of researchers led by Scot M. Miller, said that U.S. greenhouse gas reduction policies in 2013 were based on what appeared to be significant underestimates of anthropogenic methane emissions. The article said, that "greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and fossil fuel

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Increases in methane levels due to modern human activities arise from a number of specific sources including industrial activity; from extraction of oil and natural gas from underground reserves; transportation via pipeline of oil and natural gas; and thawing permafrost in Arctic regions, due to

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Incomplete burning of both living and dead organic matter results in the emission of methane. While natural wildfires can contribute to methane emissions, the bulk majority of biomass burning occurs as a result of humans – including everything from accidental burnings by civilians to deliberate

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Nisbet, E. G.; Manning, M. R.; Dlugokencky, E. J.; Fisher, R. E.; Lowry, D.; Michel, S. E.; Myhre, C. Lund; Platt, S. M.; Allen, G.; Bousquet, P.; Brownlow, R.; Cain, M.; France, J. L.; Hermansen, O.; Hossaini, R.; Jones, A. E.; Levin, I.; Manning, A. C.; Myhre, G.; Pyle, J. A.; Vaughn, B. H.;

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breaking the previous record increase of 14.05 ppb set in 1991, and 2021 setting an even larger increase of 18.34 ppb. However, there is currently no evidence connecting the Arctic to this recent acceleration. In fact, a 2021 study indicated that the methane contributions from the Arctic were

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said that there was strong evidence that "shale gas has a larger GHG footprint than conventional gas, considered over any time scale. The GHG footprint of shale gas also exceeds that of oil or coal when considered at decadal time scales." Howarth called for policy changes to regulate methane

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Hmiel, Benjamin; Petrenko, V. V.; Dyonisius, M. N.; Buizert, C.; Smith, A. M.; Place, P. F.; Harth, C.; Beaudette, R.; Hua, Q.; Yang, B.; Vimont, I.; Michel, S. E.; Severinghaus, J. P.; Etheridge, D.; Bromley, T.; Schmitt, J.; Faïn, X.; Weiss, R. F.; Dlugokencky, E. (20 February 2020).

2267:, to monitor methane emissions with an improved resolution of 1 kilometer. MethaneSAT is designed to monitor 50 major oil and gas facilities, and could also be used for monitoring of landfills and agriculture. It receives funding from Audacious Project (a collaboration of TED and the 1904:) is probably not enough to stop the future disappearance of summer Arctic Ocean ice cover. Mitigation of methane emissions is also necessary and this has to be carried out over an even shorter period of time. Such mitigation activities need to be carried out in three main sectors: 3094:, have been used as of November 8, 1987, can hold at least 2.5 million metric tons of waste with a volume greater than 2.5 million cubic meters, and/or have nonmethane organic compound (NMOC) emissions of at least 50 metric tons per year to collect and combust emitted 1687:

bacteria per year on a 1,000 hectare farm. 200 cows on the same farm emitted 5.4 tonnes of methane per year. Hence, one cow emitted 27 kg of methane per year, while the bacteria oxidized 8 kg per hectare. The emissions of one cow were oxidized by 27/8 ≈ 3.4 hectare.

2138:'s Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research. In 2019, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimated that the methane emissions leaking from the world's coalmines are warming the global climate at the same rate as the shipping and aviation industries combined. 3646:

Bruhwiler, Lori; Carlson, Kimberly M.; Carrol, Mark; Castaldi, Simona; Chandra, Naveen; Crevoisier, Cyril; Crill, Patrick M.; Covey, Kristofer; Curry, Charles L.; Etiope, Giuseppe; Frankenberg, Christian; Gedney, Nicola; Hegglin, Michaela I.; et al. (15 July 2020).

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reported an annual increase in global atmospheric methane of 17 parts per billion (ppb) in 2021—averaging 1,895.7 ppb in that year—the largest annual increase recorded since systematic measurements began in 1983; the increase during 2020 was 15.3 ppb, itself a record

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Waste water treatment facilities act to remove organic matter, solids, pathogens, and chemical hazards as a result of human contamination. Methane emission in waste treatment facilities occurs as a result of anaerobic treatments of organic compounds and anaerobic

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As of 2020, emission volumes from some sources remain more uncertain than others; due in part to localized emission spikes not captured by the limited global measurement capability. The time required for a methane emission to become well-mixed throughout earth's

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to thrive have been conducted. These nutrient supplemented landfills have been shown to act as a small scale methane sink, allowing the abundance of methanotrophs to sponge the methane from the air to use as energy, effectively reducing the landfill's emissions.

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Christensen, T. R., A. Ekberg, L. Strom, M. Mastepanov, N. Panikov, M. Oquist, B. H. Svenson, H. Nykanen, P. J. Martikainen, and H. Oskarsson (2003), Factors controlling large scale variations in methane emissions from wetlands, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1414,

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bodies of water. The manure can then be kept in storage until it is either reused for fertilizer or taken away and stored in an offsite compost. Nutrient levels of various animal manures are provided for optimal use as compost for gardens and agriculture.

4944:; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). 1694:

also contain methanogenic microorganisms in their gut. However, some of these microorganisms are so unique that they live nowhere else in the world except in the third gut of termites. These microorganisms also break down biotic components to produce

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since most sources (both natural and human) are located on land and the Northern Hemisphere has more land mass. The concentrations vary seasonally, with, for example, a minimum in the northern tropics during April−May mainly due to removal by the

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Nevertheless, the Arctic's role in global methane trends is considered very likely to increase in the future. There is evidence for increasing methane emissions since 2004 from a Siberian permafrost site into the atmosphere linked to warming.

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The European Union adopted methane regulations in 2024. The law requires oil and gas developers to monitor, measure, and report methane emissions. Producers must stop flaring unused natural gas and use satellite imagery to detect leaks.

1647:. An alliance of 107 countries, including Brazil, the EU and the US, have joined the pact known as the Global Methane Pledge, committing to a collective goal of reducing global methane emissions by at least 30% from 2020 levels by 2030. 1408:

For example, plants that produce methane can emit as much as two to four times more methane during the day than during the night. This is directly related to the fact that plants tend to rely on solar energy to enact chemical processes.

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Houghton, J. T., et al. (Eds.) (2001) Projections of future climate change, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 881

3098:. This set of requirements excludes 96% of the landfills in the USA. While the direct result of this is landfills reducing emission of non-methane compounds that form smog, the indirect result is reduction of methane emissions as well. 1670:

use the acetate from the plant material to produce methane, and because these bacteria live in the stomachs and intestines of ruminants, whenever the animal "burps" or defecates, it emits methane as well. Based upon a 2012 study in the

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released globally was from human activities, while natural sources contributed about 40% (230 million tons). Reducing methane emissions by capturing and utilizing the gas can produce simultaneous environmental and economic benefits.

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While acetoclastic methanogenesis and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis are the two major source reactions for atmospheric methane, other minor biological methane source reactions also occur. For example, it has been discovered that

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at resolutions of several kilometers. In 2022, a study using data from the instrument monitoring large methane emissions worldwide was published; 1,200 large methane plumes were detected over oil and gas extraction sites. NASA's

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to takeover the decomposition process. These methanogens emit methane into the atmosphere and even after the landfill is closed, the mass amount of decaying matter allows the methanogens to continue producing methane for years.

1570: 7697: 1747:—an atmospheric scientist—raised concerns about the increase in the number of methane-producing dairy and beef cattle was a "serious topic" as methane was the "second-most-important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere". 3089:

To counteract methane emissions from landfills, on March 12, 1996, the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) added the "Landfill Rule" to the Clean Air Act. This rule requires large landfills that have ever accepted

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found that it was "very unlikely that gas clathrates (mostly methane) in deeper terrestrial permafrost and subsea clathrates will lead to a detectable departure from the emissions trajectory during this century".

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methanogens are unable to metabolise in the presence of even small concentrations of oxygen. When acetate is broken down in methanogenesis, the result is the release of methane into the surrounding environment.

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Rosentreter, Judith A.; Borges, Alberto V.; Deemer, Bridget R.; Holgerson, Meredith A.; Liu, Shaoda; Song, Chunlin; Melack, John; Raymond, Peter A.; Duarte, Carlos M.; Allen, George H.; Olefeldt, David (2021).

3048:. The United States and China stated that they will include methane reduction targets in their next climate plans but have not enacted rules that would compel monitoring, reporting or repair of methane leaks. 3039:

In 2023, the European Union agreed to legislation that will require fossil fuel companies to monitor and report methane leaks and to repair them within a short time period. The law also compels remediation of

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and thus undergoes aerobic decomposition; during which time very little methane is produced. However, generally within a year oxygen levels are depleted and anaerobic conditions dominate the landfill allowing

1581:(35%), waste (20%), and agriculture (40%). The oil and gas industry accounts for 23%, and coal mining for 12%. Twenty percent of global anthropogenic emissions stem from landfills and wastewater. Manure and 3438: 3827:. Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. 2318:

Other satellites are planned that will increase the precision and frequency of methane measurements, as well as provide a greater ability to attribute emissions to terrestrial sources. These include

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Lizik, William; Im, Jeongdae; Semrau, Jeremy D.; Barcelona, Michael J. (2013). "A field trial of nutrient stimulation of methanotrophs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from landfill cover soils".

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emissions account for much of the remainder. Contributions from the surviving wild populations of ruminant mammals are vastly overwhelmed by those of cattle, humans, and other livestock animals.

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Emissions of the powerful greenhouse gas from coal, oil and gas are up to 60% greater balls than previously estimated, meaning current climate prediction models should be revised, research shows

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Lan X, Basu S, Schwietzke S, Bruhwiler LM, Dlugokencky EJ, Michel SE, Sherwood OA, Tans PP, Thoning K, Etiope G, Zhuang Q, Liu L, Oh Y, Miller JB, Pétron G, Vaughn BH, Crippa M (8 May 2021).

5185: 5008:"Climate Change 2021. The Physical Science Basis. Summary for Policymakers. Working Group I contribution to the WGI Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" 3819:

Myhre, G., D. Shindell, F.-M. Bréon, W. Collins, J. Fuglestvedt, J. Huang, D. Koch, J.-F. Lamarque, D. Lee, B. Mendoza, T. Nakajima, A. Robock, G. Stephens, T. Takemura and H. Zhang (2013)

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Plant, Genevieve; Kort, Eric A.; Brandt, Adam R.; Chen, Yuanlei; Fordice, Graham; Gorchov Negron, Alan M.; Schwietzke, Stefan; Smith, Mackenzie; Zavala-Araiza, Daniel (30 September 2022).

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write that the most likely cause for the discrepancy is an under sampling by the EPA of so-called "abnormal operating conditions", during which large quantities of methane can be emitted.

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Additionally, methane emissions are affected by the level of water sources. Seasonal flooding during the spring and summer naturally increases the amount of methane released into the air.

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A 2005 Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy article identified pipelines that transport natural gas as a source of methane emissions. The article cited the example of

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Carmichael, J.; et al. (June 2014). "The role of vegetation in methane flux to the atmosphere: should vegetation be included as a distinct category in the global methane budget?".

318:"Methane global emissions from the five broad categories for the 2008–2017 decade for top-down inversion models and for bottom-up models and inventories (right dark coloured box plots). 5682: 2285:

at both regional and global scale. Satellites have recently begun to come online with capability to measure methane and other more powerful greenhouse gases with improving resolution.

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Lauvaux, T.; Giron, C.; Mazzolini, M.; d’Aspremont, A.; Duren, R.; Cusworth, D.; Shindell, D.; Ciais, P. (4 February 2022). "Global assessment of oil and gas methane ultra-emitters".

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Alvarez, Ramón A.; Zavala-Araiza, Daniel; Lyon, David R.; Allen, David T.; Barkley, Zachary R.; Brandt, Adam R.; Davis, Kenneth J.; Herndon, Scott C.; Jacob, Daniel J. (2018-07-13).

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The primary component of natural gas is methane, which is emitted to the atmosphere in every stage of natural gas "production, processing, storage, transmission, and distribution".

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There is accumulating research and data showing that oil and gas industry methane emissions – or from fossil fuel extraction, distribution and use – are much larger than thought.

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Volodin, E. M. (May 2015). "Influence of methane sources in Northern Hemisphere high latitudes on the interhemispheric asymmetry of its atmospheric concentration and climate".

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spacecraft launched in October 2017 provides the most detailed methane emissions monitoring which is publicly available. It has a resolution of about 50 square kilometres.

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is also produced. Including both the direct and indirect forcings, the increase in atmospheric methane is responsible for about one-third of near-term global heating.

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such as cattle and sheep. According to the Global Methane Assessment published in 2021, methane emissions from livestock (including cattle) are the largest sources of

2164:. An unknown, but possibly very large quantity of methane is trapped in this form in ocean sediments. Researchers are investigating possible changes in this process ( 2281:

Uncertainties in methane emissions, including so-called "super-emitter" fossil extractions and unexplained atmospheric fluctuations, highlight the need for improved

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A 1994 article on methane emissions from northern wetlands said that since the 1800s, atmospheric methane concentrations increased annually at a rate of about 0.9%.

6241: 5703: 1976:, and thus during the production, processing, storage, transmission, and distribution of natural gas, a significant amount of methane is lost into the atmosphere. 655:, the scientific term for methane production, occurs primarily in anaerobic conditions because of the lack of availability of other oxidants. In these conditions, 4950:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

1980: 1452:. Wetlands account for approximately 20–30% of atmospheric methane through emissions from soils and plants, and contribute an approximate average of 161 Tg of 1908:, waste and agriculture. Using available measures this could amount to global reductions of ca.180 Mt/yr or about 45% of the current (2021) emissions by 2030. 2134:

mining and processing." The region emitted 590,000 metric tons of methane every year between 2002 and 2012—almost 3.5 times the widely used estimates in the

230:) concentration is increasing and exceeded 1860 parts per billion in 2019, equal to two-and-a-half times the pre-industrial level. The methane itself causes 2340: 3383: 2305:

instrument also identified super-emitters. A 50% increase was observed in large methane emissions events detected by satellites in 2023 compared to 2022.

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The Claire satellite launched in 2016 by the Canadian firm GHGSat uses data from Tropomi to home in on sources of methane emissions as small as 15 m.

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remains in the atmosphere after a decade. On average, carbon dioxide warms for much longer, assuming no change in rates of carbon sequestration. The

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of which 85% is methane. The climate issues of using gas to fuel internal combustion engines may offset or even cancel out the advantages of less CO

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Walter Anthony, Katey; Daanen, Ronald; Anthony, Peter; Schneider von Deimling, Thomas; Ping, Chien-Lu; Chanton, Jeffrey P.; Grosse, Guido (2016).

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In an attempt to absorb the methane that is already being produced from landfills, experiments in which nutrients were added to the soil to allow

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Bruhn, D.; et al. (March 2014). "Leaf surface wax is a source of plant methane formation under UV radiation and in the presence of oxygen".

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Jackson, R B; Saunois, M; Bousquet, P; Canadell, J G; Poulter, B; Stavert, A R; Bergamaschi, P; Niwa, Y; Segers, A; Tsuruta, A (14 July 2020).

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Mitchell, Logan; et al. (November 2013). "Constraints on the Late Holocene Anthropogenic Contribution to the Atmospheric Methane Budget".

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humans have had a major impact on concentrations of atmospheric methane, increasing atmospheric concentrations roughly 250%. According to the

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have more than doubled, and about 20 percent of the warming the planet has experienced can be attributed to the gas. About one-third (33%) of

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An International Energy Agency graphic showing the potential of various emission reduction policies for addressing global methane emissions.

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and water vapour, themselves potent warming gases: atmospheric researchers call this amplification of methane's near-term warming influence

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recommended setting methane emissions targets as a reduction in methane emissions would allow for more time to tackle the more challenging

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Miller, Scot M.; Michalak, Anna M.; Detmers, Robert G.; Hasekamp, Otto P.; Bruhwiler, Lori M. P.; Schwietzke, Stefan (January 29, 2019).

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Saunois, M; Jackson, B.; Bousquet, P.; Poulter, B.; Canadell, J G (2016). "The growing role of methane in anthropogenic climate change".

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Since around 2018, there has been consistent increases in global levels of methane in the atmosphere, with the 2020 increase of 15.06

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is a powerful greenhouse gas. When permafrost thaws due to global warming, large amounts of organic material can become available for

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O) since the pre-industrial period are overwhelmingly caused by human activities." Atmospheric methane accounted for 20% of the total

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worldwide A single cow can make up to 99 kg of methane gas per year. Ruminant livestock can produce 250 to 500 L of methane per day.

7989: 7964: 6504: 2961:, minimization of venting and releases of unburned methane, and reporting requirements for companies. However, in August 2020, the 1942:

Conversion of forests and natural environments into agricultural plots increases the amount of nitrogen in the soil, which inhibits

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Methane observations from 2005 to 2014 showing the seasonal variations and the difference between northern and southern hemispheres

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Jackson RB, Saunois M, Bousquet P, Canadell JG, Poulter B, Stavert AR, Bergamaschi P, Niwa Y, Segers A, Tsuruta A (15 July 2020).

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only to begin to increase again in 2007. After 2014, the increase accelerated and by 2017, reached 1,850 (parts per billion) ppb.

5652: 7020: 6661: 342: 272:(GWP) is a way of comparing the warming due to other gases to that from carbon dioxide, over a given time period. Methane's GWP 5508: 3022:

About 40% of methane emissions from the fossil fuel industry could be "eliminated at no net cost for firms", according to the

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To reduce emissions from the natural gas industries, the EPA developed the Natural Gas STAR Program, also known as Gas STAR.

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in livestock on global warming. A 2006 UN FAO report reported that livestock generate more greenhouse gases as measured in CO

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on climate change has stated "people will need to turn vegetarian if the world is to conquer climate change". In 2003, the

5379:"Methane emissions and climatic warming risk from hydraulic fracturing and shale gas development: implications for policy" 2935: 4692:

Bubier, Jill L.; Moore, Tim R. (December 1994). "An ecological perspective on methane emissions from northern wetlands".

2209: 1236: 6688: 5007: 2172: 1740: 1643:, 30 - 50% of the current rise in temperatures is caused by emissions of methane, and reducing methane is a fast way of 1640: 1543: 1241: 1226: 906: 264:

Though methane causes far more heat to be trapped than the same mass of carbon dioxide, less than half of the emitted CH

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contains natural gas that is entrained in the oil at high reservoir pressures. When oil is removed from the reservoir,

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Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

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can measure methane, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, aerosol, and ozone concentrations in earth's

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cloud floating over the Four Corners region of the south-west United States. The discovery was based on data from the

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and 37% of anthropogenic methane. Since then, animal science and biotechnology researchers have focused research on

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region, the amount of methane emitted by one cow is equivalent to the amount of methane that around 3.4 hectares of

4978: 4961: 4789:"Methane emissions from wetlands: biogeochemical, microbial, and modeling perspectives from local to global scales" 2260: 2189: 1463: 1296: 1194: 900: 894: 303: 5473:

Houghton, J.E.T.; Ding, Y.; Griggs, David; Noguer, Maria; van der Linden, Paul; Dai, X.; Maskell, M.; Johnson, C.

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In order to counteract the amount of methane that ruminants give off, a type of drug called monensin (marketed as

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China implemented regulations requiring coal plants to either capture methane emissions or convert methane into CO

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The Coalbed Methane Outreach Program (CMOP) helps and encourages the mining industry to find ways to use or sell

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contribute about three-quarters (75%) of the enduring natural sources of methane. Seepages from near-surface

5909: 3828: 3820: 3413: 3121: 1867: 1493: 1286: 801: 5749: 3796: 7872: 6591:"Methane, microbes and models: fundamental understanding of the soil methane cycle for future predictions" 4646: 3148: 2147: 1855: 1663: 1106: 882: 843: 811: 434: 361:

indicate over 80% of the growth of methane emissions during 2010–2019 are tropical terrestrial emissions.

6943: 3524: 3256: 7048: 6388: 6235: 6133: 4023: 3946: 3757:"The indirect global warming potential and global temperature change potential due to methane oxidation" 3091: 2947: 2293: 2246: 2124: 1636: 1355: 1342: 1291: 1022: 481: 308: 7959: 7464: 7412:

Dlugokencky, E. J.; et al. (May 2011). "Global atmospheric methane: budget, changes and dangers".

7184: 6912: 5894: 5096:"Very Strong Atmospheric Methane Growth in the 4 Years 2014–2017: Implications for the Paris Agreement" 4647:"The 2007–2011 evolution of tropical methane in the mid-troposphere as seen from space by MetOp-A/IASI" 3236: 2950:

paper published in January 2019, methane emissions instead increased 50 percent between 2000 and 2015.

2351:

In order to mitigate climate change, scientists have been focusing on quantifying the global methane CH

2127:'s Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography instrument from 2002 to 2012. 78: 7698:"EPA Rescinds Obama-Era Methane Rules As White House Speeds Environmental Rollbacks Ahead Of Election" 5615: 2237:) at stations around the world. Abundances are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in 1814: 7743: 7627: 7542: 7476: 7421: 7299: 7256:"Cracking down on methane 'ultra emitters' is a quick way to combat climate change, researchers find" 7096: 6848: 6721: 6537: 6453: 6397: 6336: 6295: 6142: 6085: 5547: 5427: 5292: 5107: 5068: 4800: 4753: 4661: 4611: 4458: 4385: 4327: 4272: 4208: 4115: 3987: 3910: 3768: 3659: 2250: 2201: 2151: 1807: 1707: 1582: 1521:

aerobic conditions to produce methane, the process itself is still unidentified, according to a 2014

1218: 1120: 876: 781: 495: 439: 147: 128: 7732:"Increasing anthropogenic methane emissions arise equally from agricultural and fossil fuel sources" 6284:"Increasing anthropogenic methane emissions arise equally from agricultural and fossil fuel sources" 5828:"Rumen methanogens and mitigation of methane emission by anti-methanogenic compounds and substances" 4374:"Quantifying methane emissions from the largest oil-producing basin in the United States from space" 6890: 3463: 3026:(IEA) by using existing technologies. Forty percent represents 9% of all human methane emissions. 1943: 1863: 1839: 1676: 1445: 1397: 1167: 983: 838: 424: 223: 204: 94: 7414:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

7085:"Daily Satellite Observations of Methane from Oil and Gas Production Regions in the United States" 6382:

Rößger, Norman; Sachs, Torsten; Wille, Christian; Boike, Julia; Kutzbach, Lars (27 October 2022).

3841: 3609: 3489: 7940: 7918: 7445: 7331: 7289: 6571: 6415: 6223: 6109: 5774: 5571: 5310: 5133: 4919: 4824: 4769: 4627: 4314:

Gorchov Negron, Alan M.; Kort, Eric A.; Conley, Stephen A.; Smith, Mackenzie L. (21 April 2020).

4296: 4240: 4011: 3934: 2264: 2238: 1901: 1246: 1014: 998: 993: 916: 327: 280:

emitted into the atmosphere creates approximately 85 times the atmospheric warming as a ton of CO

124: 7821: 6660:. USA Environmental Protection Agency Office of Atmospheric Programs. April 2010. Archived from 3358: 2930: 2007:

2015 methane emissions from oil and natural gas supply chain in the United States (Tg per year)

1714:

equivalents than the entire transportation sector. Livestock accounts for 9% of anthropogenic CO

150:, have grown to become a third major category (18%). Plant agriculture, including both food and 5277: 1964:

burnings used to clear out land to biomass burnings occurring as a result of destroying waste.

1488:. This high level of water saturation creates conditions conducive to methane production. Most 7910: 7788: 7761: 7653: 7560: 7504: 7437: 7323: 7315: 7122: 6866: 6811: 6755: 6737: 6612: 6563: 6500: 6477: 6469: 6364: 6215: 6207: 6168: 6101: 5867: 5849: 5804: 5728: 5722: 5563: 5490: 5480: 5455: 5160: 5125: 5048: 4866: 4816: 4709: 4584: 4413: 4353: 4345: 4288: 4232: 4224: 4149: 4131: 4003: 3926: 3873: 3677: 3583: 3304: 3068: 2161: 1923: 1882: 1627: 1563: 956: 791: 656: 600: 541:. Wetland emissions have been declining due to draining for agricultural and building areas. 456: 233: 170: 7717:"Critics rail against Trump's methane proposal as an 'unconscionable assault on environment'" 4739:"Carbon budgets for 1.5 and 2 °C targets lowered by natural wetland and permafrost feedbacks" 4507: 4316:"Airborne Assessment of Methane Emissions from Offshore Platforms in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico" 7994: 7902: 7751: 7643: 7635: 7550: 7494: 7484: 7429: 7357: 7307: 7112: 7104: 6856: 6745: 6729: 6602: 6553: 6545: 6461: 6442:"Methane emissions proportional to permafrost carbon thawed in Arctic lakes since the 1950s" 6405: 6354: 6344: 6303: 6199: 6158: 6150: 6129:"Impact of interannual and multidecadal trends on methane-climate feedbacks and sensitivity" 6093: 6070: 6013: 5857: 5839: 5555: 5445: 5435: 5390: 5357: 5347: 5300: 5115: 4953: 4911: 4885: 4856: 4808: 4761: 4701: 4669: 4619: 4576: 4403: 4393: 4335: 4280: 4216: 4139: 4123: 4044: 3995: 3918: 3776: 3667: 1887: 1402: 1143: 1037: 1032: 729: 292: 192: 5978: 760: 6071:"Large-Scale Controls of Methanogenesis Inferred from Methane and Gravity Spaceborne Data" 4787:

Bridgham, Scott D.; Cadillo-Quiroz, Hinsby; Keller, Jason K.; Zhuang, Qianlai (May 2013).

3045: 3041: 3033: 2965:

rescinded a prior tightening of methane emission rules for the U.S. oil and gas industry.

2131: 1851: 1680: 1672: 1271: 1138: 1071: 1059: 988: 862: 511: 155: 7361: 3345:

Borunda, A. (2021, May 03). Methane facts and information. Retrieved April 6, 2022, from

7747: 7631: 7546: 7480: 7425: 7390: 7303: 7229: 7100: 6852: 6725: 6541: 6457: 6401: 6340: 6299: 6146: 6089: 5590: 5551: 5431: 5336:"A bridge to nowhere: methane emissions and the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas" 5296: 5252: 5111: 4804: 4788: 4757: 4665: 4615: 4389: 4331: 4276: 4212: 4119: 3991: 3914: 3772: 3663: 3000:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

7648: 7615: 7117: 7084: 6939: 6750: 6709: 6359: 6324: 6163: 6128: 5862: 5827: 5450: 5415: 4408: 4373: 4144: 4103: 4102:

Feng, Liang; Palmer, Paul I.; Zhu, Sihong; Parker, Robert J.; Liu, Yi (16 March 2022).

3781: 3756: 2156:

At high pressures, such as are found on the bottom of the ocean, methane forms a solid

2135: 1992: 1931: 1875: 1843: 1791: 1744: 1489: 1449: 1281: 1251: 1231: 1172: 1086: 969: 964: 825: 651: 323: 238: 213:

Globally averaged atmospheric concentration and its annual growth rate. In April 2022,

82: 74: 6526:"Half of global methane emissions come from highly variable aquatic ecosystem sources" 6187: 5644: 5278:"Venting and leaking of methane from shale gas development: response to Cathles et al" 4525: 4195: 7983: 7530: 7335: 6575: 6525: 6419: 6383: 6227: 6001: 5803:. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. November 29, 2006. Archived from 5314: 5137: 4941: 4844: 4773: 4705: 4631: 4300: 4244: 4015: 3647: 2957:

called for stricter methane regulations, which would include detection and repair of

1762:

seaweed as a livestock feed additive has reduced methane emissions by more than 80%.

1758:. Vaccines are under development to reduce the amount introduced through eructation. 1719: 1667: 1497: 1437: 538: 331: 7922: 6113: 5575: 4923: 4828: 7449: 7141:"Massive methane emissions by oil and gas industry detected from space | CNRS" 6778:"How scientists overlooked a 2,500-square-mile cloud of methane over the Southwest" 5516: 4482: 3938: 3899:"Upward revision of global fossil fuel methane emissions based on isotope database" 3426:

Russia is the world's top source of methane emissions from the oil-and-gas industry

3102: 3095: 2958: 2828: 2193: 1927: 1759: 1735: 1684: 1578: 1064: 978: 932: 870: 752: 733: 583: 485: 449: 174: 118: 106: 1512:

activity. However, levels of methanogenesis fluctuates due to the availability of

7906: 6495:

United Nations Environment Programme and Climate and Clean Air Coalition (2021).

6017: 5474: 17: 4196:"Inefficient and unlit natural gas flares both emit large quantities of methane" 2792: 2297: 2234: 2197: 2130:

The report concluded that "the source is likely from established gas, coal, and

1973: 1905: 1819: 1777: 1723: 1128: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1081: 1051: 937: 796: 643: 409: 399: 389: 352: 166: 110: 7756: 7731: 7639: 7108: 6861: 6836: 6549: 6410: 6308: 6283: 6154: 5961:"New company to reduce cows' methane using feed additive made from the seaweed" 4674: 4127: 3737: 3546: 663:

use acetate and hydrogen to break down essential resources in a process called

7555: 7208: 6837:"US environmental group wins millions to develop methane-monitoring satellite" 6069:

Bloom, A. A.; Palmer, P. I.; Fraser, A.; Reay, D. S.; Frankenberg, C. (2010).

5935: 5844: 5305: 5246:"Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Russian Natural Gas Export Pipeline System" 4957: 4915: 4861: 4765: 4623: 4284: 3999: 3672: 3409:"Who Are the World's Biggest Climate Polluters? Satellites Sweep for Culprits" 2934:

Global anthropogenic methane emissions from historical inventories and future

2319: 2289: 2256: 1802: 1755: 1577:(UNEP) over 50% of global methane emissions are caused by human activities in 1509: 1500:

that live in warm, moist environments consume oxygen more rapidly than it can

1481: 1457: 1076: 7792: 7765: 7564: 7508: 7319: 7070:"New satellite technology reveals Ohio gas leak released 60K tons of methane" 6815: 6741: 6567: 6497:

Global Methane Assessment: Benefits and Costs of Mitigating Methane Emissions

6473: 6384:"Seasonal increase of methane emissions linked to warming in Siberian tundra" 6211: 5853: 5164: 5129: 5039:

Global Methane Assessment: Benefits and Costs of Mitigating Methane Emissions

5015: 4870: 4349: 4228: 4135: 3877: 3723: 3681: 3587: 2336:

to help identify and monitor major methane emission sources are being built.

1934:

are expected to lead to increased methane emissions from aquatic ecosystems.

1550:

said, "It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO

7489: 7311: 6733: 6607: 6590: 6203: 6097: 5826:

Patra, Amlan; Park, Tansol; Kim, Minseok; Yu, Zhongtang (January 26, 2017).

5559: 5494: 5440: 4340: 4315: 4260: 4220: 3967: 3061: 2329: 2157: 1988: 1609: 1501: 677:

produced during anaerobic fermentation to yield methane and carbon dioxide.

322:

Biogenic methane is actively produced by microorganisms in a process called

7914: 7657: 7441: 7433: 7327: 7126: 6870: 6759: 6616: 6441: 6368: 6325:"Improved Constraints on Global Methane Emissions and Sinks Using δ13C-CH4" 6219: 6172: 6105: 5871: 5567: 5459: 5276:

Howarth, Robert W.; Santoro, Renee; Ingraffea, Anthony (January 10, 2012).

4820: 4713: 4588: 4417: 4398: 4357: 4292: 4236: 4153: 4007: 3930: 3151: – Type of pollution from oil and natural gas drilling and coal mining 2119:

researchers reported the discovery of a 2,500 square miles (6,500 km)

6048: 4261:"Preindustrial 14CH4 indicates greater anthropogenic fossil CH4 emissions" 1504:

in from the atmosphere, wetlands are the ideal anaerobic environments for

7616:"China's coal mine methane regulations have not curbed growing emissions" 7499: 7463:

Saunois, M.; Bousquet, M.; Poulter, B.; et al. (December 12, 2016).

6349: 5616:"Scientists say this invisible gas could seal our fate on climate change" 5251:. Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy. Archived from 5120: 5095: 4889: 3057: 3036:

that would otherwise be released from the coal mine into the atmosphere.

2795: 2631: 2597: 1659: 1631:

emissions resulting from hydraulic fracturing and shale gas development.

607: 419: 178: 143: 132: 114: 33:

Sources of methane emissions due to human activity (year 2020 estimates)

6710:"Assessment of methane emissions from the U.S. oil and gas supply chain" 6558: 6255: 5395: 5378: 4986:

United Nations Environment Programme and Climate and Clean Air Coalition

4946:"Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks" 3922: 1448:

in the world, and are therefore a major area of concern with respect to

291:

Methane emissions are important as reducing them can buy time to tackle

245:). Due to interactions with oxygen compounds stimulated by sunlight, CH 7160:"Methane 'super-emitters' on Earth spotted by space station experiment" 6985:"Meet the satellite that can pinpoint methane and carbon dioxide leaks" 6944:"A Methane Leak, Seen From Space, Proves to Be Far Larger Than Thought" 2538: 2476: 2442: 2302: 2120: 1871: 1696: 1691: 1613: 1477: 1453: 1441: 1433: 1159: 942: 700: 674: 660: 614: 563: 468: 463: 307:

The main sources of methane for the decade 2008–2017, estimated by the

182: 162: 151: 86: 7529:

Saunois, M.; Stavert, A.R.; Poulter, B.; et al. (July 15, 2020).

6481: 5362: 4812: 4580: 3898: 510:* An additional 100 million tons (140 billion cubic meters) of gas is 7230:"Climate change: Satellites map huge methane plumes from oil and gas" 6804:"Methane emissions from coalmines could stoke climate crisis – study" 6630: 6465: 4435:"Sources of methane emissions, 2023 – Charts – Data & Statistics" 3842:"How methane-producing cows leapt to the frontline of climate change" 3610:"How methane-producing cows leapt to the frontline of climate change" 2200:

using the boil off gas for propulsion, emits a certain percentage of

2185: 1846:

methane, there is nowadays also a human component to this due to the

1751: 1566:(RF) from all of the long-lived and globally mixed greenhouse gases. 1513: 1474: 1321: 102: 7602:

China's methane emissions increased 50 percent between 2000 and 2015

5352: 5335: 3257:

IPCC Fifth Assessment Report - Radiative Forcings (AR5 Figure SPM.5)

2972:

Methane emissions for 2017 by region, source category, and latitude.

1998:

However, a review of methane emissions studies reveals that the EPA

7781:"EU agrees law to curb methane emissions from fossil fuel industry" 7294: 6047:. US Environmental Protection Agency. July 12, 2006. Archived from 5069:"Ch.2 Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing" 4952:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. 4078:

responsible for more than 80% of recent atmospheric methane growth"

4547:"Fossil fuel industry's methane emissions far higher than thought" 4168:"Gas flares aren't as efficient at burning off methane as assumed" 2967: 2954: 2929: 2921: 2510: 2220: 2219: 1926:

are estimated to contribute about half of total global emissions.

1850:. In the Arctic, the main human-influenced sources of methane are 1813: 1801: 1727: 1485: 1470: 1381: 1316: 302: 250: 6963:"Methane emissions hit a new record and scientists can't say why" 6689:"Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2015" 5675:"Biden to unveil pledge to slash global methane emissions by 30%" 3897:

Schwietzke, S., Sherwood, O., Bruhwiler, L.; et al. (2016).

1842:. Whilst the Arctic region is one of many natural sources of the 533:

Map of methane emissions from three natural sources and one sink.

284:

over a period of 20 years. On a 100-year timescale, methane's GWP

121:. Russia is the world's top methane emitter from oil and gas. 7021:"In Push to Find Methane Leaks, Satellites Gear Up for the Hunt" 6260: 5775:"Methane Explosion Warmed The Prehistoric Earth, Possible Again" 3966:

Hmiel, B., Petrenko, V.V., Dyonisius, M.N.; et al. (2020).

3744:

Global Monitoring Laboratory/Earth System Research Laboratories.

3741: 3203:

Contains a small amount of natural emissions from wild ruminants

2759: 2229:) measured by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment ( 2116: 1703: 1662:

animals, particularly cows and sheep, contain bacteria in their

1466: 214: 5014:. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Archived from 3439:"Yes, cattle are the top source of methane emissions in the US" 257:. When such interactions occur, longer-lived and less-potent CO 7587:"Regulations haven't slowed China's growing methane emissions" 6998: 5591:"Climate change: Curbing methane emissions will 'buy us time'" 5153:"Sharp rise in methane levels threatens world climate targets" 2980: 1984:

Inventory of U.S Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2015

1666:

systems that help to break down plant material. Some of these

3145: – International partnership to reduce methane emissions 2275: 1593:

global warming which is caused by human use of fossil fuels.

142:

Human consumer waste flows, especially those passing through

7209:"Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite-2 "IBUKI-2" (GOSAT-2)" 5779:

NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, EOS Project Science Office

3866:"Governments should set targets to reduce methane emissions" 3576:"Governments should set targets to reduce methane emissions" 3384:"Putting a lid on Russia's planet-heating methane emissions" 2323: 1626:

article and 2014 publication by a team of scientists led by

249:

can also increase the atmospheric presence of shorter-lived

7389:. IPCC/United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from 3724:

Earth System Research Laboratory Global Monitoring Division

1683:

region of Australia showed 8 tonnes of methane oxidized by

736:

in the presence of oxygen is an aerobic source of methane.

7044: 6683: 6681: 6655:"Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Natural Sources" 6499:. Nairobi: Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. 5887:"Climate chief Lord Stern give up meat to save the planet" 3182:

Landfills total includes domestic sewage and animal waste.

2000:

Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2015

6188:"Climate change. Permafrost and the global carbon budget" 5416:"Anthropogenic emissions of methane in the United States" 3755:

Boucher O, Friedlingstein P, Collins B, Shine KP (2009).

703:

hydrogen with carbon dioxide to yield methane and water.

127:

is a similarly large source (30%); primarily because of

7383:"Trace Gases: Current Observations, Trends, and Budgets" 7347: 7345: 6127:

Cheng, Chin-Hsien; Redfern, Simon A. T. (23 June 2022).

6000:

Themelis, Nickolas J.; Ulloa, Priscilla A. (June 2007).

5645:"Joint EU-US Press Release on the Global Methane Pledge" 4935: 4933: 2230: 642:

Most ecological emissions of methane relate directly to

7185:"Key findings – Global Methane Tracker 2024 – Analysis" 6913:"Key findings – Global Methane Tracker 2024 – Analysis" 6703: 6701: 5186:"Fracking boom tied to methane spike in the atmosphere" 3237:"Global Methane Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities" 3126:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2312:

platform launched in 2018 provides similar capability.

2210:

2016 EU Issue Paper on methane slip from marine engines

81:, and are responsible for up to one-third of near-term 73:

are a major contributor to the rising concentration of

5515:. United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from 5479:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 881. 3133: – Greenhouse gases emitted from human activities 7895:

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

6771: 6769: 4526:"Agriculture's greenhouse gas emissions on the rise" 3523:. nationalgeographic.com. 2019-01-23. Archived from 3060:) has been developed. This drug is classified as an 1886:

generally overestimated, while the contributions of

1750:

Approximately 5% of the methane is released via the

346:

Map of methane emissions from four source categories

7871:. Power Partners. December 11, 2009. Archived from 1585:represent 32%, and rice cultivation represents 8%. 154:production, constitutes a fourth group (15%), with 93:Since the Industrial Revolution, concentrations of 6186:Zimov, Sa; Schuur, Ea; Chapin, Fs 3Rd (Jun 2006). 4194: 2245:The Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument aboard the 1730:of livestock and mitigation of methane emissions. 7387:Climate Change 2001, IPCC Third Assessment Report 7356:. Vol. 11, no. 120207. p. 120207. 5073:Climate Change 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report 3570: 3568: 3566: 2192:for such applications as electricity production, 1922:Natural and anthropogenic methane emissions from 7673:"Exxon calls for tighter regulations of methane" 4043:Adam Voiland and Joshua Stevens (8 March 2016). 3840:Terazono, Emiko; Hodgson, Camilla (2021-10-10). 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3608:Terazono, Emiko; Hodgson, Camilla (2021-10-10). 3359:"It's time to freak out about methane emissions" 117:from both active fossil fuel infrastructure and 7377: 7375: 7373: 7371: 5981:. United States Environmental Protection Agency 2271:), and is projected to launch as soon as 2024. 1822:, a source of methane released from permafrost. 537:Natural sources have always been a part of the 199:Atmospheric concentration and warming influence 85:. During 2019, about 60% (360 million tons) of 7960:"Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Methane Emissions" 6589:Nazaries, Loïc; et al. (September 2013). 5408: 5406: 4687: 4685: 4645:Crevoisier, C.; et al. (September 2012). 3511: 3509: 2364:Estimates of the global methane budget (in Tg( 7845:"Manure Management for Small and Hobby Farms" 6886:"Buying crucial time in climate change fight" 4654:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 3821:"Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing" 3738:"The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI)" 3190: 3188: 3166: 3164: 2196:and heavy vehicles or marine vessels such as 1866:. This methane release results in a positive 1818:Image showing thawed permafrost resulting in 1363: 8: 5936:"Burp vaccine cuts greenhouse gas emissions" 5244:Lechtenböhmer, Stephan; et al. (2005). 4028:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3951:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3272: 3270: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 2208:and particle emissions is described in this 27:Sources of methane gas in Earth's atmosphere 6934: 6932: 6240:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 5832:Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 3829:Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing 3815: 3813: 3251: 3249: 3178: 3176: 2341:International Methane Emissions Observatory 5215:"Primer on Short-Lived Climate Pollutants" 4604:Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics 3124: – Feedback related to climate change 1878:and may therefore be released as methane. 1606:Trans-Siberian natural gas pipeline system 1370: 1356: 743: 330:, and through analysis methods similar to 101:emissions are from gas release during the 7755: 7647: 7554: 7498: 7488: 7293: 7116: 6978: 6976: 6860: 6749: 6606: 6557: 6409: 6358: 6348: 6307: 6162: 5861: 5843: 5801:"Livestock a major threat to environment" 5449: 5439: 5394: 5361: 5351: 5304: 5119: 4860: 4673: 4407: 4397: 4339: 4143: 3972:indicates greater anthropogenic fossil CH 3797:"Understanding Global Warming Potentials" 3780: 3671: 3299: 3297: 3261:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 3194:Waste treatment included under ruminants. 1870:(meaning one that amplifies warming), as 1798:Release of stored methane from the Arctic 5383:Energy and Emission Control Technologies 5094:Warwick, N. J.; White, J. W. C. (2019). 4501: 4499: 3118: – Release of methane in the Arctic 2998:. The reason given is: content is dated. 2362: 2274:In 2023, 12 satellites were deployed by 2005: 1955:tons of anthropogenic methane in 2022. 1840:methane concentrations in the atmosphere 1754:, whereas the other 95% is released via 1706:researchers confirmed the vital role of 1569:According to the 2021 assessment by the 543: 528: 366: 341: 313: 208: 5239: 5237: 5235: 3215: 3160: 2322:, expected to be launched in 2022, and 1733:Nicholas Stern, the author of the 2006 1608:to western and Central Europe from the 1600:Emissions due to oil and gas extraction 1307:Territorialisation of carbon governance 751: 6233: 4477: 4475: 4320:Environmental Science & Technology 4021: 3944: 3329:Methane - A compelling case for action 3137:Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite-2 2017:Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2015 report 1430:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands 1423:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands 158:being the largest single contributor. 7531:"The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017" 7465:"The Global Methane Budget 2000–2012" 7083:Joost A de Gouw; et al. (2020). 6518: 6516: 5685:from the original on November 2, 2021 4845:"The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017" 4429: 4427: 3648:"The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017" 2347:Quantifying the global methane budget 2048:Natural gas transmission and storage 1312:Total Carbon Column Observing Network 7: 7211:. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 6961:E Roston and NS Malik (2020-04-06). 5626:from the original on August 11, 2021 5044:United Nations Environment Programme 2963:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1575:United Nations Environment Programme 7941:"Main sources of methane emissions" 6631:"Country Inventory - Climate TRACE" 5934:Rachel Nowak (September 25, 2004). 5748:Margonelli, Lisa (September 2008). 5614:Ramirez, Rachel (August 11, 2021). 5377:Howarth, Robert (October 8, 2015). 5334:Howarth, Robert W. (June 1, 2014). 5037:Shindell, Drew, ed. (May 6, 2021). 4988:(Report). Nairobi. 2022. p. 12 3139: – Earth observation satellite 2263:in partnership with researchers at 2216:Global methane emissions monitoring 2142:Methane gas from methane clathrates 2015:EPA Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas 1492:, or methane production, occurs in 1396:Its concentration is higher in the 7869:"Landfill Methane Energy Recovery" 7850:. Northeast Recycling Council, Inc 7715:Emma Newburger (August 29, 2020). 5781:(Press release). December 12, 2001 5655:from the original on June 21, 2019 5151:McKie, Robin (February 17, 2019). 3986:(7795). Springer Nature: 409–412. 3713:from the original on 7 April 2022. 3242:. Global Methane Initiative. 2020. 3067:In addition to medicine, specific 2278:for monitoring methane emissions. 1972:Methane is a primary component of 1444:are the largest natural source of 25: 7843:Bradley, Athena Lee (June 2008). 7812:Hutjens, Mike (August 21, 2012). 7696:Alison Durkee (August 10, 2020). 6002:"Methane generation in landfills" 5219:Climate & Clean Air Coalition 4372:Jacob, Daniel J. (1 April 2020). 3736:Butler J. and Montzka S. (2020). 1900:emissions by 2050 (i.e. reaching 7814:"Use of Rumensin in Dairy Diets" 7535:Earth System Science Data (ESSD) 6776:Gass, Henry (October 10, 2014). 5885:Pagnamenta, Robin (2009-10-27). 3909:(7623). Springer Nature: 88–91. 3407:Timothy Puko (19 October 2021). 2985: 2081:Oil refining and transportation 1968:Oil and natural gas supply chain 1827:This section is an excerpt from 1432:of concern consist primarily of 1421:This section is an excerpt from 1337: 1336: 759: 7585:Brooks Hays (29 January 2019). 6884:Powell, Alvin (24 March 2023). 6802:Ambrose, Jillian (2019-11-15). 6256:"Trends in Atmospheric Methane" 5908:Gary Polakovic (June 7, 2003). 5673:Wintour, Patrick (2021-11-02). 4694:Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4506:US EPA, OA (23 December 2015). 3490:"Methane emissions from cattle" 2093:Total (95% confidence interval) 2070:Natural gas local distribution 2026:Oil and natural gas production 1571:Climate and Clean Air Coalition 1469:and distinctive communities of 1393:that is produced and consumed. 697:Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis 237:that is second only to that of 7736:Environmental Research Letters 7362:10.1088/1748-9326/11/12/120207 7354:Environmental Research Letters 7158:Wall, Mike (25 October 2022). 6835:Tollefson, Jeff (2018-04-11). 6288:Environmental Research Letters 4508:"Overview of Greenhouse Gases" 4459:"Zero Routine Flaring by 2030" 3823:. Table 8.7 on page 714. In: 3278:"Sources of methane emissions" 2977:Approaches to reduce emissions 1532:Human-caused methane emissions 1462:Wetlands are characterized by 1272:Climate reconstruction proxies 45: Animal Agriculture (30%) 1: 7779:Niranjan, Ajit (2023-11-15). 7671:Guzman, Joseph (2020-03-03). 7095:(10). Springer Nature: 1379. 7068:Michelle Lewis (2019-12-18). 5910:"Getting the Cows to Cool It" 3357:Leber, Rebecca (2021-08-12). 3305:"Global Carbon Project (GCP)" 3170:Rice included under wetlands. 2936:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 2855:Source versus sink imbalance 2180:Methane slip from gas engines 1679:can consume. research in the 51: Plant Agriculture (18%) 7907:10.1080/10962247.2012.755137 6329:Global Biogeochemical Cycles 6018:10.1016/j.renene.2006.04.020 5589:McGrath, Matt (2021-08-11). 5192:. 2019-08-15. Archived from 5100:Global Biogeochemical Cycles 4737:Comyn-Platt, Edward (2018). 4706:10.1016/0169-5347(94)90309-3 3782:10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/044007 2259:is under development by the 2173:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 1741:National Academy of Sciences 1484:to the constant presence of 1242:Carbonate compensation depth 907:Particulate inorganic carbon 299:Overview of emission sources 276:of 85 means that a ton of CH 7019:Katz, Cheryl (2021-06-15). 5724:Should Meat be on the Menu? 5721:Mason-Jones, David (2012). 4485:. Global Methane Initiative 3488:Johnson, K A (1995-08-01). 3333:International Energy Agency 3309:www.globalcarbonproject.org 3282:International Energy Agency 3024:International Energy Agency 2918:National reduction policies 2233:) in the lower atmosphere ( 2190:internal combustion engines 2184:The use of natural gas and 1864:Greenland ice sheet melting 671:Acetoclastic methanogenesis 39: Fossil Fuel Use (33%) 8011: 7640:10.1038/s41467-018-07891-7 7109:10.1038/s41598-020-57678-4 6983:John Fialka (2018-03-09). 6862:10.1038/d41586-018-04478-6 6595:Environmental Microbiology 6550:10.1038/s41561-021-00715-2 6411:10.1038/s41558-022-01512-4 6155:10.1038/s41467-022-31345-w 5979:"Greenhouse Gas Emissions" 4675:10.5194/acpd-12-23731-2012 4128:10.1038/s41467-022-28989-z 3545:Vaclav Smil (2017-03-29). 2288:The Tropomi instrument on 2261:Environmental Defense Fund 2145: 1826: 1810:(formerly known as Barrow) 1806:Methane concentrations in 1535: 1496:environments. Because the 1420: 1297:Carbon capture and storage 901:Particulate organic carbon 895:Dissolved inorganic carbon 288:is in the range of 28–34. 255:indirect radiative forcing 202: 7556:10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020 7469:Earth System Science Data 6782:Christian Science Monitor 5845:10.1186/s40104-017-0145-9 5789:– via ScienceDaily. 5306:10.1007/s10584-012-0401-0 4979:Global Methane Assessment 4958:10.1017/9781009157896.011 4916:10.1007/s10533-014-9974-1 4862:10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020 4849:Earth System Science Data 4766:10.1038/s41561-018-0174-9 4624:10.1134/S0001433815030123 4285:10.1038/s41586-020-1991-8 4000:10.1038/s41586-020-1991-8 3673:10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020 3652:Earth System Science Data 3464:"Cows and Climate Change" 3143:Global Methane Initiative 2994:This section needs to be 2946:in 2010. According to a 2854: 2822: 2819: 2753: 2722: 2719: 2625: 2622: 2559: 2504: 2501: 2436: 1848:effects of climate change 1645:climate change mitigation 1302:Carbon cycle re-balancing 673:– certain archaea cleave 628: 620: 587: 577: 514:each year from oil wells. 509: 501: 489: 477: 443: 433: 385: 95:methane in the atmosphere 7990:Greenhouse gas emissions 7757:10.1088/1748-9326/ab9ed2 6309:10.1088/1748-9326/ab9ed2 5893:. London. Archived from 4047:. NASA Earth Observatory 3131:Greenhouse gas emissions 3116:Arctic methane emissions 2393:Houweling et al. (1999) 2390:Lelieveld et al. (1998) 2292:launched in 2017 by the 2166:clathrate gun hypothesis 1838:contribute to a rise in 1836:Arctic methane emissions 1829:Arctic methane emissions 1718:, 65%t of anthropogenic 1538:Greenhouse gas emissions 1277:Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio 1237:Carbonate–silicate cycle 1205:Carbon dioxide clathrate 1200:Clathrate gun hypothesis 1028:Net ecosystem production 889:Dissolved organic carbon 594:Arctic methane emissions 270:global warming potential 7490:10.5194/essd-8-697-2016 7312:10.1126/science.abj4351 6734:10.1126/science.aar7204 6608:10.1111/1462-2920.12149 6204:10.1126/science.1128908 6098:10.1126/science.1175176 6045:"Sources and Emissions" 5560:10.1126/science.1238920 5441:10.1073/pnas.1314392110 5047:(Report). p. 173. 4341:10.1021/acs.est.0c00179 4221:10.1126/science.abq0385 3414:The Wall Street Journal 3122:Climate change feedback 2396:Bousquet et al. (2006) 2343:was created by the UN. 2059:Natural gas processing 1868:climate change feedback 1677:methanotrophic bacteria 1558:), and nitrous oxide (N 1287:Deep Carbon Observatory 747:Part of a series on the 7434:10.1098/rsta.2010.0341 6987:. Scientific American. 4399:10.1126/sciadv.aaz5120 3382:Trakimavicius, Lukas. 3149:Fugitive gas emissions 3018:Natural gas industries 2973: 2939: 2927: 2560:Anthropogenic sources 2242: 2148:Arctic methane release 2037:Natural gas gathering 1856:Arctic sea ice melting 1823: 1811: 1389: 1107:Continental shelf pump 883:Total inorganic carbon 849:Satellite measurements 740:Natural methane cycles 630:Additional References: 534: 517:Additional References: 435:Industrial agriculture 347: 319: 311: 219: 137:agricultural emissions 7875:on September 29, 2015 7620:Nature Communications 7049:European Space Agency 6389:Nature Climate Change 6134:Nature Communications 5914:The Los Angeles Times 4793:Global Change Biology 4108:Nature Communications 3092:municipal solid waste 2971: 2948:Nature Communications 2933: 2925: 2405:Saunois et al. (2020) 2400:Saunois et al. (2016) 2294:European Space Agency 2247:European Space Agency 2223: 2202:unburned hydrocarbons 2160:with water, known as 2125:European Space Agency 2012:Supply chain segment 1938:Ecological conversion 1890:were underestimated. 1817: 1805: 1785:Waste water treatment 1655:Animals and livestock 1637:Industrial Revolution 1385: 1292:Global Carbon Project 1023:Ecosystem respiration 532: 345: 317: 309:Global Carbon Project 306: 212: 203:Further information: 6350:10.1029/2021GB007000 6335:(6): e2021GB007000. 5897:on October 27, 2009. 5121:10.1029/2018GB006009 4967:on January 20, 2023. 4890:10.1029/2002GL016848 3547:"Planet of the Cows" 3517:"Methane, explained" 2152:Clathrate gun effect 2021:Alvarez et al. 2018 1708:enteric fermentation 1583:enteric fermentation 1121:Carbon sequestration 877:Total organic carbon 556:Annual Emission 2023 502:Total anthropogenic 440:Enteric fermentation 379:Annual Emission 2023 355:is about 1–2 years. 148:wastewater treatment 129:enteric fermentation 63: All Other (4%) 7748:2020ERL....15g1002J 7632:2019NatCo..10..303M 7547:2020ESSD...12.1561S 7481:2016ESSD....8..697S 7426:2011RSPTA.369.2058D 7420:(1943): 2058–2072. 7304:2022Sci...375..557L 7101:2020NatSR..10.1379D 6891:The Harvard Gazette 6853:2018Natur.556..283T 6726:2018Sci...361..186A 6542:2021NatGe..14..225R 6458:2016NatGe...9..679W 6402:2022NatCC..12.1031R 6341:2021GBioC..3507000L 6300:2020ERL....15g1002J 6147:2022NatCo..13.3592C 6090:2010Sci...327..322B 5708:European Commission 5649:European Commission 5552:2013Sci...342..964M 5513:Climate Change 2001 5509:"Technical summary" 5432:2013PNAS..11020018M 5426:(50): 20018–20022. 5396:10.2147/EECT.S61539 5297:2012ClCh..113..537H 5190:National Geographic 5112:2019GBioC..33..318N 4805:2013GCBio..19.1325B 4758:2018NatGe..11..568C 4666:2013ACP....13.4279C 4616:2015IzAOP..51..251V 4390:2020SciA....6.5120Z 4332:2020EnST...54.5112G 4277:2020Natur.578..409H 4213:2022Sci...377.1566P 4207:(6614): 1566–1571. 4174:. 29 September 2022 4120:2022NatCo..13.1378F 3992:2020Natur.578..409H 3923:10.1038/nature19797 3915:2016Natur.538...88S 3773:2009ERL.....4d4007B 3726:, NOAA, May 5, 2019 3664:2020ESSD...12.1561S 3521:National Geographic 2387:Hein et al. (1997) 2384:Fung et al. (1991) 2377: 2008: 1860:clathrate breakdown 1446:atmospheric methane 1398:Northern Hemisphere 1168:Atmospheric methane 1134:Soil carbon storage 984:Reverse Krebs cycle 839:Ocean acidification 425:Anaerobic digestion 224:atmospheric methane 205:Atmospheric methane 7945:What's Your Impact 7089:Scientific Reports 5196:on August 18, 2019 5018:on August 22, 2021 4660:(9): 23731–23757. 3761:Environ. Res. Lett 2974: 2940: 2938:(SSP) projections. 2928: 2363: 2265:Harvard University 2243: 2171:However, the 2021 2006: 1924:aquatic ecosystems 1918:Aquatic ecosystems 1902:net zero emissions 1852:thawing permafrost 1824: 1812: 1390: 1247:Great Calcite Belt 1195:Aerobic production 1015:Carbon respiration 957:Metabolic pathways 917:Primary production 535: 348: 328:isotopes of carbon 320: 312: 220: 133:ruminant livestock 125:Animal agriculture 79:Earth's atmosphere 7288:(6580): 557–561. 7236:. 4 February 2022 6969:. Bloomberg News. 6720:(6398): 186–188. 6530:Nature Geoscience 6446:Nature Geoscience 6396:(11): 1031–1036. 6084:(5963): 322–325. 5807:on March 28, 2008 5546:(6161): 964–966. 5054:978-92-807-3854-4 4813:10.1111/gcb.12131 4581:10.1111/plb.12137 4271:(7795): 409–412. 4045:"Methane Matters" 3968:"Preindustrial CH 3799:. 12 January 2016 3527:on April 17, 2019 3069:manure management 3015: 3014: 2915: 2914: 2671:Rice agriculture 2358:methane emissions 2241: 2239:parts-per-billion 2108: 2107: 1979:According to the 1944:methane oxidation 1883:parts per billion 1808:Utqiaġvik, Alaska 1628:Robert W. Howarth 1564:radiative forcing 1388: 1380: 1379: 1178:Methane emissions 834:In the atmosphere 659:organisms called 635: 634: 581:Geologic seepages 522: 521: 457:Manure management 234:radiative forcing 175:volcanic releases 171:clathrate hydrate 109:; mostly due to 71:methane emissions 57: Waste (15%) 18:Methane pollution 16:(Redirected from 8002: 7976: 7974: 7973: 7955: 7953: 7952: 7927: 7926: 7890: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7855: 7849: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7820:. Archived from 7809: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7776: 7770: 7769: 7759: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7712: 7706: 7705: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7683: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7651: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7597: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7558: 7541:(3): 1561–1623. 7526: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7515: 7502: 7492: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7393:on July 28, 2012 7379: 7366: 7365: 7349: 7340: 7339: 7297: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7216: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7120: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7065: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7016: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7001:. methanesat.org 6995: 6989: 6988: 6980: 6971: 6970: 6958: 6952: 6951: 6936: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6923: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6864: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6773: 6764: 6763: 6753: 6705: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6685: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6672: 6666: 6659: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6635:climatetrace.org 6627: 6621: 6620: 6610: 6601:(9): 2395–2417. 6586: 6580: 6579: 6561: 6520: 6511: 6510: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6466:10.1038/ngeo2795 6437: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6413: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6362: 6352: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6239: 6231: 6198:(5780): 1612–3. 6183: 6177: 6176: 6166: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6075: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6051:on July 12, 2006 6041: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6012:(7): 1243–1257. 6006:Renewable Energy 5997: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5865: 5847: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5453: 5443: 5410: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5355: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5308: 5282: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5257: 5250: 5241: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5123: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4983: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4960:. Archived from 4940:Fox-Kemper, B.; 4937: 4928: 4927: 4899: 4893: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4864: 4855:(3): 1561–1623. 4839: 4833: 4832: 4799:(5): 1325–1346. 4784: 4778: 4777: 4743: 4734: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4689: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4651: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4533: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4503: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4479: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4411: 4401: 4384:(17): eaaz5120. 4378:Science Advances 4368: 4362: 4361: 4343: 4326:(8): 5112–5120. 4311: 4305: 4304: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4198: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4147: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4052: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4027: 4019: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3950: 3942: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3884: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3852: 3837: 3831: 3817: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3709:. 7 April 2022. 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3675: 3658:(3): 1561–1623. 3642: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3572: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3532: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3500: 3494:academic.oup.com 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3475: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3421: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3394: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3354: 3348: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3315: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3274: 3265: 3264: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3233: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3183: 3180: 3171: 3168: 3127: 3010: 3007: 3001: 2989: 2988: 2981: 2880: 2878: 2850: 2848: 2817: 2815: 2781: 2779: 2749: 2747: 2717: 2715: 2696:Biomass burning 2691: 2689: 2653:Waste treatment 2620: 2618: 2586: 2584: 2533: 2531: 2499: 2497: 2465: 2463: 2437:Natural sources 2378: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2304: 2269:Gates Foundation 2224: 2009: 1950:Rice agriculture 1896:Mitigation of CO 1888:tropical regions 1664:gastrointestinal 1641:2021 IPCC report 1403:hydroxyl radical 1386: 1372: 1365: 1358: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1144:pelagic sediment 1038:Soil respiration 1033:Photorespiration 763: 744: 730:leaf surface wax 544: 390:Gas distribution 367: 293:carbon emissions 193:carbon emissions 105:and delivery of 75:greenhouse gases 62: 56: 50: 44: 38: 21: 8010: 8009: 8005: 8004: 8003: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7980: 7979: 7971: 7969: 7958: 7950: 7948: 7939: 7936: 7931: 7930: 7892: 7891: 7887: 7878: 7876: 7867: 7866: 7862: 7853: 7851: 7847: 7842: 7841: 7837: 7827: 7825: 7824:on July 9, 2010 7811: 7810: 7806: 7797: 7795: 7778: 7777: 7773: 7729: 7728: 7724: 7714: 7713: 7709: 7695: 7694: 7690: 7681: 7679: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7613: 7612: 7608: 7595: 7593: 7584: 7583: 7579: 7569: 7567: 7528: 7527: 7523: 7513: 7511: 7462: 7461: 7457: 7411: 7410: 7406: 7396: 7394: 7381: 7380: 7369: 7351: 7350: 7343: 7279: 7278: 7274: 7264: 7262: 7260:Washington Post 7254: 7253: 7249: 7239: 7237: 7228: 7227: 7223: 7214: 7212: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7193: 7191: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7168: 7166: 7157: 7156: 7152: 7139: 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Reactions" 5747: 5746: 5742: 5735: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5688: 5686: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5658: 5656: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5629: 5627: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5599: 5597: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5522: 5520: 5519:on June 4, 2011 5507: 5506: 5502: 5487: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5412: 5411: 5404: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5353:10.1002/ese3.35 5333: 5332: 5328: 5319: 5317: 5285:Climatic Change 5280: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5243: 5242: 5233: 5223: 5221: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5199: 5197: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5169: 5167: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5078: 5076: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4964: 4939: 4938: 4931: 4904:Biogeochemistry 4901: 4900: 4896: 4882: 4878: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4741: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4721: 4700:(12): 460–464. 4691: 4690: 4683: 4649: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4531: 4529: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4505: 4504: 4497: 4488: 4486: 4483:"About Methane" 4481: 4480: 4473: 4464: 4462: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4443: 4441: 4433: 4432: 4425: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4050: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4020: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3943: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3882: 3880: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3850: 3848: 3846:Financial Times 3839: 3838: 3834: 3818: 3811: 3802: 3800: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3644: 3643: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3614:Financial Times 3607: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3574: 3573: 3564: 3555: 3553: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3530: 3528: 3515: 3514: 3507: 3498: 3496: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3471: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3448: 3446: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3419: 3417: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3392: 3390: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3367: 3365: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3340: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3313: 3311: 3303: 3302: 3295: 3286: 3284: 3276: 3275: 3268: 3255: 3254: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3174: 3169: 3162: 3158: 3125: 3112: 3087: 3078: 3076:Crops and soils 3054: 3046:methane flaring 3042:methane venting 3020: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2953:In March 2020, 2945: 2920: 2876: 2874: 2846: 2844: 2813: 2811: 2777: 2775: 2745: 2743: 2713: 2711: 2687: 2685: 2616: 2614: 2582: 2580: 2529: 2527: 2495: 2493: 2461: 2459: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2354: 2349: 2228: 2218: 2207: 2182: 2162:methane hydrate 2154: 2144: 2132:coalbed methane 2113: 1970: 1961: 1959:Biomass burning 1952: 1940: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1909: 1899: 1832: 1800: 1787: 1773: 1768: 1717: 1713: 1681:Snowy Mountains 1673:Snowy Mountains 1657: 1623:Climatic Change 1602: 1573:(CCAC) and the 1561: 1557: 1553: 1540: 1534: 1523:Biogeochemistry 1518: 1517: 1426: 1418: 1376: 1335: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1266: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1221: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1162: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1139:Marine sediment 1123: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1072:Solubility pump 1060:Biological pump 1054: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1017: 1007: 1006: 1005: 989:Carbon fixation 974: 959: 949: 948: 947: 928: 912: 865: 863:Forms of carbon 855: 854: 853: 828: 818: 817: 816: 771: 742: 722: 718: 714: 710: 692: 688: 684: 640: 601:Ocean sediments 582: 569:Wetland methane 558:(Million Tons) 557: 527: 515: 484: 478:Consumer waste 469:Biomass burning 381:(Million Tons) 380: 340: 301: 287: 283: 279: 275: 267: 260: 248: 244: 229: 207: 201: 156:rice production 67: 66: 65: 64: 60: 58: 54: 52: 48: 46: 42: 40: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8008: 8006: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7982: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7956: 7935: 7934:External links 7932: 7929: 7928: 7901:(3): 300–309. 7885: 7860: 7835: 7804: 7771: 7722: 7707: 7688: 7663: 7606: 7577: 7521: 7475:(2): 697–751. 7455: 7404: 7367: 7341: 7272: 7247: 7221: 7200: 7176: 7150: 7132: 7075: 7060: 7036: 7011: 6990: 6972: 6953: 6948:New York Times 6942:(2019-12-16). 6940:Hiroko Tabuchi 6928: 6904: 6876: 6827: 6794: 6765: 6697: 6677: 6646: 6622: 6581: 6536:(4): 225–230. 6512: 6505: 6487: 6452:(9): 679–682. 6432: 6374: 6315: 6274: 6247: 6178: 6119: 6061: 6029: 5992: 5970: 5952: 5926: 5900: 5877: 5818: 5792: 5766: 5740: 5734:978-1743340608 5733: 5713: 5695: 5665: 5651:. 2021-09-18. 5636: 5606: 5581: 5530: 5500: 5486:978-0521807678 5485: 5465: 5402: 5369: 5340:Energy Sci Eng 5326: 5291:(2): 537–549. 5268: 5231: 5206: 5177: 5143: 5106:(3): 318–342. 5085: 5060: 5053: 5029: 4999: 4970: 4929: 4894: 4876: 4834: 4779: 4752:(8): 568–573. 4729: 4719: 4681: 4637: 4610:(3): 251–258. 4594: 4575:(2): 512–516. 4559: 4538: 4517: 4495: 4471: 4450: 4423: 4363: 4306: 4250: 4185: 4159: 4094: 4072: 4057: 4035: 3973: 3969: 3958: 3889: 3872:. 2021-03-31. 3857: 3832: 3809: 3788: 3747: 3728: 3716: 3694: 3626: 3600: 3582:. 2021-03-31. 3562: 3537: 3505: 3480: 3455: 3443:verifythis.com 3430: 3399: 3374: 3349: 3338: 3320: 3293: 3266: 3245: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3196: 3184: 3172: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3119: 3111: 3108: 3086: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3053: 3050: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3012: 2993: 2991: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2943: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2911:556 (501–574) 2909: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2886:576 (550-594) 2884: 2883:558 (540–568) 2881: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2825: 2824: 2823:518 (474–532) 2821: 2818: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2789: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2628: 2627: 2626:217 (207-240) 2624: 2623:188 (115-243) 2621: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2471:181 (159-200) 2469: 2468:167 (127–202) 2466: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2370: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2334:satellite data 2226: 2217: 2214: 2205: 2181: 2178: 2143: 2140: 2136:European Union 2112: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2103:13 (11.3–15.1) 2100: 2098:8.1 (6.7–10.2) 2095: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2013: 1993:associated gas 1969: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1939: 1936: 1932:eutrophication 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1897: 1876:methanogenesis 1844:greenhouse gas 1833: 1825: 1799: 1796: 1792:biodegradation 1786: 1783: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1745:Ralph Cicerone 1743:'s president, 1715: 1711: 1685:methanotrophic 1668:microorganisms 1656: 1653: 1601: 1598: 1559: 1555: 1554:), methane (CH 1551: 1533: 1530: 1490:methanogenesis 1450:climate change 1427: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1374: 1367: 1360: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1330: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1282:Deep biosphere 1279: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1252:Redfield ratio 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1232:Nutrient cycle 1229: 1223: 1222: 1219:Biogeochemical 1217: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1175: 1173:Methanogenesis 1170: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1136: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1087:Microbial loop 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1004: 1003: 1002: 1001: 996: 986: 981: 975: 973: 972: 970:Chemosynthesis 967: 965:Photosynthesis 961: 960: 955: 954: 951: 950: 946: 945: 940: 935: 929: 927: 926: 925: 924: 913: 911: 910: 904: 898: 892: 886: 880: 874: 867: 866: 861: 860: 857: 856: 852: 851: 846: 841: 836: 830: 829: 826:Carbon dioxide 824: 823: 820: 819: 815: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 773: 772: 769: 768: 765: 764: 756: 755: 749: 748: 741: 738: 725: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 694: 693: 690: 686: 682: 652:Methanogenesis 639: 638:Methanogenesis 636: 633: 632: 631: 626: 625: 622: 621:Total natural 618: 617: 611: 610: 604: 603: 597: 596: 590: 589: 586: 579: 578:Other natural 575: 574: 571: 566: 560: 559: 551: 548: 526: 523: 520: 519: 518: 507: 506: 503: 499: 498: 492: 491: 488: 479: 475: 474: 471: 466: 460: 459: 453: 452: 446: 445: 442: 437: 431: 430: 427: 422: 416: 415: 412: 406: 405: 402: 396: 395: 392: 387: 383: 382: 374: 371: 359:Satellite data 339: 336: 324:methanogenesis 300: 297: 285: 281: 277: 273: 265: 258: 246: 242: 239:carbon dioxide 227: 200: 197: 83:global heating 59: 53: 47: 41: 35: 31: 30: 29: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8007: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7967: 7966: 7961: 7957: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7937: 7933: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7889: 7886: 7874: 7870: 7864: 7861: 7846: 7839: 7836: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7808: 7805: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7775: 7772: 7767: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7742:(7): 071002. 7741: 7737: 7733: 7726: 7723: 7718: 7711: 7708: 7703: 7699: 7692: 7689: 7678: 7674: 7667: 7664: 7659: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7592: 7588: 7581: 7578: 7566: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7525: 7522: 7510: 7506: 7501: 7500:1721.1/108811 7496: 7491: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7459: 7456: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7408: 7405: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7368: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7348: 7346: 7342: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7276: 7273: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7248: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7222: 7210: 7204: 7201: 7190: 7186: 7180: 7177: 7165: 7161: 7154: 7151: 7146: 7142: 7136: 7133: 7128: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7079: 7076: 7071: 7064: 7061: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7037: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7012: 7000: 6994: 6991: 6986: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6968: 6967:Bloomberg.com 6964: 6957: 6954: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6933: 6929: 6918: 6914: 6908: 6905: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6880: 6877: 6872: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6847:(7701): 283. 6846: 6842: 6838: 6831: 6828: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6798: 6795: 6783: 6779: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6690: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6667:on 2012-12-02 6663: 6656: 6650: 6647: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6623: 6618: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6585: 6582: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6508: 6506:9789280738544 6502: 6498: 6491: 6488: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6436: 6433: 6421: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6378: 6375: 6370: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6316: 6310: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6294:(7): 071002. 6293: 6289: 6285: 6278: 6275: 6263: 6262: 6257: 6251: 6248: 6243: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6182: 6179: 6174: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6123: 6120: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6062: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5993: 5980: 5974: 5971: 5967:. 2020-09-22. 5966: 5962: 5956: 5953: 5941: 5940:New Scientist 5937: 5930: 5927: 5915: 5911: 5904: 5901: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5819: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5793: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5767: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5741: 5736: 5730: 5726: 5725: 5717: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5696: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5666: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5637: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5607: 5596: 5592: 5585: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5531: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5501: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5469: 5466: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5373: 5370: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5327: 5316: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5279: 5272: 5269: 5258:on 2012-03-14 5254: 5247: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5207: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5178: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5147: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5089: 5086: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5061: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5033: 5030: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5003: 5000: 4987: 4980: 4974: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4838: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4730: 4723: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4569:Plant Biology 4563: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4539: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4484: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4460: 4454: 4451: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4367: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4189: 4186: 4173: 4169: 4163: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4095: 4083: 4079: 4061: 4058: 4046: 4039: 4036: 4031: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3962: 3959: 3954: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3890: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3870:The Economist 3867: 3861: 3858: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3767:(4): 044007. 3766: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3601: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3580:The Economist 3577: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3552: 3551:IEEE Spectrum 3548: 3541: 3538: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3481: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3403: 3400: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3375: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3342: 3339: 3335:. 2020-08-20. 3334: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3200: 3197: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3103:methanotrophs 3099: 3097: 3093: 3084: 3082: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3035: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3017: 3009: 2997: 2992: 2983: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2959:methane leaks 2956: 2951: 2949: 2937: 2932: 2924: 2917: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2860:Total source 2859: 2858: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2829:Stratospheric 2827: 2826: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2752: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2592:111 (81-131) 2591: 2589:105 (77–133) 2588: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2361: 2359: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2306: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2149: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1996: 1995:is produced. 1994: 1990: 1985: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1967: 1965: 1958: 1956: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1830: 1821: 1816: 1809: 1804: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720:nitrous oxide 1709: 1705: 1700: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1549: 1545: 1539: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1438:nitrous oxide 1435: 1431: 1424: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1384: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1354: 1353: 1351: 1350: 1344: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1262: 1261: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1227:Marine cycles 1225: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1116: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1047: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 991: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 976: 971: 968: 966: 963: 962: 958: 953: 952: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 930: 923: 920: 919: 918: 915: 914: 908: 905: 902: 899: 896: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 875: 872: 869: 868: 864: 859: 858: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 831: 827: 822: 821: 813: 810: 808: 807:Boreal forest 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 774: 767: 766: 762: 758: 757: 754: 750: 746: 745: 739: 737: 735: 731: 706: 705: 704: 702: 698: 680: 679: 678: 676: 672: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 653: 648: 645: 637: 629: 627: 623: 619: 616: 613: 612: 609: 606: 605: 602: 599: 598: 595: 592: 591: 585: 580: 576: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 561: 555: 552: 550:Major Sources 549: 546: 545: 542: 540: 539:methane cycle 531: 524: 516: 513: 508: 504: 500: 497: 494: 493: 487: 483: 480: 476: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 461: 458: 455: 454: 451: 448: 447: 441: 438: 436: 432: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 417: 413: 411: 408: 407: 403: 401: 398: 397: 393: 391: 388: 386:Fossil fuels 384: 378: 375: 373:Major Sources 372: 369: 368: 365: 362: 360: 356: 354: 344: 338:Anthropogenic 337: 335: 333: 332:carbon dating 329: 325: 316: 310: 305: 298: 296: 294: 289: 271: 262: 256: 252: 240: 236: 235: 225: 216: 211: 206: 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Retrieved 5253:the original 5222:. Retrieved 5218: 5209: 5198:. Retrieved 5194:the original 5189: 5180: 5168:. Retrieved 5157:The Observer 5156: 5146: 5103: 5099: 5088: 5077:. Retrieved 5072: 5063: 5042: 5032: 5020:. Retrieved 5016:the original 5011: 5002: 4990:. Retrieved 4985: 4973: 4962:the original 4949: 4942:Hewitt, H.T. 4907: 4903: 4897: 4879: 4852: 4848: 4837: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4749: 4745: 4732: 4722: 4697: 4693: 4657: 4653: 4640: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4554: 4551:The Guardian 4550: 4541: 4530:. Retrieved 4520: 4511: 4487:. Retrieved 4463:. Retrieved 4461:. World Bank 4453: 4442:. Retrieved 4438: 4381: 4377: 4366: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4268: 4264: 4253: 4204: 4200: 4188: 4176:. Retrieved 4172:Science News 4171: 4162: 4111: 4107: 4097: 4085:. Retrieved 4081: 4060: 4049:. Retrieved 4038: 4024:cite journal 3983: 3979: 3961: 3947:cite journal 3906: 3902: 3892: 3881:. Retrieved 3869: 3860: 3849:. Retrieved 3845: 3835: 3824: 3801:. 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Retrieved 3199: 3100: 3096:landfill gas 3088: 3079: 3066: 3055: 3038: 3031: 3028: 3021: 3003: 2995: 2952: 2941: 2793:Tropospheric 2634:(livestock) 2502:64 (21–132) 2404: 2399: 2357: 2350: 2338: 2328: 2324:CarbonMapper 2317: 2314: 2307: 2287: 2280: 2273: 2255: 2244: 2198:LNG carriers 2194:cogeneration 2183: 2170: 2155: 2129: 2114: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2016: 1999: 1997: 1983: 1978: 1971: 1962: 1953: 1941: 1928:Urbanization 1921: 1892: 1880: 1834: 1788: 1774: 1760:Asparagopsis 1749: 1736:Stern Review 1734: 1732: 1701: 1690: 1658: 1649: 1633: 1621: 1619: 1603: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1579:fossil fuels 1568: 1541: 1527: 1522: 1519: 1506:fermentation 1464:water-logged 1428: 1411: 1407: 1395: 1391: 1177: 1065:Martin curve 1052:Carbon pumps 979:Calvin cycle 933:Black carbon 871:Total carbon 812:Geochemistry 753:Carbon cycle 734:UV radiation 726: 696: 695: 670: 669: 665:fermentation 650: 649: 641: 584:Volcanic gas 536: 486:Landfill gas 450:Rice paddies 363: 357: 349: 321: 290: 263: 254: 231: 221: 188: 187: 161:The world's 160: 141: 123: 119:orphan wells 107:fossil fuels 92: 70: 68: 32: 7169:29 November 7145:www.cnrs.fr 7072:. Electrek. 6787:October 24, 6141:(1): 3592. 5945:November 4, 5919:November 4, 5811:November 4, 5759:January 16, 4910:(1): 1–24. 4114:(1): 1378. 3619:October 10, 3593:October 10, 2891:Total sink 2787:38 (27-45) 2784:33 (28–38) 2723:30 (22-36) 2720:34 (15–53) 2505:37 (21–50) 2411:Base year: 2381:Reference: 2356:values for 2330:Global maps 2298:troposphere 2251:Sentinel-5P 2235:troposphere 2225:Methane (CH 2111:Coal mining 1974:natural gas 1906:oil and gas 1820:thermokarst 1794:of sludge. 1778:methanogens 1724:methanogens 1508:as well as 1494:oxygen-poor 1460:per year. 1440:emissions. 1129:Carbon sink 1092:Viral shunt 1082:Marine snow 938:Blue carbon 792:Deep carbon 787:Atmospheric 777:Terrestrial 732:exposed to 685:C-COOH → CH 657:microscopic 644:methanogens 482:Solid waste 353:troposphere 167:hydrocarbon 111:gas venting 69:Increasing 7984:Categories 7972:2018-03-06 7951:2018-03-06 7879:2016-12-31 7854:2016-12-31 7798:2024-02-26 7682:2020-03-04 7626:(1): 303. 7596:31 January 7295:2105.06387 7215:2020-10-21 7194:2024-04-21 7054:2020-09-10 7030:2022-01-02 7005:2020-09-10 6922:2024-04-21 6821:2019-11-15 6671:2017-01-20 6640:2023-12-22 6425:21 January 6267:14 October 6055:2017-01-20 6023:2016-12-31 5689:2021-11-02 5659:2021-11-02 5630:2021-08-11 5600:2021-08-11 5363:1813/60821 5320:2016-12-22 5262:2016-12-31 5200:2019-08-20 5079:2017-01-20 5022:August 22, 4532:2017-04-19 4489:2020-09-15 4465:2020-09-18 4444:2024-04-21 4178:21 October 4051:2020-09-15 3976:emissions" 3883:2021-10-10 3851:2021-10-10 3803:2019-09-09 3556:2020-09-08 3531:2019-07-25 3499:2023-04-27 3474:2024-02-26 3449:2024-02-26 3420:19 October 3393:2023-07-26 3368:2022-01-05 3331:(Report). 3314:2019-07-25 3287:2020-08-20 3259:(Report). 3210:References 3006:March 2023 2432:2008-2017 2429:2003–2012 2332:combining 2320:MethaneSAT 2290:Sentinel-5 2283:monitoring 2257:MethaneSAT 2146:See also: 1756:eructation 1536:See also: 1510:methanogen 1480:that have 1458:atmosphere 1102:Whale pump 1097:Jelly pump 1077:Lipid pump 802:Permafrost 770:By regions 699:– archaea 496:Wastewater 410:Coal mines 173:deposits, 103:extraction 7818:eXtension 7793:0261-3077 7766:1748-9326 7570:28 August 7565:1866-3508 7514:28 August 7509:1866-3508 7336:246530897 7320:0036-8075 7164:Space.com 7045:"Tropomi" 7025:Yale E360 6816:0261-3077 6742:0036-8075 6576:233030781 6568:1752-0908 6474:1752-0908 6420:253192613 6228:129667039 6212:0036-8075 5985:March 21, 5891:The Times 5854:2049-1891 5838:(1): 13. 5785:March 22, 5704:"Methane" 5315:154324540 5224:March 19, 5170:March 17, 5165:0029-7712 5138:133716021 5130:1944-9224 4992:March 15, 4871:1866-3508 4774:134078252 4632:118933772 4350:0013-936X 4301:211194542 4245:252621958 4229:0036-8075 4136:2041-1723 4016:211194542 3878:0013-0613 3687:28 August 3682:1866-3508 3588:0013-0613 3085:Landfills 3062:ionophore 3052:Livestock 2632:Ruminants 2598:Landfills 2158:clathrate 1771:Landfills 1702:In 2001, 1525:article. 608:Wildfires 400:Oil wells 218:increase. 179:wildfires 144:landfills 115:gas leaks 7923:20450110 7915:23556240 7658:30696820 7442:21502176 7328:35113691 7265:16 March 7240:16 March 7234:BBC News 7127:31992727 6897:27 March 6871:29666485 6760:29930092 6617:23718889 6369:34219915 6220:16778046 6173:35739128 6114:28268515 6106:20075250 5872:28149512 5683:Archived 5653:Archived 5624:Archived 5595:BBC News 5576:39963336 5568:24264988 5495:46634335 5460:24277804 4924:13533695 4829:14228726 4821:23505021 4714:21236923 4589:24400835 4553:. 2016. 4418:32494644 4358:32281379 4293:32076219 4237:36173866 4154:35297408 4087:27 April 4008:32076219 3931:27708291 3711:Archived 3707:NOAA.gov 3468:UC Davis 3388:EurActiv 3110:See also 3058:rumensin 2539:Hydrates 2477:Termites 2443:Wetlands 2308:Japan's 2115:In 2014 1692:Termites 1660:Ruminant 1498:microbes 1442:Wetlands 1416:Wetlands 1343:Category 615:Termites 564:Wetlands 547:Category 420:Biofuels 370:Category 163:wetlands 7995:Methane 7744:Bibcode 7719:. CNBC. 7677:TheHill 7649:6351523 7628:Bibcode 7543:Bibcode 7477:Bibcode 7450:8823692 7422:Bibcode 7397:June 4, 7300:Bibcode 7282:Science 7118:6987228 7097:Bibcode 6849:Bibcode 6751:6223263 6722:Bibcode 6714:Science 6538:Bibcode 6482:1776496 6454:Bibcode 6398:Bibcode 6360:8244052 6337:Bibcode 6296:Bibcode 6192:Science 6164:9226131 6143:Bibcode 6086:Bibcode 6078:Science 5863:5270371 5548:Bibcode 5540:Science 5523:June 4, 5451:3864315 5428:Bibcode 5414:2013). 5293:Bibcode 5108:Bibcode 4801:Bibcode 4754:Bibcode 4662:Bibcode 4612:Bibcode 4409:7176423 4386:Bibcode 4328:Bibcode 4273:Bibcode 4209:Bibcode 4201:Science 4145:8927109 4116:Bibcode 3988:Bibcode 3939:4451521 3911:Bibcode 3769:Bibcode 3660:Bibcode 3263:. 2013. 3034:methane 2996:updated 2565:Energy 2310:GOSAT-2 2121:methane 1872:methane 1726:in the 1697:ethanol 1620:A 2012 1614:Urengoy 1610:Yamburg 1546:of the 1502:diffuse 1482:adapted 1478:species 1456:to the 1454:methane 1434:methane 1188:Wetland 1160:Methane 943:Kerogen 844:Removal 701:oxidize 675:acetate 661:archaea 525:Natural 464:Biomass 232:direct 183:termite 152:biomass 87:methane 7921: 7913: 7791: 7764: 7702:Forbes 7656: 7646: 7563: 7507: 7448: 7440: 7334: 7326: 7318: 7125: 7115: 6869: 6841:Nature 6814: 6758: 6748: 6740: 6615: 6574: 6566: 6503: 6480: 6472: 6418: 6367: 6357: 6226: 6218: 6210: 6171: 6161: 6112: 6104: 5870: 5860: 5852: 5731: 5574: 5566: 5493: 5483: 5458: 5448: 5389:: 45. 5313: 5163: 5136: 5128: 5075:. 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