1256:
talented or not they wanted to help spread the political message in their own way. While majority of the group consisted of
Mexican-Americans many people of other nationalities wanted to help the movement. This help moved the movement from the fringes into the more mainstream political establishment. The "Political Establishment" typically consisted of the dominant group or elite that holds power or authority in a nation. Many successful organizations were formed, such as the Mexican American Youth Organization, to fight for civil rights of Mexican Americans. During the early 1960s in Texas many Mexican-Americans were treated like second class citizens and discriminated against. While progress has been made for equality, immigrants even to this day are still a target of misunderstanding and fear. Chicano Poetry was a safe way for political messages to spread without fear of being targeted for by speaking out. Politically, the movement was also broken off into sections like chicanismo. "Chicanismo meant to some Chicanos dignity, self respect, pride, uniqueness, and a feeling of a cultural rebirth." Mexican-Americans wanted to embrace the color of their skin instead of it being something to be ashamed of. Many Mexican-Americans unfortunately had it ingrained on them through society that it was better socially and economically to act "White" or "Normal." The movement wanted to break that mindset and embrace who they were and be loud and proud of it. A lot of people in the movement thought it was acceptable to speak Spanish to one another and not be ashamed of not being fluent in English. The movement encouraged to not only discuss tradition with other Mexican-Americans but others not within the movement. America was a land of immigrants not just for the social and economically accepted people. The movement made it a point not to exclude others of other cultures but to bring them into the fold to make everyone understanding of one another. While America was new for many people of Latin descent it was important to celebrate what made them who they were as a culture. Entertainment was powerful tool to spread their political message inside and out of their social circles in America. Chicanismo might not be discussed frequently in the mainstream media but the main points of the movement are: self-respect, pride, and cultural rebirth.
1390:
platform that was inclusive to various intersectional identities, Chicana theorists who identified as lesbian and heterosexual were in solidarity of both. With their navigation through patriarchal structures, and their intersecting identities, Chicana feminists brought issues such as political economy, imperialism, and class identities to the forefront of the movement's discourses. Enriqueta
Longeaux and Vasquez discussed in the Third World Women's Conference, "There is a need for world unity of all peoples suffering exploitation and colonial oppression here in the U.S., the most wealthy, powerful, expansionist country in the world, to identify ourselves as third world peoples in order to end this economic and political expansion."
1688:, in 2017. She became inspired to create a piece of art to honor the activists. She invited community participation in the project; over 200 people worked on it in some capacity. The base of the sculpture states, “Dedicated in 2019 to Los Seis de Boulder & Chicana and Chicano students who occupied TB-1 in 1974 & everyone who fights for equity in education at CU Boulder & the original stewards of this land who were forcibly removed & all who remain.” It also states, “Por Todxs Quienes Luchan Por La Justicia” (for all those who fight for justice). CU students have protested a campus decision not to make the art exhibit permanent. CU announced the exhibit would be made permanent in September 2020.
1726:
was intended to be a peaceful event. The sheriffs who were there later claimed that they were responding to an incident at a nearby liquor store that involved
Chicanos who had allegedly stolen some drinks. The sheriffs also added that upon their arrival they were hit with cans and stones. Once the sheriff arrived, they claimed the rally to be an "unlawful assembly" which turned violent. Tear gas and mace were everywhere, demonstrators were hit by billy clubs and arrested as well. The event that took place was being referred to as a riot, some have gone as far to call it a "Police Riot" to emphasize that the police were the ones who initiated it.
1828:
1598:
1381:
Chicanas and women were more complex than their male counterparts. Through the involvement of various movements, the main goal of these
Chicanas was to include their intersecting identities within these movements, specifically choosing to add women's issues, racial issues, and LGBTQ issues within movements that ignored such identities. One of the biggest women's issues that the Chicanas faced was that Mexican men drew their masculinity from forcing traditional female roles on women and expecting women to bear as many children as they could.
48:
1606:
1843:
to get by. Chicano artists being resourceful can be seen when artists cut up tin cans and flatten them out into rectangles to use as canvases. In addition to its influence in the visual arts, the concept “rasquachismo” informs
Chicano performing arts. El Teatro Campesino's La Carpa de los Rasquachis is a play written by Luis Valdez in 1972, which tells the story of a farmworker that has migrated to the United States from Mexico; this play teaches the audience to look for ways to be resourceful.
1752:
1913:
convictions to continue the tradition of commitment to social change and asserting their rights. There was also influence from indigenous forms of religion combined with
Catholic beliefs. Altars would be set up by the matriarchs of families that often included both Catholic symbols and indigenous religious symbols. Both Catholic beliefs and the inclusion of indigenous religious practices were influenced many in the Chicano Movement to continue their protests and fight to equality.
1243:
Chicanos in mainstream
American media and entertainment. There are also many community education projects to educate Latinos about their voice and power like South Texas Voter Registration Project. SVREP's mission is to empower Latinos and other minorities by increasing their participation in the American democratic process. Members of the beginning of the Chicano movement, like Faustino Erebia Jr., still speak about their trials and the changes they have seen over the years.
1465:
1403:. Similar to Mexican Americans, Central Americans faced issues in the United States such as discrimination, lack of access to education and healthcare, and low-wage jobs. The difference is that Central American activists have called for the inclusion of Central American issues and experiences within the broader movement. The Central American diaspora have faced discrimination and mistreatment in the United States, particularly from other Latinos because of their identity.
1773:
combat discrimination." Marginalized communities began using this public platform to speak against injustices they had been experiencing for centuries at the hands of the U.S. government, perpetuated by police departments and other institutions of power. Like many of the movements during this time, Chicanos took inspiration from the Black
Panther Party and used their race, historically manipulated to disenfranchise them, as a source of cultural nationalism and pride.
1456:, but an examination of the year-by-year expansion shows a continued concentration in California. The Mapping American Social Movements digital project shows maps and charts demonstrating that as the organization added dozens then hundreds of chapters, the vast majority were in California. This should cause scholars to ask what conditions made the state unique, and why Chicano students in other states were less interested in organizing MEChA chapters.
1659:, were killed in a car bombing at Boulder's Chautauqua Park. Two days later another car bomb exploded in the Burger King parking lot at 1728 28th St. in Boulder, killing Francisco Dougherty, 20, Florencio Grenado, 31, and Heriberto Teran, 24, and seriously injuring Antonio Alcantar. It was later determined both explosions were caused by homemade bombs composed of up to nine dynamite sticks. Most of the victims were involved in the UMAS movement in
1057:
5448:
1852:
culture, such as skeletons and the Virgen de
Guadalupe, in their own art to create a sense of solidarity between other oppressed groups in the United States and globally. In 1972, the group ASCO, founded by Gronk, Willie HerrĂłn, and Patssi Valdez, created conceptual art forms to engage in Chicano social protests; the group utilized the streets of California to display their bodies as murals to draw attention from different audiences.
1928:
1864:
culture on the back of trucks. The group ASCO also participated in the performing art form by having “guerrilla” performances in the streets. This art form spread to the spoken word in 1992 when a collection of
Chicana spoken word was recorded on compact disc. Chicano comedians have also been publicly known since the 1980s, and in 1995, the first televised Chicano comedy series was produced by
1876:
Chicano artists expands and diversifies, Chicano art can no longer fit under just one aesthetic. The younger generation takes advantage of technology to create art and draws inspiration from other cultural art forms, such as Japanese anime and hip hop. Chicano art is now defined by the experimentation of self-expression, rather than producing art for social protests.
1436:
activism were limited to particular geographies. For instance, in southern Texas where Mexican Americans comprised a significant portion of the population and had a history of electoral participation, the Raza Unida Party started in 1970 by Jose Angel Gutierrez hoped to win elections and mobilize the voting power of Chicanos. RUP thus became the focus of considerable
1373:
1129:, was formed in 1929 and remains active today. The movement gained momentum after World War II when groups such as the American G.I. Forum (AGIF), which was founded by returning Mexican American veteran Dr. Hector P. Garcia, joined in the efforts by other civil rights organizations. The AGIF first received national exposure when it took on the cause of
510:
1448:, with links to the Black Panther Party, was one manifestation of the multiracial context in Los Angeles. The Chicano Moratorium antiwar protests of 1970 and 1971 also reflected the vibrant collaboration between African Americans, Japanese Americans, American Indians, and white antiwar activists that had developed in Southern California.
1678:. The art exhibit is a seven-foot-tall rectangular sculpture that includes six mosaic tile portraits. The depiction of each activist faces the direction in which he or she died. It currently sits in front of the TB-1 building east of Macky Auditorium on the CU-Boulder campus. Baetz, a Canadian, had by chance seen the film
1950:
and anthropologists that the original homeland of the Aztecan peoples was located in the southwestern United States even though these lands were historically the homeland of many American Indian tribes (e.g. Navajo, Hopi, Apache, Comanche, Shoshone, Mojave, Zuni and many others). Aztlán in this sense
1884:
The Chicano press disseminated Chicano history, literature, and current news. The press created a link between the core and the periphery to create a national Chicano identity and community. The Chicano Press Association (CPA) created in 1969 was significant to the development of this national ethos.
1855:
Chicano artists created a bi-cultural style that included US and Mexican influences. The Mexican style can be found by their use of bright colors and expressionism. The art has a very powerful regionalist factor that influences its work. Examples of Chicano muralism can be found in California at the
1759:
Edward J. Escobar details in his work the relationship between various movements and demonstrations within the Chicano Movement and the Los Angeles Police Department between the years 1968–1971. His main argument explores how "police violence, rather than subduing Chicano movement activism, propelled
1712:
and activities throughout the Southwest and other Mexican American communities from November 1969 through August 1971. The movement focused on the disproportionately high death rate of Mexican American soldiers in Vietnam as well as the discrimination faced at home. After months of demonstrations and
1389:
describes the stories of many of these women who were sterilized without consent. Although Chicanas have contributed significantly to the movement, Chicana feminists have been targeted; they are targeted because they are seen as betraying the movement and being anti-family and anti-men. By creating a
1175:
Throughout the country, the Chicano Movement was defined by several different leaders. In New Mexico, there was Reies LĂłpez Tijerina who worked on the land grant movement. He fought to regain control of what he considered ancestral lands. He became involved in civil rights causes within six years and
1141:
1842:
Operating within the Chicano art movement is the concept “rasquachismo,” which comes from the Spanish term “rasquache.” This term is used to describe something that is of lower quality or status and is often correlated with groups in a society that fit this description and have to become resourceful
1838:
was the burgeoning of Chicano art fueled by heightened political activism and energized cultural pride. Chicano visual art, music, literature, dance, theater and other forms of expression have flourished. During the 20th century, an emergence of Chicano expression developed into a full-scale Chicano
1888:
Chicanos at many colleges campuses also created their own student newspapers, but many ceased publication within a year or two, or merged with other larger publications. Organizations such as the Brown Berets and MECHA also established their own independent newspapers. Chicano communities published
1846:
Chicano Art developed around the 1960s during the Chicano Liberation Movement. In its beginning stages, Chicano art was distinguished by the expression through public art forms. Many artists saw the need for self-representation because the media was trying to suppress their voices. Chicano artists
1729:
The LA Protest brought many chicanos together and got support from other areas like Denver, Colorado who brought one hundred members and affiliates. On August 29, 1970, this was the largest rebellious movement of minorities since Watts uprising of (1965). More than 150 people were arrested and four
1875:
Chicano art has continued to expand and adapt since the Chicano Movement. Today the Millennial Chicano generation has begun to redefine the Chicano art space with modernized forms of self-expression, although some artists still try to preserve the traditional Chicano art forms. As the community of
1734:
stated, Gustav Montag got in direct contact with the police when they began opening fire in an alley and Gustav's defense was to throw broken pieces of concrete at the officers. The article stated the police officers were aiming over his head in attempts to scare him off. Montag was pictured being
1725:
and Corky Gonzales and only lasted one more year, but the political momentum generated by the Moratorium led many of its activists to continue their activism in other groups. The rally became violent when there was a disturbance in Laguna Park. There were people of all ages at the rally because it
1380:
While Chicanas are typically not covered as heavily in literature about the Chicano movement, Chicana feminists have begun to re-write the history of women in the movement. Chicanas who were actively involved within the movement have come to realize that their intersecting identities of being both
1772:
Relations between Chicano activists and the police mirrored those with other movements during this time. As Escobar states, Black Civil Rights activists in the 50s and 60s "set the stage by focusing public attention on the issue of racial discrimination and legitimizing public protest as a way to
1695:
in Boulder on May 27, 2020, at the location of the first car bomb explosion exactly 46 years ago. The City of Boulder provided a $ 5000 grant for the memorial which the Colorado Chautauqua Association's Buildings and Grounds Committee and the City of Boulder Landmarks Review Committee approved.
1617:
in Texas, developed in universities and colleges in the mid-1960s. South Texas had a local chapter of MAYO that also made significant changes to the racial tension in this area at the time. Members included Faustino Erebia Jr, local politician and activist, who has been a keynote speaker at Texas
1912:
heavily relied on Catholic influence and practices. Fasting was common by many activists though who would only break their fasts to consume communion. The Virgin of Guadalupe was also used as a symbol of inspiration during many protests. The Chicano Movement was often inspired by their religious
1863:
Chicano performing arts also began developing in the 1960s with the creation of bilingual Chicano theater, playwriting, comedy, and dance. Recreating Mexican performances and staying in line with the “rasquachismo” concept, Chicanos performed skits about inequalities faced by people within their
1242:
While the widespread immigration marches flourished throughout the U.S. in the Spring of 2006, the Chicano Movement continued to expand in its focus and its active participants. As of the 21st Century, a major focus of the Chicano Movement has been to increase the (intelligent) representation of
1851:
in the streets, as a form of communication to spread the word of political events affecting Chicano culture; UFW strikes, student walkouts, and anti-war rallies were a few of the main topics depicted in such art. Artists like Andrew Zermeño reused certain symbols recognizable from Mexican
1255:
based in Colorado. Adolfo Ortega says, "In its core as well as its fringes, the Chicano Movement verged on strivings for economic, social, and political equality." This was a simple message that any ordinary person could relate to and want to strive for in their daily lives. Whether someone was
1114:
The conflict between Chicanos and the LAPD thus helped Mexican Americans develop a new political consciousness that included a greater sense of ethnic solidarity, an acknowledgment of their subordinated status in American society, and a greater determination to act politically, and perhaps even
1776:
Edward J. Escobar claims the Chicano Movement and its sub-organizations were infiltrated by local law enforcement and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to acquire information and cause destabilization from within the organizations. Methods used by law enforcement included "red-baiting,
1406:
The effects of the Chicano Movement are still felt by Central Americans in the modern times. For instance, many of the MEChA chapters that were established during the movement have started to rename the organization. The Los Angeles Times reported on leaders in the Garfield High School chapter
1398:
The Chicano Movement was not only limited to Mexican-American individuals. Central Americans also participated in the movement, often identifying themselves as Chicano. In the 1960s, the Central American population comprised approximately 50,000 across the United States. In California, Central
1435:
Scholars have paid some attention to the geography of the movement and situate the Southwest as the epicenter of the struggle. However, in examining the struggle's activism, maps allow us to see that activity was not spread evenly through the region and that certain organizations and types of
1384:
Sociologist Teresa Cordova, when discussing Chicana feminism, has stated that Chicanas change the discourse of the Chicano movement that disregard them, as well as oppose the hegemonic feminism that neglects race and class. Through the Chicano movement, Chicanas felt that the movement was not
1768:
was killed by police after they shot a tear-gas projectile into the Silver Dollar Café where he was after covering the moratorium demonstration and succeeding riots. This is an example Escobar presents that inspired political consciousness in an even broader base of Mexican-Americans, many
1250:
yet spread across the states becoming a worldwide movement for equality. While there are many poets who helped carry out the movement, Corky Gonzales was able to spread the Chicano issues worldwide through "The Plan Espiritual de Aztlán." This manifesto advocated Chicano nationalism and
1871:
About 20 years after the Chicano Movement, Chicano artists were affected by political priorities and societal values, and they were also becoming more accepted by society. They were becoming more interested making pieces for the museums and such, which caused Chicano art to become more
1626:
throughout the U.S. Student groups such as these were initially concerned with education issues, but their activities evolved to participation in political campaigns and to various forms of protest against broader issues such as police brutality and the U.S. war in Southeast Asia. The
1781:
were oftentimes planted in these organizations to disrupt and destabilize the movements from within. Repression from law enforcement broadened Chicano political consciousness, their identities in relation to the larger society, and encouraged them to focus their efforts in politics.
1426:
organized for their Chicana/o Studies Department to expand and include Central American Studies. Most recently, East Los Angeles College added a Central American Studies major, being the first community college to do so. South American departments and majors have to be realized.
1476:
In 1949 and 1950, the American G.I. Forum initiated local "pay your poll tax" drives to register Mexican American voters. Although they were unable to repeal the poll tax, their efforts did bring in new Latino voters who would begin to elect Latino representatives to the
1443:
The movement in California took a different shape, less concerned about elections. Chicanos in Los Angeles formed alliances with other oppressed people who identified with the Third World Left and were committed to toppling U.S. imperialism and fighting racism. The
1500:(CSO). The CSO was effective in registering 15,000 new voters in Latino neighborhoods. With this newfound support, Roybal was able to win the 1949 election race against the incumbent councilman and became the first Mexican American since 1886 to win a seat on the
1385:
addressing certain issues that women faced under a patriarchal society, specifically addressing material conditions. Within the feminist discourse, Chicanas wanted to bring awareness to the forced sterilization many Mexican women faced during the 1970s. The film
1223:
Some women who worked for the Chicano movement felt that members were being too concerned with social issues that affected the Chicano community, instead of addressing problems that affected Chicana women specifically. This led Chicana women to form the
1839:
Art Movement. Chicanos developed a wealth of cultural expression through such media as painting, drawing, sculpture and printmaking. Similarly, novels, poetry, short stories, essays and plays have flowed from the pens of contemporary Chicano writers.
5221:
1622:(MECHA). Between 1969 and 1971, MECHA grew rapidly in California with major centers of activism on campuses in southern California, and a few chapters were created along the East coast at Ivy League Schools. By 2012, MECHA had more than
1857:
1951:
became a "symbol" for mestizo activists who believed they have a legal and primordial right to the land. Some scholars argue that Aztlan was located within Mexico proper. Groups who have used the name "Aztlán" in this manner include
4372:
1529:
After World War II, Chicanos began to assert their own views of their own history and status as Mexican Americans in the US and they began to critically analyze what they were being taught in public schools. Many young people, like
5048:
1667:. Many students in the UMAS and Chicano movement believed the bombing was directly correlated to the students' demands and rising attention on the Chicano movement. An arrest was never made in connection with the car bombing.
987:
1451:
Chicano student activism also followed particular geographies. MEChA established in Santa Barbara, California, in 1969, united many university and college Mexican American groups under one umbrella organization. MEChA became
1646:
were protesting the university's attitude towards UMAS issues and demands. Over the next two years hostilities had increased and many students were concerned about the leadership of the UMAS and Chicano movements on the
1238:
of women and adoption of bilingual consent forms. These steps were necessary because many Latina women who did not understand English well were being sterilized in the United States at the time, without proper consent.
1087:
424:
were ousted from their positions of leadership by government agents, organizations such as MAYO and the Brown Berets were infiltrated, and political demonstrations such as the Chicano Moratorium became sites of
3908:
Habell-Pallán, Michelle. "Chicano Performing and Graphic Arts." Encyclopedia of American Studies, edited by Simon Bronner, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1st edition, 2018. Credo Reference. Accessed 22 Nov.
1618:
A&M University at the annual Cesar Chavez walk. At the historic meeting at the University of California, Santa Barbara in April 1969, the diverse student organizations came together under the new name
4423:
1115:
violently, to end that subordination. While most people of Mexican descent still refused to call themselves Chicanos, many had come to adopt many of the principles intrinsic in the concept of
5412:
1885:
The CPA argued that an active press was foundational to the liberation of Chicano people, and represented about twenty newspapers, mostly in California but also throughout the Southwest.
2000:
1165:
5174:
1034:
3837:
Gutiérrez, Laura G. "Rasquachismo." Keywords for Latina/o Studies, Deborah R. Vargas, et al., New York University Press, 1st edition, 2017. Credo Reference. Accessed 22 Nov. 2021.
1942:
during the Chicano movement of the 1960s and 1970s. They used the name "Aztlán" to refer to the lands of Northern Mexico that were annexed by the United States as a result of the
5755:
1709:
1073:
4985:
924:
1589:
high schools to protest the discrepant academic quality for Latino students. There were also several student sit-ins which objected the decreasing funding of Chicano courses.
1213:
188:
3479:
1515:, came into being in 1959 and drew up a plan for direct electoral politics. MAPA soon became the primary political voice for the Mexican-American community of California.
4416:
362:. Chicanos also expressed solidarity and defined their culture through the development of Chicano art during El Movimiento, and stood firm in preserving their religion.
5251:
4517:
3800:
3138:
3455:
5805:
5083:
3796:
1935:
The concept of Aztlán as the place of origin of the pre-Columbian Mexican civilization became a symbol for various Mexican nationalist and indigenous movements.
1137:
after being killed during WWII. After the Longoria incident, the AGIF quickly expanded throughout Texas, and by the 1950s, chapters were founded across the U.S.
1100:
The Chicano Movement encompassed a broad list of issues—from restoration of land grants, to farm workers' rights, to enhanced education, to voting and political
5790:
5785:
5775:
5127:
1023:
3302:
5611:
5462:
4409:
1101:
5269:
5079:
5075:
4286:
Ferreira, Jason. (2004). "All Power to the People: A Comparative History of Third World Radicalism in San Francisco, 1968-1974". American Quarterly, 56(4).
1619:
1016:
3620:
3061:
2571:
4716:
3162:
1164:
ruling which declared that Mexican Americans and other historically subordinated groups in the United States were entitled to equal protection under the
861:
5516:
5486:
5392:
5325:
4671:
816:
5770:
5571:
4698:
1217:
1181:
1126:
843:
5795:
5302:
5179:
4605:
2015:
1125:
Early in the twentieth century, Mexican Americans formed organizations to protect themselves from discrimination. One of those organizations, the
1039:
606:
408:
Similar to the Black Power movement, the Chicano Movement experienced heavy state surveillance, infiltration, and repression from U.S. government
2925:
1613:
Chicano student groups such as the United Mexican American Students (UMAS), the Mexican American Youth Association (MAYA) in California, and the
1080:
5724:
5407:
5068:
4704:
3086:
1508:
1009:
849:
5765:
5236:
5169:
4342:
4307:
4277:
3994:
2116:
1423:
1225:
1029:
701:
426:
1545:
In the late 1960s, when the student movement was active around the globe, the Chicano Movement inspired its own organized protests like the
5800:
5526:
5246:
3283:
751:
260:
1197:
4398:
A map of Chicano press across the country from 1969 to 1970 based on serial listings collected by the University of California Libraries.
4992:
4840:
3236:"Election of Roybal, democracy at work : extension of remarks of Hon. Chet Holifield of California in the House of Representatives"
2506:
Escobar, Edward J. (March 1993). "The Dialectics of Repression: The Los Angeles Police Department and the Chicano Movement, 1968-1971".
1614:
1252:
931:
756:
390:
255:
225:
178:
4040:
5087:
4961:
4676:
3586:
3320:
821:
706:
220:
3735:
3537:
3353:
2821:
1966:
for popularizing the term Aztlán in a poem presented during the Chicano Youth Liberation Conference in Denver, Colorado, March 1969.
1220:, MALDEF has also taken on many of the functions of other organizations, including political advocacy and training of local leaders.
5780:
5760:
5551:
5101:
4233:
4018:
3878:
3772:
3438:
3389:
3195:
2594:
2464:
2439:
2414:
2381:
2348:
2323:
2292:
2267:
2242:
2217:
2184:
2144:
2072:
2044:
1550:
429:, which led to the decline of the movement by the mid-1970s. Other reasons for the movement's decline include its centering of the
1651:
Campus. On May 27, 1974, Reyes Martinez, an attorney from Alamosa, Colorado, Martinez's girlfriend, Una Jaakola, CU Boulder alumna
1597:
3503:
5231:
5020:
1400:
959:
576:
3409:
2679:
2620:
5709:
4999:
4743:
3112:
1794:
1145:
1106:
938:
883:
4375:, interview series, Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library Special Collections, University of California, Los Angeles.
4209:
4199:
4360:
4219:
4162:
3260:
2772:
1671:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1497:
1478:
317:
310:
5437:
4239:
Sánchez, George I (2006). "Ideology, and Whiteness in the Making of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement, 1930–1960".
1158:
court case ruling which declared that segregating children of "Mexican and Latin descent" was unconstitutional and the 1954
3561:
1827:
5667:
5496:
5241:
5194:
5148:
4946:
4650:
3691:
1422:
became the first university to establish a Central American Studies Department in the United States. In 2019, students at
766:
2982:
2649:
1764:(also referred to as the National Chicano Moratorium) demonstration as part of the Anti-war activism, popular journalist
5750:
5476:
5432:
5357:
4615:
1952:
1562:
776:
499:
476:
5682:
5647:
5468:
5295:
5134:
4630:
1751:
731:
556:
92:
4522:
1569:, as far as Kingsville, Tx in South Texas, where many students were jailed by the county and protests ensued. In the
616:
385:
learned strategies of resistance and worked with leaders of the Black Power movement. Chicano organizations like the
3213:
2794:
2703:
1760:
that activism to a new level -- a level that created a greater police problem than had originally existed". At one
1169:
106:
77:
4390:
47:
5576:
5561:
5342:
5226:
4835:
4580:
1585:(particularly Northview), the students marched to fight for their rights. Similar walkouts took place in 1978 in
1344:
736:
601:
3641:
2099:
Gudis, Catherine (2013). "I Thought California Would be Different: Defining California through Visual Culture".
1943:
1203:
and the farm workers turned to the struggle of urban youth, and created political awareness and participated in
536:
5541:
5501:
5397:
5162:
4830:
4542:
3612:
2567:
1531:
1501:
1493:
1235:
726:
636:
215:
81:
4620:
4575:
3717:
781:
681:
173:
3210:""Our First Poll Tax Drive": The American G.I. Forum Fights Disenfranchisement of Mexican Americans in Texas"
2545:
1717:
demonstration against the war on August 29, 1970. The march began at Belvedere Park in LA and headed towards
5702:
4916:
1605:
1264:
591:
551:
369:, and both movements held similar objectives of community empowerment and liberation while also calling for
351:
286:
4384:
1418:
In academia, there is a movement to expand ChicanX-LatinX departments to include Central American Studies.
5601:
5511:
5481:
5367:
5337:
5288:
5141:
4765:
4727:
4710:
1947:
1900:
Over 300 newspapers and periodicals in both large and small communities have been linked to the Movement.
1777:
harassment and arrest of activists, infiltration and disruption of movement organizations, and violence."
1354:
855:
721:
711:
339:
3666:
290:
5697:
5352:
5347:
5216:
5211:
5034:
4971:
4951:
4820:
4681:
2963:
1789:
activists and the police that sparked activism within the greater Chicano Movement. One case is that of
1274:
1230:
1154:
973:
910:
826:
611:
546:
359:
73:
5120:
1680:
1152:
Mexican American civil rights activists also achieved several major legal victories including the 1947
3848:
2917:
1140:
5692:
5632:
5566:
5402:
5362:
5154:
5027:
5013:
4775:
4722:
4640:
4635:
4547:
4527:
1806:
1790:
1578:
1574:
1469:
1419:
1339:
1061:
966:
952:
872:
741:
696:
641:
621:
366:
128:
5616:
5531:
5521:
5377:
5108:
4850:
4645:
4625:
3977:
Ybarra-Frausto, Tomás (2017). "Post-Movimiento: The Contemporary (Re)Generation of Chicana/O Art".
1990:
1692:
1685:
1675:
1664:
1632:
1609:
Detail of the "Los Seis de Boulder" memorial sculpture on the University of Colorado Boulder campus
1464:
1319:
1134:
796:
746:
434:
394:
198:
5536:
5417:
5114:
4978:
4941:
4785:
4600:
4595:
4507:
4476:
4466:
4321:
4313:
4256:
4136:
4094:
4086:
3948:
3790:
3035:
3008:"Central American and Mexican Immigrant Characteristics and Economic Incorporation in California"
2899:
2891:
2847:
2523:
1810:
1761:
1714:
1705:
1582:
1570:
1546:
1524:
1512:
1299:
1284:
1160:
917:
716:
691:
586:
531:
402:
398:
136:
3287:
2209:
1200:
1176:
also became a cosponsor of the Poor People's March on Washington in 1967. In Texas, war veteran
5687:
5606:
5422:
5041:
4770:
4537:
4532:
4436:
4356:
4338:
4303:
4273:
4229:
3990:
3940:
3778:
3768:
3434:
3385:
3043:
3027:
2750:
2460:
2435:
2410:
2406:
2377:
2344:
2319:
2288:
2263:
2238:
2213:
2180:
2140:
2112:
2068:
2040:
2005:
1975:
1939:
1778:
1660:
1639:
1482:
980:
671:
631:
626:
413:
370:
347:
168:
2373:
2315:
2309:
1251:
self-determination for Mexican Americans. In March 1969 it was adopted by the First National
5745:
5714:
5311:
5264:
4875:
4865:
4855:
4845:
4732:
4590:
4456:
4395:
4295:
4248:
4078:
4032:
3982:
3932:
3235:
3019:
2955:
2883:
2740:
2732:
2515:
2104:
1818:
1722:
1489:
1367:
1324:
1185:
1177:
877:
791:
421:
382:
302:
294:
193:
4206:
No Mexicans, women, or dogs allowed: The rise of the Mexican American civil rights movement
3328:
2838:
Ordóñez, Elizabeth (2006). "Sexual Politics and the Theme of Sexuality in Chicana Poetry".
1445:
393:(MAYO) were influenced by the political agenda of Black activist organizations such as the
5637:
5586:
5491:
5387:
4692:
4552:
4512:
4502:
3739:
3529:
3433:. Ethnic groups in American life series. Englewood, Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. p. 151.
3384:. Ethnic groups in American life series. Englewood, Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. p. 150.
3342:
3113:""From 'Chicano blowout' to blowup: Turmoil over MEChA name change was decades in coming""
2825:
2818:
2707:
1995:
1786:
1437:
837:
646:
596:
581:
454:
96:
5506:
4127:
Lara, Irene (2005). "BRUJA POSITIONALITIES: Toward a Chicana/Latina Spiritual Activism".
4010:
3187:
1696:
Family members of the deceased gathered to watch as the stone monument was put in place.
3870:
2598:
2401:
Mexican American Mojo: Popular Music, Dance, and Urban Culture in Los Angeles, 1935–1968
1674:
Master of Fine Arts student, Jasmine Baetz, created an art exhibit in 2019 dedicated to
5382:
5330:
4921:
4795:
4780:
4069:
Kurtz, Donald V. (1982). "The Virgin of Guadalupe and the Politics of Becoming Human".
2887:
2745:
2720:
2399:
2202:
1938:
The name Aztlán was first taken up by a group of Chicano independence activists led by
1848:
1822:
1294:
1130:
526:
468:
378:
298:
4401:
2671:
2137:
Power to the Poor: Black-Brown Coalition and the Fight for Economic Justice, 1960-1974
1212:
The most prominent civil rights organization in the Mexican-American community is the
453:
had been a term of derision, adopted by some Pachucos as an expression of defiance to
5739:
5596:
5581:
5546:
5006:
4931:
4911:
4815:
4790:
4325:
4292:
Hidden San Francisco: A Guide to Lost Landscapes, Unsung Heroes and Radical Histories
4098:
3952:
3401:
2903:
2612:
2366:
1931:
Activists reproducing a marriage in Aztlán at the Chicano Youth Liberation Conference
1868:. Photography was another form of art that aided in the Chicano Movement's progress.
1765:
1740:
1623:
1535:
1453:
1415:," since they explained that the names were Mexican-centric and excluded identities.
1349:
1205:
945:
248:
124:
120:
2175:
Kunkin, Art (1972). "Chicano Leader Tells of Starting Violence to Justify Arrests".
1927:
1133:, a Mexican American serviceman who was denied a funeral service in his hometown of
5652:
5591:
5447:
5427:
4936:
4890:
4880:
4805:
4800:
1909:
1718:
1628:
1539:
867:
676:
386:
374:
282:
210:
52:
17:
4290:
Carlsson, Chris (2020). "Dissenters and Demonstrations, Radicals and Repression".
4189:
Making Aztlán: Ideology and Culture of the Chicana and Chicano Movement, 1966-1977
4154:
3256:
3062:"Closing Latino Labor Market Gap Requires Targeted Policies To End Discrimination"
2768:
1959:(Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlán, "Chicano Student Movement of Aztlán").
2959:
5719:
5642:
4810:
4737:
4686:
3480:"Diario de la Gente, El June 11, 1974 — Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection"
2967:
2946:
Mariscal, Jorge (6 July 2002). "Left Turns in the Chicano Movement, 1965–1975".
2010:
1642:
after a car bombing killed several UMAS students. In 1972, UMAS students at the
1566:
1554:
1399:
Americans migrated and concentrated in cities like San Jose, San Francisco, and
1329:
1314:
831:
471:
in the 1960s and 1970s, used to express political autonomy, ethnic and cultural
433:
subject, which marginalized and excluded Chicanas, and a growing disinterest in
430:
355:
3986:
1856:
historic Estrada Courts Housing Projects in Boyle Heights. Another example is
5672:
5094:
4585:
3456:"Diario de la Gente, El May 5, 1973 — Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection"
2641:
2568:"Found in the Garcia Archives: Inspiration from a Notable Civil Rights Leader"
2160:
Martinez HoSang, Daniel (2013). "Changing Valence of White Racial Innocence".
2108:
1985:
1117:
786:
686:
541:
472:
459:
417:
39:
4317:
4082:
3944:
3782:
3031:
2736:
5657:
4895:
4870:
3921:"The Chicano/a Photographic: Art as Social Practice in the Chicano Movement"
3920:
1334:
1309:
409:
4666:
4570:
3047:
2754:
2457:
Latinos in the West: The Student Movement and Academic Labor in Los Angeles
1908:
Many in the Chicano Movement were influenced by their Catholic identities.
1565:
in 1968. There were also many incidents of walkouts outside of the city of
1412:
1104:
of Mexicans in mass media and the American consciousness. In an article in
666:
438:
4299:
3587:"CU Boulder MFA student creates sculpture to remember Los Seis de Boulder"
1488:
In California, a similar phenomenon took place. When World War II veteran
1372:
5677:
4926:
4825:
4481:
3936:
2672:"HERNANDEZ v. TEXAS. The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law"
1963:
1247:
237:
116:
4260:
4140:
3209:
3163:"CSUN Establishes Nation's First Department of Central American Studies"
2851:
2798:
2700:
2432:
Brown, Not White: School Integration and the Chicano Movement in Houston
4885:
4860:
4471:
4461:
4451:
4432:
4090:
3039:
3007:
2895:
2874:
Hurtado, AĂda (1998). "Sitios y Lenguas: Chicanas Theorize Feminisms".
2527:
2285:
Rethinking the Borderlands: Between Chicano Culture and Legal Discourse
1980:
1814:
1631:, a youth group which began in California, took on a more militant and
1586:
1408:
1304:
1269:
343:
132:
2541:
5662:
5556:
5187:
4749:
4486:
4252:
1922:
1558:
1289:
1279:
889:
4226:
The Trouble with Unity. Latino Politics and the Creation of Identity
3023:
2519:
1601:
Student protest in support of the UFW boycott, San Jose, California.
509:
5280:
27:
Social and political movement combating racism in the United States
4378:
4216:
Chicano! The history of the Mexican American civil rights movement
3139:"Central American Studies gains popularity on California campuses"
2482:
The Chicano/a Student Movement in Southern California in the 1990s
2065:
Chicano! The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement
1956:
1926:
1826:
1750:
1721:
alongside 20,000 to 30,000 people. The Committee members included
1604:
1596:
1463:
1371:
1139:
1110:, Edward J. Escobar describes some of the negativity of the time:
761:
183:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
2981:
Batalova, Jeanne Batalova Sierra Stoney and Jeanne (2013-03-18).
1755:
Police subduing Chicano Movement rioters in San Jose, California.
4610:
3087:"Latinos in California, Texas, New York, Florida and New Jersey"
1259:
This is a list of the major epicenters of the Chicano Movement.
771:
5284:
4405:
4335:
Black, Brown, Yellow, and Left: Radical Activism in Los Angeles
405:, occurred in collaboration with Black students and activists.
3303:"Chicano Moratorium Recognizes 50 Year Anniversary in East LA"
2341:
Feminism on the Border: Chicana Gender Politics and Literature
1188:
helped define the meaning of being a Chicano through his poem
4373:"La Batalla Está AquĂ": The Chicana/o Movement in Los Angeles
3692:"New memorial of Los Seis de Boulder installed at Chautauqua"
2162:
Black and Brown in Los Angeles: Beyond Conflict and Coalition
1180:
founded the American GI Forum and was later appointed to the
365:
The Chicano Movement was influenced by and entwined with the
2177:
The Chicano Movement: A Historical Exploration of Literature
1793:
and their altercation with two policemen in San Francisco's
1691:
A memorial in honor of Los Seis de Boulder was installed at
1468:
Members of MEChA protesting for free college tuition at the
4270:
Strictly Ghetto Property; the Story of Los Siete de la Raza
3816:
Strictly Ghetto Property; the Story of Los Siete de La Raza
1872:
commercialized, and less concerned with political protest.
5413:
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
4196:
Encyclopedia of the Mexican American civil rights movement
3192:
Mapping American Social Movements Through the 20th Century
4351:
Santibanez, Ludwig and Santibanez, James (eds.). (1971).
4056:
Latino Religions And Civic Activism in the United States
1739:
and was later announced dead at the scene. Montag was a
1847:
during this time used visual arts, such as posters and
3562:"Filmmaker seeks answers in 1974 Boulder car bombings"
2139:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 65–89.
2001:
Chicano/a Movement in Washington State History Project
1216:(MALDEF), founded in 1968. Although modeled after the
3818:(1st ed.). Berkeley, California: Ramparts Press.
3642:"Students demand "Los Seis" statue be made permanent"
3343:"The South Texan Texas A&M University-Kingsville"
2484:. University of California, Los Angeles. p. 358.
2260:
Space, Site, Intervention: Situating Installation Art
3718:"Police Versus the Chicano Moratorium March of 1970"
2642:"LatinoLA - Hollywood :: Mendez v. Westminster"
2542:"LULAC: LULAC History - All for One and One for All"
5625:
5455:
5318:
5204:
5058:
4960:
4904:
4758:
4659:
4561:
4495:
4444:
3765:
The Chicano generation: testimonies of the movement
3504:"Boulder bombings remembered in talks, documentary"
2595:"Congress Lauds American G.I. Forum Founder Garcia"
1708:was a movement by Chicano activists that organized
1214:
Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund
273:
189:
Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund
150:
142:
112:
102:
88:
68:
60:
32:
2983:"Central American Immigrants in the United States"
2398:
2365:
2343:. University of California Press. pp. 29–34.
2201:
2164:. University of California Press. pp. 120–23.
3376:
3374:
3284:"Chicano movement was a turning point for Denver"
5252:List of Mexican-American political organizations
4011:"Chicano/Latino Movements History and Geography"
3188:"Chicano/Latino Movements History and Geography"
2311:Cesar Chavez and the Common Sense of Nonviolence
1860:, which is housed at the University of Houston.
397:. Chicano political demonstrations, such as the
4033:"Chicano Newspapers and Periodicals, 1966-1979"
2434:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 200.
2287:. University of California Press. p. 134.
1730:were killed some accidental. A report from the
1713:conferences, it was decided to hold a National
2262:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 191.
1638:The UMAS movement garnered great attention in
342:in the United States that worked to embrace a
5296:
4417:
3091:Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project
1655:, and Neva Romero, an UMAS student attending
1081:
8:
5756:History of civil rights in the United States
5612:Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968
5463:1968 Democratic National Convention protests
4396:Chicano Newspapers and Periodicals 1969-1979
3667:"Los Seis sculpture to remain at CU Boulder"
2597:. U.S. Department of Defense. Archived from
2459:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 53–60.
2235:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society
2179:. Los Angeles Free Press. pp. 108–110.
1962:Many in the Chicano Movement attribute poet
479:descent, diverging from the assimilationist
5270:Category:American people of Mexican descent
4381:– Network of the Mexican American Community
3799:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3528:Dodge, Jefferson; Dyer, Joel (2014-05-29).
3429:Moore, J. W., & Cuéllar, A. B. (1970).
3380:Moore, J. W., & Cuéllar, A. B. (1970).
2314:. University of New Mexico Press. pp.
5303:
5289:
5281:
4424:
4410:
4402:
3795:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1557:in 1970. The student walkouts occurred in
1228:. In 1975, it became involved in the case
1088:
1074:
490:
29:
5487:1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia
5393:Human rights movement in the Soviet Union
4187:Gómez-Quiñones, Juan, and Irene Vásquez.
2744:
2721:"STERILIZED in the Name of Public Health"
1394:Central Americans in the Chicano Movement
5572:Occupation of the Student Union Building
1620:Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlán
1218:NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund
1182:United States Commission on Civil Rights
1127:League of United Latin American Citizens
5222:U.S. communities with Hispanic majority
4606:Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts
3758:
3756:
2918:"The Birth of Chicana Feminist Thought"
2027:
2016:Mexican American Civil Rights Institute
1735:carried away from the scene by several
1485:during the late 1950s and early 1960s.
1407:deciding to avoid mentioning the word "
498:
494:This article is part of a series on the
5725:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
5408:Northern Ireland civil rights movement
4191:(University of New Mexico Press, 2014)
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3788:
2682:from the original on 24 September 2015
2652:from the original on 11 September 2015
1509:Mexican American Political Association
1496:, community activists established the
146:(continued activism by Chicano groups)
5806:Social movements in the United States
5237:List of Hispanic and Latino Americans
4353:The Chicanos: Mexican American Voices
4194:Meier, Matt S., and Margo Gutiérrez.
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3556:
3554:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3216:from the original on 24 February 2015
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2372:. Harvard University Press. pp.
1424:University of California, Los Angeles
416:through organized activities such as
346:identity and worldview that combated
7:
5791:Hispanic and Latino American history
5786:Hispanic and Latino American society
5776:Defunct American political movements
5527:Columbia University protests of 1968
5517:Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968
5326:1968–69 Japanese university protests
5247:List of Mexican-American communities
4672:1985–1987 Watsonville Cannery strike
4058:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2574:from the original on 3 February 2018
2548:from the original on 15 October 2015
2368:Race Pride and the American Identity
2130:
2128:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2067:. Arte Publico Press. pp. xvi.
2058:
2056:
2039:. Taylor & Francis. p. 64.
261:Law enforcement in the United States
5049:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
4993:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
4355:. No Edition Stated. Penguin Books.
4071:Journal of Anthropological Research
3849:"Latin American artists of the USA"
2570:. HistoryAssociates.com. May 2013.
1615:Mexican American Youth Organization
1542:protested the injustices they saw.
1253:Chicano Liberation Youth Conference
988:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
932:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
391:Mexican American Youth Organization
256:United States Department of Justice
179:Freedom Road Socialist Organization
4337:. University of California Press.
4208:(University of Texas Press, 2010)
4155:"Alurista Essay - Critical Essays"
3881:from the original on 10 April 2018
3484:www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org
3460:www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org
3012:The International Migration Review
2888:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1998.tb01230.x
2405:. Duke University Press. pp.
2237:. SAGE Publications. p. 274.
1946:. Combined with the claim of some
1376:The Brown Berets marching in 1970.
1226:ComisiĂłn Femenil Mexicana Nacional
25:
5552:March of the One Hundred Thousand
4294:. Pluto Press. pp. 175–252.
4228:(Oxford University Press, 2010).
4037:Mapping American Social Movements
4015:Mapping American Social Movements
3716:Wills, Matthew (28 August 2020).
3613:"The perils of forgotten history"
3406:Mapping American Social Movements
3359:from the original on 4 March 2016
3263:from the original on 4 March 2016
2775:from the original on 4 March 2016
2725:American Journal of Public Health
2617:Mapping American Social Movements
2101:A Companion to California History
1551:National Chicano Moratorium March
5446:
4841:Mexican-American women's fashion
4165:from the original on 27 May 2011
4043:from the original on 2017-01-03.
4021:from the original on 2017-02-02.
3763:T., GarcĂa, Mario (2015-05-12).
3198:from the original on 2017-02-02.
1234:, obtaining a moratorium on the
1055:
508:
46:
5771:Nonviolent resistance movements
5710:Segregation in Northern Ireland
4986:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez
3979:A Companion to Latina/o Studies
3623:from the original on 2019-09-04
3540:from the original on 2019-03-24
3412:from the original on 2017-01-10
3282:Ensslin, John C. (1999-09-21).
3111:Pineda, Dorany (June 3, 2019).
2928:from the original on 2019-05-24
2623:from the original on 2016-12-19
2508:The Journal of American History
2037:Rethinking the Chicano Movement
1785:There are also cases involving
1710:anti-Vietnam War demonstrations
1593:Student and youth organizations
1146:Farm Labor Organizing Committee
1107:The Journal of American History
925:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez
607:California agricultural strikes
249:Government of the United States
5796:History of Latino civil rights
3301:Ayyoub, Loureen (2020-08-29).
2430:San Miguel, Guadalupe (2005).
2283:Gutiérrez-Jones, Carl (1995).
2204:Chicano Movement for Beginners
2035:Rodriguez, Marc Simon (2014).
1831:"Please, Don't Bury Me Alive!"
1672:University of Colorado Boulder
1653:University of Colorado Boulder
1644:University of Colorado Boulder
1498:Community Service Organization
1479:Texas House of Representatives
1246:The movement started small in
318:President of the United States
1:
5497:1968 Red Square demonstration
4651:Occupation of Catalina Island
4626:Farm workers' rights campaign
4391:Chicana community search page
3321:"The Chicano Student Walkout"
2819:"Chicano Power in the U.S.A."
2339:SaldĂvar-Hull, Sonia (2000).
2308:Orosco, José-Antonio (2008).
767:Occupation of Catalina Island
577:1913 El Paso smelters' strike
340:social and political movement
5766:History of Mexican Americans
5477:1968 Polish political crisis
5433:West German student movement
5358:Black Consciousness Movement
4218:(Arte PĂşblico Press, 1997);
3066:Center for American Progress
2960:10.14452/mr-054-03-2002-07_6
2364:Rhea, Joseph Tilden (1997).
1769:considering him a "martyr".
1743:who supported the movement.
5801:Counterculture of the 1960s
5683:Racism in the United States
5648:Counterculture of the 1960s
5469:The whole world is watching
5438:Women's liberation movement
4241:Journal of Southern History
3006:Wallace, Steven P. (1986).
2480:Mora-Ninci, Carlos (1999).
2233:Delgado, HĂ©ctor L. (2008).
2135:Mantler, Gordon K. (2013).
2063:Rosales, F. Arturo (1996).
1663:. They came to be known as
557:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
93:Racism in the United States
5822:
3987:10.1002/9781405177603.ch26
3327:. May 1998. Archived from
3137:Luna, Itzel (2022-10-21).
2828:- Xcano Media, Los Angeles
2208:. For Beginners. pp.
1920:
1858:La Marcha Por La Humanidad
1804:
1522:
1454:a multi-state organization
1365:
457:society. With the rise of
107:Civil and political rights
5562:Memphis sanitation strike
5444:
5343:1968 movement in Pakistan
5260:
4836:Mexican-American folklore
4616:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
4054:Espinosa, GastĂłn (2005).
3611:Dyer, Joel (2019-08-29).
3309:. Charter Communications.
2258:Suderburg, Erika (2000).
2109:10.1002/9781444305036.ch3
1953:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
1897:from San Antonio, Texas.
1438:Chicano activism in Texas
777:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
602:Cantaloupe strike of 1928
354:, and achieved community
278:
155:
45:
37:
5781:Culture of Latin America
5761:Mexican-American culture
5542:King assassination riots
5502:1968 uprising in Senegal
5398:Mexican Movement of 1968
4831:Mexican-American cuisine
4268:Heins, Marjorie (1972).
4114:Chicana Feminist Thought
4083:10.1086/jar.38.2.3629597
3814:Heins, Marjorie (1972).
2737:10.2105/AJPH.2004.041608
2397:MacĂas, Anthony (2008).
1502:Los Angeles City Council
1494:Los Angeles City Council
1362:Chicanas in the movement
1236:compulsory sterilization
1186:Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzáles
1062:United States portal
817:1985–1987 cannery strike
475:, and pride in being of
420:. Movement leaders like
295:Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzáles
216:Chicano Liberation Front
82:Midwestern United States
5021:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.
4917:Coyolxauhqui imperative
3919:Gunckel, Colin (2015).
3767:. Oakland, California.
2706:April 22, 2008, at the
2613:"American GI Forum Map"
2200:Montoya, Maceo (2016).
960:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.
352:cultural revitalization
5668:Antisemitism in Poland
5577:Poor People's Campaign
5512:Battle of Valle Giulia
5482:1968 protests in Egypt
5368:Black Power Revolution
5338:1968 movement in Italy
5000:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce
4766:Anti-Mexican sentiment
4728:Killing of Adam Toledo
4711:Great American Boycott
4581:Centro de Arte PĂşblico
4333:Pulido, Laura (2006).
4129:Chicana/Latina Studies
4116:. New York: Routledge.
1932:
1832:
1756:
1684:, a documentary about
1610:
1602:
1492:ran for a seat on the
1473:
1377:
1149:
1123:
939:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce
856:Great American Boycott
737:Las Adelitas de Aztlán
707:Conferencia de Mujeres
334:, also referred to as
205:Chicano paramilitaries
5698:Years of Lead (Italy)
5353:Anti-nuclear movement
5348:Civil Rights Movement
5035:Mendez v. Westminster
4972:Botiller v. Dominguez
4952:Youth control complex
4821:Estrada Courts murals
4682:2019 El Paso shooting
4660:Post-Chicano Movement
4621:Plan de Santa Bárbara
4576:CatĂłlicos por La Raza
4300:10.2307/j.ctvx077t5.9
4112:GarcĂa, Alma (1997).
3530:"Los Seis de Boulder"
2795:"SVREP - About SVREP"
2719:Stern, A. M. (2005).
2455:Mora, Carlos (2007).
1930:
1830:
1754:
1747:Relations with police
1681:Symbols of Resistance
1608:
1600:
1472:in Mt. Angel, Oregon.
1467:
1375:
1231:Madrigal v. Quilligan
1155:Mendez v. Westminster
1143:
1112:
974:Mendez v. Westminster
911:Botiller v. Dominguez
827:2019 El Paso shooting
810:Post-Chicano Movement
782:Plan de Santa Bárbara
682:CatĂłlicos por La Raza
612:Citrus Strike of 1936
547:San Elizario Salt War
520:Early-American period
502:and Mexican Americans
174:CatĂłlicos por La Raza
163:Chicano organizations
5693:Second-wave feminism
5633:1968 Summer Olympics
5567:Miss America protest
5403:Movement of 22 March
5363:Black power movement
5028:Leal Garcia v. Texas
4723:Justice for Janitors
4641:Los Siete de la Raza
4636:Colegio César Chávez
4528:Mexican Repatriation
4496:Pre-Chicano Movement
4379:Mexican-American.org
4214:Rosales, F. Arturo.
3981:. pp. 289–296.
3937:10.1353/aq.2015.0030
3696:Boulder Daily Camera
3671:Boulder Daily Camera
3646:Boulder Daily Camera
3591:Boulder Daily Camera
3566:Boulder Daily Camera
3508:Boulder Daily Camera
3402:"MEChA chapters map"
1948:historical linguists
1944:Mexican–American War
1815:Chicano § Music
1807:Chicano art movement
1791:Los Siete de la Raza
1470:Colegio César Chávez
1440:in the early 1970s.
1420:Cal-State Northridge
1178:Dr. Hector P. Garcia
967:Leal Garcia v. Texas
873:Justice for Janitors
742:Los Siete de la Raza
697:Colegio César Chávez
622:Mexican Repatriation
537:Mexican–American War
367:Black power movement
287:Reies LĂłpez Tijerina
5751:Chicano nationalism
5617:Tlatelolco massacre
5532:Delano grape strike
5522:Central Park be-ins
5378:Cultural Revolution
4851:New Mexican cuisine
4677:1992 Drywall Strike
4646:Los Seis de Boulder
4631:Land grant struggle
4548:Sleepy Lagoon trial
4224:Beltrán, Cristina.
4204:Orozco, Cynthia E.
3851:. Oxford Art Online
3847:Goldman, Shifra M.
3257:"Untitled Document"
2987:migrationpolicy.org
2769:"Untitled Document"
1991:Chicano nationalism
1836:Art of the Movement
1686:Los Seis de Boulder
1676:Los Seis de Boulder
1665:Los Seis de Boulder
1511:(MAPA), founded in
1135:Three Rivers, Texas
903:Supreme Court cases
822:1992 Drywall Strike
797:United Farm Workers
747:Los Seis de Boulder
732:Land grant struggle
722:Hijas de Cuauhtémoc
642:Sleepy Lagoon trial
500:History of Chicanos
437:constructs such as
435:Chicano nationalist
232:Chicano subcultures
199:United Farm Workers
18:Mexican nationalist
5557:May 1968 in France
5537:East L.A. walkouts
5418:Red Power movement
5059:By city and region
4979:Hernandez v. Texas
4942:Spiritual activism
4786:Chicano literature
4601:Chicano Moratorium
4508:Bisbee Deportation
4272:. Marjorie Heins.
4198:(Greenwood, 2000)
3925:American Quarterly
3736:"History Timeline"
3352:. March 23, 2010.
2824:2012-04-25 at the
2103:. pp. 40–74.
1933:
1891:El Grito del Norte
1833:
1811:Chicano literature
1779:Agent provocateurs
1762:Chicano Moratorium
1757:
1715:Chicano Moratorium
1706:Chicano Moratorium
1611:
1603:
1547:East L.A. walkouts
1538:, founders of the
1525:East L.A. walkouts
1513:Fresno, California
1474:
1460:Political activism
1378:
1161:Hernandez v. Texas
1150:
1102:ethnic stereotypes
918:Hernandez v. Texas
717:East L.A. walkouts
692:Chicano Moratorium
587:Bisbee Deportation
532:Las Gorras Blancas
414:agent provocateurs
403:Chicano Moratorium
399:East L.A. walkouts
373:. Leaders such as
311:Government Leaders
55:with demonstrators
5733:
5732:
5688:School discipline
5607:Takeover of Vanha
5423:Sexual revolution
5278:
5277:
5227:Mexican Americans
5175:Dallas–Fort Worth
5042:Bernal v. Fainter
5014:MedellĂn v. Texas
4543:Porvenir Massacre
4538:Plan de San Diego
4533:Operation Wetback
4385:NetworkAztlan.com
4344:978-0-520-24520-4
4309:978-0-7453-4094-4
4279:978-0-87867-012-3
3996:978-1-4051-7760-3
3875:Laconservancy.org
3431:Mexican Americans
3382:Mexican Americans
3117:Los Angeles Times
3068:. 21 October 2020
2701:MALDEF – About Us
2118:978-1-4443-0503-6
1976:Adela Sloss Vento
1940:Oscar Zeta Acosta
1732:Los Angeles Times
1700:Anti-war activism
1661:Boulder, Colorado
1640:Boulder, Colorado
1549:in 1968, and the
1199:. In California,
1170:U.S. Constitution
1098:
1097:
1035:Dallas–Fort Worth
981:Bernal v. Fainter
953:MedellĂn v. Texas
672:Black-brown unity
637:Porvenir Massacre
632:Plan de San Diego
627:Operation Wetback
371:Black–Brown unity
348:structural racism
328:
327:
321:
269:
268:
169:American GI Forum
16:(Redirected from
5813:
5715:Student activism
5450:
5373:Chicano Movement
5312:Protests of 1968
5305:
5298:
5291:
5282:
5265:Category:Chicano
5195:Salt Lake Valley
4905:Chicana/o Theory
4876:Teatro Campesino
4866:Regional Mexican
4856:New Mexico music
4846:Mexican muralism
4733:Murder of Selena
4596:Chicano Blowouts
4591:Chicana feminism
4563:Chicano Movement
4457:Mexican American
4437:Mexican American
4426:
4419:
4412:
4403:
4387:- Network Aztlan
4348:
4329:
4283:
4264:
4253:10.2307/27649149
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3974:
3957:
3956:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3871:"Estrada Courts"
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3820:
3819:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3786:
3760:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3738:. Archived from
3732:
3726:
3725:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3558:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3452:
3441:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3398:
3392:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3358:
3347:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3286:. Archived from
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2871:
2856:
2855:
2840:Letras Femeninas
2835:
2829:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2797:. Archived from
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2748:
2731:(7): 1128–1138.
2716:
2710:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2593:Williams, Rudi.
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2514:(4): 1483–1514.
2503:
2486:
2485:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2404:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2371:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2207:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2096:
2079:
2078:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2032:
1904:Chicano religion
1893:from Denver and
1889:newspapers like
1819:Teatro Campesino
1795:Mission District
1787:Central American
1573:high schools of
1519:Student walkouts
1490:Edward R. Roybal
1368:Chicana feminism
1090:
1083:
1076:
1060:
1059:
1058:
878:Murder of Selena
792:Raza Unida Party
660:Chicano Movement
592:Bloody Christmas
512:
491:
481:Mexican-American
427:police brutality
383:Rodolfo Gonzales
332:Chicano Movement
315:
291:HĂ©ctor P. GarcĂa
194:Raza Unida Party
157:
156:
50:
33:Chicano Movement
30:
21:
5821:
5820:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5638:Anti-capitalism
5621:
5587:Presidio mutiny
5492:1968 Miami riot
5451:
5442:
5388:Hippie movement
5314:
5309:
5279:
5274:
5256:
5200:
5054:
4956:
4900:
4886:Tex-Mex cuisine
4754:
4744:Proposition 187
4693:Arizona SB 1070
4655:
4557:
4553:Zoot Suit Riots
4513:Bracero program
4503:1917 Bath riots
4491:
4440:
4430:
4369:
4345:
4332:
4310:
4289:
4280:
4267:
4238:
4184:
4182:Further reading
4179:
4178:
4168:
4166:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3976:
3975:
3960:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3894:
3884:
3882:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3823:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3787:
3775:
3762:
3761:
3754:
3745:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3701:
3699:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3676:
3674:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3651:
3649:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3626:
3624:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3596:
3594:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3571:
3569:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3543:
3541:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3513:
3511:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3488:
3486:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3464:
3462:
3454:
3453:
3444:
3428:
3424:
3415:
3413:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3379:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3172:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3147:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3096:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3071:
3069:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3024:10.2307/2545710
3005:
3004:
3000:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2931:
2929:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2873:
2872:
2859:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2826:Wayback Machine
2817:
2813:
2804:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2708:Wayback Machine
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2626:
2624:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2520:10.2307/2080213
2505:
2504:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2098:
2097:
2082:
2075:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2024:
1996:Chicano studies
1972:
1925:
1919:
1906:
1882:
1825:
1805:Main articles:
1803:
1749:
1702:
1693:Chautauqua Park
1595:
1527:
1521:
1462:
1433:
1396:
1370:
1364:
1359:
1094:
1056:
1054:
1047:
1046:
1004:
1003:
994:
993:
905:
904:
895:
894:
884:Proposition 187
838:Arizona SB 1070
812:
811:
802:
801:
662:
661:
652:
651:
647:Zoot Suit Riots
597:Bracero program
582:1917 Bath riots
572:
571:
562:
561:
522:
521:
501:
489:
447:
324:
323:
314:
306:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
265:
242:
137:School walkouts
97:Zoot Suit Riots
84:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5819:
5817:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5738:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5383:Gay liberation
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5285:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5157:
5152:
5145:
5142:Nuevomexicanos
5138:
5131:
5124:
5117:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4967:
4965:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4922:Gringo justice
4919:
4914:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4796:Chicano poetry
4793:
4788:
4783:
4781:Chicano cinema
4778:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4713:
4708:
4701:
4696:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4368:
4367:External links
4365:
4364:
4363:
4349:
4343:
4330:
4308:
4287:
4284:
4278:
4265:
4247:(3): 569–604.
4236:
4222:
4212:
4202:
4192:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4146:
4119:
4104:
4077:(2): 194–210.
4061:
4046:
4024:
4002:
3995:
3958:
3931:(2): 377–412.
3911:
3892:
3862:
3839:
3821:
3806:
3773:
3752:
3727:
3708:
3683:
3658:
3633:
3617:Boulder Weekly
3603:
3578:
3550:
3534:Boulder Weekly
3520:
3495:
3471:
3442:
3422:
3393:
3370:
3334:
3331:on 2003-05-17.
3312:
3293:
3290:on 2009-06-27.
3274:
3248:
3227:
3201:
3179:
3154:
3129:
3103:
3078:
3053:
3018:(3): 657–671.
2998:
2973:
2948:Monthly Review
2938:
2909:
2882:(2): 134–161.
2857:
2830:
2811:
2786:
2760:
2711:
2693:
2663:
2633:
2604:
2601:on 2012-04-14.
2585:
2559:
2533:
2487:
2472:
2465:
2447:
2440:
2422:
2415:
2389:
2382:
2356:
2349:
2331:
2324:
2300:
2293:
2275:
2268:
2250:
2243:
2225:
2218:
2192:
2185:
2167:
2152:
2145:
2124:
2117:
2080:
2073:
2052:
2045:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1921:Main article:
1918:
1915:
1905:
1902:
1881:
1878:
1823:Mexican murals
1802:
1799:
1748:
1745:
1701:
1698:
1594:
1591:
1523:Main article:
1520:
1517:
1461:
1458:
1432:
1429:
1395:
1392:
1366:Main article:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1275:Corpus Christi
1272:
1267:
1261:
1190:Yo Soy Joaquin
1166:14th Amendment
1131:Felix Longoria
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1005:
1001:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
992:
991:
984:
977:
970:
963:
956:
949:
942:
935:
928:
921:
914:
906:
902:
901:
900:
897:
896:
893:
892:
887:
880:
875:
870:
865:
858:
853:
846:
841:
834:
829:
824:
819:
813:
809:
808:
807:
804:
803:
800:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
727:Huelga schools
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
663:
659:
658:
657:
654:
653:
650:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
573:
569:
568:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
527:Josefa Segovia
523:
519:
518:
517:
514:
513:
505:
504:
496:
495:
488:
485:
469:reclaimed term
455:Anglo-American
446:
443:
395:Black Panthers
379:Reies Tijerina
326:
325:
307:
299:Dolores Huerta
280:
279:
276:
275:
271:
270:
267:
266:
264:
263:
258:
245:
243:
241:
240:
229:
228:
223:
218:
213:
202:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
160:
153:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
90:
86:
85:
72:
70:
66:
65:
64:1940s to 1970s
62:
58:
57:
51:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5818:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5602:Silence March
5600:
5598:
5597:Shinjuku riot
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5582:Prague Spring
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5547:Mafeje affair
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5306:
5301:
5299:
5294:
5292:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5217:Chicano poets
5215:
5213:
5212:Chicano films
5210:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5159:Pennsylvania
5158:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5149:New York City
5146:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5084:San Francisco
5081:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5007:Plyler v. Doe
5004:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:Supreme Court
4959:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4932:New tribalism
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4912:Barrioization
4910:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4816:Cinco de Mayo
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4791:Chicano names
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4422:
4420:
4415:
4413:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4318:j.ctvx077t5.9
4315:
4311:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4235:
4234:9780195375916
4231:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4123:
4120:
4115:
4108:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4062:
4057:
4050:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3912:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3850:
3843:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3810:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3774:9780520286023
3770:
3766:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3742:on 2011-05-15
3741:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3709:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3604:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3521:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3439:0-13-579490-0
3436:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3390:0-13-579490-0
3387:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3307:SPECTRUM NEWS
3304:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3275:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3130:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3104:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2999:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2939:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2801:on 2012-03-06
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2694:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2466:9780742547841
2462:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2441:9781585444939
2437:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2416:9780822389385
2412:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2383:9780674005761
2379:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2350:9780520207332
2346:
2342:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2325:9780826343758
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2294:9780520085794
2290:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2269:9780816631599
2265:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2244:9781412926942
2240:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2219:9781939994646
2215:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2186:9781610697088
2182:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2146:9781469608068
2142:
2138:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2074:9781611920949
2070:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2046:9781136175374
2042:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1880:Chicano press
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1866:Culture Clash
1861:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1766:Ruben Salazar
1763:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1741:Sephardic Jew
1738:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1723:Rosalio Muñoz
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1633:nationalistic
1630:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1607:
1599:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1536:Vickie Castro
1533:
1532:David Sanchez
1526:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1350:San Francisco
1348:
1346:
1345:Santa Barbara
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1206:La Raza Unida
1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:. In Denver,
1183:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1006:
998:
997:
990:
989:
985:
983:
982:
978:
976:
975:
971:
969:
968:
964:
962:
961:
957:
955:
954:
950:
948:
947:
946:Plyler v. Doe
943:
941:
940:
936:
934:
933:
929:
927:
926:
922:
920:
919:
915:
913:
912:
908:
907:
899:
898:
891:
888:
886:
885:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
863:
859:
857:
854:
852:
851:
847:
845:
842:
840:
839:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
814:
806:
805:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
656:
655:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
566:
565:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
516:
515:
511:
507:
506:
503:
497:
493:
492:
486:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:
456:
452:
449:Before this,
444:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
422:Rosalio Muñoz
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
358:by rejecting
357:
353:
350:, encouraged
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:El Movimiento
333:
322:
319:
313:
312:
305:
304:
303:Rosalio Muñoz
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
277:
272:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
252:
251:
250:
244:
239:
236:
235:
234:
233:
227:
224:
222:
221:Chicano gangs
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
208:
207:
206:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
166:
165:
164:
159:
158:
154:
149:
145:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:Draft evasion
122:
121:Direct action
118:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
5653:Flower power
5592:Rodney riots
5507:BĂĄstad riots
5428:The Troubles
5372:
5242:Bibliography
5163:Philadelphia
5140:New Mexico (
5093:California (
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4937:Rasquachismo
4891:Tortilla art
4881:Tejano music
4806:Chicano rock
4801:Chicano Park
4742:
4715:
4703:
4691:
4562:
4352:
4334:
4291:
4269:
4244:
4240:
4225:
4215:
4205:
4195:
4188:
4169:23 September
4167:. Retrieved
4158:
4149:
4135:(2): 10–45.
4132:
4128:
4122:
4113:
4107:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4055:
4049:
4036:
4027:
4014:
4005:
3978:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3883:. Retrieved
3874:
3865:
3853:. Retrieved
3842:
3815:
3809:
3764:
3744:. Retrieved
3740:the original
3730:
3721:
3711:
3700:. Retrieved
3698:. 2020-05-28
3695:
3686:
3675:. Retrieved
3673:. 2020-09-17
3670:
3661:
3650:. Retrieved
3648:. 2020-03-12
3645:
3636:
3625:. Retrieved
3616:
3606:
3595:. Retrieved
3593:. 2019-08-26
3590:
3581:
3570:. Retrieved
3568:. 2017-09-18
3565:
3542:. Retrieved
3533:
3523:
3512:. Retrieved
3510:. 2014-05-22
3507:
3498:
3487:. Retrieved
3483:
3474:
3463:. Retrieved
3459:
3430:
3425:
3414:. Retrieved
3405:
3396:
3381:
3361:. Retrieved
3349:
3337:
3329:the original
3324:
3315:
3306:
3296:
3288:the original
3277:
3267:23 September
3265:. Retrieved
3251:
3241:23 September
3239:. Retrieved
3230:
3220:23 September
3218:. Retrieved
3204:
3191:
3182:
3171:. Retrieved
3169:. 2015-12-18
3166:
3157:
3146:. Retrieved
3142:
3132:
3120:. Retrieved
3116:
3106:
3095:. Retrieved
3093:. 2004-03-20
3090:
3081:
3070:. Retrieved
3065:
3056:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2990:. Retrieved
2986:
2976:
2954:(3): 59–68.
2951:
2947:
2941:
2930:. Retrieved
2921:
2912:
2879:
2875:
2846:(1): 67–92.
2843:
2839:
2833:
2814:
2803:. Retrieved
2799:the original
2789:
2779:23 September
2777:. Retrieved
2763:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2696:
2684:. Retrieved
2675:
2666:
2656:23 September
2654:. Retrieved
2645:
2636:
2625:. Retrieved
2616:
2607:
2599:the original
2588:
2576:. Retrieved
2562:
2552:23 September
2550:. Retrieved
2536:
2511:
2507:
2481:
2475:
2456:
2450:
2431:
2425:
2400:
2392:
2367:
2359:
2340:
2334:
2310:
2303:
2284:
2278:
2259:
2253:
2234:
2228:
2203:
2195:
2176:
2170:
2161:
2155:
2136:
2100:
2064:
2036:
2030:
1961:
1937:
1934:
1910:Cesar Chávez
1907:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1854:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1758:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1703:
1690:
1679:
1669:
1637:
1629:Brown Berets
1624:500 chapters
1612:
1544:
1540:Brown Berets
1528:
1506:
1487:
1475:
1450:
1446:Brown Berets
1442:
1434:
1417:
1405:
1397:
1387:No Mas Bebes
1386:
1383:
1379:
1258:
1245:
1241:
1229:
1222:
1211:
1204:
1201:César Chávez
1194:I am Joaquin
1193:
1189:
1174:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1124:
1116:
1113:
1105:
1099:
1015:California (
986:
979:
972:
965:
958:
951:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
882:
868:Farah strike
860:
848:
836:
677:Brown Berets
480:
464:
458:
450:
448:
407:
387:Brown Berets
375:César Chávez
364:
360:assimilation
335:
331:
329:
309:
308:
283:Cesar Chavez
281:
274:Lead figures
247:
246:
231:
230:
211:Brown Berets
204:
203:
162:
161:
78:Southwestern
53:Cesar Chavez
5720:Vietnam War
5643:Black power
5095:Californios
5080:Los Angeles
4811:Chicano rap
4776:Chicano art
4738:Party crews
4699:Castro 2020
4687:Abolish ICE
3722:JSTOR Daily
2011:Mario Cantu
1801:Chicano art
1719:Laguna Park
1567:Los Angeles
1555:Los Angeles
1401:Los Angeles
1330:San Antonio
1315:Los Angeles
1265:Albuquerque
1017:Los Angeles
844:Castro 2020
832:Abolish ICE
356:empowerment
129:Occupations
5740:Categories
5673:Hot Autumn
5147:New York (
5133:Nebraska (
5126:Michigan (
5119:Maryland (
5107:Illinois (
5100:Colorado (
5076:California
4586:Chicanismo
4523:La Matanza
4518:Korean War
4361:0140213562
3746:2013-09-15
3702:2020-06-01
3677:2020-09-17
3652:2020-03-12
3627:2019-09-04
3597:2019-09-04
3572:2019-06-29
3544:2019-08-09
3514:2019-08-09
3489:2019-06-29
3465:2019-06-29
3416:2017-01-27
3173:2023-04-25
3167:CSUN Today
3148:2023-04-25
3143:CalMatters
3097:2023-04-24
3072:2023-04-24
2992:2023-04-23
2932:2019-06-02
2805:2013-02-01
2627:2017-01-27
2578:31 January
2022:References
2006:El Chicano
1986:Chicanismo
1657:CU Boulder
1649:CU Boulder
1635:ideology.
1355:Sacramento
1118:chicanismo
1022:Michigan (
787:Quinto Sol
687:Chicanismo
617:La Matanza
552:Sonoratown
542:Mutualista
483:identity.
477:Indigenous
473:solidarity
460:Chicanismo
418:COINTELPRO
410:informants
226:Venceremos
40:Chicanismo
5658:Free love
5319:Movements
5121:Baltimore
5088:San Diego
4947:VergĂĽenza
4896:Zoot suit
4871:Skull art
4326:241558527
4099:147394238
3953:141774450
3945:1080-6490
3791:cite book
3783:904133300
3350:Tamuk.edu
3122:April 24,
3032:0197-9183
2968:213134584
2922:umich.edu
2904:144509679
2316:71–72, 85
1797:in 1969.
1571:LA County
1431:Geography
1335:San Diego
1310:Las Vegas
1008:Arizona (
1002:by region
570:Juan Crow
467:became a
465:Chicano/a
451:Chicano/a
445:Etymology
431:masculine
344:Chicano/a
89:Caused by
5678:New Left
5331:ZenkyĹŤtĹŤ
5155:Oklahoma
5065:Arizona
4927:Nepantla
4826:Lowrider
4482:Blaxican
4261:27649149
4163:Archived
4141:23014464
4041:Archived
4019:Archived
3879:Archived
3855:20 April
3621:Archived
3538:Archived
3410:Archived
3354:Archived
3325:laep.org
3261:Archived
3214:Archived
3196:Archived
3048:12268144
2964:ProQuest
2926:Archived
2852:23024113
2822:Archived
2773:Archived
2755:15983269
2704:Archived
2680:Archived
2676:Oyez.org
2650:Archived
2646:LatinoLA
2621:Archived
2572:Archived
2546:Archived
1970:See also
1964:Alurista
1737:brothers
1579:Alhambra
1575:El Monte
1483:Congress
1340:San Jose
1248:Colorado
401:and the
338:, was a
238:Pachucos
133:Protests
117:Boycotts
69:Location
38:Part of
5746:Chicano
5703:Morocco
5626:Related
5232:Writers
5188:Tejanos
5186:Texas (
5180:Houston
5128:Detroit
5109:Chicago
4759:Culture
4472:Pachuco
4462:La Raza
4452:Chicano
4433:Chicano
4091:3629597
3885:9 April
3363:9 April
3040:2545710
2896:3810642
2876:Hypatia
2746:1449330
2686:9 April
2528:2080213
1981:Chicano
1895:Caracol
1587:Houston
1563:East LA
1481:and to
1409:Chicano
1325:Phoenix
1320:Oakland
1305:Houston
1295:El Paso
1270:Chicago
1209:Party.
1168:of the
1040:Houston
1024:Detroit
487:Origins
151:Parties
113:Methods
74:Western
5663:Hippie
5456:Events
5193:Utah (
5115:Kansas
5102:Denver
5069:Tucson
4750:Xicanx
4667:Aztlán
4571:Aztlán
4487:Xicanx
4439:topics
4359:
4341:
4324:
4316:
4306:
4276:
4259:
4232:
4220:online
4210:online
4200:online
4159:eNotes
4139:
4097:
4089:
3993:
3951:
3943:
3781:
3771:
3437:
3388:
3046:
3038:
3030:
2966:
2902:
2894:
2850:
2753:
2743:
2526:
2463:
2438:
2413:
2380:
2347:
2322:
2291:
2266:
2241:
2216:
2183:
2143:
2115:
2071:
2043:
1923:Aztlan
1917:Aztlán
1849:murals
1821:, and
1583:Covina
1581:, and
1559:Denver
1413:Aztlán
1411:" or "
1300:Fresno
1290:Denver
1285:Delano
1280:Dallas
1148:(FLOC)
1010:Tucson
890:Xicanx
667:Aztlán
439:Aztlán
381:, and
143:Status
80:, and
5205:Lists
5170:Texas
5135:Omaha
4964:cases
4477:Pinto
4467:Cholo
4445:Terms
4322:S2CID
4314:JSTOR
4257:JSTOR
4137:JSTOR
4095:S2CID
4087:JSTOR
3949:S2CID
3909:2021.
3357:(PDF)
3346:(PDF)
3036:JSTOR
2900:S2CID
2892:JSTOR
2848:JSTOR
2524:JSTOR
2376:–78.
2212:–93.
1957:MEChA
1030:Texas
762:MEChA
184:MEChA
103:Goals
4861:Paño
4771:CalĂł
4717:IRCA
4705:DACA
4611:PCUN
4435:and
4357:ISBN
4339:ISBN
4304:ISBN
4274:ISBN
4230:ISBN
4171:2015
3991:ISBN
3941:ISSN
3887:2018
3857:2012
3801:link
3797:link
3779:OCLC
3769:ISBN
3435:ISBN
3386:ISBN
3365:2018
3269:2015
3243:2015
3222:2015
3124:2023
3044:PMID
3028:ISSN
2781:2015
2751:PMID
2688:2018
2658:2015
2580:2018
2554:2015
2461:ISBN
2436:ISBN
2411:ISBN
2378:ISBN
2345:ISBN
2320:ISBN
2289:ISBN
2264:ISBN
2239:ISBN
2214:ISBN
2181:ISBN
2141:ISBN
2113:ISBN
2069:ISBN
2041:ISBN
1704:The
1561:and
1534:and
1507:The
1144:The
862:IRCA
850:DACA
772:PCUN
757:MAYO
752:MANA
702:CFMN
412:and
389:and
330:The
61:Date
4296:doi
4249:doi
4079:doi
3983:doi
3933:doi
3020:doi
2956:doi
2884:doi
2741:PMC
2733:doi
2516:doi
2210:192
2105:doi
1553:in
712:CRP
5742::
5086:•
5082:•
4320:.
4312:.
4302:.
4255:.
4245:72
4243:.
4161:.
4157:.
4131:.
4093:.
4085:.
4075:38
4073:.
4039:.
4035:.
4017:.
4013:.
3989:.
3961:^
3947:.
3939:.
3929:67
3927:.
3923:.
3895:^
3877:.
3873:.
3824:^
3793:}}
3789:{{
3777:.
3755:^
3720:.
3694:.
3669:.
3644:.
3619:.
3615:.
3589:.
3564:.
3553:^
3536:.
3532:.
3506:.
3482:.
3458:.
3445:^
3408:.
3404:.
3373:^
3348:.
3323:.
3305:.
3259:.
3212:.
3194:.
3190:.
3165:.
3141:.
3115:.
3089:.
3064:.
3042:.
3034:.
3026:.
3016:20
3014:.
3010:.
2985:.
2962:.
2952:54
2950:.
2924:.
2920:.
2898:.
2890:.
2880:13
2878:.
2860:^
2844:32
2842:.
2771:.
2749:.
2739:.
2729:95
2727:.
2723:.
2678:.
2674:.
2648:.
2644:.
2619:.
2615:.
2544:.
2522:.
2512:79
2510:.
2490:^
2409:.
2374:77
2318:.
2127:^
2111:.
2083:^
2055:^
1955:,
1817:,
1813:,
1809:,
1670:A
1577:,
1504:.
1172:.
463:,
441:.
377:,
135:,
131:,
127:,
123:,
119:,
95:,
76:,
5471:"
5467:"
5304:e
5297:t
5290:v
5197:)
5190:)
5151:)
5144:)
5137:)
5130:)
5123:)
5111:)
5104:)
5097:)
5090:)
5078:(
4425:e
4418:t
4411:v
4347:.
4328:.
4298::
4282:.
4263:.
4251::
4173:.
4143:.
4133:4
4101:.
4081::
3999:.
3985::
3955:.
3935::
3889:.
3859:.
3803:)
3785:.
3749:.
3724:.
3705:.
3680:.
3655:.
3630:.
3600:.
3575:.
3547:.
3517:.
3492:.
3468:.
3419:.
3367:.
3271:.
3245:.
3224:.
3176:.
3151:.
3126:.
3100:.
3075:.
3050:.
3022::
2995:.
2970:.
2958::
2935:.
2906:.
2886::
2854:.
2808:.
2783:.
2757:.
2735::
2690:.
2660:.
2630:.
2582:.
2556:.
2530:.
2518::
2469:.
2444:.
2419:.
2407:9
2386:.
2353:.
2328:.
2297:.
2272:.
2247:.
2222:.
2189:.
2149:.
2121:.
2107::
2077:.
2049:.
1196:)
1192:(
1121:.
1089:e
1082:t
1075:v
1026:)
1019:)
1012:)
320:)
316:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
